Comparative Study on Sunny Winter Sports Activities in Junior High

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Comparative Study on Sunny Winter Sports Activities in Junior High
School Students in Long-distance Endurance
ZHANG Xiuli
Department of Physical Education, Zhengzhou University, Henan, China, 450001
[email protected]
Abstract: China's young people for more than two decades of physical decline, CPC Central Committee
and the Ministry of Education, the State Sports General Administration, the Communist Youth League
Central Committee issued the "hundreds of millions of students nationwide sunny winter sports
activities, long-distance running." Through literature, expert interviews and other methods of
mathematical statistics on China's coast, the North, South, West, Central 10 secondary schools were 4
months of group teaching, To adopt a set of long-distance running 1,500 meters a day (the total mileage
reached 180 kilometers), a traditional form of teaching. The results showed that the two groups are
significant differences in the quality of endurance: a long-distance race of the winter junior high school
students and endurance sports skills significantly better than traditional forms of physical education
teaching.
Keywords: Junior high school students, Sunny winter sports long-distance race, The quality of
endurance
1 Preface
To comprehensively implement the spirit of The View of Strengthening Youth Sports and Enhancing
Their Physical Body Made by CPC Central Committee and State Council (Delivered by CPC Central
Committee and State Council 2007 NO.7) and promote the young students to participate actively in
physical exercises to realize the aim of students physical health being improved significantly for about 5
years adopted by the CPC Central Committee and State Council [1]. Ministry of Education, the State
Sports General Administration, the Communist Youth League Central Committee jointly has decided to
launch The Second Session Nationwide Sunshine Long-distance Running in Winter Sport of the
Hundreds of Millions of Students from October 26, 2008 to April 30, 2009 following the First Session
of Nationwide Long-distance Running in Winter Sports of Hundreds of Millions of Students Last Year. [2]
Long-distance running in winter is the effective means of implementing the spirit of the No.7 document
of the CPC and carrying out sunshine sports to improve physical health of students, especially the
endurance. [3] Make long-distance running in winter into their daily education and teaching plan and
combine it with the physical education, morning exercises, large and extra-curricular sports and develop
workable implementation plans. Students in primary and secondary schools will be organized to have a
run every day by class unit, the daily run distance (reference) is the following: 1,000 m for primary
school students;1,500 m for junior high school students, 2,000 m for high school students and college
students (total distance:120 kilometers for primary school students, 180kms for junior high school
students, 240 kilometers for high school students and college students).
Students should finish the job as the unit everyday in the weekdays in primary and secondary schools,
schools should require students to consciously adhere to long-distance running and make a record during
the holidays and winter vacations.
2 Study Subjects and Methods
2.1 Study subjects
After discussion and argument we have sampled the students of east, west, south and north of China in
10 representative second-year junior high schools (men and women equally) , in the sample of 1338
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second-year junior high school students, they are divide into the class of 1,500ms running every day
(experimental group) and the class of normal teaching every day (control group) (Table 1).
2.2 Research Methods
2.2.1 Norm-setting
After experts’ interviewing and the research group’s arguenemt, full-time nine years compulsory middle
school physical education program of the People's Republic of China provides the teaching content of
800 meters running (women)for junior high school students , 1,000m (men), 1,500 m (men).
Combination with the physiological endurance, the time, respiratory rate, lung capacity, heart rate
ocurring in the summit of 800-meter run, 1,000-meter run, 1,500-meter run, the fastest 800-meter run is
considered the content of test, and then the quality of endurance and sports skills norm is developed
according to the sun sports long-distance teaching contents in winter.
2.2.2 Interview
After visiting those experienced sports teachers in 10 junior high schools of Shanghai, Suzhou and
Changsha, Neijiang, Guangzhou, Fujian, Beijing, Harbin, Henan and investigating the objective basis
and effect of the implementation of the sun long-distance sports in winter in the secondary school, the
junior high school sophomores were divided into experimental group (daily 1500 meters run classes)
and the control group (normal mode of the original physical teaching classes) according to the results of
the sample, and stressed that the experimental group should strictly carry out the standard of 1500
meters run per day in class and sports activities.
Table 1
The comparative list of sample test of the winter sun long-distance endurance sports
category
schools
No.1school of TongJi University
Suzhou Experimental Middle school
Changsha No.3 Middle school
NeiJiang Normal college Attached MiddleSchool
Guangzhou No.2Middle school
Fujian No.4Middle school
Beida Attached MiddleSchool
Hagongda Attached MiddleSchool
Henan Provincial Experimental School
Zhengda No.1 Attached MiddleSchool
Total
control group(F)
36
31
26
38
32
30
33
31
37
38
332
experimental group(F)
37
29
29
35
33
31
31
29
36
34
324
control group(M)
34
34
33
39
34
32
34
36
34
35
345
experimental group(M)
32
36
35
35
31
34
30
32
36
36
337
Total
139
130
123
147
130
127
128
128
143
143
1338
2.2.3 Group comparisons
A Comparison was made in the experimental group and control group students after the quality of
endurance exercise for 4 months under the different models to find out the difference of two groups in
endurance quality.
3 Analysis and Discussion
3.1 Endurance exercise program of the experimental group of students
First, to diagnose the prescription of long-distance running exercise for the experimental group of
students (scientific course plans and weekly plans). Then by using the extracurricular activities,
weekends, holidays, we have a 120 days fixed time practice for 4 months to make students to complete
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carefully amount and intensity required in the prescription within the time [4]. Make full use of 30
minutes’ break, 45 minutes’ extra-curricular activities, weekends and holidays, by alternate practice
mode of weekly double-peak two-stage and single-peak, to exercise endurance and speed by continuous
training method, strength has reached more than the individual lactate threshold, after training lactate
accumulation there are apparent traces, and then in the morning and break mainly for general flexibility,
agility exercises [5]. If bad weather conditions, practice location and approaches will change, such as
stair climbing to ensure the amount and strength of 1,500 m per day for 120 days.
In the form of sports exercises of the control group, teachers profit the traditional sport practice methods
“two exercises a lesson" of weekly broadcast gymnastics, morning exercise. During two exercises the
morning exercise is more free, break exercise mainly for eye exercises and broadcast gymnastics; to
control their own form of exercise and sports for 45 minutes’ extra-curricular activities; games and
entertainment-based ball exercise in the sports class, the main content are sandbags and games, student
freedom obviously with no hard targets.
Table 2 The comparative list of endurance test in control groups and experimental groups for junior high
school after winter long-distance run
Girl students
Boy students
Item
（ ）
1000m run（Second）
1500m run（Second）
Control Groups
Experimental Groups
Difference
Control Groups
Experimental Groups
Difference
Lung Capacity (ml)
3'35''
4'56''
7'38''
52''
28.3
2465
3'21''
4'34''
7'02''
58''
27.7
2491
14''
22''
36''
6''
0.6
26
3'19''
4'28''
6'49''
39''
26.8
2674
3'02''
4'02''
6'11''
47''
26.1
2785
17''
25''
38''
8''
0.7
111
Heart Rate (times / min)
73.4
71.3
2.1
68.6
65.4
3.2
800m run Second
800-meter Time summit
Frequency (quiet, beats / min)
Note: The above results are the class grade point average
3.2 Similarities and differences of content and form between general physical exercises and
endurance exercises
Except for normal two exercises a lesson, the quality of endurance exercise for experimental group of
students also provides specially designed exercise prescription, which we should add some speed and
endurance exercises in the class, even though the amount and intensity of the stringent requirements and
the content of classroom teaching too much, endurance exercises may be the extra-curricular activities
every afternoon [6]. In short, we must ensure 1500 meters run everyday (both boys and girls strength
requirements), "1,500 meters daily running" and "exercise one hour a day" did not do the same. In order
not to affect the students in regular classes to learn knowlegde course, break between classes and
extracurricular activities have become the best time to exercise prescription for physical education
teachers to implement and assigned teachers specialized in long-distance running training, exercise
prescription varies according to the specific circumstances of each student.[7]
Students develop flexibility, agility exercises between classes and speed, endurance exercises in
extra-curricular activities. The intensity of exercise program plan using two-stage two-weeks high and
single-high cross to each endurance exercises by batch method [8]. Because there is a limit , lactic acid
accumulation, endurance exercise certainly more painful to strengthen the ideological education is the
key and the process of practice-oriented afraid of difficulties in the classes, the method frequently used
incentives to encourage students to enable students to develop not afraid of hard fine style [9] [10].
The control group of students of sports physical classroom practice using conventional forms of two
exercises freedom of arrangement, the amount and intensity no obvious requirements, the classroom is
only used in sports in general ball, games and other entertainment activities in the form of [11]. Because
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the pursuit of academic pressure on students and parents to further their studies and other objective
reasons, sports and the classroom was the use of student autonomy to run the operation of other
programs, the physical education teacher turned a blind eye, accustomed to [12].
Two groups of students to the concept of sports, sports practice essential difference: the amount of the
experimental group were ordinary students sweat secretion 5 --- 6 times the amount of the control group
students in a very small amount of sweat secretion; lactate production are also significant differences in
the experimental group students physical education and long-distance running with lactic acid
generation, while the control group of students feel little or no lactic acid is generated; the quality of
practice time per day significantly different from the control group students to practice extracurricular
activities daily average is only 21 minutes, the experimental group practice time for extra-curricular
activities every day an average of 43 minutes, is more than double the control group of students;
disciplinary requirements are obviously different in the experimental group two exercises should be a
lesson attendance, can reach more than 95% of the students in attendance, the control group students to
arbitrary large, attendance is only accounted for 45%; practice clear differences between the content and
form of the control group students in two exercises is just a lesson in the general game, the experimental
group 2 gymnastics lesson is primarily aimed at speed, endurance and other physical exercises, there is a
prescription required strength; sports consciousness is not the same as the experimental group of
students that physical exercise not only fitness, relaxation combined with cultural learning is very
effective. The control group of students that the quality of practice too long a time is not conducive to
cultural learning [13].
3.3 Difference of two groups of students after the endurance test
After the practice of endurance quality for 4 months and the test of respiratory rate, vital capacity, heart
rate in 800m, 1000m, 1500m, summit time in 800-meter, we found that endurance quality for two group
of students were significantly different: 800m, 1000 m, 1500 m for boys and girls were significantly
increased, which indicates the experimental group of students speed endurance had improved through
endurance exercises(daily 1,500 m and totally 180 km). The fastest 800-meter run of the poles for boys
and girls in the experimental group of students is later than those in the control group of students, which
indicates the ability of using oxygen capacity and anaerobic metabolism of the experimental group of
students in motion increased. Boys and girls vital capacity in experimental group were improved and
indicated that intercostal muscle and diaphragm contraction ability wad enhanced and the lung capacity
increased. Oxygen in the alveoli and in the body of experimental group of students exchange more fully
at temperature 20 degrees, fasting, supine in the basic metabolism of heart rate reduction. After the
winter long-distance race the lung capacity of male and female students increases is the causes of
breathing deepened and nerve under the respiratory muscles synergistic understanding [14].
4 Conclusions and Recommendations
4.1 Conclusion
After 1500 meters long-distance running exercises everyday for 4 months (totally 180 km), the boys and
girls students’ performance in 800 meters, 1,000 meters, 1,500-meter were significantly increased,
speed and endurance was enhanced, limit occurs in fast long-distance is later than those not
participating long-distance running exercises.
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School Endurance Exercise Control Model
Train Good PE Teachers
Make Prescription
prescriptionprescription
Feedback
Evaluation
Check
Carry out the Prescription
Figure 1 Sunshine long-distance running control model
After the winter long-distance running exercises middle school students’ endurance qualities
significantly increased, respiratory rate and heart rate were reduced, lung capacity increased, their
respiratory and circulatory system had a significant improvement.
4.2 Recommendation
In accordance with the basic situation of each middle school students, students exercise endurance
prescription in secondary schools should be established through scientific diagnosis.
To enhance the physical quality of junior secondary school students and improve the physical education
evaluation system, the endurance items (such as 1500 meter run) should be considered as the content in
the entrance examination as a junior high school students, examination results should be the content of
the entrance to high school and college entrance examination and included in total score.
To implement two exercises one lesson carefully, practice winter long-distance running sports activities
in the sun, change the traditional physical education games and fun sports for strength, speed, endurance
exercise, strength of extra-curricular activities should over the individual lactate threshold and the
amount of secretion is obvious.
To select outstanding physical education teachers to diagnose by the pattern of the junior secondary
students growth so as to formulate a scientific exercise prescription. Endurance of ideological
inspiration from the thought of student and full implementation of quality education. Emphasis should
be paid to physical education and extracurricular activities to provide the 1,500 meters long-distance
running per day (with strength requirements), except for break and extracurricular activities make
attendance record as usual.
According to the requirement of sun winter run sports, schools established an entire process control
model of long-distance operation (see Figure 1), to develop management of long-distance in holiday
practices and supervise the completion of 1,500 meters long-distance running program per day (to
complete 180 km in winter) .
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