“Jefferson’s Presidency” (6.3) I. Election of 1800

Name _____________________________________________ Hour _______
Unit 3: Expansion and Conflict
“Jefferson’s Presidency” (6.3)
I. Election of 1800
a. Jefferson and Burr tied (D-R)
i. Each received 73 votes, so House of Reps voted 36 times
ii. Alexander Hamilton (F) supported Jefferson to break deadlock – _____________________
iii. Burr later challenged Hamilton to a duel - Hamilton died, Burr’s career ruined
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b. 12 Amendment passed: _____________________________________________________
II. Jefferson Made Changes
a. _____________________________________________ of govt.
b. ________________________________________________________ – Jefferson’s closest ally
c. __________________________in 1802 - customs duties & sales of western lands raised revenue
d. __________________________________
III. Louisiana Purchase (map pg. 217)
a. ______________________________________________________________ as President
b. ____________________________________________ for _____________________ (.03/acre)
c. New Orleans and Mississippi River were vital to commerce
d. James Monroe went to France - agreement reached 4/30/1803
e. Lewis and Clark (pg.222)
i. Ultimate goal was to _________________________________________
ii. Other goals - ______________________________________________________________
iii. Led 50 frontiersmen ___________________________________________________
 May 1804 to September 1806
iv. ____________________________________________________________________
IV. Other Famous Explorers
a. _______________________________________________________ – looked for source of river
i. Mapped southern portion of U.S. and __________________________________ (Colorado)
b. ____________________________________________________, Lake Tahoe and Mt. St. Helen’s
i. 3rd expedition was California
“The War of 1812” (6.4)
I. Causes of War
a. _______________________________________________ & aided Indians in NW Territory
b. British violated U.S. neutrality – _______________________________________
c. ____________________________________________ and desire to own Canada
d. International conflicts over commerce - Madison, Embargo Act
II. War Began (map pg. 226)
a. Battle of Tippecanoe (11/1811)
i. Tecumseh _________________________________________________________________
b. _______________________________________ – led by Henry Clay
c. _______________________________________because war w/ Britain would _________________
d. Battle of Lake Erie (9/1813) - Harrison led Americans to victory
i. _______________________________________
e. Battle of the Thames (10/1813) - _________________________________
i. ______________________________________________________
f. Battle of Horseshoe Bend (3/1814)
i. Andrew Jackson led forces against the Creeks
ii. __________________________________________________________________________
g. Battle of Washington (8/1814) - ______________________________________________________
i. _________________________________________________________________
ii. British encountered “hurrinado” during march to Baltimore
h. Battle of __________________________ (9/1814) - Turning point in the war!
i. British bombardment not able to penetrate fort
ii. _______________________________________ in the morning
iii. Key wrote, “Star Spangled Banner”
i. Battle of ____________________________ – 1/1815
i. Andrew Jackson led “rag-tag” army to victory
ii. ____________________________________________________
III. Effects of the War
a. __________________________________ for U.S. or Britain, but national pride increased
b. _______________________________________
c. Native American resistance declined
d. _______________________________________ led to presidency
e. Treaty of Ghent ended war
“The Rise of Nationalism” (7.1)
I. Nationalism Influenced Domestic Policy
a. Nationalism - _________________________________________________________________
i. Belief that ______________________________________________________________
b. Chief Justice______________________________________________ in McCulloch v. Maryland
i. Gibbons v. Ogden – ______________________________________________________
c. ___________________________________________________________, Speaker of the House
i. Sought to implement policies to unify the country
 Tariffs, sale of govt. lands, national bank, infrastructure
II. Nationalism Guided Foreign Policy
a. “_______________________________________” led by President Monroe (1817- 1825)
b. Adams – Onis Treaty – ___________________________________
c. Monroe Doctrine – guided foreign policy for over a century
i. ________________________________________________________________________
ii. U.S. would stay out of European affairs – ______________________
III. Missouri Compromise (1820)
a. _______________________________________
b. _______________________________________
c. North of 36/30 was to be _____________________
d. South of 36/30 was to be _____________________
“The Age of Andrew Jackson” (7.2)
I. Election of 1824
a. Andrew Jackson v. John Quincy Adams
– ______________________________________________________________________________
b. Henry Clay supported Adams – called the “__________________________”
c. Adams was named President and _____________________________________________
II. Election of 1828
a. _________________________________________ the “common man” could vote for the first time
i. Known as ___________________________________________
ii. Jackson’s supporters were _______________________________
b. Jackson defeated Adams convincingly
c. “Spoils System” - _________________________________________________________________
d. Jacksonian Democracy – ____________________________________________________________
III. Indian Removal Act
a. Relocation of five tribes west of Mississippi River (present OK) - supervised by U.S. Army
b. ______________________________________________________________in Worcester v. Georgia
i. Became the _________________________________________________________________
c. Trail of Tears
i. 16,000 _________________________________________________________________
ii. ________________________ on tragic exodus
1. Hunger, exposure, disease and bandits were the culprits
d. Seminoles resisted and were never defeated
IV. National Bank Issue
a. Jackson opposed National Bank – ___________________________________________________
b. State “pet banks” helped poorer families
c. ____________________________________________________ northern corporations
V. Conflict Over States Rights
a. Tariff of Abominations – ____________________________________________________
i. Tax increased price of British goods – _______________________________________
ii. ___________________________________ – forced to buy northern goods
iii. Tariff _________________________________________________________________
b. Nullification
i. ________________________________________________________________________
ii. South Carolina declared tariff law “__________________________”
1. __________________________________________________________________
iii. VP _________________________________________________________________
iv. Jackson demanded Force Bill from Congress
1. SC declared this bill “null and void” as well
v. _________________________________________________ – tariffs reduced over 10 years
“The Industrial North” (7.3)
I. The Industrial Revolution
a. Machines replaced hand tools, steam & electric power replaced human/animal power
b. Samuel Slater was a skillful mechanic in Britain
i. ________________________________________________ - brought to America
ii. _________________________________________________________________
c. Francis Lowell – ___________________________________________________________
i. Factory turned raw cotton into finished cloth
ii. Lowell Girls – ____________________________________________________
d. Reasons for urbanization
i. People ____________________________________________________
ii. Attractions: _____________________________________________________________
iii. Hazards: _______________________________________________________________
1. Diseases spread rapidly – yellow fever and cholera
II. The Transportation Revolution
a. Moved goods from _______________________________________
b. National road built– stretched 800 miles from MD to IL
c. Erie Canal – _________________________________________________________________
i. Increased _______________________________________
ii. Established ____________________________________________________
iii. Success led to ____________________________________________________________
d. Steamboat – ____________________________________________________
i. ____________________________________________________
e. Railroad began in Charleston, S.C. in 1831 - by 1840 – 3,000 miles of track
i. _________________________________________________________________________
III. Communications Revolution
a. Printing Press – __________________________
b. _____________________ – Samuel Morse
c. Postal Service grew due to advances in transportation
“The Land of Cotton” (7.4)
I. King Cotton
a. Cotton Gin was invented by ______________________
i. Direct _________________________________________________________________
ii. Increased efficiency for short staple cotton - separated seeds from cotton fiber
b. _________________________________________________________________
i. ____________________________________________________
ii. Great Britain’s mills needed US cotton
c. Cotton Belt – ____________________________________________________
d. Cotton was _________________________________________________________________
II. Spread of Slavery
a. Importation of slaves was banned in 1808
i. ____________________________________________________
ii. Ports in ______________________________________________________________
b. Growth of __________________________________________________________________
c. In 1810 – _______________________, by 1840 – _______________________________________
d. Powerful ____________________________________________________
III. Differences between North and South
a. Northern economy was based on __________________________________________________
i. ____________________________________ - cities grew as a result
ii. Transportation and communication revolution impacted North more than South
iii. ____________________________________________________ population
iv. Viewed _______________________________________
b. Southern economy was based on __________________________________
i. ___________________________________
ii. Little technological progress – slaves did the work
iii. _____________________________ population
iv. _______________________________ rather than change
c. Distance – few traveled between the “foreign” places
d. Slavery - _______________________________________________________________________
“New Movements in America” (8.1)
I. Religion Sparks Reform
A. Second Great Awakening - Americans attended revivals and churches in record numbers
1. Launched the ______________________________________________________________
B. Temperance (moderation) movement _________________________________________________
1. “Evils of alcohol” – _________________________________________________________
2. Maine outlawed alcohol in 1851 – 12 states followed
II. Reforming Education
A. Common school movement – education was vital to democracy
B. Horace Mann was the __________________________________ - advocated for compulsory attendance
1. By 1860, six in ten white students attended school
III. Reforming Prisons
A. Dorthea Dix campaigned for ____________________________________________________
1. ______________________________________________________________________
2. Crowded and unsanitary conditions and abused by jailers
B. Nearly ______________________________________________________________________ in 1887
IV. Transcendentalism
A. Sought deeper and truer understanding of the world
B. Ralph Waldo Emerson – ______________________________________________________________
1. Sense of connection between people and nature
2. __________________________________________________________
C. Henry David Thoreau – ______________________________________________________________
1. Mentored by Emerson - lived simply to achieve a meaningful life
2. Wrote “________________________” – ____________________________________________
 Inspired__________________________ - __________________________
D. Utopianism – created communities __________________________
“Early Immigration” (8.2)
I. Immigrants
A. Irish – potato was their staple crop
1. Great Irish Famine – __________________________________________________________
2. By 1854, nearly ________________________________________________________
B. Germans – fled homeland due to ________________________________________________________
1. Came to the US for _____________________________________________________
C. Push-pull theory
1. Push – factors that ________________________________________________________
2. Pull - factors that cause people to ____________________________________________
II. Lives of Immigrants
A. Hostility toward Irish - sheer numbers, 1.5 Irish out of 24 million Americans
1. Most settled in __________________________________________
2. Resented because of their poverty - _________________________________________________
3. Catholics in a predominantly Protestant country
B. Nativists – ________________________________________________________
C. _____________________________________________________ – they were middle-class Protestants
1. Many settled in Midwest & became farmers or carpenters
III. Urban and Industrial Reform
A. Urban reform – richest 1% controlled cities & half the wealth
1. Most ____________________________________________________
2. Lived in tenements – disease spread rapidly
3. Majority of reform happened in late 19th century
B. Industrial reform
1. By 1860, ________________________________________ - shifted from farmers to wage earners
2. Owners wanted to maximize profits
a. ________________________________________________________
b. ________________________________________________________
C. Labor movement ______________________________________
1. Opposed by business owners – many were politicians
2. President Jackson declared 10 hour workday for fed. employees
3. President Van Buren extended the law to workers
“Women and Reform” (8.3)
I. Limits on Women
A. Legal limits – __________________________________________
B. Economic limits – not allowed to own property
C. Cultural limits – women were viewed as inferior to men
1. “________________________________________________________”
2. Cult of domesticity urged women not to work
II. Women in the Reform Era
A. Second Great Awakening opened doors for women
1. Greater participation in religious affairs - formed Bible groups and missionary societies
B. Reform societies promoted social change
C. Educational reform - _______________________________________________________________
1. Mt. Holyoke College – first women’s college led many to become teachers
D. Seneca Falls Convention (NY) began ___________________________________________________
1. Women desired political power, but lacked influence/accomplishments in office
a. ____________________________________________ (racial equality = gender equality)
b. needed to fight to improve own lives as well
2. Convention organized by _____________________________________
3. Produced the __________________________________________ - written by Stanton
a. 100 signed the document – 68 women/32 men
b. Declared “________________________________________________________”
“Fighting Against Slavery” (8.4)
I. Lives of Slaves
A. By 1860, __________________________________________ the South
B. Life of work - slaves were __________________________________________
1. Lived on farms and plantations - __________________________________________
2. Lived in barely tolerable conditions - food, clothing & medical care was inadequate
C. Life of fear – slavery ____________________________________________________
1. Many owners treated slaves well, but others were harsh and inhumane
D. Life of hope - __________________________________________________________
1. Found pleasure in storytelling and inspiration in songs
II. Antislavery Movement
A. Slave revolt in 1830 – __________________________________________
1. __________________________________________ in American history
2. Killed slaveholder and family - 75 followers killed dozens more Whites
3. Local militia ________________________________________________________
B. Some slaves ________________________________________________________
C. Underground Railroad – ________________________________________________________
1. Provided food, hiding and directions
2. Harriet Tubman ___________________________________________________________
- Escaped herself, then ______________________________________________________
III. Abolitionist Movement
A. Campaign to ____________________________
B. One of ________________________________________________________
C. Religious roots - Quakers condemned slavery as immoral
1. Northerners ________________________________________________________
D. William Lloyd Garrison demanded_______________________________________________________
1. Started newspaper called ____________________________
2. Founded American Anti-Slavery Society - __________________________________
E. Frederick Douglas ____________________________
1. _______________________ with sharp intellect - published newspaper called ______________
2. One of __________________________________________ in US history
“Manifest Destiny” (9.1)
I. Americans Head West
A. Manifest Destiny - idea that the US had a God-given right to all of North America
1. ______________________________________________________________________
2. Phrase first coined by newspaper editor _______________________
3. Justified taking lands because minorities were viewed as inferior
a. Native Americans & Mexicans were disrespected
B. Reasons for westward migration
1. ________________________________________________________
2. __________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________________
4. ________________________________________________________
II. Major Western Trails
A. Santa Fe Trail - ____________________________________
1. ____________________________, booming trade center - started as a commercial route
2. William Becknell pioneered the trail – 800 miles in 2 months
3. Later served as _______________________________________________
B. Oregon Trail was the _______________________________ - 2000 miles from Missouri to Oregon
1. Dangers – mountains, harsh weather and disease
C. Mormon Trail – Illinois to Utah
1. Joseph Smith _____________________________________________________ in 1830
a. _______________________________________ in NY, OH and MO
b. __________________________________________ in Nauvoo, IL
2. Brigham Young __________________________________________ in Utah
3. Mormons ______________________________________________________________________
III. The Gold Rush
A. Gold fever led to __________________________________________________________________
1. In 1848, gold discovered at Sutter’s Mill
2. ____________________________________ after Polk’s State of the Union address
B. Rush to California - in 1849, ________________________________________________________
1. Some followed CA Trail, while others sailed the Pacific Ocean
> CA Trail was the ____________________________________________________
2. By 1854, some 300,000 migrants headed to CA
C. Booming cities – ____________________________________________________
IV. Effects of Westward Migration
A. ______________________ – Polk campaigned with “54 40’ or Fight”
B. __________________________ – Pony Express delivered mail
> Telegraph replaced Pony Express in 1861
C. _________________________________________________ – lives changed forever!
“Texas Independence” (9.2)
I. Spanish Settled Texas
A. Missions were built by Spanish Catholics to convert Native Americans to Christianity
1. _________________________________________________________________
2. Missions + Disease = Death  ________________________________________________
B. Spain ultimately abandoned missions
II. Americans Moved into Texas
A. ___________________________________________________________________________ to Texas
1. ____________________________________________________ led to increased settlement
B. Stephen F. Austin was the “Father of Texas”
C. Empresarios recruited settlers and established colonies - 30,000 by 1830
III. Texas Revolution
A. Tensions in Texas
1. In 1830, law passed to stop American immigration into Texas
2. Mexican govt. _________________________________________________________________
3. Settlers needed to obey Mexican laws – Americans were outraged
B. Revolution began
1. ____________________________________________ – settlers wrongly imprisoned
2. Texans attacked at Velasco – Mexicans surrendered
3. Austin went to Mexico City to propose separate Mexican state - Austin was jailed
4. ______________________________________________________________________________
a. Texans felt liberties were threatened
5. Battle of Gonzales, 10/1835, started revolution
6. Sam Houston was put in charge of army
C. The Alamo
1. _________________________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________ in Feb. 1836
3. 200 Texans assumed defensive position in fort
a. Texans led by ___________________________________________
4. ___________________________________________________________________________
5. 1,800 Mexicans stormed Alamo on 3/6/1836 – ______________________________________
D. Goliad and the Runaway Scrape
1. 340 Texas prisoners executed in Goliad Massacre
2. Houston ordered retreat to the east - thousands fled Santa Anna’s advancing army
E. Victory at the__________________________________ – Houston launched surprise attack near coast
1. Texans attacked from high ground – ________________________________
2. Treaties of Velasco –_________________________ – Republic of Texas founded
a. __________________________ became President
F. Annexation of Texas
1. Admittance as slave state would boost South’s political power
2. _________________________________________________________________
3. President_______________________________________ – elected in 1844
a. Mexico considered it a declaration of war
b. Texas ____________________________________________________
“War with Mexico” (9.3)
I. Tensions Between US and Mexico
A. Annexation enraged Mexican govt.
B. Polk’s Manifest Destiny wanted to _______________________________________
1. Included ____________________________________________________
C. Boundary dispute
1. __________________________ recognized as boundary by US
2. Texans recognized boundary as __________________________ (farther south)
II. Mexican-American War
A. Causes of war
1. Texas annexation
2. __________________________
3. Manifest Destiny
B. Gen. Zachary Taylor ______________________________________________________________
1. _______________________________________ in May, 1836 “…blood shed on American soil”
C. Fighting the war
1. Aggressive strategy developed to win the war
2. Gen. ____________________________________________________, then headed west for CA
3. Californians _________________________________________________________________
> Became Republic of California in June 1846
4. Gen. Taylor advanced into northern Mexico – captured towns of __________________________
5. Chapultepec – Mexicans fought to the last man (honored as heroes)
6. Gen. ___________________________________________________________ in Sept. 1847
> Fall of capital city led to ________________________________________________
D. Effects of the war
1. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo __________________________
> ________________________________________________________________________
2. Mexican Cession was ____________________________________________________________
> Lands gained from Mexico in treaty - __________________________________________
3. Gadsden Purchase was made to create _______________________________________________
> Added southern AZ and southwest NM for $10 million
4. _____________________________________________