fo'ks"k ys[k Inside

Registered with the Registrar of Newspapers of India: R.N. DELENG/2002/8668
MAY 2008
VOL. 6
NO. 5
PRICE: Rs. 2.00
Important
Science Days/
Weeks for
VIPNET
Activities
Inside
fo'ks"k ys[k
September 5
Teachers Day
Members of Banur Science Club, Govt. Sr. Sec.
School, Banur, Punjab, celebrated World Earth
Day on April 22, 2008 and organised awareness
programmes
Earth Matters Club of India, Kapas, Bhojpur, Bihar,
celebrated National Science Day on February 28,
2008 with an exhibition on water & environment
conservation.
September 8
International Literacy
Day
Eye Donation Day
September 16
World Ozone Day
September 28
Green Consumer Day
egkuxj nqfu;k dh vk/kh
vkcknh dk ?kj
2
Members of Samadhan Vikas Samiti (Vigyan),
Pilibhit, U.P., organized rally & poster exhibition on
‘Water’ to observe World Water Day on March 22,
2008.
Kalpana Eco Club, G.H.S. Kular Khurd, Sangrur,
Punjab, celebrated World Earth Day 2008 on April
22, 2008 and organized a rally on the theme “Stop
Pollution & Grow Plants”.
October 1
International Day for
the Elderly Voluntary
Blood Donation Day
October 1-7
Wildlife Week
October, 1st Monday
World Habitat Day
Universal Children’s
Day
What is in a name?
Parrots appear to name
their children
Why do trees stop
getting taller?
October, 2nd
Wednesday
International Day for
Natural Disaster
Reduction
9
Yugantar Science Club, Bad Amlipali School,
Kanakbira, Bargarh, Orissa, organized science
exhibition & debate competition on environmental
issues during January – March 2008.
Abdur Rafay Memorial Club of Info. Tech., AraBhojpur, Bihar organized an exhibition of painting
on environmental science along with quiz
programme during January 13-15, 2008.
October 4
World Animal Day
8
foiusV laokn
D;ksa vkSj dSls
October 9
World Post Day
7
October 16
World Food Day
VIPNET Questionnaire
10
Photo Quiz
Planet Earth Puzzle 11
lkbUVwu
xksyw dh lksp
foKku lqf[kZ;k¡
12
October 4-10
World Space Week
Science club members of Janakalyan organised
National Environment Awareness Campaign 200708 with plantation & science awareness activities.
Universe VIPNET Science Club, Shail, Almora,
Uttrakhand organized a science exhibition for
general public by using resource material provided
by Vigyan Prasar.
October 24
United Nations Day
World Development
Information Day
To be sustainable, development must be treated as investment, not
consumption
i`Foh xzg dk vURkjkZ"Vªh; o"kZ 2008
egkuxj&nq
egkuxj&nqffu;k
u;k
dh
dh vkèkh
vkcknh
vkcknh ds
ds
?kj
?kj
ch- ds- R;kxh ,oa uouhr xqIrk
fp=% ch-ds- R;kxh
[email protected], [email protected]
i`Foh xzg dk vUrjkZ"Vªh; o"kZ&2008 ds pqus x, fofHkUUk eqn~nksa esa ,d mifo"k; egkuxj Hkh gSA egkuxj 'kCn u;k ugha gSa ysfdu bl fo"k;
ij fo'o dk /;ku vkdf"kZr djuk vkt blfy, vko';d gks x;k gS fd 2015 rd fo'o dh vk/kh ls T;knk vkcknh egkuxjksa esa fuokl
djus yxsxhA ijarq D;k egkuxj bruh fo'kky vkcknh dks csgrj thou ns ik,ax\s c<+rs o QSyrs egkuxjksa ds lkeus u, izdkj ds
lkekftd] vkfFkZd] O;kikfjd ,oa iz'kklfud eqn~ns mHkj dj lkeus vk,axAs ,slh voLFkk esa egkuxjksa esa Hkwfe] ok;q] ty ds 'kq¼hdj.k]
ÅtkZ dh vkiwfrZ] ewyHkwr <kapas dk fuekZ.k o mudk j[k&j[kko] ekuoh; o izkd`frd vkinkvksa ls fuiVuk vkSj izkd`frd lalkèkuksa ds
foosdiw.kZ mi;ksx ds lkFk fVdkÅ fodkl ds fy, oSKkfud o foKku ,oa izk|
s kSfxdh D;k egRiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrh gSA bl ys[k ds
ekè;e ls ge egkuxjksa ds fofo/k igyqvksa ij fopkj djrs gq, thou ds LFkkf;Ro vkSj fodkl esa budh Hkwfedk ij ppkZ dj jgs gSaA
egkuxj 'kCn u;k gks ldrk gS ijUrq ;g izfØ;k u;h ugha gSA gkykafd
ekjh /kjrh djksM+ksa o"kks± ls fodkl ds foHkUu lksikuksa ls xqtjrh gqbZ
vkt ds Lo:i esa igqaph gSA vufxur ifjorZuksa ds ckn vkSj vuks[ks Hkkjr ds bfrgkl esa ikVyhiq=] mTt;fu] fot;uxj vkfn vusd uke le`¼
o tfVy la;ksxksa ls /kjrh bruh lqUnj cuh gqbZ gSA bl /kjrh ds o fodflr uxjksa ds :i esa vafdr gSa ysfdu jkse fo'o bfrgkl esa izFke
lcls cqf¼eku tho ;kuh ekuo us djhc nl&ckjg gtkj lky igys bl fo'kky uxj ds :i esa izfrf"Br gSA pkSFkh 'krkCnh rd ds miyC/k vkadM+ksa ds
èkjrh esa ifjorZu djuk vkjaHk fd;kA vkjaHk esa izkd`frd ifjos'k esa jgus okys vuqlkj jkse dh vkcknh 7]50]000 ls 10]25]000 ds chp FkhA yxHkx
ekuo us viuh ifjf/k dks eksgYyksa] xkaoksa] dLcksa] uxjksa vkSj egkuxjksa rd 1700 o"kks± rd fdlh if'peh uxj us jkse ds ,dkfèkdkj dks pqukSrh ugha
foLrkfjr fd;kA [kkukcnks'k thou ls ysdj egkuxjh; thou ds chp dk nhA ysfdu19oha 'krkCnh esa yanu us ,d egku uxj ds :i esa mHkjuk vkjEHk
lQj ekuo us vusd la?k"kks± ds lkFk r; fd;k gSA vkt egkuxjksa dh cgqefa tyk fd;kA vkS|ksfxd ØkfUr dh ygjksa ij lokj gksdj fodkl djrs gq, yanu us
bekjrksa esa jgus okys yksx xzkeh.k tuleqnk; ds fy, vkd"kZ.k cu dj jg x, u dsoy ns'k ds nwljs Hkkxksa ls cfYd nwljs ns'kksa ls Hkh yksxksa dks viuh vksj
gSa vkSj egkuxjh; vkcknh ds fy, Hkksj dh igyh fdj.k] if{k;ksa dk dyjo vkdf"kZr fd;kA blus vR;f/kd rhoz xfr ls o`f¼ djrs gq, ,d mnkgj.k
izLrqr fd;k ftldk vuqdj.k
vkSj 'kkar okrkoj.k ek=
tYnh gh dbZ mÙkjh vesfjdh
By 2015 the world would may contain as many as 60
LoIu jg x;k gSA ysfdu
rFkk ;wjksih; uxjksa us fd;kA
megacities, housing more than 600 million people.
fodkl dh vk/kqfud lksp
tgka 19oha 'krkCnh ds vkjEHk
ds lkFk egkuxjks a dk
QSyko fnuksa&fnu foLrkfjr gksrk tk jgk gSA egkuxjksa us ekuoh; thou dks esa fo'o dh dqy tula[;k dh 5 izfr'kr vkcknh 'kgjh {ks=ksa esa fuokl djrh
O;kid :i ls izHkkfor fd;k gSA egkuxjksa dh vgfe;r dks ns[krs gq, ßi`Foh Fkh ogha 20oha 'krkCnh ds vkjEHk rd ;g la[;k c<+dj 15 izfr'kr gks xbZA
xzg ds varjkZ"Vªh; o"kZ&2008Þ ds fofHkUu fo"k;ksa esa egkuxj dks Hkh 'kkfey orZeku le; esa /kjrh ij clus okys izR;sd nks eas ls ,d O;fDr uxjh; {ks=
esa fuokl djrk gSA okf'kaxVu ds ,d xSj ljdkjh laxBu ^oYMZ okWp baLVhV~;Vw ^
fd;k x;k gSA
g
VIPNET NEWS
2
May 2008 / Vol. 6 / No. 5
i`Foh xzg dk vURkjkZ"Vªh; o"kZ 2008
dh fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj fiNys ikap n'kdksa esa fo'o dh uxjh; vkcknh esa pkj
xquk o`f¼ gqbZ gSA 20oha 'krkCnh ds e/; esa ;wjksi] mÙkjh vesjhdk rFkk ySfVu
vesjhdk esa rsth ls uxjhdj.k gqvk rFkk uxjksa dh tula[;k esa o`f¼ gqbZA ;g
izo`fÙk vc ,f'k;k rFkk vÝhdk ds fodkl'khy ns'kksa dh vksj LFkkukUrfjr gks
xbZ gSA
okys euq";ksa dh la[;k igys gh ,d vjc dk vkadM+k ikj dj pqdh gSA
T;knkrj Lye fuoklh orZeku esa vÝhdh] ,f'k;kbZ ,oa ySfVu vesfjdh 'kgjksa
esa cls gq, gSa] gkykafd budh ,d NksVh la[;k fodflr ns'kksa ds 'kgjksa esa Hkh
jgrh gSA
'kgjh tula[;k dk cM+k fgLlk] fo'ks"kdj egkuxjksa esa] ewy lqfoèkkvksa ls
la;qDr jk"Vª }kjk Lohdk;Z ,d ifjHkk"kk ds vuqlkj egkuxj ,d ,sls cqjh rjg oafpr jgrk gSA la;qDr jk"Vª dh ^^fo'o ds 'kgjksa esa vkoklh;
uxjh; {ks= dks dgrs gaS ftldh tula[;k ,d djksM+ ;k mlls vf/kd gksA ifjfLFkfr;ksa ij izdkf'kr fjiksVZ** ds vuqlkj 'kgjksa esa jgus okys izR;sd rhu esa
1950 ds n'kd esa fo'o esa ,sls dsoy nks uxj Fks ftudh la[;k ,d djksM+ ls ,d O;fDr dks i;kZIr vkokl rFkk LoPNrk ,oa lkQ ikuh tSlh ewyHkwr
lqfo/kk,a miyCèk ugha gSAa fdlh
ls vf/kd FkhA ,sls uxjksa
egkuxj esa Lye cfLr;ksa dk
dh la[;k c<+dj 1985
clko vius vki esa ,d iw.kZ
esa 9 rFkk 2007 esa 26
:i ls LFkkfir o jks p d
gks x;hA 2015 rd
izfØ;k dk ifj.kke gksrk gSA
egkuxjksa dh la[;k 60
rd igqapus dk vuqeku gSA
tc 'kgjksa dk vkdkj
fo'o ds uxjksa esa tula[;k
c<+rk gS rks fuekZ.k dk;ks± esa
o`f¼ dh okf"kZd nj 1-78
rsth vk tkrh gS ftlls xzkeh.k
iz f r'kr gS tks dq y
rFkk NksVs 'kgjksa ds etnwjh is'kk
tula[;k o`f¼ dh nj ls
yks x cMs + 'kgjks a dh vks j
nks xquh gSA fodkl'khy ns'kksa
vkdf"kZr gksrs gSaA jkstxkj dh
dh rqyuk esa fodflr ns'kksa
ryk'k esa cM+h la[;k esa yksxksa
dh vkSlr fodkl nj 0ds 'kgjksa dh vksj iyk;u ls
75 izfr'kr okf"kZd gSA
'kgjksa esa ewyHkwr lqfo/kkvksa tSls
vkokl] LoPNrk] fctyh rFkk
vkt fo'o ds
ikuh dh vkiwfrZ rFkk vU;
egkuxjksa esa VksD;ks lcls
vkèkkjHkw r la j pukRed
vkxs gS ftldh tula[;k fp=% ch-ds- R;kxh
lqfoèkkvksa tSls lM+dksa rFkk
rhu djksM+ pkyhl yk[k
xxupqEch bekjrsa c<+rh egkuxjh; tula[;k dh vkokl leL;k dk gy rks gks ldrh gSa
ifjogu ds lk/kuksa ij nckc
gSA 2007 dh fLFkfr ds ysfdu buds fuekZ.k ds le; HkwdEi tSlh izkd`frd vkinkvksa dks Hkh /;ku esa j[kuk gksxkA
c<+ tkrk gSA ekax esa bl
vuqlkj fo'o esa lkr ,sls
egkuxj vkSj gSa ftudh tula[;k 2 djksM+ ds Åij gSA ;g uxj gS VksD;ks] vpkud c<+ksÙkjh ds dkj.k vDlj dherksa esa o`f¼ gks tkrh gS ftlds dkj.k
fnYyh] eqEcbZ] fl;ksy] esfDldks flVh] U;w;kdZ rFkk lkvksiksyksA eqEcbZ] tks ckgj ls iyk;u dj vkus okyksa ds fy;s ,d vPNk vkokl igqap ls ckgj gks
Hkkjr dh vkfFkZd jkt/kkuh ds :i esa tkuh tkrh gS] dh tula[;k la;qDr tkrk gSA ;s yksx vkjEHk esa dke&pykÅ >ksaifM+;ksa esa jguk 'kq: djrs gSa vkSj
jk"Vª
vkokl
fjiks Z V
dqN o"kks± ckn ;s dke&pykÅ >ksaifM+;ka
(2006&2007) ds vuq l kj egkuxjksa esa O;fDr;ksa ds ,sls lewg ik;s tkrs gaS ftuds vius gh budk LFkk;h vkokl cu tkrh gSaA
yxHkx 1 djksM+ 83 yk[k gSA vkadM+s vyx tkrh;] lkeqnkf;d] lkaLd`frd thou 'kSyh rFkk lkekftd bl izdkj Lye cfLr;ksa dh vfu;fU=r
n'kkZrs gSa fd 1947 esa vktknh ds okrkoj.k gksrs gSaA vkfFkZd fodkl] lkekftd /kzqohdj.k rFkk o`f¼ 'kgjhdj.k ds fy, ,d cM+h pqukSrh
ckn ls eqEcbZ dh tula[;k rhu xquh vkèkkjHkwr lajpuk ,oa iz'kklfud xq.koÙkk esa muesa varj fd;k mRiUUk djrh gSA vakdM+s n'kkZrs gSa fd
gks xbZA
tk ldrk gSA vius o`gn vkdkj] ikjLifjd tfVy fØ;kvksa rFkk jksx vkSj e`R;q dh ?kVuk,a 'kgj ds csgrj
rsth ls c<+rk uxjhdj.k] fo'ks"k ekuo tula[;k ds l?ku ?kuRo ds dkj.k egkuxj] fodkl rFkk {ks=ksa dh rqyuk esa >ksiM+ iV~fV;ksa esa cgqr
:i ls ,f'k;k] vÝhdk rFkk ySfVu vfHkuo ifjorZuksa ds dsUnz gksrs gSaA egkuxj vkfFkZd fodkl ds vf/kd ikbZ tkrh gaSA Lye cfLr;ksa dh
vesfjdk ds fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa] tgk¡ dsUnz gSAa fo'o Hkj esa egkuxj /kuksiktZu djus] fuos'k dks vkdf"kZr vkcknh esa vfu;af=r o`f¼ xEHkhj
dqN volj iSnk djrk gS ogha dqN djus rFkk mRikndrk vkSj izfrLi¼kZ dks c<+kus esa ekuo rFkk leL;k,a mRiUUk dj jgh gSA Hkkjr dh
pqukSfr;ka Hkh iSnk djrk gSA fodkl'khy rduhdh lalk/kuksa ds csgrj bLrseky esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk vkfFkZ d jkt/kkuh ;kuh eq E cbZ es a
ns'kksa esa egkuxjksa dh o`f¼ muds jgs gSaA egkuxjksa esa ekuo n{krk] l`tukRedrk ,oa lkekftd tula[;k ?kuRo yxHkx 27]000
O;fDr iz f r oxZ fdyks e hVj gS tks
vkèkkjHkwr <kaps dh vis{kk rhozxfr ls rFkk lkaLd`frd fofo/krk dk laxe ns[kk tk ldrk gSA
vR;fèkd l?ku gSA bl 'kgj ds 50
gksrh gSA egkuxjksa ds vfu;af=r QSyko
ls okguksa dh la[;k esa o`f¼] vkS|ksfxd mRiknu esa o`f¼] ikfjfLFkfrdh vlary
q u yk[k ls vf/kd fuoklh >ksiM+iV~fV;ksa ds fuoklh gS ;kuh ,d izdkj ls eqEcbZ
,oa vkoklh; leL;k,a mRiUUk gksrh gSaA fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa rsth ls gks jgs dh >ksiM+ iV~fV;ksa esa ukosZ tSls iwjs ns'k ds eqdkcys dgha vf/kd yksx fuokl
uxjhdj.k dks egkuxjksa dh vksj gks jgs iyk;u lss vkSj vf/kd c<+kok feyk gSA djrs gSaA
fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds egkuxjksa esa tks dqN ?kfVr gksrk gS] mldk izHkko iwjh
fo'o ds lokZf/kd le`¼ uxjksa esa Hkh ,d ,slk fgLlk gksrk gS tgk¡ xjhch
vkSj vlekurk ns[kh tk ldrh gSA fo'o dh Lye cfLr;ksa esa fuokl djus nqfu;ka ij iM+rk gSA rsth ls c<+rs egkuxjksa dk ikfjfLFkfrd izHkko Hkh fo'o ds
VIPNET NEWS
3
May 2008 / Vol. 6 / No. 5
i`Foh xzg dk vURkjkZ"Vªh; o"kZ 2008
nwljs Hkkxksa dks izHkkfor djrk gS tSls fd yk[kksa ?kjksa esa tSo b±/ku ;k ?kfV;k
egkuxj] fo'ks"kdj fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa] nqfu;k ds lokZf/kd iznwf"kr {ks=
Lrj dk dks;yk tykus ls mRiUu ok;q iznq"k.kA vf/kd tula[;k ?kuRo] xjhch gSaA nqfu;k ds mPp 'kgjh fodflr {ks= dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM dh lokZf/kd ek=k
rFkk lhfer lalk/kuksa ds dkj.k fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds egkuxjksa esa ,slk okrkoj.k mRikfnr djrs gSa tks ,d izeq[k xzhugkml xSl gSA ,slk iSVªksy vksj dks;ys tSls
tSo b±/kuksa ds ngu ds dkj.k gksrk gSA blds lkFk gh dbZ vU; gkfudkjd
egkuxj oSf'od [krjksa ds dsUnz fcUnq Hkh gksrs gSAa egkuxj] vR;fèkd tgjhyh xSlsa Hkh okrkoj.k esa fjlrh jgrh gaS ftuesa dkcZu eksuks vkWDlkbM] ,oa
laosnu'khy ra= dh rjg gksrs gSa D;ksafd muesa vR;f/kd fuèkZurk] lYQj MkbvkWDlkbM lfEefyr gaS vkSj ;g lc 'kgjksa esa c<+rs okguksa dh nsu gSA
lkekftd vlekurk rFkk i;kZoj.k ds fuEu Lrj tSlh leL;k,a ,d vkdyu ds eqrkfcd 'kgjh ok;q iznw"k.k izfro"kZ 30 yk[k yksxksa dh ekSr
ik;h tkrh gSa tks vko';d oLrqvksa rFkk lsokvksa dh vkiwfrZ ds ,d dk dkj.k curk gSA
csgn tfVy rU= }kjk ,d nwljs ls tqM+h gksrh gSAa vf/kd tula[;k
?kuRo ds dkj.k izkd`frd rFkk ekuo fufeZr vkinkvksa ds izfr
laosnu'khyrk c<+ tkrh gSA ukSdfj;ksa dh deh] vkokl dh deh
rFkk fu/kZu bykdksa esa ?kfV;k thou Lrj ds dkj.k ,d dV~Vjokn
dk tUe gksrk gS ftldk vk/kkj /kkfeZd u gksdj vkfFkZd gksrk gSA
bl izdkj egkuxj i;kZoj.k] lkekftd] vkfFkZd rFkk jktuhfrd
ifjorZuksa ds oSf'od [krjksa ds dsanz :i esa mHkjus ds dkj.k [krjksa
ls lokZf/kd izHkkfor Hkh gksrs gSaA
Emerging urban dimensions
In 1950, 30% of the world’s population lived in cities.
In 2000 it was 47%.
By 2007 3.3 billion people - more than half of
the world’s population – will be living in cities. The
total may even reach 60% by 2030.
iSnk gksrk gS tks {k; jksx] gStk rFkk ;kSu lEcU/kksa }kjk QSyus okys jksxksa ds
uxjhdj.k rFkk vkS|ksfxdhdj.k ds dkj.k egkuxjksa dh vfu;fU=r o`f¼
iuius esa lgk;d gksrk gSA vkt ds rhoz lapkj okys ;qx esa ;s chekfj;ka cgqr ls vusd leL;k,a ;k rks iSnk gqbZ gSa ;k mudk nk;jk c<+ x;k gSA xanh cfLr;ksa
rsth ls fo'o ds nwljs Hkkxksa esa QSy ldrh gSaA blds vykok fiNM+s ns'kksa esa dh la[;k esa o`f¼] ;krk;kr dh leL;k] vfu;af=r vkS|ksfxd fodkl] ok;q
vusd vkfFkZd rFkk lkekftd leL;k,a
iznw"k.k] izkd`frd rU= dk vfrØe.k rFkk
iSnk gqbZ gSa tSls& xjhch] Hkw[k] cs?kj gksrs
egkuxjksa dh dqN eq[; leL;k,a] ftu ij iznfw "kr ikuh] xans ikuh dh vi;kZIr fudklh
yksx] vijk/k vkfnA lkFk gh Hkwfe rFkk
rFkk Bksl dpjs ds fuLrkj.k dh vi;kZIr
è;ku nsuk gksxk
O;oLFkk ds dkj.k tuLokLF; dh fxjrh
lalk/kuksa dh c<+rh ekax ds pyrs iznw"k.k]
fLFkfr egkuxjksa dh vke leL;k,a gaSA
lQkbZ O;oLFkk] fctyh rFkk ikuh dh
egkuxjksa esa Hkwfe rFkk vkokl lqfo/kkvksa ij vR;f/kd
egkuxjksa dk vO;ofLFkr QSyko vkerkSj
vkiwfrZ vkfn vusd i;kZoj.kh; leL;k,a
ncko ns[kk x;k gSA phu esa ,d dejs esa vkSlru 5-7
ls ,slh Hkwfe ij vfrØe.k djrk gS tgka
mRiUUk gksrh gSAa fodflr rFkk fodkl'khy
yksx jgrs gSa tcfd vesfjdk esa ;gh vuqikr 0-5 gSA
ck<+ vkSj HkwL[kyu tSlh fLFkfr;ksa dk [krjk
nksuksa gh rjg ds ns'kksa ds egkuxj] ,sls
;krk;kr
ds
lk/kuks
a
rFkk
lM+
d
ks
a
ds
vk/kkjHkw
r
<ka
p
s
es
a
vfèkd gks r k gS A i;kZ o j.kh; vkS j
LFkku gksrs gS tgka lkekftd vfLFkjrk
vR;fèkd deh ds dkj.k ;krk;kr tke rFkk HkhM+&HkkM+ lkekftd&vkfFkZd cnyko ds iz H kko ,s l s
tUe ys r h gS A fodkl'khy ns ' kks a ds
dh leL;k iSnk gksrh gSA
[krjks a dks vkS j c<+ k dj cgq r ls yks x ks a
egkuxj] vkradokn] izkd`frd vkinkvks]a
ds thou dh xq . koRRkk dks iz H kkfor
ikfjfLFkfrd fouk'k] ;q¼ dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa 'kq¼ is;ty] LoPNrk lEcU/kh lqfo/kkvksa rFkk lhoj
tS
l
h
vk/kkjHkw
r
lq
f
o/kkvks
a
dk
vkHkko
gks
r
k
gS
A
dj ldrs gS a A bles a dks b Z la n s g ugha
rFkk [kk|kUuksa dh deh ds izfr vf/kd
fd vc vf/kdrj egkuxj viuh
vlqjf{kr gksrs gSaA vkt oS'ohdj.k ds i;kZoj.kh; leL;k,a ftuesa ty ds laØfer gksu]s ok;q
HkkS f rd rFkk iz c U/kdh; lhekvks a rd
iznw"k.k] tSofofo/krk dk fouk'k vkfn izeq[k gSA
;qx esa tc lHkh ns'kksa dh vFkZO;oLFkk,a
igq a p pq d s gS a A
,d gks jgh gSa rc O;kikfjd izfr"Bkuksa vf/kd e`R;qnj] laØe.k jksxksa rFkk fofHkUu chekfj;ksa dk
rFkk i;ZVu LFkyksa ij geys] tks fd
egkuxjksa dks le>us dk vFkZ gS mudh
rsth ls QSyko LokLF; esa fxjkoV dk dkj.k curk gSA
vfèkdrj egkuxjksa esa fLFkr gksrs gS]a fdlh
nqfo/kkvksa dks le>ukA oSls rks nqfo/kk,
ns'k dks fo'o esa dgha ls Hkh izHkkfor dj ldrs gSaA vkt fo'o esa ;s ,d u, lHkh egkuxjksa ds lkeus gksrh gSa ijUrq fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds egkuxjksa esa budk
izdkj dh ifjfLFkfr;ka mRiUUk gks jgh gSa ftlls fuiVus ds gesa u, rjhds csgn ukVdh; :i ns[kus dks feyrk gSA egkuxjksa ds lkFk fodkl] vPNh
[kkstus gksaxsA
lqfoèkkvksa dk vkd"kZ.k] o`f¼ rFkk mUufr dh LoIuh; egRo dka{kk tqM+h gksrh gSA
egkuxjksa ij iznq"k.k dk tks vkfFkZd izHkko iM+k gS og cgqr vf/kd gSA tSlk fd csaxyq# 'kgj ds mnkgj.k ls irk pyrk gSA ;g ,d ,slk uxj gS tks
vuq d w y okrkoj.k]
izR;sd pkj esa ls ,d
The megacity research has the potential to contribute substantially to dk;Zdq'ky O;fDr;ksa rFkk
uxjoklh dks ihus dk
global justice and peace – and thereby prosperity.
;krk;kr ds vPNs lk/kuksa
'kq¼ ikuh miyC/k
ds :i esa fodkl ds fy;s
ugha gS rFkk izR;sd
vPNk
vk/kkj
miyC/k
djkrk
gS
A
bUgha
dkj.kks
a
ls
cM+
h
la[;k esa yksx csaxyq# dh
rhu esa ls ,d dks LoPNrk lEcU/kh lsok;sa miyCèk ugh gSaA i;kZoj.k lEcU/kh
leL;k,a LFkkuh; u gksdj {ksf=;] jk"Vªh; ;k oSf'od egRo j[krh gSAa fodkl'khy vksj vkdf"kZr gq, ftlls ogka Hkwfe dh dherksa esa o`f¼] Lye cfLr;ksa dh
ns'kksa ds lkeus uxjhdj.k ls lEc¼ tks vkfFkZd] lkekftd rFkk ikfjfLFkfrd mRifÙk] LokLF; o i;kZoj.k ds vykok fctyh&ikuh dh deh tSlh leL;k,a
iSnk gqbZ gSaA ;g leL;k dsoy fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds egkuxjksa dh ugha gSA
pqukSfr;ka gSa os fpUrktud gSaA
VIPNET NEWS
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May 2008 / Vol. 6 / No. 5
i`Foh xzg dk vURkjkZ"Vªh; o"kZ 2008
Emerging Dynamics of Megacities
Dynamics and Unique Feature of Megacities
In megacities vigorous economic activity generates
individual and societal prosperity and material well being
(although often at the price of greater personal, social
and environmental stress). In times of economic
downturn, the consequences of unemployment, loss of
social cohesion, collapse of social security and
environmental dereliction can be dramatic for large and
concentrated populations of the
megacities.
Megacities are more than just large cities. Their scale
creates new dynamics, new complexity and new
simultaneity of events and processes – physical, social
and economic.
They host intense and complex interactions between
different demographic, social,
political, economic and ecological
In the developing world,
processes. Megacities undergoing
economic boom times often
megacities grow faster than
generate
considerable
their infrastructure. The
opportunities, as well as strong
result is:pressures for change accompanied
High traffic volumes,
by environmental degradation.
In some cases, such extremes of
poverty and wealth living side by
side result into social unrest
Megacity sprawl commonly
encroaches on areas with difficult
ground conditions, subject to
geohazards, such as flooding or
landslides. This makes both initial
development and long-term
maintenance more expensive.
High concentrations of
industrial production,
Ecological overload,
Unregulated and disparate
land and property markets,
Insufficient housing
development,
Megacities require human and
natural resources for energy, industry,
construction, infrastructure and
maintenance. Megacities need these in
quantities that have severe impacts both
locally and globally – so-called,
“ecological footprint”.
The other side of the Megacities
Megacities contain a rich mix of
coexisting people having groups with
their own distinctive ethnic, community,
cultural roots, lifestyles and social
milieux.
Megacities are the focal points of
globalisation and driving forces for development.
In megacities the effects of global environmental and
socio-economic change can magnify the risks and impair
quality of life for many people.
Increasing population density in megacities can give rise
to increased risks to people and property in the face of
environmental and man-made hazards.
Megacities harbour a wide spectrum of humanskill and
potential, creativity, social intraction and cultural diversity.
The dynamism, coupled with complex interacting
processes and the sheer concentration of human capital
make megacities an incubators of huge growth and
innovation
fodflr ns'kksa ds egkuxjksa esa Hkh fofHkUu :iksa esa ;g leL;k,a ik;h tkrh gSaA fd;k tkrk gSA tSls&tSls 'kgjksa esa ikuh dh ekax c<+rh gS] vfèkdkf/kd ikuh
dksbZ Hkh egkuxj pkgs os fodflr ns'k ds gkas ;k fodkl'khy ns'k ds] dh vkiwfrZ ikuh ds lzksr LFkku ij ikuh dh deh iSnk dj ldrh gSA bl izdkj
muds rFkkdfFkr ^ikfjfLFkfrdh; fpUg*] ftUgsa bdks QqV fizUV dgrs gSa] budh ge le> ldrs gSa fd egkuxjksa esa mi;ksx esas yk, x, lalk/ku vU; LFkkuksa
lhekvksa ls ckgj rd izHkko Mkyrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] fdlh egkuxj dks ij mudh fLFkfr dks izHkkfor dj ldrs gSaA
fo|qr vkiwfrZ ds fy, ftEesnkj] dks;ys
egkuxj vkt ds ;qx dh lPPkkbZ gSA
ds ngu ls fo|qr~ mRiknu djus okyk Megacities are ideal places for social, Earth,
rsth ls gksrs oSf'odj.k ,oa cktkjhdj.k ds
dsUnz 'kgj ls dbZ lkS fdyksehVj dh nwjh
environmental and medical scientists to pyrs yksxksa dk 'kgjksa dh vksj csgrj thou
ij fLFkr gks ldrk gSA egkuxj ds fy;s
dh pkg esa iyk;u ij fu;a=.k yxkuk 'kk;n
fo|qr mRiknu dh izfØ;k ds nkSjku ;s investigate the impact of socio-economic
fdlh Hkh ljdkj ds fy, eqf'dy gksxkA
tgjhys /kq,a vkSj xSlksa dks ckgj NksM+ and political activities on environmental
vkt egkuxjksa ds lanHkZ esa tks fLFkfr mHkj
ldrk gSA ;g ek=k {ks= dh /kkj.k {kerk change and vice versa, and to identify
dj lkeus vk jgh gS oSlk igys bfrgkl esa
ls dgha vf/kd ek=k esa gks ldrh gSA solutions to the worst problems.
'kk;n dHkh ugh gqvkA
blfy;s egkuxj esa iz;qDr fo|qr~ dh
izR;sd vfrfjDr ;wfuV ml fctyh?kj ds vklikl ds {ks= esa iznw"k.k dks c<+k
,f'k;k fodkl cSad dh ,d rktk fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj ljdkj dks egkuxjksa
ldrh gSA blh rjg ls] egkuxj gh ugha] dksbZ Hkh 'kgjh {ks= vius ihus ,oa ds leqfpr fodkl ds fy, ;kstukc¼ rFkk fu;af=r fodkl dks viukuk
vU; mi;ksx ds ikuh dh vko';drk esa vkRefuHkZj gksus dh 'ks[kh ekj ldrk pkfg;sA ,sls esa mik; ds rkSj ij egkuxjksa esa jgus okys xjhc yksxksa dh
gSA ysfdu blds fy, uxj fuxe }kjk miyC/k djk, tkus okyk ikuh ikbiksa vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ djus ds vfrfjDr vkSj Hkh dbZ rjhds gks ldrs gSa
ds tfj;s ?kjksa esa igqapus ls igys fdlh nwjLFk LFkku ij ,d= vkSj 'kq¼hd`r ftlls egkuxjksa dh fLFkfr dks lq/kkjk tk ldrk gSA fodkl rFkk ;kstuk
VIPNET NEWS
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May 2008 / Vol. 6 / No. 5
i`Foh xzg dk vURkjkZ"Vªh; o"kZ 2008
egkuxjksa ls lEc¼ dqN eqnn~ s vkSj lq>ko
fofHkUu egkuxjksa ds fuoklh thou dh xq.koRrk ds lanHkZ esa larq"V
ugha gksrs gSaA mudh vkdka{kk,a] fopkj vkSj vko';drk,a vf/kdrj
iwjh ugha gks ikrh gSaA
egkuxjksa esa ;kstuk izfØ;kvksa esa vkSipkfjd ,oa vukSipkfjd ncko
ns[ks tk ldrs gSa A
egkuxj izfrLi¼kZRed] jpukRed vkSj vkd"kZd okrkoj.k rS;kj
djusa esa lgk;d gksrs gSaA
;g fopkj.kh; eqn~nk gS fd i;kZoj.kh;] lkekftd o lakLd`frd
<kaps dh ekU;rkvksa ds Hkhrj jgrs gq, ^thou dh xq.koRrk* dks fdl
izdkj csgrj cuk;k tk ldrk gSA
egkuxjksa dk foLrkj vf/kdkf/kd xSj vkuqikfrd ^ikfjfLFkfrdh
fpUg* mRikfnr djrk gS ftls csgrj 'kgjh ladYiuk] fuekZ.k]
j[kj[kko vkSj izca/ku fØ;k;sa ds }kjk ?kVk;k tk ldrk gSaA
lrgh fodkl] fo'ks"kdj Åaps Hkouksa dks] lgh LFkku ij ,oa lqjf{kr
<ax ls fufeZr dj Hkfo"; eas Hkwfe ds fVdkÅ mi;ksx dks lqfuf'pr dj
ldusa esa lQyrk izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA
lrgh vkSj Hkwfexr 'kgjh fodkl nksuksa ds fy, nh?kZdkyhu ;kstuk,a
fodflr dj vkfFkZd] lkekftd vkSj i;kZoj.kh; vko';drkvksa ds
e/; larqyu LFkkfir fd;k tk ldrk gSA
egkuxjksa ds fodkl esa lrgh vkSj Hkwfexr ty lalk/kuksa dks lqjf{kr
j[kus ds lkFk [kk| vkSj ÅtkZ vkiwfrZ dh lqfu;ksftr ;kstuk,a
egkuxjh; thou dh xq.koÙkk ds fy, egRoiw.kZ fl¼ gks ldrh gSaA
egkuxjksa esa Hkou vkSj Hkwfe ds mi;ksx ds <ax dks fu;af=r dj
izfrdwy i;kZoj.kh; izHkkoksa dks de fd;k tk ldrk gSA blds fy,
lalk/kuksa dh laiw.kZrk] lqO;ofLFkr ;krk;kr iz.kkyh vkSj dpjs o
vU; inkFkks± ds iqupZØhdj.k ij fo'ks"k /;ku nsuk gksxkA
iz'kklu] futh {ks=] turk vkSj vukSipkfjd xfrfof/k;ksa esa lkeatL;
LFkkfir dj egkuxjh; fodkl dks vf/kd fVdkÅ vkSj l{ke cuk;k
tk ldrk gSA
fo'ks"kKksa ds vuqlkj ,sls gh ,d mik; ds :i esa f}rh; Js.kh ds uxjksa ds vkèkqfud rduhdsa tSls HkkSxksfyd lwpuk ra= rFkk mixzg lapkj iz.kkfy;ksa dk
fodkl ij è;ku fn;k tkuk pkfg;sA vk/kkjHkwr <kaps ds fodkl rFkk jkstxkj iz;ksx rFkk bu ;kstukvksa ds fØ;kUo;u ds fy;s laxfBr iz;klksa ls gh lkekftd
ds vPNs volj miyC/k djkus gsrq
rFkk iz k d` f rd okrkoj.k ij
bu f}rh; Js.kh ds uxjksa esa fuos'k
fodkl ds udkjkRed iz H kkoks a
fd;k tkuk pkfg;s rkfd egkuxjksa
dks de djus es a lgk;rk fey
dh o`f¼ nj dks fu;af=r fd;k tk
ldrh gS A
ldsA blds vykok ok;q izn"w k.k dks
fdlh egkuxj dh lQyrk dk
jksdus rFkk i;kZIr ek=k esa 'kq¼
iSekuk bldh vkfFkZd mRikndrk]
is;ty miyC/k djkus gsrq Hkkjh
lkekftd lekurk vkSj i;kZoj.kh;
fuos'k dh vko';drk gksxhA izn"w k.k
fofoèkrk dks ekuk tkrk gS A
QSykus okys m|ksxksa dks uxjh;
i;kZoj.kh; fofo/krk egkuxjksa dks
vkcknh {ks= ls nwj LFkkukUrfjr
vkd"kZd vkSj vfèkd fVdkÅ cukrh
djus rFkk iznw"k.k dks de djus ds
gSA bl lanHkZ esa gesa fVdkÅ fodkl
fy;s fofHkUu ;ks t ukvks a ds
dks fuos'k ds :i esa ysuk pkfg, u
fØ;kUo;u dh vko'drk ij fo'ks"k
fd miHkksx ds #i esaA dsoy ;gh
/;ku nsuk gksxkA
jkLrk gS ftlds }kjk Hkfo"; esa
i;kZ o j.kh; vid"kZ vkS j
iqufuZos'k ds fy, lalk/ku miyC/k
iznw"k.k ds izHkko dks de ;k lekIr eSVªks tSlh rhoz o vkjke nk;d ;krk;kr lqfo/kk egkuxjh; ifjogu leL;k dk jgsxa As nqfu;k ds egkuxjksa dk Hkfo";
vPNk csgrj gy gks ldrh gS
djus ds fy, fVdkÅ 'kgjhdj.k
iw.kZ :i ls fodkl vkSj lqjf{kr
uhfr;ksa dks viukus dh vko';drk egkuxjksa ds lanHkZ esa Hkfo"; dh lEHkkouk,a vkSj Hkh vk'p;Ztud gSaA
izcaèku ij fuHkZj djrk gS ftlds
gSA fodflr ns'kksa ds egkuxjksa us uxjh; v/;;u ds fo'ks"kK rFkk bl fo"k; ij dbZ iqLrdkas ds ys[kd
fy;s egkuxjksa dks ÅtkZ] m|ksx]
n'kkZ;k gS fd Hkwfe] ok;q vkSj ty tsful bZ iyZeus ] 2oha 'krkCnh dks ^^uxjh; 'krkCnh^^ dgrs gSaA vkt
fuekZ.k] ewyHkwr <kaps vkSj j[kj[kko
'kq¼hdj.k lacèa kh Bksl vkSj fVdkÅ xzkeh.k fo'o ls ,d eq[;r% uxjh; fo'o esa :ikUrj.k dh izfØ;k us
ds fy, ekuoh; ,oa iz k d` f rd
uhfr;ka Hkw{kj.k dks ?kVkus] gok vkSj ekuo dks viuh vk/kkjHkwr vko';drkvksa ds ckjs esa iqufoZpkj djus dks
lalkèkuksa ds foosd iwoZd mi;ksx dh
ikuh dh xq.koRrk dks lq/kkjus vkSj foo'k dj fn;k gSA ;fn tula[;k o`f¼ dh orZeku xfr ,slh gh cuh jgh
vko';drk gks x hA egkuxjks a ds
'kgjksa o blds lehi ds {ks=ksa esa rks 2030 rd fo'o dh dqy tula[;k 8 vjc 10 djksM+ gksxh
fVdkÅ vkSj lqjf{kr fodkl ds fy,
tSo fofo/krk dks lqjf{kr j[kus esa ftlesa ls 5 vjc uxjh; {ks=ksa esa fuokl dj jgh gksxhA
izca/ku u dsoy bu fo'kky 'kgjh
lgk;d gksrh gSAa vkt vfHk;Urkvksa
lew g ks a ds Hkfo"; ds fy,
rFkk oSKkfudksa] fo'ks"kdj HkwxksyosÙkkvksa] Hkw&oSKkfudksa rFkk uxjksa dh ;kstuk vfrvko';d gS cfYd i`Foh dks cpkus ds fy, Hkh vfuok;Z gS rkfd ;gka fuokl
cukus okyksa ds le{k eq[; pqukSrh orZeku rFkk Hkfo"; ds egkuxjksa ds dq'ky djus okyksa ds lkFk gh ;gka dk okrkoj.k Hkh [kq'kgky jgsA
izca/ku dks lEHko cukus dh gSA uxjksa ds izca/ku laca/kh ;kstuk,a cukus esa
VIPNET NEWS
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May 2008 / Vol. 6 / No. 5
i`Foh xzg dk vURkjkZ"Vªh; o"kZ 2008
foiusV laokn
l
Hkh foiusV Dyc lnL;ksa dks vius Dyc dh xfrfof/k;ksa ds lekpkj
Hkstus ds fy, /kU;okn!
gj lIrkg cM+h ek=k esa ns'k Hkj esa QSys foKku izlkj usVodZ
(foiusV) ds foKku Dycksa dh foKku tkx:drk laca/kh [kcjsa vkSj Nk;kfp=ksa
ls foiusV ds fodkl dk vkHkkl gksrk gSA vkids Dyc }kjk Hksth xbZ xfrfofèk;ksa
dh fjiksVZ ,oa Nk;kfp=ksa dks foiusV U;wtÛ esa mfpr LFkku fn;k tkrk jgk gS ,oa
vkidh fjiksVZ ds vk/kkj ij gh gesa vkids Dyc ds lnL;ksa ds lfØ; jgus dk
,glkl gksrk gSA foiusV esa vkidk Dyc vkSj Hkh lfØ; Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrk
gSA ;fn vki vius bykds esa 25&50 ;k vf/kd u, foiusV Dycksa dk xBu
djus esa lg;ksx dj jgs gSa rks vki ,d lfØ; Dyc dh Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gq,
uksMy Dyc dh Js.kh esa vk ldrs gSaA u, foiusV Dycksa dh LFkkiuk ds fy,
foius V Dyc lEc¼rk QkeZ foKku iz l kj dh os c lkbV
www.vigyanprasar.gov.in ij miyC/k gSA QkeZ ds fy, vki gesa i=
Hkh Hkst ldrs gSaA ,d lkns dkxtÛ ij Li"V ys[kuh esa ;k Vkbi dj ds Hkh
foiusV Dyc lEc¼rk ds fy, vkosnu fd;k tk ldrk gSA
lHkh foiusV Dycksa ls fuosnu gS fd os fuEukafdr fcUnqvksa ds lkFk foKku
izlkj ls lEidZ djsa rkfd vkidk vkSj gekjk laokn lqpk# :i ls gks%&
Dyc dh xfrfof/k;ksa dh fjiksVZ u rks vf/kd foLr`r gks vkSj u gh cgqr
laf{kIrA fjiksVZ esa dk;ZØe dk Lo:i vkSj xfrfof/k;ksa dk C;kSjk vo';
nsaA
;fn vkids Dyc dk dksbZ lnL; dqN ekSfyd foKku ifj;kstukvksa ij
ldkjkRed ifj.kke nsus okys dk;Z dj jgk gS] rks ml ij fp= lfgr]
,d foLr`r fjiksVZ gesa Hkstsa] rkfd foiusV U;wtÛ esa mls i;kZIr LFkku
fn;k tk ldsA
;fn vkids Dyc us vius LFkkuh; eqn~nksa ;k leL;kvksa ds funku ij
dksbZ oSKkfud igy dh gS rks gesa voxr djk,a rkfd foiusV U;wtÛ ds
ek/;e ls ml igy dks ns'k ds vU; Dycksa rd igq¡pk;k tk ldsA
foKku izlkj ls i= O;ogkj djrs le; ;k bZ&esy Hkstrs le; vius
Dyc dh fof'k"V Lohd`r la[;k (UAN) dk mYYks[k vo'; djsa ,oa
Dyc dk iwjk uke] irk] Qksu u-] fiudksM lfgr fyQkQs ij ,oa
fyQkQs ds vUnj j[kh lkexzh ij vo'; fy[ksaA
vki tks Hkh Nk;k fp= Hkstsa mlds ihNs xfrfof/k dk iw.kZ C;kSjk] fnukad]
LFkku] Dyc ds uke] irs ds lkFk nsaA
uoxfBr foiusV Dycksa dks izek.k i= ,oa izfrekg foiusV U;wtÛ ,oa
Mªhe 2047 if=dk,a Hksth tkrh gSaA izek.k i= izkIr gks tkus ds
i'pkr ;fn ;s if=dk,a vkidks izkIr ugha gks jgh gSa rks d`i;k lacaf/kr
Mkd[kkus ls lEidZ djsa] rRi'pkr fo-iz- dk;kZy; ls laidZ djsaA
,d lkFk 5&6 ekg dh xfrfof/k fjiksVZ Hkstus ls csgrj gS fd ekfld
;k =Sekfld fjiksVZ Hkstsa vU;Fkk gky esa fd, x, dk;ZØe dh fjiksVZ
HkstsaA
foiusV U;wtÛ eas izdkf'kr foKku fnolksa ,oa lIrkgksa esa vf/kd ls vf/kd
foKku xfrfof/k;ks vk;ksftr djsaA ;s fnol vkids Dyc dks csgrj
xfrfof/k;k¡ vk;ksftr djus dk ekSdk nsrs gSaA
foKku izlkj }kjk uoxfBr foKku Dycksa dks foKku izlkj ds izdk'kuksa
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dk ,d lsV Dyc ds iqLrdky; dh 'kq#vkr ds fy, Hkstk tkrk gSA
lHkh Dyc lnL;ksa ls fuosnu gS fd os bu iqLrdksa dks vf/kd ls vf/kd
Nk=&Nk=kvksa dks miyC/k djk,aA
de ykxr dh ,oa ykxr jfgr xfrfof/k;ksa dks c<+kok nsaA buesa foKku
nhokj i=] foKku ys[ku] dckM+ ls tqxkM+] foKku fo"k;ksa ij vk/kkfjr
LFkkuh; Hkze.k ,oa Hkze.k ds nkSjku oSKkfud voyksdu dks c<+kok nsaA
;fn vki fdlh fo|ky; esa v/;;jr gaS ;k v/;kiu dk;Z dj jgs gSa rks
izkr% izkFkZuk lHkk esa ns'kh&fons'kh foKku lekpkj ,oa foKku dh uwru
tkudkfj;ksa dks 'kkfey djsaA
lekt dks vkids foKku Dyc ls cgqr vis{kk jgrh gSa] vr% ,sls
lkekftd eqn~nksa ij /;ku nsa] ftlds csgrj oSKkfud funku vkidk
Dyc dj ldrk gSA ckr pkgsa eksgYYks esa xUnxh] ty Hkkjko ls gksus okys
laØe.k dh gks ;k fQj lw[ks][kRe gksrs rkykc&ljksojksa dh---! LFkkuh;
èkjksgj dks oSKkfud lksp ds lkFk cpk, j[kuk ,d vkn'kZ Dyc ds
dk;Z gks ldrs gSaA
foKku Dyc dh uokpkjh foKku xfrfof/k;ksa esa vius vkl&ikl ds
fo|ky;ksa ds Nk=&Nk=kvksa dks 'kkfey djsaA foKku dks fdrkc ls ckgj
ykdj izd`fr esa fofHkUu iz;ksxksa ds tfj, le>kus dk iz;kl djsaA
vius Dyc ds fy, nh?kZ dkyhu ,oa vYikof/k xfrfof/k;ksa dk ,d
lkykuk dSy.s Mj cuk,a vkSj mlesa izdf` r] ty] feV~Vh] Qly] Qy&Qwy]
o"kkZ] taxy] LFkkuh; tSo&fofo/krk ds v/;;u ds lkFk gh bu ij
vkèkkfjr xfrfof/k;ka ,oa ifj;kstuk,a vius Dyc ds lnL;ksa ds lkFk
iw.kZ djsaA
o"kZ 2008 dks la;qDr jk"Vª }kjk vUrjkZ"Vªh; i`Foh xzg dk o"kZ ?kksf"kr
fd;k x;k gSA bl o"kZ ,oa vxkeh o"kZ 2009 esa vius xzg&^i`Foh* dh
le> ij vk/kkfjr xfrfof/k;ksa dks izkFkfedrk nsaA gekjs fy, vius xzg
dks le>uk vkSj bl ij fpUru djuk vfuok;Z gks pyk gS D;ksafd
Xykscy cfe±x tSlh leL;k gekjh leL;k gS] ftlls gesa i`Foh xzg dks
cpkuk gSA
LkHkh foiusV Dycksa ls vkxzg gS fd vUrjkZ"Vªh; i`Foh xzg ds o"kZ 2008
esa i`Foh xzg ls lacaf/kr dh xbZ xfrfof/k;ksa dk C;kSjk foKku izlkj
dk;kZy; esa miyC/k djk,a rkfd foiusV Dycksa ds jk"Vªh; lEesyu esa
vkids Dyc dk LFkku lqfuf'pr fd;k tk ldsA
vius Dyc dh lHkh xfrfof/k;ksa dk i;kZIr nLrkosthdj.k (MkWD;weVas 's ku)
djsa rkfd jk"Vªh; dk;ZØeksa esa vki viuh xfrfof/k;ksa dk leqfpr izn'kZu
dj ldsaA
foiusV U;wtÛ foiusV Dyckas dh gh if=dk gS] vr% foiusV U;wtÛ esa
izdk'kukFkZ vius Dyc ds lnL;ksa ls foKku vkys[k fHktok,a tks LFkkuh;
leL;kvksa vkSj muds funku dh lQyrk ij vk/kkfjr gksaA
gesa mEEkhn gS fd foiusV ds lnL; vf/kd ls vf/kd foKku
xfrfofèk;ka vk;ksftr dj Hkkjrh; lekt es oSKkfud lapsruk dks izcy
cuk,axsA foKku lapkj ds fy, 'kqHkdkeuk,a!
[email protected]
foiusV Vhe
7
May 2008 / Vol. 6 / No. 5
International Year of Planet Earth 2008
Why Do Trees Stop
Getting Taller?
Dr. T. V. Venkateshwaran
[email protected]
T
rees obviously are the tallest living things on the face of
Earth. But even they stop growing taller- though they may
live far longer. There are trees that are aged more than one
thousand years; but still they don’t grow and stretch hundreds
of meters into the sky. How is that?
To understand that we need
to first understand how tree
consumes water and transport
to its various parts. Inside a tree,
water travels from the roots to
the leaves through a tissue
called xylem. The water moves
upward in a tree because it is
pulled towards the leaves by
what is called as capillary action.
Once the water reaches the
leaves it evaporates into the air
through tiny pores called
stomata.
causing it to expand. The cell wall of a plant cell restricts
the expansion, causing the cell to press against the wall.
The resulting pressure is called turgor.
The scientists hypothesized that perhaps once a tree
gets very old, and therefore tall, it becomes difficult for the
tree to pull the water all the way
to the top, because of the
downward pull of gravity.
Gravity’s pull reduces turgor,
and that may be why trees stop
growing at a certain height.
But how could you check
and verify this claim? Science
is not just making claims,
however plausible. One had to
have evidence and proof.
Handy came the Construction
crane, that was used to
transport
construction
While water is needed for materials in a building site.
the essential photosynthesis, it Several times a day and in
is also important for the different seasons, scientists
maintaining the
climbed into
structure of the
this crane and
cells. We would
went a ride up
have observed
into the canopy
that a wilted tree
of the oldor plant regain its
growth forest.
shape
and
They
took
vivacity once it is
samples which
watered. That is
consisted of a
because the cells
tiny
twig
inside the leaves
extracted from
Figure 1 : In normal pump, and stems are
different trees Figure 2 : If the tube is fine,
water can be pumped only
actually inflated
from
three then due to capillary
upto 32 feet
with water, kind of
different levels attraction, water can be
like air in a bike tire. The water generates a
of the tree. sucked far more than 32 feet
pressure called turgor that is needed for cells
Place
the
to expand and grow.
extracted twig inside a little pressurized
chamber and apply pressure to the twig
Turgor (also called turgor pressure or
until it releases the water it has inside. This
osmotic pressure) is the pressure that can build
indicated how much turgor the cells had. A
in a space that is enclosed by a membrane that
study of this kind carried out systematically
is permeable to a solvent such as water but
indicates that the older trees have lower
not to solutes. A biological cell, for example a
turgor near their tops than younger ones
plant cell, contains ions, sugars, amino acids,
do; not because they are older, but they
and other substances. In a hypotonic
environment, water flows across the plasma Figure 3: In a tall tree, water are already taller; closer to the threshold
of possible height.
membrane into the cell (since the concentration
evaporates from the top and
of water is lower inside the cell than outside), water is sucked from below.
VIPNET NEWS
8
May 2008 / Vol. 6 / No. 5
International Year of Planet Earth 2008
Subsequently these birds were studied in a
laboratory. Dr. Rolf Wanker, head of the
Hamburg University Zoological Institute’s
behavioural research laboratory. Wanker and his
team have spent years assessing video and
audio recordings of parrot chatter and
squawking. In the study, parent birds and their
chicks were placed in separate cages within
earshot of each other but out of view of each
other. The birds’ calls to each other were
recorded and later played back to the individual
birds to ascertain their response. The studies
showed that these name equivalents are
fractional cries last between 90 and 120
milliseconds There was significant interindividual variation in the peak frequency,
maximum frequency, duration, energy,
Dr. T. V. Venkateshwaran bandwidth and minimum frequency in the contact
[email protected] calls of spectacled parrotlets. From their study
they hypothesize that spectacled parrotlets could
use at least six acoustical cues in their contact calls that
e humans ascribe names to ourselves. Though
might encode information about the individual, the age class,
named, by our parents, we recognize our name. Sure
the pair, the pairing status and the family.
we do name animals, rather our pets. A dog may be named
Tyson, a parrot Chikku. Sure enough these pets may also
The findings demonstrated that each bird used namerecognize our call and respond. However as far as we know
specific calls. The cry is distinctive enough to provide
no dog names other dogs and calls them; no parrot names
acoustic clues as to the identity of the individual uttering the
her kith and kin. So we thought.
call and also to the identity of the intended recipient bird.
What is in a name?
Parrots appear to name their children
W
In a discovery that is likely to rekindle the debate about
language in the animal kingdom, researchers in Germany
have found that some parrots appear to give their offspring
individual names! The small South American parrots also
apparently have name calls for their mates. Nonetheless it is
not yet clear whether these calls can be equated with what
we would call names such as Abishek or Aishwarya or
whether they could be more generic labels such as ‘my baby’
or ‘my mate’,”.
Parrots are known for their mimicry. They can reproduce
the sound that they hear. However what was discovered by
animal behavioural scientists at the University of Hamburg
was startling. They observed that the spectacled parrotlets
(Forpus conspicillatus, Psittacidae, Psittaciformes) use a
distinctive call for each of their chicks, with no two chicks
being given the same “name” call. Not only that such name
call is never used for any other bird. The spectacled parrotlet
is among the smallest parrots, only slightly larger than
budgerigars. The bright green birds with a distinctive yellow
ring around their eyes live in eastern Panama and northern
Colombia.
The studies were inspired by observations in the
spectacled parrotlet’s natural habitat in Colombia. There,
researchers noted that individual parrots seemed to respond
to specific calls that other parrots in the same flock ignored.
Researchers found that when the mother bird uttered a
particular cry a specific chick returned to the nest immediately
amid the cacophony of the other parrots all around. It was as
if the baby knew that it was being called.
VIPNET NEWS
9
Spectacled parrotlets live in a complex system of social
relationships. Soon after fledging, the young establish close
sibling relationships which are important for successful
socialization, pairing and reproduction. In a series of
playback experiments the researchers tested if spectacled
parrotlets use contact calls for vocal recognition. The results
showed that spectacled parrotlets discriminate between the
contact calls of different social categories. Adult birds
preferred to respond to the contact calls of their mates. Subadult individuals recognized the contact calls of their siblings.
During the period when two birds were falling love, response
to siblings decrease, but the parrotlets continue to respond
to the calls of their siblings. Thus it appears that spectacled
parrotlets live in a complex system of social relationships
throughout their lives and are able to recognize their mates
and their siblings on the basis of their contact calls.
Similar findings have been reported about certain
primates and with dolphins. It is claimed that macaque
monkeys use distinctive alarm calls to alert other monkeys
to danger. Macaques use one call to identify a panther, thus
telling other monkeys to climb up a tree. But they use a
different call to identify a python, thus ensuring that all the
monkeys climb down a tree that has a snake lurking in its
branches. Further it is now well established that all sparrows
do not chirp in the same way; all lions don’t roar with the
same voice. Their ‘accents’ appears to depend upon their
location. In a study it was established that the sparrows in
the eastern US have subtly different chirps from their cousins
on the west coast.
May 2008 / Vol. 6 / No. 5
International Year of Planet Earth 2008
gesa uhan dh vko';drk D;ksa gksrh gS\
,sYdksgkWy tÛgj D;ksa gS\
gekjk 'kjhj izfrfnu tks 'kkjhfjd vkSj ekufld dk;Z djrk gS] og cxSj
vkjke ds tkjh ugha jg ldrsA
,sYdksgkWy ,d rh[kh xa/k okys inkFkZ ds :i esa Hkh tkus tkrs gSa] tks gekjs
ukfldk ekxZ dks vo:¼ dj nsrs gSaA ,sYdksgkWy ds :i esa ,FkkukWy dk iz;ksx
izkxSfrgkfld dky ls ekuo tkfr esa gksrk vk;k gSA gkyk¡fd ,sYdksgkWy ij
vk;qfoZKku ds {ks= esa dkQh 'kks/k vkSj iz;ksx gksrk jgk gS ij euq";ksa esa blds
lsou lss ?kkrd ifj.kke ns[ks x, gSa vkSj ;g ,d
tkuysok tgj lkfcr gqvk gSA ,sYdksgkWy dh vf/kd
ek=k ysus okyksa esa tfVy tkuysok chekfj;k¡ ns[kh xbZ
gSaA yEcs le; rd ,sYdksgkWy dh fxj¶r esa jgus okys
yksxksa esa tfVy 'okl laca/kh chekfj;k¡] ;d`r vkSj
xqnsZ laca/kh ykbykt chekfj;k¡ iuius yxrh gSa vkSj
ifj.kke O;fDr dh e`R;q gksrk gSA ,sYdksgkWy ds lsou
ds i'pkr O;fDr dksbZ fu.kZ; djus dh fLFkfr esa ugha
gksrk cfYd ml ij ,d mrkoykiu lokj gks tkrk gS
vkSj og xSj&ftEesnkj gjdras djus yxrk gSA
gekjk 'kjhj ,d e'khu dh rjg dke djrk gS vkSj lHkh e'khuksa dh
rjg bls Hkh dqN le; ds fy, vkjke dh vko';drk gksrh gSA dsoy
'kkjhfjd vkjke ls gh dke ugha pyrk cfYd
gekjs iwjs 'kkjhfjd ra= ,oa fnekx dks Hkh vkjke
dh tÛ:jr gksrh gSA vr% gesa fu;fer vUrjkyksa
ij lksus dh t:jr gksrh gSA
euq"; vkSj tkuojksa esa LokHkkfod rkSj ij
ysV dj lksus dh vknr gksrh gS rkfd iwjs 'kjhj
dks vkjke fey ldsA ge dHkh dqlhZ ij cSBdj
Hkh lks tkrs gSa vkSj dqN tkuoj rks ,sls Hkh gSa tks
fu;fer [kM+s gksdj gh lksrs gSaA
tc ge lksrs gSa rks gekjh ek¡lisf'k;ksa dks
vkjke feyrk gS vkSj muesa QSyko vkrk gS]
g`n; xfr /kheh gks tkrh gS vkSj gekjs fnekx
dks mlds fu;fer dk;Z ls eqfDr feyrh
gS ;kfu foJke feyrk gSA
,FkkukWy dh vis{kk vU; ,sYdksgkWy vf/kd
tgjhys gksrs gSaA buds pikip;u esa vf/kd yEck
le; yxrk gS vkSj vDlj pikip;u fØ;k ds nkSjku
,sYdksgkWy ls vf/kd tgjhys inkFkZ mRiUu gks
tkrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij ge esFkSukWy dks ys
ldrs gSa] ftls oqM ,sYdksgkWy Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
fpfdRlksa ds vuqlkj gesa rjksrktk gksus
esFkSukWy ;d`r eas ,sYdksgkWy fMgkbMªksftusl
ds fy, vkB ?k.Vs dh uhan pkfg, gksrh gS
foiusV iz'ukoyh 144 ds mÙkj ,UtÛ k be ls vkDlhd` r gks d j tgjhyk
vkSj blh ds lkFk gh lgh le; ij lksus
QkWesZfYMgkbM cukrk gS] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i
vkSj lgh le; ij mBus dh Hkh lykg nh
O;fDr
vU/kk
gks
tkrk
gS
;k
mldh
e`R;q gks tkrh gSA ;fn vki fdlh ,sls O;fDr
tkrh gS rkfd gekjs 'kjhj dh tSfod fØ;k,¡ lqpk# :i ls pyrh jgsaA
ysfdu vktdy ds ekgkSy esa le; dh deh ds dkj.k uhan iwjh u gks ikus ds laidZ esa gSa tks ,sYdksgkWy dk lsou djrk gS rks mls ,sYdksgkWy ds [krjksa ls
ls ;k ruko ds pyrs uhan u vk ikus ds dkj.k ubZ&ubZ chekfj;k¡ tUe ys voxr djk dj bl vknr ls eqfDr fnyk,aA
jgh gSaA blfy, ruko eqDr jg dj lksus ds fy, Hkjiwj le; fudkysaA gk¡] fotsrkvksa ds uke%& eqnfLly xqytÛkj] vuUrukx] tEew d'ehj] fnfo;k
dqEHkd.khZ uhan lksus dh Hkh vko';drk ugha gS D;ksafd vko';drk ls {ksf=e;qe] dkdfpax] euhiqj] xksiky lkguh] xkft;kckn] m-izvf/kd lksuk vkidks vkylh cuk ldrk gS!
buds Hkh lgh mÙkj izkIr gq,%& ,- v'kksd dqekj] izdle] vka/kzizns'k] lquhrk
dqekjh] iwohZ pEikj.k fcgkj] lksuw dqekj] Nijk] fcgkj] jfodkar 'kekZ] jksgrkl
fcgkj] lat; pkSgku] xkft;kckn] m-iz-] nsojkt flag] bVkok] m-iz-
D;ksa vkSj dSls
Correct Answer of Planet Earth Puzzle -3
izLrqfr% fufe"k diwj
[email protected]
VIPNET Questionnaire 147
Question 1:
Why eclipses of the Sun and Moon occur?
iz'u 1%
lw;Z vkSj panz xzg.k D;ksa gksrs gS\a
Question 2 : Why
iz'u 2%
we have changes of seasons?
½rqvksa dk ifjorZu D;ksa gksrk gS\
mÙkj izkIr djus dh vafre frfFk%& 15 tqykbZ] 2008
MªkW ds }kjk rhu fotsrkvksa dk p;u gksxk vkSj mUgsa iqjLdkj
Lo:i foKku izlkj dh iqLrdsa Hksth tk,¡xhA vki vius mÙkj
fgUnh ;k vaxt
sz h esa bl irs ij Hkst ldrs gaS %&
Name of the winner : Varika Shukla, Karnal, Haryana,
Priyamwada Kameshwar, New Delhi, Jyoti Bhatia,
Mumbai, Maharashtra
VIPNET NEWS
@ foiusV iz'ukoyh 147
foiusV iz'ukoyh &147] foKku izlkj] ,&50] lsDVj 62] uks,Mk
VIPNET Questionnaire -147, VIGYAN PRASAR, A-50, Sector 62, Noida
10
May 2008 / Vol. 6 / No. 5
Puzzle & Quiz
fp= igsyh - 26
Photo Quiz - 26
Nk;k fp=% ch- ds- R;kxh
PLANET EARTH PUZZLE 5
Answers of puzzle are hidden in the box
The answers are either vertical, horizontal, diagonal
or in reverse order
Sample answer is shown in the puzzle
fp= esa fn[kk, x, rus dks igpkfu, vkSj o`{k dk uke crkb,\
Identify the stem and name the tree?
mÙkj izkIr djus dh vafre frfFk% 15 tqykbZ 2008
MªkW }kjk p;fur fotsrkvksa dks iqjLdkj Lo:i foKku izlkj ds izdk'ku Hksts
tk,¡xsA vius tokc bl irs ij Hkstsa%&
foiusV fp= igsyh & 26] foKku izlkj] ,&50] lsDVj 62] uks,Mk
Clue
1. The subject which deals with the study of earth’s
water, particularly water on and under the ground.
2. The science that deals with the phenomena of the
atmosphere, especially weather and weather
conditions.
3. The scientific study of the origin, history, and structure
of the earth.
4. The science of the relationships between organisms
and their environments.
5. The science of life and of living organisms, including
their structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, and
distribution. It includes botany and zoology and all their
subdivisions.
6. The scientific study of glaciers and their effects on the
landscape.
7. The subject that deals with scientific study of climate.
8. The scientific study of the origin, the behavior, and the
physical, social, and cultural development of humans.
VIPNET Photo Quiz - 26, VIGYAN PRASAR, A-50, Sec. 62, Noida
Correct Answer of Photo Quiz 24
We have received many letters saying that fruit shown in
the picture is Mango or Nimboli; it is incorrect. We have not
received a single correct answer. When you look the photo
carefully, you find that it is Harada fruit, a component of
Triphala.
Triphala, said to contain three different ‘fruits’, Harada,
Amla, and Bihara, relate to the three sections or ‘humors’ of
Indian medicine. The fruit Harada, which is bitter tasting, is
best known for its laxative qualities as well as being an
astringent and antispasmodic. Amla, which is high in Vitamin
C (20 times more than citrus fruit) is sour tasting and is
considered good for inflammation of the stomach and
intestines. As Triphala is known as a cleaning agent,
including a blood cleanser, the herb is very beneficial for
these people. The herb also has a high nutritional value,
including high levels of vitamin C.
If you want to know more about Vigyan Prasar, its publications
& software, besides the next moves of VIPNET Science Clubs,
please write to us at the address given below:-
Last date of receiving correct entries: July 15, 2008.
The names of winners will be announced in July, 2008 issue.
Winners will get an Astronomy activity kit as a prize.
Please send your entries to:-
Vigyan Prasar
A-50, Institutional Area, Sector 62,
Noida (U.P.) 201 307
Regd.Office : Technology Bhawan,
New Delhi -110 016
Phone
: 0120 240 4430, 240 4435
Fax
: 0120 240 4437
Emai
: [email protected]
Website
: http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in
Planet Earth Puzzle-5, VIPNET News, Vigyan Prasar,
A-50, Sector 62, Noida-201 307
Arvind C. Ranade
[email protected]
VIPNET NEWS
11
May 2008 / Vol. 6 / No. 5
International Year of Planet Earth 2008
foKku lqf[kZ;k¡
varfj{k;ku fQfuDl eaxy xzg ij mrjk
vesfjdh ,taslh uklk us lQyrkiwoZd fQfuDl
varfj{k;ku dks pUnzek dh lrg ij mrkj fn;k gSA bl
varfj{k;ku dks xr o"kZ vxLr ekg esa Hkstk x;k FkkA
10 ekg pydj ;g ;ku eaxy dh lrg ij ebZ
2008 esa igaaqpkA ;g varfj{k;ku eaxyxzg ij rhu
ekg jgsxk vkSj ogka mifLFkr phtksa dh QksVksa dks yxkrkj
Hkstrk jgsxkA ykSVrs le; ;g vius lkFk ogka mifLFkr
feV~Vh ds dqN uewus ysdj vk;sxkA vHkh Hksts x, fp=ksa
ls ogka cQZ dk irk pyk gS ftlls oSKkfud ogka thou
ds fo"k; esa lksp ldrs gSaA bl varfj{k ;ku eas jkscksfVd
Hkqtk,a yxh gSa tks eaxy ls uewus ,d= djus esa enn
djaxs hA
jScht dh lLrh oSDlhu
Carbon monoxide
and sulfur dioxide
gases
when
combine with the
moisture form acid
which when fall on
the earth causes
ACID RAIN. Europe
will loose 118
million
cubic
meters of wood
worth 19 billion
pounds, every year.
dqÙks ds dkVus ls gksus okyh jScht chekjh dk bykt
vc lLrk vkSj de ihM+knk;d laHko gS D;ksfa d oSKkfudksa
us ,d ,slh oSDlhu fodflr dh gS ftlesa jksxh dks nl
dh txg dsoy pkj batsD'ku yxkus gksaxsA bl u, oSDlhu dk dkslZ rqyukRed
:i ls vklku vkSj de ihM+knk;d gksxk D;kasfd bldk batsD'ku Ropk esa
yxk;k tk,xk tcfd vU; oSDlhuksa dk btsD'ku ekalis'kh esa yxk;k tkrk gSA
;wjksih; oSKkfudksa dh ,d Vhe esa 254 yksxksa ij bl ubZ oSDlhu dk ijh{k.k
fd;kA bldh fjiksVZ ^ih-,y-vks-,-,l-^ usxysDVsM VªkWfidy fMlht tuZy ds
gky ds vad eas izdkf'kr dh xbZ gSA ;g oSDlhu igys ls mi;ksx esa ykbZ tk
jgh oSDlhu ds leku l{ke gSA
lksyj iSuy LihM cksV
lkSj ÅtkZ ls pyus okyh dkjksa ds ckjs esa dkQh dke gks pqdk gSA ysfdu Mp
oSKkfudksa us lkSj ÅtkZ ls pyus okyh igyh LihM cksV rS;kj dh gSA bl cksV
ls i;kZoj.k dks fdlh izdkj dh gkfu ugha gksrh gS D;ksafd ;g fdlh izdkj dk
iznw"k.k ugha NksM+rh gSA
uhnjyS.M ds MsYQ~Fk fo'ofo|ky; ds oSKkfudksa us bldk uke ^ph;lZ*
j[kk gSA blesa 80 fdyksokV dh eksVj yxk;h xbZ gSA tSls gh lwjt
dh fdj.ksa cksV dh lrg ij yxs lksyj iSuy ij iM+rh gS og bl
ÅtkZ dks fo|qr ÅtkZ esa cny nsrh gSA bl izdkj dh cksV ij rhu
O;fDr vlkuh ls lQj dj ldrs gSaA
xksyw dh lksp
lsc isM+ ls
VwV dj uhps
D;ksa fxjrk
gSA
D;ksd
a h og
mM+ ugha
ldrk
tkuojksa ds vif'k"V ls ck;ks&IykfLVd dk fuekZ.k
oSKkfudksa us tkuojksa ds vif'k"V tSls muls fudys ia[kksa ls
ck;ks&IykfLVd dk fuekZ.k fd;k gSA i;kZoj.k dh n`f"V ls ;g
ck;ks&IykfLVd tSo v?kVd gSA blls IykfLVd lhV] ikS/kksa dks j[kus
ds crZu] cht j[kus ds FkSys vkfn cuk, tk ldrs gSaA ;g [kkst
vkWLVªsfy;k ds oSKkfudksa }kjk dh xbZ gSA muds vuqlkj vHkh rd ikSèks
esa feyus okyh izksVhu ls ck;ks IykfLVd cuk;k tkrk FkkA vc bl
[kkst ds ckn tkuojksa ls feyus okyh izksVhu ls ck;ks IykfLVd dk
fuekZ.k djuk laHko gks ldsxkA
izLrqfr% dfiy f=ikBh
oSdfYid rdZ
izLrqfr % e/kqj eksgu feJk
Published and Printed by Mrs. K. Dasgupta Misra on behalf of
Vigyan Prasar, C-24, Qutab Institutional Area, New Delhi-110 016
Printed at Multi Colour Services, 92a, DSIDC Shed, Okhla
Industrial Area, Phase-I, New Delhi - 110 020
VIPNET NEWS
12
“No! No! these are not diamonds, gold,
silver or platinum ornaments. I think of the
future. These are pure wood only.”
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Editor
: B. K. Tyagi
Associate Editor : Nimish Kapoor
Contributors
: Kapil Tripathi, Arvind C. Ranade,
Navneet Gupta
Layout & design : Suman Pal
May 2008 / Vol. 6 / No. 5