Second Semester Final Exam REVIEW

Second Semester Final Exam REVIEW
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Read each question and choose the best answer.
____
1. Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev’s policy of perestroika, or reform, involved
a. opening the Soviet Union to international b. adopting elements of a free-market
diplomacy.
economy.
____
2. Shelters such as this represented American concern about
a. a potential nuclear attack during the Cold War.
b. a successful launch of a Soviet satellite into space.
____
3. According to the information in this graph, which of the following would most likely have been shipped to
Europe in the largest quantities?
a. grain
____
b. iron ore
4. I did not become vice president with Lyndon Johnson to cause him trouble.?—Hubert H. Humphrey, 1965
As vice president during 1968—arguably the United States' most politically turbulent post-World War II
year—Hubert Humphrey faced an excruciating test of statesmanship. During a time of war in Southeast Asia
when the stakes for this nation were great, Humphrey confronted an agonizing choice: whether to remain
loyal to his president or to the dictates of his conscience. His failure to reconcile these powerful claims cost
him the presidency. Yet few men, placed in his position, could have walked so agonizing a tightrope over so
polarized a nation.
Which of these factors most likely cost Humphrey the election in 1968?
a. his refusal to defy President Johnson on the Vietnam War
b. his poor record on poverty and civil rights issues
____
5. In 1992, Bill Clinton campaigned on the idea that government was important but should be more efficient in
order to attract both
a. independent and conservative voters.
b. conservative and liberal voters.
____
6. SEC. 100. The Veterans' Administration is hereby declared to be an essential war agency and entitled, second
only to the War and Navy Departments, to priorities in personnel, equipment, supplies, and material under
any laws, Executive orders, and regulations pertaining to priorities, and in appointments of personnel from
civil-service registers the Administrator of Veterans' Affairs is hereby granted the same authority and
discretion as the War and Navy Departments and the United States Public Health Service: Provided, That the
provisions of this section as to priorities for materials shall apply to any State institution to be built for the
care or hospitalization of veterans.
—TITLE I, CHAPTER I-HOSPITALIZATION, CLAIMS, AND PROCEDURES, Servicemen's
Readjustment Act of 1944
This text is from an act otherwise known as the
a. GI Bill.
b. Fair Deal.
____
7. The violence that erupted outside the Democratic National Convention in Chicago in 1968 and the confusion
inside gave the impression that
a. the Democrats were ready to continue governing.
b. the nation was in disorder and the Democrats had lost control.
____
8. Critics of the Miranda v. Arizona decision opposed it because
a. they thought it was too favorable to accused criminals.
b. they believed the legal system could not function properly without the testimony of the
accused.
____
9. The Beatniks' attitudes and appearance was
a. the product of poverty and illiteracy.
b. a reaction against postwar conformity and materialism.
____ 10. When the Supreme Court ruled in Bush v. Gore to end the recounting of votes in Florida before it had
concluded, it effectively
a. set a judicial precedent against recounting votes in elections.
b. overturned a Florida state law mandating a recount.
____ 11. The 38th parallel was the basis of
a. a conflict over shipping routes between Japan and North Korea.
b. a cease-fire in the conflict between North and South Korea.
____ 12. In the text you read this about the counterculture: The counterculture was rooted in the social and political
events of the preceding decade. In the 1950s, the Beat movement had rejected materialism and emphasized
the importance of personal experience. The civil rights movement introduced the idea of social and political
protest, which intensified the Vietnam antiwar movement.
Both movements prompted many people to challenge a range of traditional social behavior, from restrictions
on rights to cultural norms in dress or hairstyles. The counterculture also heightened distrust of authority,
leading some young people to warn their peers, “Don’t trust anyone over 30.”
The maxim “Don’t trust anyone over 30” may have been partly inspired by
a. the credibility gap over the Vietnam War.
b. the civil rights movement's demand for equality.
____ 13. “The Southern Christian Leadership Conference...have outlined 5 requirements of the bill of economic and
social rights that will set poverty on the road to extinction:
1. A meaningful job at a living wage for every employable citizen.
2. A secure and adequate income for all who cannot find jobs or for whom employment is inappropriate.
3. Access to land as a means to income and livelihood.
4. Access to capital as a means of full participation in the economic life of America.
5. Recognition by law of the right of people affected by government programs to play a truly significant role
in determining how they are designed and carried out.” —SCLC Papers
With which protest action is this list affiliated?
a. affirmative action
b. the Poor People’s Campaign
____ 14. The rise in the Sunbelt’s political power was primarily due to a concurrent rise in
a. population migration.
b. suburban housing developments.
____ 15. This cartoon suggests that Ronald Reagan
a. is in excellent physical condition for a man his age.
b. is more capable of handling problems than his opponents.
____ 16. What can you infer about the Berlin Wall from this photo of an East German soldier leaping over to the
western side of the Wall?
a. It was mainly intended to keep East Germans from escaping to the West.
b. It was primarily a barrier to prevent West Germans from defecting to the East.
____ 17. American intervention in Lebanon ended after
a. a brutal attack against American forces.
b. order was restored in the nation.
____ 18. “This military action is a part of our campaign against terrorism, another front in a war that has already been
joined through diplomacy, intelligence, the freezing of financial assets and the arrests of known terrorists by
law enforcement agents in 38 countries. Given the nature and reach of our enemies, we will win this conflict
by the patient accumulation of successes, by meeting a series of challenges with determination and will and
purpose.
Today we focus on Afghanistan, but the battle is broader. Every nation has a choice to make. In this conflict,
there is no neutral ground. If any government sponsors the outlaws and killers of innocents, they have become
outlaws and murderers, themselves. And they will take that lonely path at their own peril.”
—George W. Bush, address to Congress, September 20, 2001
In this part of his address, President Bush lays out his intent to
a. fight terrorism on multiple fronts to avoid another attack on American soil.
b. wipe out Osama bin Laden and all other al Qaeda leaders.
____ 19. In this 1995 political cartoon, the artist is suggesting that
a. the Democrats are out of touch with the public interest.
b. the Republicans are clearly in control of Congress.
____ 20. Congressional legislation that reduces government regulation of automobile production in the United States
stems from
a. the conservative belief that limiting regulation will promote economic growth.
b. the liberal belief that regulation will decrease tax revenue over time.
____ 21. Which event best shows President Obama’s commitment to diversity?
a. his nomination of Sonia Sotomayor to the Supreme Court
b. his proposal to increase the availability of healthcare coverage
____ 22. Defense spending during the Vietnam War had an impact on many Americans in the form of
a. the oil embargo and higher gas prices.
b. a high rate of inflation and a weaker dollar.
____ 23. Which U.S. President desegregated the military by executive order?
a. Dwight D. Eisenhower.
b. Harry Truman.
____ 24. The Equal Pay Act, sponsored by the Kennedy administration, aimed to benefit which working group most?
a. women
b. Mexican Americans
____ 25. During the Reagan administration, the United States experienced a trade imbalance with
a. Mexico.
b. Japan.
____ 26. Ho Chi Minh’s military doctrine hinged on fighting only when victory was assured, which meant never
fighting on his opponents’ terms. He compared his troops to a tiger, while the Americans were like an
elephant. If the tiger stands still, the elephant will crush it. But if the tiger keeps moving and occasionally
jumps on the elephant to take a bite out of it, the elephant will slowly bleed to death.
What did Ho Chi Minh believe this strategy would ultimately accomplish against the American military?
a. He believed that if the North Vietnamese wore the American forces down enough they
would eventually leave.
b. He believed that if the North Vietnamese could just avoid defeat long enough the Chinese
would eventually enter the war.
____ 27. How did U.S. policy in Vietnam change following the Tet Offensive?
a. Policy makers thought the war unwinnable and began to negotiate for peace.
b. Troop levels on the ground were increased significantly.
____ 28. In which year did the trade deficit between the United States and Japan first reach approximately 60 billion
dollars?
a. 1982
b. 1986
____ 29. This image represents a shift in the civil rights movement from
a. economic issues to desegregation.
b. civil rights to economic issues.
____ 30. What does this cartoon suggest about George W. Bush’s candidacy in the 2000 presidential race?
a. He lacks the knowledge and experience to be president.
b. He might not win the presidential election fairly.
____ 31. “...We will never communicate talking one language and he's talking another language. He's talking the
language of violence...Let's learn his language. If his language is with a shotgun, get a shotgun. If he only
understands the language of a rifle, get a rifle. If he only understands the language of a rope, get a rope. But
don't waste time talking the wrong language to a man, if you want to really communicate with him. Speak his
language.”
—Malcolm X, speech at Harlem rally, 1964
In this speech, Malcolm X explains his disagreement with
a. the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
b. Martin Luther King’s style of protest.
____ 32. “The undersigned, the Commander-in-Chief, United Nations Command, on the one hand, and the Supreme
Commander of the Korean People's Army and the Commander of the Chinese People's Volunteers, on the
other hand, in the interest of stopping the Korean conflict, with its great toil of suffering and bloodshed on
both sides, and with the objective of establishing an armistice which will insure a complete cessation of
hostilities and of all acts of armed force in Korea until a final peaceful settlement is achieved, do individually,
collectively, and mutually agree to accept and to be bound and governed by the conditions and terms of
armistice set forth in the following articles and paragraphs, which said conditions and terms are intended to be
purely military in character and to pertain solely to the belligerents in Korea...”
—Preamble, Armistice Agreement for the Restoration of the South Korean State (1953)
The text above is from an agreement that
a. ended American intervention in Korea.
b. established a cease-fire in Korea.
____ 33. In the text you read this about the effects of the Watergate scandal: The Watergate scandal created a crisis in
the relationship among the three branches of government. How far would Congress go to investigate the
President? Would the courts demand that the President turn over information that might implicate him? And if
the courts sided with Congress, would the President comply with its decisions?
How did the Watergate scandal eventually play out amongst the three branches of government?
a. The Supreme Court ruled that Nixon must turn over his tapes while Congress voted to
impeach him.
b. Congress voted to impeach Nixon while the Supreme Court decided whether it was on
constitutional grounds.
____ 34. “Over the past seven years, a new Department of Homeland Security has been created. The military, the
intelligence community, and the FBI have been transformed. Our nation is equipped with new tools to
monitor the terrorists' movements, freeze their finances, and break up their plots. And with strong allies at our
side, we have taken the fight to the terrorists and those who support them. Afghanistan has gone from a nation
where the Taliban harbored al Qaeda and stoned women in the streets to a young democracy that is fighting
terror and encouraging girls to go to school. Iraq has gone from a brutal dictatorship and a sworn enemy of
America to an Arab democracy at the heart of the Middle East and a friend of the United States.
There is legitimate debate about many of these decisions. But there can be little debate about the results.
America has gone more than seven years without another terrorist attack on our soil. This is a tribute to those
who toil night and day to keep us safe—law enforcement officers, intelligence analysts, homeland security
and diplomatic personnel, and the men and women of the United States Armed Forces.”
—George W. Bush, farewell address, January 15, 2009
In his farewell address, President Bush wanted Americans to see a link between
a. U.S. promotion of democracy abroad and security at home.
b. the spread of democracy and improvements in education.
____ 35. What military strategy did President Nixon employ in Vietnam early on in his presidency?
a. the “Vietnamization” of combat operations
b. a “massive retaliation” policy
____ 36. “If there is anyone out there who still doubts that America is a place where all things are possible, who still
wonders if the dream of our founders is alive in our time, who still questions the power of our democracy,
tonight is your answer.”
—Barack Obama
President Obama spoke these words
a. after the capture and death of Osama bin Laden.
b. after he was announced as the winner of the 2008 election.
____ 37. Which of the following had the biggest impact on post-war economic prosperity in the United States?
a. postwar inflation
b. the GI Bill of Rights
____ 38. The importance of television in the presidential election of 1960 suggested that
a. voters might be swayed by appearances rather than by issues.
b. civil rights would become an important issue.
____ 39. What can we infer about immigration trends in the United States since 1900 based on the data in the chart?
a. Immigration rose dramatically in the late twentieth century.
b. Economic upturns coincide with downturns in immigration in the mid-twentieth century.
____ 40. Which of these best describes the “Americanization” strategy recommended by Robert McNamara and
William Westmoreland?
a. having American forces take on a more active role in the Vietnam War
b. using American popular culture and consumer goods to lure North Vietnamese away from
communism
____ 41. The first significant postwar target of the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) was the film
industry probably because
a. The U.S.S.R. was sending agents to work in Hollywood.
b. some feared that movies might influence people's politics.
____ 42. Study the chart and then choose which cause a liberal would be most likely to support.
a. sending troops to other countries to stop violence
b. a national healthcare system for all citizens
____ 43. The artist of this 2002 political cartoon was most likely opposed to
a. the Patriot Act.
b. the No Child Left Behind Act.
____ 44. How did Clark Clifford’s Vietnam policy differ from that of his predecessor Robert McNamara?
a. Clifford believed the war was unwinnable and sought to reach a peace agreement.
b. Clifford favored more airstrikes to limit American casualties on the ground.
____ 45. Rising problems in the 1980s included all of the following except
a. health problems related to obesity.
b. conflicts over gun-related violence.
____ 46. “Last Friday, Noriega declared his military dictatorship to be in a state of war with the United States and
publicly threatened the lives of Americans. . . . The very next day, forces under his command shot and killed
an unarmed American serviceman; wounded another; arrested and brutally beat a third American serviceman;
and then brutally interrogated his wife, threatening her with sexual abuse. That was enough.
General Noriega's reckless threats and attacks upon Americans . . . created an imminent danger to the 35,000
American citizens. . . . As President, I have no higher obligation than to safeguard the lives of American
citizens. And that is why I directed our Armed Forces to protect the lives of American citizens . . . and to
bring General Noriega to justice in the United States.”—George H.W. Bush, December 20, 1989
In this address, President Bush is
a. promising to arrest General Noriega.
b. justifying the U.S. invasion of Panama.
____ 47. Which trend best explains the increasing popularity of the Moral Majority in the early 1980s?
a. the decline in the number of U.S. citizens who vote in federal elections
b. the perceived decline of what many considered traditional family values
____ 48. The conservative climate of Cold War 1950s American society was slowly rocked, first by the beginning of
the African American civil rights movement, then through a firestorm of multiple social revolutions. Within
these tumultuous decades, Mexican Americans and Puerto Ricans, politicized as Chicanos and Boricuans,
drew from early developments in the World War II era to spark their own form of protest…
Among the most famous civil rights activities were the 1968 Los Angeles high school walkouts (also referred
to as "blowouts"). During the spring of 1968, Chicano students at four East Los Angeles high schools staged
massive walkouts, demanding better guidance counselors for college, Latino teachers, Mexican American
history classes, smaller classes, bilingual classes for those who needed them, and parental advisory boards.
Although the walkouts elicited a negative response from the Anglo community, resulting in arrests and
crackdowns, the city of Los Angeles eventually gave in to some of the demands and parents formed their own
Mexican American educational committee to monitor reforms. —The National Park Service
The 1968 East L.A. high school walkouts were indicative of the Chicano movement as a whole in that they
a. wanted Latino students to have the opportunity to take the same courses as white students.
b. demanded a curriculum that better reflected the culture and history of the Latino student
body.
____ 49. Before running for governor of Georgia, Lester Maddox protested the Civil Rights Act of 1964 by closing
down his restaurant to show that
a. he believed that property rights were less important than civil rights.
b. he refused to accept integration.
____ 50. In the text, you read this about the 1980s: Despite Reagan's vision of "morning in America" and Bush’s
"thousand points of light," in truth a great cultural and economic divide existed in 1980s society—a division
only partially defined by race, ethnicity, and gender. The economic recovery of the mid-1980s did not affect
all segments of society equally. As the number of poor increased, so did violence and drug use in the nation's
inner cities. At the same time, a culture of acquisition intensified among Americans.
According to this quote, in the 1980s there was
a. rising tensions between the educated and the uneducated.
b. a contradiction between oistic political rhetoric and reality.