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DISCORSO INDIRETTO (He said he was tired.)
2877_Modulo_S_443_458 11-12-2007 11:41 Pagina 443 U N I T 92 D I S C O R S O I N D I R E T T O UNIT 92 DISCORSO INDIRETTO (He said he was tired.) • Il discorso indiretto ◆ Il discorso indiretto (reported speech) si usa quando si vuole riferire a qualcuno ciò che è stato detto in precedenza. Quando si trasforma il discorso diretto in discorso indiretto occorre fare attenzione ai tempi verbali, ai pronomi personali e ai possessivi. ATTENZIONE! A differenza dell’italiano, in inglese l’uso di that (che) nel discorso indiretto è opzionale. ◆ Nel passaggio dal discorso diretto al discorso indiretto, i tempi verbali vengono trasformati nel seguente modo: ■ il present simple diventa past simple Tom said, “My parents are at work.” ■ ➔ They said (that) they were studying astrophysics. il past simple e il present perfect diventano past perfect She said, “I saw Jim in the pub.” You said, “I haven’t been to the UK.” ■ Tom said (that) his parents were at work. il present continuous diventa past continuous They said, “We’re studying astrophysics.” ■ ➔ ➔ ➔ She said (that) she had seen Jim in the pub. You said (that) you hadn’t been to the UK. will, can e may/might diventano rispettivamente would, could e might. ➔ You said (that) you would phone when you were free. ➔ He said (that) he couldn’t come to the cinema on Saturday. ➔ We said (that) we might be able to help. You said, “I’ll phone when I’m free.” He said, “I can’t come to the cinema on Saturday.” We said, “We may/might be able to help.” ◆ Talvolta quando il verbo del discorso diretto è al passato resta invariato nel discorso indiretto. ➔ “We saw Julie in town,” they said. Paul said, “Kelly still hadn’t arrived when I left”. They said, “She was looking for a new dress.” They said (that) they saw / had seen Julie in town. ➔ Paul said (that) Kelly still hadn’t arrived when he left. ➔ They said (that) she was looking for a new dress.” ◆ Quando il discorso diretto si riferisce a qualcosa che è ancora vero nel presente oppure non è ancora accaduto, non si cambia il tempo verbale nel discorso indiretto. ➔ ➔ “I never walk to school,” she said. He said, “I’m having a party next Saturday.” “I won’t be late again,” said Helen. She said (that) she never walks to school. He said (that) he’s having a party next Saturday. ➔ Helen said (that) she won’t be late again. 443 Questa pagina può essere fotocopiata esclusivamente per uso didattico – © Loescher Editore 2877_Modulo_S_443_458 11-12-2007 11:41 Pagina 444 DISCORSO INDIRETTO ATTENZIONE! Confronta le seguenti frasi. He said, “I’m going to NY.” He said (that) he’s going to NY. (= non è ancora partito) He said (that) he was going to NY. (= è già partito) • Altri cambiamenti nel discorso indiretto ◆ Spesso nella trasformazione da discorso diretto a indiretto è necessario apportare altri cambiamenti. Nel dettaglio: ■ pronomi personali ➔ ➔ “I hate you!” she said. “Louisa lied to me,” he said. ■ aggettivi e pronomi possessivi ➔ “You can borrow my pen, Mark,” Carrie said. “It’s ours,” the children said. ■ Carrie said (that) Mark could borrow her pen. ➔ The children said (that) it was theirs. pronomi dimostrativi: this e that diventano it; these e those diventano they ➔ ➔ “This is a great book,” he said. “Those aren't my gloves,” she said. ■ Sue said (that) the bag was beautiful. Miss Smith said (that) the boys were very noisy. ➔ She said (that) she would still be there at 9. ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ then / at that moment that day the following day / the next day the previous day / the day before the previous week/Wednesday two months before the following week/Saturday that evening / that night ➔ She said (that) John was going to the theatre with her. avverbi ed espressioni di tempo now today tomorrow yesterday last week/Wednesday two months ago next week/Saturday this evening / tonight ■ ➔ ➔ avverbi di luogo: here diventa there “I’ll still be here at 9,” she said. ■ He said (that) it was a great book. She said (that) they were’t her gloves. aggettivi dimostrativi: this, that, these e those diventano the “This bag is beautiful,” said Sue. Miss Smith said, “Those boys are very noisy.” ■ She said (that) she hated me. He said (that) Louisa had lied to him. verbi: come diventa go. “John’s coming to the theatre with me,” she said. 444 Questa pagina può essere fotocopiata esclusivamente per uso didattico – © Loescher Editore 2877_Modulo_S_443_458 11-12-2007 11:41 Pagina 445 U N I T 92 D I S C O R S O I N D I R E T T O E X E R C I S E S Il discorso indiretto L’ultima volta che Jane ha visto Tom è stato sei mesi fa. Adesso la ragazza racconta a un amico, Rick, quello che Tom le aveva detto durante quell’incontro. Leggi le affermazioni di Tom e completa il racconto di Jane. 1. 6 months ago JANE I’ve finished university. I’m working in a bank now. I’ve been there for one year. I don’t like it very much, so I’m looking for a new job. Do you remember my sister Tina? She got married last week. Now she’s on her honeymoon in the Caribbean. I’ve met a nice girl, Linda. We’ve been going out together for six months now. This summer we’re going on holiday together. We’ll probably go to Greece. I’ll send you a postcard. TOM had finished university I last saw Tom six months ago. He said he 0) ______________ and that he 1) ______________ in a bank. He said he 2) ______________ Now there for one year, but that he 3) ______________ it very much so he 4) ______________ for a new job. He said that his sister, Tina, 5) ______________ the week before, and that she 6) ______________ on her honeymoon in the Caribbean. Then he said that he 7) ______________ a nice girl called Linda, and that they 8) ______________ together for six months. He said they 9) ______________ on holiday together NICK in the summer. He said they 10) ______________ to Greece and that he 11) ______________ me a postcard. 2. Completa la seconda frase in modo che abbia lo stesso significato della prima. Usa un massimo di cinque parole. 0. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. she was going home. Gina said, “I’m going home.” ➔ Gina said that _______________ “We can’t find our cat,” they said. ➔ They said that _______________ cat. You said, “I have no idea what has happened.” ➔ You said that you _____________ happened. “He left an hour ago,” the woman said. ➔ The woman said that he ___________ before. Paula said, “These aren’t my books.” ➔ Paula said that _______________ books. Dan said, “I’ve been waiting here for an hour.” ➔ Dan said that _______________ for an hour. “This is very silly,” Barbara said. ➔ Barbara said that ______________ very silly. “They have never been late before,” Tom said. ➔ Tom said that _______________ before. “I can meet you tomorrow,” Julie said. ➔ Julie said that she _______________ day. 3. Traduci le seguenti frasi. 1. Yolanda ha detto che era stanca. 2. Hanno detto che si stavano preparando per l’esame. 3. Luke ha detto che non era andato a scuola il giorno prima. 4. Abbiamo detto che non potevamo andare alla festa. 5. Ho detto che sarei venuto alle otto. 445 6. Billy ha detto che non voleva andare in piscina. 7. Lucy ha detto che non aveva mai visto quell’uomo. 8. Non hai detto che non avevi fame? 9. Dicono che vanno via la settimana prossima. 10. Julie dice di non conoscere il signor Black. Questa pagina può essere fotocopiata esclusivamente per uso didattico – © Loescher Editore