DEMAND CONTROL VENTILATION SYSTEMS IN SPORT FACILITIES

Aleksandr Kutc
DEMAND CONTROL
VENTILATION SYSTEMS IN SPORT
FACILITIES
Bachelor’s Thesis
Building Services Engineering
December 2011
DESCRIPTION
Date of the bachelor's thesis
December 2011
Author
Degree programme and option
Aleksandr Kutc
Building Services Engineering
Name of the bachelor's thesis
Demand Control Ventilation Systems in Sport Facilities
Abstract
Aim of this thesis work was to show benefits of demand control ventilation spaces in sport facilities. They are
spaces with varying occupancy during the day. This fact indicates a need for applying demand control
ventilation (DCV) to get maximum energy savings. My assumption was that occupancy based and carbon
dioxide based DCV systems offer best decision in these spaces.
The first part is a theoretical description of DCV. Then investigations in U-building of Mikkely University of
Applied Sciences were made. And in the last part of thesis, I calculated energy requirements of actual ventilation
system, determined the locations of carbon dioxide sensors and required airflow for pre-designed DCV
according to CO2 measurements in the studied locations.
As the main result, performance and savings of DCV in sport spaces was calculated. Results of measurements
and calculations are given in graphs and tables. According to calculations and measurements I made a decision,
that DCV in sport space of U-building is the best approach for saving money and energy.
Subject headings, (keywords)
Ventilation, Demand Control Ventilation, Carbon Dioxide based Demand Control Ventilation, Occupancy
Based Demand Control Ventilation.
Pages
Language
49
English
URN
Remarks, notes on appendices
Tutor
Martti Veuro
Employer of the bachelor's thesis
CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 4
2. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND ........................................................................... 5
2.1 Demand Control Ventilation ................................................................................ 5
2.2 Recommendations for Demand Control Ventilation systems from standards and
authorities ................................................................................................................... 6
2.3 Occupancy based Demand Control Ventilation system ....................................... 7
2.4 СО2-based Demand Control Ventilation.............................................................. 8
2.5 Utilizing of DCV in sport areas ......................................................................... 11
3. INVESTIGATION OF SPORT HALL IN U-BUILDING ...................................... 14
3.1 Overview of sport area ....................................................................................... 14
3.2 Methods .............................................................................................................. 18
3.2.1 General Overwiew .................................................................................... 18
3.2.2 Calculations of energy consumption of existing ventilation .................... 19
3.2.3 Determing the best location of the measuring device ............................... 20
3.2.4 Measurements of carbon dioxide levels and temperature ......................... 21
3.2.5 Calculations of energy consumption of pre-designed demand control
ventilation .......................................................................................................... 22
4. RESULTS................................................................................................................. 23
4.1 Annual energy consumption of existing ventilation .......................................... 23
4.2 Estimation locations of measuring devices ........................................................ 23
4.3 Results of 2st step measurements and calculations of average airflow rate in predesigned DCV .......................................................................................................... 26
4.4 Operating costs of DCV in sport spaces ............................................................ 29
4.5 Comparing results .............................................................................................. 29
5. DISCUSSION .......................................................................................................... 31
BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................ 32
APPENDIX 1 ............................................................................................................... 33
APPENDIX 2 ............................................................................................................... 35
APPENDIX 3 ............................................................................................................... 37
APPENDIX 4 ............................................................................................................... 39
APPENDIX 5 ............................................................................................................... 48
4
1 INTRODUCTION
The purpose of building services engineering is to make such conditions in the
building, which will satisfy occupant’s comfort requirements. To achieve the desired
indoor climate and low energy consumption at the same time, designers should use
modern solutions in HVAC-systems. One modern solution is demand control
ventilation (DCV).
This thesis discusses the ventilation systems of sports facilities. They are places with a
variable number of occupants at different times of the day. In case of variable
occupancy the best solution to reduce over-ventilation and save energy are DCV
systems. They are very sensitive to non-steady conditions, such as fluctuations in
carbon dioxide concentration, temperature and other variable climate factors, which
are the results of occupancy.
The first part of the thesis discusses theoretical background of DCV. I will describe
applications and components of DCV, design requirements from standards and
solution in case of sport facilities. The second part of the thesis will be about research,
which will be made in sport spaces of U-building in Mikkeli University of Applied
Sciences (MUAS).
In my thesis I want to prove that DCV clearly outperforms constant airflow ventilation
(CAV) in sport facilities. To show performance of DCV system energy consumption
will be calculated in the real conditions of U-building. Then I will compare results
with existing ventilation. In addition I will compare the energy costs using energy
prices of year 2011.
5
2. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
2.1 Demand Control Ventilation
DCV is a ventilation system with a response control of the air flow rate according to
the measured demand. The demand is determined by a set of indoor air quality
parameters. Temperature, occupancy, carbon dioxide level and humidity are the most
important. The principles of automatic control of airflow based on actual demand have
been known for over 20 years. Only the prices for equipment and limited
understanding of DCV have slowed down customers. Investigations in field of
ventilation and air conditioning have helped to reduce prices for sensors and control
devises. /1, p.1./
Ordinary DCV system in addition to parts of conventional constant air flow
ventilation (CAV) has also dampers with activators, variable air flow diffusors,
sensors in different parts of the system, communication units and fans with frequency
control systems. DCV works generally on the sensor readings. Sensors can provide
infrormation about variations in humidity, carbon dioxide, temperature and occupancy
as well. Besides, combined sensors or so called «air quality sensors» can measure
more than one indoor air parameter at the same time, and therefore provides more
flexibility to DCV. /2, p.8./
Two common schemes of operating DCV are shown on Figure 1. In figure “A”
airflow is controlled by help of a variable supply air (VAV) flow diffuser. This is a
device, which changes the position of diffuser according to the sensor readings. The
device has stable pressure range, approximately 20-50 Pa, which is maintained in the
inlet side by keeping constants pressure in each branch with help of control dampers.
In figure “B” there are VAV boxes. They are independent of the pressure changes in
the system, because each device is equipped with damper for airflow measurement
and a sound absorber, which is used to decrease noise occuring from the damper. /2, p.
11-12./
6
Figure 1. Commonly used DCV solutions /2, p. 11/
DCV offers significant advantages in such kind of spaces like lecture halls, exhibition
halls and sport facilities. These spaces are designed for large numbers of people with
high outside air flow requirements according to standards. Decreasing of average
airflow rate according to real demand allows to reduce energy consumption of fan and
heating or cooling units as well.
Despite the obvious functional advantages of DCV this systems is more complicated
than conventional CAV systems. Wrong selection of airflow control devises causes
too much noise in supply air divices. Moreover unexpected occupancy near a sensor
causes overflow and wastes of energy. Summing it up, careful installation,
maintenance and commissioning are required to get expected parameters from DCV.
2.2 Recommendations for Demand Control Ventilation systems from standards
and authorities
Finland’s National Building Code D2 and Finland’s Classification of Indoor Air 2008
give us inadequate information about demand controlled systems. “On demand control
of ventilation systems shall normally be implemented in the rooms where human
occupancy or emissions of impurities vary significantly” /3, p.30/.
As for ASHRAE standard 62.1-2007 there is some kind of design guide for DCV.
7
“6.2.7
The system may be designed to reset the design outdoor air intake flow (Vot) and/or
space or zone airflow as operating conditions change” /4, p.15/.
Conditions mentioned before include following changes: “Variations in occupancy or
ventilation airflow in one or more individual zones for which ventilation airflow
requirements will be rest” /4, p. 15/. These variations are based on occuppancy
shcedules, direct count of occupants and more often on occupancy or CO2 sensors.
There are also other variations:
-
“Variations in the efficiency with which outdoor air is distributed to the
occupants under different ventilation system airflows and temperatures”
-
“A higher fraction of outdoor air in the supply due to intake of additional
outdoor air for free cooling or exhaust air makeup.” /4, p. 15./
2.3 Occupancy based Demand Control Ventilation system
Occupancy based DCV is a system, where outdoor airflow changes according to real
occupancy in a space. When the space is without occupancy then ventilation provides
minimum required amount of outdoor air. For example, it can be according to
minimum air change rate. Otherwise, at the highest allowed occupancy, DCV works
like a common CAV system with maximum designed air flow. Between these two set
points DCV maintains air flow in a proportional way with help of occupancy sensors.
As I mentioned in chapter 2.2, ASHRAE standard 62.1 2007 allows variable outdoor
airflow rate. Following equation helps to determine set points in single zone system:
=
∙
+
∙
(1)
where Vbz is the breathing zone outdoor air flow, l/s, Pz is the zone population, Rp is
the outdoor airflow rate required per person, l/s/person, Az is the zone area and Ra is
the outdoor airflow rate required per unit area, l/s/m2. /4, p.11./
Zone population at the minimum set point equals zero. Maximum occupation should
be predicted. If it can not be predicted then ASHRAE 62.1-2007 gives Table 6-1 with
occupance density. Between these set points required outdoor air flow rate in presence
8
based DCV can be determined in two ways: by use of occupancy schedules and by use
of occupancy sensors. First solution needs accurate people counting during the day
and building-automation system (BAS) as well. BAS predicts population based on
time. Second solution uses sensor readings. They are transmitted to automation
center. It tranfers sensor readings to air flow values. According to these values VAV
box regulates needed air flow rate. /5, p.1./
Occupancy based DCV offers best solution in case of spaces, where air flow rate per
person is the highest. Lecture halls, office spaces with varyable occupancy predict
very good efficiency of occupancy based DCV system.
2.4 СО2-based Demand Control Ventilation
DCV using carbon dioxide is the combination of two complex solutions. First is CO2
sensors, which monitors carbon dioxide levels indoors and outdoors and transfers data
to communication units. Second is the AHU regulation system, which recieves
processed data from communication units and delivers air to spaces according to
actual air flow requirements. It means that dampers change their position and fan
regulates speed according to changes in carbon dioxide concentration. /6, p.3./
Carbon dioxide is one of the most common gases in atmosphere. Minimum amount of
outdoor CO2 concentration was found in the center of the Pacific Ocean atop Mauna
Loa Hawaii with value of 366 ppm. In urban areas outdoor concentration of carbon
dioxide varies from 375 to 450 ppm. Often this concentration depends on the
combustion processes near the current location, where CO2 level measured. Outdoor
concentration of CO2 has also influence on indoor concentration of carbon dioxide as
well as human activity indoors. /7, p.1./
All human breathe out carbon dioxide with a certain concentation. It mostly depends
on human health, diets or duration and intencity of physical activity. Figure 2 shows
dependance between activity level and carbon dioxide production. When the activity
level and breathing rate of person is very high, like at heavy work, then concentration
of CO2 is the highest as well. /5, p.1./
9
Figure 2. Dependence between CO2 production and physical activity of person /4,
p.32/
There are different ways to design CO2 based DCV and calcucate its performance.
Equation 2 explains general approach to find required ventilation airflow rate,
pollutant generation rate and carbon dioxide concentrations, which vary in time (nonsteady state conditions).
∙
+
=
∙
+
∙
(2)
where V’ is the airflow rate, M’ is the strength of indoor sources, Cs is the
concentration in supply air, Cr is the concentration in indoor air and V is the volume of
the room. /8, p.128./
But the easiest way to evaluate CO2 based DCV is with the assumption of steady-state
conditions indoors. It means that pollutant generation rate and indoor carbon dioxide
concentration may be assumed to be constant in each time periods between sensor
10
readings. Equation 3 helps to determine set points between minimum and maximum
allowed CO2 concentration in a certain space.
=
+
(3)
where Cr and Cs are the indoor(space) and outdoor concentrations respectively,
mg/m3, M is the pollutant source strength indoors, mg/h, qv is the ventilation airflow
rate, m3/h. /8, p.126./
So, to define outdoor airflow rate qv designer should measure concentrations of carbon
dioxide and estimate CO2 generation rate of the occupants M , equation 3.
=
(4)
With the same way BAS functions in real time with help of CO2 sensors indoors. It is
necessary to have one sensor to each ventilation zone. In addition, if outdoor
concentration of carbon dioxide varies more than 100 ppm, then outdoor sensor
should be installed. /5, p.2./
There are four main sensor types avaible on the markets: infrared, electrochemical,
photoacoustic and mixed gas sensor. Non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) carbon dioxide
is most used. This sensor provides long-term calibration stability and low price as
well. Its price depends on supplier, but the average is 250-300 dollars per sensor in
prices of year 2011.
Table 1 below shows the average enegry-cost savings from CO2 based DCV. This
table presents, that the more occupancy varies in time the more energy savings can be
predicted.
Table 1. Estimated energy-cost savings from CO2 based DCV /9, p.25/
Application
Energy-cost savings range
Schools
20 % to 40 %
Day nurseries
20 % to 30 %
Restaurants, canteens
20 % to 50 %
Lecture halls
20 % to 50 %
11
Open-plan offices (40 % average
20 % to 30 %
occupancy)
Open-plan offices (90 % average
3 % to 5 %
occupancy)
Entrance halls, booking halls, airport
20 % to 60 %
check-in areas
Exhibition halls, sports halls
40 % to 70 %
Assembly halls, theatres, cinemas
20 % to 60 %
Besides advantages, this DCV has limitation of using. It offers best performance in
spaces, where the main contaminant is carbon dioxide. Other contaminants must be at
the level of zero, otherwise CO2 based DCV can’t provide adequate indoor climate.
2.5 Utilizing of DCV in sport areas
Sport areas are the places with high physical activity of people and required
ventilation rates as well. Table 2 shows requirements to airflow rates in these spaces
from different standards. For example, I take a gym hall with 100 m2 of area and
calculated required outdoor airflow rate.
Table 2: Required airflow rate in sport facities from different standards and
authorities
Standard
Finnish
Classification of ASHRAE
Russian
national
indoor climate
standard 62.1-
building code
building code
2008, S1
2007
SniP 41-01-
D2
category
Required flow
From 2 l/s to
6 l/s per m2
rate
6 l/s
Airflow rate
From 200 l/s
for 100 m2 of
to 600 l/s
gym (qv.cav)
2003
1,5 l/s per m2
80 m3/hour per
person
600 l/s
150 l/s
667 l/s
(according to
30
persons/100
m2 )
12
As I mentioned before, occupancy in sport facilities varies in time. According to my
own observation maximum occupancy is before and after working hours of most
people and also differs during the day. This kind of variation indicates a need for
applying DCV to get maximum energy savings. Occupancy based and CO2 based
DCV offers best decision in this space. Following paragraphs show effeciency of use
CO2 based DCV in 100m2 gym hall.
Supposedly, that average occupancy during the day is 60% (18 persons) with low
level of physical exercise (3 met) we can calculate required ventilation airflow rate
with help of equation 3. People’s carbon dioxide production is 50 l/h per person /8,
p.144/, outdoor concentration is 400ppm and indoor concentration equals 1200ppm,
which is maximum allowed according to Finnish National Building code D2. Last
thing that we need is to satisfy requirements in dimensions of equation 3:
= 1200
! = 2190
#$
= 400
! = 730
=)∙
∙ *+ ∙ 1000
#$
#%
#%
,
;
(5)
where n is the amount of people, Mp is the generation of carbon dioxide per person,
l/s, ρcd is the density of carbon dioxide, g/l and 1000 is the factor for converting the
denomination to mg/l.
Then total generation of carbon dioxide, required flow rate, and energy savings of
CO2 based DCV are:
= 18 ∙ 50 ∙ 1,977 ∙ 1000 = 1779300
. 1
:=
2334566#$//
= 8246
;66 55<,=
;66
356#$/#%
= 1218,7
#%
/
#$
/
,
9
= 338,5 ,
∙ 100% = 43,5%
To sum it up, performance of CO2 based DCV in this case is 43,5 %. It means that
required airflow rate 43,5 % less than actual airflow in CAV. Here were got average
performance, because I assumed occupancy and physical activity on the average
levels. To achieve more accurate values designer must know real occupancy and
13
activity intensities. Following chapters 3 and 4 show investigations in performance of
CO2 based DCV in real conditions of gym hall. In these chapters I described methods
and discussed research results.
14
3. INVESTIGATION OF SPORT HALL IN U-BUILDING
3.1 Overview of sport area
U-building of the main campus of the Mikkeli University of Applied Sciences was
renovated in year of 2010. The first floor is used for recreational purposes. Second
floor accomodates sport facilities. Sport hall working schedule are shown in Table 3.
Table 3. Sport hall working schedule
Day of
week
Working
Monday, Tuesday
Friday
Saturday Sunday
07 - 19.30
07 - 18.00
9 - 18.00
12,5
11
9
Wednesday, Thursday
time
Hours per
day
Sport hall consists of 3 spaces. One of them is the fitness room (MUAS code is 232A).
Average area of this room is 108,2 m2 (A1). Figure 3 shows the picture of the room.
Figure 3. Picture of investigated room (232A)
15
Second and third spaces are for gym purposes. Here are exersice bikes, leg machines,
treadmills, exercise benches and other special equipments. Codes of room are 232B
and 232C. The area of 232B is 76 m2 (A2) and 232C is 82,5 m2 (A3). These spaces are
shown in Figure 4 and Figure 5 below.
Figure 4. Picture of investigated room (232B)
Figure 5. Picture of investigated room (232C)
16
Ventilation in sport facilities of U-building is provided by use of mechanical exhaust
and supply systems. Supply air handling unit (AHU) is situate in 232A. Exhaust fan is
near the roof. Separate location of supply and exhaust systems don’t give any
possibility to use heat recovery system and get energy savings. These spaces were
chosen for investigations because I want to show that DCV systems can reduce energy
consumption (with comparison of existing ventilation).
The following paragraphs will discuss supply AHU. I will describe the main parts and
characteristics of each part. It is necessary to clarify opportunity to use DCV instead
of existing system.
AHU consists of filter, damper, heating coil, and fan. It operates 14 hours per day,
from Monday till Friday, and 10 hours per day on Saturday and Sunday. Totally it
works 90 hours per week. Figure 6 shows placement of supply AHU in 232A.
Figure 6. Plan of ventilation system in 232A
17
Source of heat in heating coil is a hot water. Water is delivered by ESE district heating
company. This system is equipped by thermostat, which regulates temperature of
supply and exhaust water flow according to requirements in heating power.
The fan is manufactured by FlaktWoods Company. Cross-section of VEKA-2 fan is
shown in Figure 7.
Figure 7. Cross-section of VEKA-2 fan /10/
The fan produces constant outdoor air flow rate of 620 liters per second with
electricity power of 1,1 kW to sport spaces. Exhaust fan takes 630 liters per second
from the same spaces with power consumption of 0,2 kW. To vary fan speed and air
flow rate as well frequency inverter can be used. It would help to change fan speed in
a wide range. Concerning DCV using frequency inverter reduces energy consuption of
fan.
The fan delivers different air flow to each room with help of air ducts and therminal
units. Supply and exhaust air flow rates are shown in Table 4.
18
Table 4. Supply and Exhaust air flow rate in each room /showed on drawings
from maint.person
Room’s
232A
232B
232C
code
Type of flow
Supply, l/s
220
220
170
Supply, m3/h
792
792
612
Exhaust, l/s
230
220
170
3
828
792
612
Exhaust, m /h
3.2 Methods
3.2.1 General Overwiew
To find performance of DCV in sport spaces the following procedure was prepared. I
started with annual energy consumption calculations of existing ventilation system.
Then I made measurements of carbon dioxide concentration and temperature in 2
main steps:
1. Determination of the best location in the room for measuring devices
2. Measurements in each determined location for one week
Summing it up, operation cost calculations for pre-designed DCV system and
comparison with existing ventilation were made.
I made measurements with help of two TSI IAQ Calc and EBRO EBI 20. TSI IAQ
Calc determines carbon dioxide concentration in real time. I programmed it so, that
device took a sample every 2 minutes. The picture of installation is shown on Figure
8.
19
Figure 8. Picture of instalation
3.2.2 Calculations of energy consumption of existing ventilation
Energy consumption of existing ventilation can be calculated like a sum of energy
which uses for fan operating and energy for heat of supply air until acceptable indoor
temperature.
The heating energy need for ventilation can be calculated by using the Equation 6:
?@ = *@ ∙
@
∙A ∙A ∙
, B
9C
∙ (E − E 1+G ) ∙ ∆A
(6)
where Qiv is net heating energy need for ventilation, kWh, ρi is the air densitiy, 1.2
kg/m3, cpi is the specific heat capacity of air, 1000 Ws/(KgK), td ventilation system’s
mean daily running time ratio, h/24h, tv ventilation system’s weekly running time
ratio, days/7 days, qv is the supply air flow, m3/s, Tsp is the supply air temperature, °C,
Trecov is the temperature after heat recovery device, °C, ∆t is the time period length, h.
/11, p. 19/
In our case we don’t have heat recovery, so temperature after heat recovery (Trecov)
equals outdoor air temperature and inblown air temperature equals the indoor air
temperature. To sum it up were got following equation:
20
?@ = *@ ∙
@
∙A ∙A ∙
, B
9C
∙ (E@J − EGB ) ∙ ∆A
(7)
Equation 7 can be used to calculate heating energy need in certain time period. In
order to calculate annual heating consumption of ventilation, we have to sum each of
these periods during the year. Values of qv,supply, ρi, cpi, td and tv assumed to be
constant during the year. According to Finnish National Building code D2 indoor air
temperature in sport facilities must be at least 18°C. In assumation of constant indoor
temperature during occupancy Tin equals 18°C in each case. The trouble is outdoor air
temperature, because it varies during all year. Duration of each outdoor temperature
was taken from «Ympäristöminiteriön moniste 122, Ilmanvaihdon lämmöntalteenotto
lämpöhäviöiden tasauslaskennassa» with use of following equation:
∆A@ =
9K 9KLM
266
∙ 24 ∙ 365
(8)
where li and li-1 are the time percentages of the year for i and i-1 temperatures, 365 are
days per year, 24 are hours per day.
Summing it up, total energy consumption for heat of supply air can be calculated with
following equation:
?G
.
= *@ ∙ O @ ∙ A ∙ A ∙
, B
9C
∙ ∑;Q
@R2(E@J − EGB ) ∙ ∆A@
(9)
To calculate energy consumption of fan, we can use following equation:
ST
J
=(
1/
+
) ∙ A ∙ A ∙ ∆A
(10)
where Peh and Psp are the actual powers of exhaust and supply fans respectively , td is
the ventilation system’s mean daily running time ratio, h/24h, tv is the ventilation
system’s weekly running time ratio, days/7 days (day=24 h) and ∆t is the time period
length, h.
3.2.3 Determing the best location of the measuring device
Right position of carbon dioxide sensors helps accurate DCV working. To achieve this
designer should find location with maximum activity and carbon dioxide
21
concentration during occupancy in the area. I made measuremetns in each room to
find the best location of CO2 measuring device and sensor as well.
Fitness room 232A has very low occupancy. Often it is 1-2 persons at the same time.
In spite of it I put sensors in two locations and measured carbon dioxide concentration
and temperature there. Then I did the same procedure in 232B and 232C. The
placements of carbon dioxide and temperature mearuring devices are shown on Figure
9.
Figure 9. Location of CO2 measuring devices
3.2.4 Measurements of carbon dioxide levels and temperature
Measuments of CO2 level were made during one week in sport hall operating time.
Due to different ventilation zones I made these measurements in each room. I have put
TSI IAQ Calc in each room in the place with highest occupant activity. This place I
found from 1st step measurements, which I described before. Also these placements
satisfied ASHRAE requirements:
“Criteria for placement of wall-mount sensors are similar to those for temperature
sensors. Avoid installing in areas near doors, air intakes or exhausts
or open windows. Because people breathing on the sensor can affect the reading, find
a location where it is unlikely that people will be standing in close proximity (2 ft [0.6
m]) to the sensor. One sensor should be placed in each zone where
occupancy is expected to vary. Sensors can be designed to operate with VAV based
zones or to control larger areas up to 5,000 ft2 (465 m2) (if an open space)” /8, p.4/.
22
Measurements of temperature were also made. Their purposes were to show that
temperature did not exceed maximum allowed values, when the carbon dioxide level
at the maximum point. Actually, maximum value can’t exceed 1200ppm, but during
measurements were got very different results.
3.2.5 Calculations of energy consumption of pre-designed demand control
ventilation
From 2nd step measurements were got indoor carbon dioxide concentrations in certain
time in each ventilation zone. Table 4 in chapter 3.1 shows airflow rates, which are
delivered in each room by existing CAV. With help of these values and equation 3 is
possible to calculate carbon dioxide generation rate:
=(
−
)∙
.+
(11)
where Cr is the indoor concentration (readings from measuring device TSI IAQ Calc
in every 2 minutes), Cs is the outdoor concentration, which is assumed to be constant
during daily measurements and qv.cav is the constant airflow rate.
Then I made the same calculations, like in the chapter 2.5 and deterimined required
airflow rate (qv.req ) in each zone in a certain time period and average daily airflow rate
(qv.aver). Minimum required airflow rate (qv.min) was calculated according to minimum
air exchange rate n and volume of each room Vroom:
.#@J
=)∙
GG#
(12)
When calculated qv.req less than qv.min, I choose qv.min in calcucations of qv.aver ,
otherwise, if qv.req more than qv.min I take qv.req in calculations of qv.aver. Then I summed
qv.aver from each room to get qv.dcv . Last step was to calculate heat energy consumption
and electricity consumption of pre-designed DCV with help of equations 9 and 10 and
with the same way like I did in chapter 3.2.2.
23
4. RESULTS
4.1 Annual energy consumption of existing ventilation
Annual energy needed for fan operation, according to Equation 10:
ST
= (1,1 + 0,2)US ∙
J
90
∙ 8760ℎ = 6100,7USℎ
7 ∙ 24
This energy is taken from electric network. The distributor of energy is ESE
Company. According to prices of year 2011 1kWh energy costs 10,49 eurocents (Cen).
So, to sum it up, annual energy for fan operation costs:
T J
= ST
J
∙
1J
= 6100,7USℎ ∙
0,1049WXYZ
= 640WXYZ
USℎ
Annual heat energy needed for achievement desired temperature condition in gym hall
is calculated with help of Equation 9. Appendix 1 shows that sum of heat energy is
?G
= 52727USℎ. According to prices of year 2011 1kWh heating energy costs
,
4,638 eurocents (Che). Summing it up, annual heat energy costs:
/1
=?G
,
∙
/1
= 52727USℎ ∙
0,04638WXYZ
= 2445,48WXYZ
USℎ
Total energy costs in case of CAV:
[\
=
T J
+
/1
= (640 + 2445,48)WXYZ = 3085,48WXYZ
4.2 Estimation locations of measuring devices
Measuremnt results in room 232A are shown in table 5. From this table we can see
that there is no difference in two measuring points, because carbon dioxide and
tempereature levels are close to each other. Figure 10 corresponds that carbon dioxide
concentration in this room during the day is near with measured outdoor carbon
dioxide level of 385ppm. It means that 232A was almost without any activity and
24
ventilation delivered overflow. Measurements of temperature show that temperatures
in these points are in allowed values.
Table 5. Measurement results in 232A
Position of
Carbon dioxide concentration, ppm
Temperature, °C
device
Max
Min
Average Max
Min
Average
1
444
385
405
19,8
19,2
19,6
2
429
388
404
19,6
19,2
19,6
500
450
400
350
300
250
1st point
200
2nd point
150
100
50
12:58
13:12
13:26
13:40
13:54
14:08
14:22
14:36
14:50
15:04
15:18
15:32
15:46
16:00
16:14
16:28
16:42
16:56
0
Figure 10. Measured values of carbon dioxide concentration in 232A in 1st and
2nd measuring points
Measurement results in room 232B are shown in table 6. Values in 1st point quite near
to 2nd point, but average value is bigger. It happened due to placement of supply air
device. Perhaps it made an influence on 2nd carbon dioxide sensor.
Temperature values at maximum CO2 concentration are acceptable. Figure 11 shows
that activity in room 232B higher than in 232A, because fluctiations in carbon dioxide
occur more often.
25
Table 6. Measurement results in 232B
Position of
Carbon dioxide concentration, ppm
Temperature, °C
device
Max
Min
Average Max
Min
Average
1
548
404
440
20,4
19
19,8
2
527
382
416
20,2
19
19,6
500
450
400
350
300
250
1st point
200
2nd point
150
100
50
12:58
13:14
13:30
13:46
14:02
14:18
14:34
14:50
15:06
15:22
15:38
15:54
16:10
16:26
16:42
16:58
17:14
17:30
0
Figure 11. Measured values of carbon dioxide concentration in 232A in 1st and
2nd measuring points
In 232C was found the highest carbon dioxide concentration during the day. Here are
the devices for heavy exercises and level of carbon dioxide exhales is high as well.
Table 7 shows that 1st point is charecterized by maximum value of 1464 ppm, which is
not acceptable according to Finnish National Building Code D2. It might be possible,
that someone breathed toward the sensor, or ventilation in this zone delivered lower
outdoor airflow, than necessary.
Table 7. Measurement results in 232C
Position of
Carbon dioxide concentration, ppm
Temperature, °C
device
Max
Min
Average Max
Min
Average
1
1464
697
1020
20,4
19
19,8
2
1015
490
785
20,2
19
19,6
26
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
1st point
600
400
200
12:58
13:14
13:30
13:46
14:02
14:18
14:34
14:50
15:06
15:22
15:38
15:54
16:10
16:26
16:42
16:58
17:14
17:30
17:46
0
Figure 12. Measured values of carbon dioxide concentration in 232A in 1st
measuring point
According to Tables 5, 6, 7 and Figures 10, 11 and 12, I made a conclusion that in
232A and 232B occupancy is very low and in weekly measurements there is no need.
On the other hand there was very important to evaluate 232C more precisely and get
accurate results, due to fluctuations in occupancy. Summing it up, I take 1st point in
each room, like basic positions of carbon dioxide sensors in 2nd step measurements.
4.3 Results of 2st step measurements and calculations of average airflow rate in
pre-designed DCV
Measured indoor carbon dioxide concentrations in 232A, 232B, 232C are shown in
Appendix 2, 3 and 4 respectively in column 3. In the same appendixes there is outdoor
carbon dioxide concentration in column 5, which equals minimum of indoor
concentrations.
Supply constant airflow rates (qv.cav) were got from table 4 (chapter 3.1). In the 212A
qv.cav1 = 792 m3/h, in 232B qv.cav2 =792 m3/h, and in 232C qv.cav3 = 612 m3/h. With help
of equation 11 I calculated carbon dioxide generation rate (M) in each room in certain
time period (column 8). Then I determined qv.req (column 10), set points for minimum
27
(column 11) and maximum air flow rates and applied airflow rate qv.app (column 12)
for calculations of average air flow rate qv.aver
. 1
=
(13)
]^_
Cmax is the maximum allowed carbon dioxide concentration according to standards. In
this case I take it from Finnish National Building Code D2 and it was equal to
1200ppm.
.# `
=
.+
(14)
Maximum outdoor airflow rate in pre-designed DCV assumed to equal outdoor
airflow delivered by existing ventilation in sport facility of U-building.
.# `858[
.# `858b
.# `858
.#@J
= 792!5 /ℎ(220a/:) ,
= 792!5 /ℎ(220a/:),
= 612!5 /ℎ(170a/:);
=)∙
GG#
∙ℎ
GG#
(15)
Minimum outdoor airflow rate in pre-designed DCV is required to achieve adequate
indoor climate conditions in sport hall. I calculated it according to allowed minimum
air change rate n=0,5 1/h.
.#@J858[
.#@J858b
.#@J858
.
=c
= 0,5 ∙ 108,2 ∙ 3,5 = 189,4!5 /ℎ ,
= 0,5 ∙ 76 ∙ 3,5 = 133!5 /ℎ ,
= 0,5 ∙ 82,5 ∙ 3,5 = 144,4!5 /ℎ;
.#@J ,
.# ` ,
. 1
. 1
<
>
.#@J
.+
(16)
To explain more precisely equation 16, three routes from appendix 4 were shown in
Table 8 and explained in following paragraphs.
28
Table 8: Measurement results at 7:04, 10:22 and 13:36 am in 232A on 10 of
October. /Appendix 4/
2
4
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Time
Cr
Cs
qv.cav
M
Cmax
qv.req
qv.min
qv.app
hh:
mm
mg/
m3
mg/
m3
m3/h
mg/h
mg/
m3
m3/h
m3/h
m3/h
7:04
790,2
711,8
612
48026,7
2190 32,49
144,4
144,4
10:22
1037
711,8
612
260238
2190 176,1
144,4
176,1
13:36
2558
711,8
612
1130303
2190 764,6
144,4
612
Cr and Cs values were measured in 232A and converted in units of mg/m3, qv.cav was
taken from table 4, M was calculated with help of equation 11, Cmax is the maximum
allowed carbon dioxide concentration indoors, qv.req was calculated with help of
equation 13 and qv.min according to equation 15. In the first line qv.req less than qv.min,
therefore qv.app equals qv.min. In the third line qv.req bigger than qv.cav, therefore qv.max
was taken as qv.app. In the second line is the most conventional situation, when qv.req
located between qv.min and qv.cav. In this case qv.app equals qv.req.
.
1
=
∑g
KhM
J
.^ff
(17)
where ∑J@R2 .
is the sum of applied outdoor airflow rates in each time period
during measurements and n is the quantity of samples on the measuring device.
From appendix 2, 3 and 4 were got following:
.
1 858[
.
1 858b
.
1 858
= 189,4!5 /ℎ = 52,6a/:,
= 136,14!5 /ℎ = 37,8a/:
= 245,12!5 /ℎ = 68,1a/:
Then airflow rate in pre-designed DCV:
. +
= i. jiWY232 + i. jiWY232k + i. jiWY232
(18)
29
. +
= 52,6 + 37,8 + 68,1 = 158,5a/:
4.4 Operating costs of DCV in sport spaces
Annual energy needed for fan operation can be according to Equation 10, but power is
changed according to found air flow in pre-designed DCV. It is possible, because fan
in pre-designed DCV is provided by frequence inverter, which regulates fan speed and
power as well. So, annual energy needed for fan operation:
ST
J, +
=(
ST
J, +
= (1,1 + 0,2)US ∙
1/
+
)∙
.lm
.m^
∙ A ∙ A ∙ ∆A
(19)
158,5
90ℎ
∙
∙ 8760ℎ = 1585,2USℎ
220 + 220 + 170 7 ∙ 24ℎ
Annual energy for fan operation costs:
= ST
T J, +
∙
J, +
1J
= 1585,2USℎ ∙
0,1049WXYZ
= 166,3WXYZ
USℎ
Annual heat energy needed for achievement desired temperature condition in gym hall
is calculated with help of equations 7, 8 and 9. Appendix 5 shows that sum of heat
energy is ? G
/1, +
, , +
=?G
,
∙
= 13480USℎ. Summing it up, annual heat energy costs:
/1
= 13480USℎ ∙
0,04638WXYZ
= 625,2WXYZ
USℎ
Total energy costs in case of pre-designed DCV:
n \
=
T J, +
+
/1, +
= 166,3 + 625,2 = 791,5WXYZ
4.5 Comparing results
From chapters 4.1 and 4.4 were got total energy costs of CAV and pre-designed DCV
in sport facility of U-building. With help of these values annual savings of DCV were
calculated:
30
:=
:=
opq
roq
opq
(20)
3085,48 − 791,5
∙ 100% = 74%
3085,48
In this case was got 74% of savings. It means that annual energy costs are 74% lower
with CO2-based DCV than with CAV.
31
5. DISCUSSION
In this thesis I have shown that demand control ventilation offers better way to reduce
energy consumption in comparison with common constant airflow systems in sport
facilities. I described theoretical background of DCV, made measurements and
determined efficiency of CO2-based DCV in sport hall of U-building of Mikkeli
University of Applied Sciences.
In my thesis I assumed steady-state conditions of carbon dioxide concentration in each
period between taking samples. It helped me to define required airflow in predesigned DCV. In addition, I described factors influenced on right position of carbon
dioxide sensor, measuring methods and analyzed results.
I have calculated only operational performance of DCV and got 74% of savings. It
means that when pre-designed DCV will be installed it will save 74% more money
and energy as well. Annual energy need of DCV for heating is 13480 kWh. It is 4
times less than required for CAV (52727 kWh). The same situation is with energy
need of DCV and CAV for fan operation: 1585,2 kWh against 6100,7 kWh. In case of
money DCV will save 2294 euro each year.
It is a very high result and of course with high economy in energy we don’t reduce
indoor climate: carbon dioxide, temperature level in acceptable values and required
minimum air flow rate is provided.
Summing it up, I have to say, that implementing and using DCV in each place
required very carefully made approach. Sensors must be installed in right positions.
32
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Stipe Marty. Demand-Controlled Ventilation: A Design Guide. Oregon Office of
Energy. PDF document.
http://www.oregon.gov/ENERGY/CONS/BUS/DCV/docs/DCVGuide.pdf?ga=t.
Updated 06.2003. Referred 16.11.2011.
2. Maripuu Mari-Liis. Demand Controlled Ventilation (DCV) Systems in
Commercial Buildings. Technical report D2009:01. Chalmers University of
Technology. Department of Energy and Environment.Gothenburg, Sweden. 2009.
3. D2 National Building Code of Finland. Indoor Climate and Ventilation of
Buildings Regulation and Guidelines 2003. Decree of the Ministry of the
Environment on the Indoor Climate and Ventilation of Buildings.
4. ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007. Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality.
American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers.
5. Murphy John. CO2-based Demand-Controlled Ventilation with ASHRAE
Standard 62.1-2004. TRANE. Volume 34-5. p. 1-9. 2005.
6. Sand James. Demand-Controlled Ventilation Using CO2 sensors. U.S. Department
of Energy. PDF document. http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/fta_co2.pdf.
Updated 03.2004. Referred 16.11.2011.
7. Mike Schell and Dan Inthout. Demand Control Ventilation Using CO2. ASHRAE
Journal. Volume 2-1. p. 1-5. 2001.
8. Nilson Per-Erik. Achieving the Desired Indoor Climate. Denmark.
Studentlitteratur, Lund. 2003.
9. Emmerich Steven, Persily Andrew. State-of-the-Art Review of CO2 Demand
Controlled Ventilation. Technology and Application. United States of America.
National Institute of Standards and Technology. PDF document.
http://www.fire.nist.gov/bfrlpubs/build01/PDF/b01117.pdf. Updated 03.2001.
Referred 16.11.2011.
10. FlactWoods Company. Supply Unit Veka Comfort. Technical Data. PDF
document. http://www.omega-air.si/user_files/vsebina/doc/veka.pdf . Updated
05.2006. Referred 16.11.2011.
11. D5 National Building Code of Finland. Calculation of power and energy need for
heating of buildings. Guidelines 2012. Decree of the Ministry of the Environment
on the Calculation of Energy Consumption and Heating Energy Needs for
Buildings. Draft 28 September 2010.
33
APPENDIX 1
i
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
Tout
li
∆ti
Tin
Qiv
°C
-35
-34
-33
-32
-31
-30
-29
-28
-27
-26
-25
-24
-23
-22
-21
-20
-19
-18
-17
-16
-15
-14
-13
-12
-11
-10
-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
%
h
°C
kWh
0
0,06
0,08
0,09
0,17
0,26
0,38
0,55
0,75
0,9
1,21
1,55
1,98
2,43
2,91
3,37
3,98
4,75
5,73
6,96
7,74
8,4
9,06
9,68
10,45
11,95
13,32
14,51
15,96
17,71
19,9
22,91
26,29
29,1
32,93
38,18
0
5
2
1
7
8
10
15
18
13
27
30
37
40
42
40
54
67
86
108
68
58
58
54
67
131
120
104
127
153
192
264
296
246
336
460
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
0
104
41
20
138
154
188
277
325
229
466
505
608
642
657
609
801
967
1207
1472
900
744
721
650
779
1471
1299
1084
1273
1472
1771
2329
2492
1973
2560
3320
34
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
45,47
50,21
54,03
56,95
59,39
62,07
63,95
65,96
68,37
70,88
73,74
76,39
79,26
82,74
85,79
88,69
91,07
93,24
94,9
96,35
97,52
98,39
99
99,35
99,69
99,86
99,95
100
639
415
335
256
214
235
165
176
211
220
251
232
251
305
267
254
208
190
145
127
102
76
53
31
30
15
8
4
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
Qtot,v, kWh
4356
2662
2015
1437
1115
1131
728
706
761
706
704
558
503
489
321
204
83
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
52727
35
APPENDIX 2
1
Date
2
Time
3
Cr
4
Cr
5
Cs
6
Cs
7
qv.cav, M
hh:mm ppm mg/m3 ppm mg/m3 m3/h
09.10.2011
7:00
7:02
7:04
7:06
7:08
7:10
7:12
7:14
7:16
7:18
7:20
7:22
7:24
409
415
407
402
402
411
400
413
408
409
406
413
415
746,4
757,4
742,8
733,7
733,7
750,1
730,0
753,7
744,6
746,4
741,0
753,7
757,4
385
8
232A
702,6
792
mg/h
34689,6
43362
31798,8
24571,8
24571,8
37580,4
21681
40471,2
33244,2
34689,6
30353,4
40471,2
43362
9
10
Cmax
qv.req
mg/m3 m3/h
2190
23,32
29,15
21,38
16,52
16,52
25,27
14,58
27,21
22,35
23,32
20,41
27,21
29,15
11
12
13
qv.min qv.app
qv.over
m3/h
m3/h
m3/h
189
189,40
189,40
189,40
189,40
189,40
189,40
189,40
189,40
189,40
189,40
189,40
189,40
189,40
602,60
602,60
602,60
602,60
602,60
602,60
602,60
602,60
602,60
602,60
602,60
602,60
602,60
36
7:26
7:28
7:30
7:32
7:34
7:36
7:38
7:40
7:42
420
421
409
416
418
423
415
421
420
766,5
768,3
746,4
759,2
762,9
772,0
757,4
768,3
766,5
50589
52034,4
34689,6
44807,4
47698,2
54925,2
43362
52034,4
50589
34,01
34,98
23,32
30,13
32,07
36,93
29,15
34,98
34,01
189,40
189,40
189,40
189,40
189,40
189,40
189,40
189,40
189,40
602,60
602,60
602,60
602,60
602,60
602,60
602,60
602,60
602,60
37
APPENDIX 3
1
Date
2
Time
3
Cr
hh:mm ppm
3.10
7:00
7:02
7:04
7:06
7:08
7:10
7:12
7:14
7:16
7:18
7:20
7:22
7:24
7:26
7:28
7:30
419
425
443
431
437
435
439
427
413
393
390
413
405
411
403
416
4
Cr
5
Cs
6
Cs
7
8
qv.cav M
mg/m3 ppm mg/m3 m3/h
232A
390
711,8
792
764,7
775,6
808,5
786,6
797,5
793,9
801,2
779,3
753,7
717,2
711,8
753,7
739,1
750,1
735,5
759,2
mg/h
9
10
Cmax
qv.req
mg/m3 m3/h
41916,6 2190,0 28,36
50589
34,22
76606,2
51,82
59261,4
40,09
67933,8
45,96
65043
44,00
70824,6
47,91
53479,8
36,18
33244,2
22,49
4336,2
2,93
0
0,00
33244,2
22,49
21681
14,67
30353,4
20,53
18790,2
12,71
37580,4
25,42
11
12
13
qv.min qv.app
qv.over
m3/h
m3/h
m3/h
133
133,00
133,00
133,00
133,00
133,00
133,00
133,00
133,00
133,00
133,00
133,00
133,00
133,00
133,00
133,00
133,00
659,00
659,00
659,00
659,00
659,00
659,00
659,00
659,00
659,00
659,00
659,00
659,00
659,00
659,00
659,00
659,00
38
7:32
7:34
7:36
7:38
7:40
7:42
7:44
7:46
7:48
7:50
7:52
7:54
7:56
7:58
8:00
8:02
8:04
403
398
396
392
391
395
399
400
400
399
398
392
390
394
392
390
408
735,5
726,4
722,7
715,4
713,6
720,9
728,2
730,0
730,0
728,2
726,4
715,4
711,8
719,1
715,4
711,8
744,6
18790,2
11563,2
8672,4
2890,8
1445,4
7227
13008,6
14454
14454
13008,6
11563,2
2890,8
0
5781,6
2890,8
0
26017,2
12,71
7,82
5,87
1,96
0,98
4,89
8,80
9,78
9,78
8,80
7,82
1,96
0,00
3,91
1,96
0,00
17,60
133,00
133,00
133,00
133,00
133,00
133,00
133,00
133,00
133,00
133,00
133,00
133,00
133,00
133,00
133,00
133,00
133,00
659,00
659,00
659,00
659,00
659,00
659,00
659,00
659,00
659,00
659,00
659,00
659,00
659,00
659,00
659,00
659,00
659,00
39
APPENDIX 4
1
Date
10.10.2011
2
3
4
5
6
7
Time
Cr
Cr
Cs
Cs
hh:mm
ppm
mg/m3
ppm
mg/m3 m3/h
232A
711,8
612
7:00
7:02
7:04
7:06
7:08
7:10
7:12
7:14
7:16
7:18
7:20
7:22
7:24
7:26
7:28
7:30
7:32
7:34
432
439
433
432
442
446
449
448
447
447
433
427
427
423
421
424
422
432
788,4
801,2
790,2
788,4
806,7
814,0
819,4
817,6
815,8
815,8
790,2
779,3
779,3
772,0
768,3
773,8
770,2
788,4
390
qv.cav,
8
9
10
11
12
13
M
Cmax
qv.req
qv.min
qv.app
qv.over
mg/h
mg/m3
m3/h
m3/h
m3/h
m3/h
46909,8
54728,1
48026,7
46909,8
58078,8
62546,4
65897,1
64780,2
63663,3
63663,3
48026,7
41325,3
41325,3
36857,7
34623,9
37974,6
35740,8
46909,8
2190,0
31,73
37,02
32,49
31,73
39,29
42,31
44,58
43,82
43,07
43,07
32,49
27,96
27,96
24,93
23,42
25,69
24,18
31,73
144,4
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
40
7:36
7:38
7:40
7:42
7:44
7:46
7:48
7:50
7:52
7:54
7:56
7:58
8:00
8:02
8:04
8:06
8:08
8:10
8:12
8:14
8:16
8:18
8:20
8:22
8:24
430
424
437
437
429
429
422
421
419
422
430
419
416
411
406
401
407
404
405
404
402
410
425
417
414
784,8
773,8
797,5
797,5
782,9
782,9
770,2
768,3
764,7
770,2
784,8
764,7
759,2
750,1
741,0
731,8
742,8
737,3
739,1
737,3
733,7
748,3
775,6
761,0
755,6
44676
37974,6
52494,3
52494,3
43559,1
43559,1
35740,8
34623,9
32390,1
35740,8
44676
32390,1
29039,4
23454,9
17870,4
12285,9
18987,3
15636,6
16753,5
15636,6
13402,8
22338
39091,5
30156,3
26805,6
30,22
25,69
35,51
35,51
29,47
29,47
24,18
23,42
21,91
24,18
30,22
21,91
19,64
15,87
12,09
8,31
12,84
10,58
11,33
10,58
9,07
15,11
26,44
20,40
18,13
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
41
8:26
8:28
8:30
8:32
8:34
8:36
8:38
8:40
8:42
8:44
8:46
8:48
8:50
8:52
8:54
8:56
8:58
9:00
9:02
9:04
9:06
9:08
9:10
9:12
9:14
423
497
504
498
497
507
511
514
513
512
512
498
492
492
488
486
489
487
497
495
489
502
502
494
494
772,0
907,0
919,8
908,9
907,0
925,3
932,6
938,1
936,2
934,4
934,4
908,9
897,9
897,9
890,6
887,0
892,4
888,8
907,0
903,4
892,4
916,2
916,2
901,6
901,6
36857,7
119508
127327
120625
119508
130677
135145
138496
137379
136262
136262
120625
113924
113924
109456
107222
110573
108339
119508
117275
110573
125093
125093
116158
116158
24,93
80,84
86,13
81,60
80,84
88,40
91,42
93,69
92,93
92,18
92,18
81,60
77,07
77,07
74,04
72,53
74,80
73,29
80,84
79,33
74,80
84,62
84,62
78,58
78,58
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
42
9:16
9:18
9:20
9:22
9:24
9:26
9:28
9:30
9:32
9:34
9:36
9:38
9:40
9:42
9:44
9:46
9:48
9:50
9:52
9:54
9:56
9:58
10:00
10:02
10:04
487
486
484
487
495
484
481
476
471
466
472
469
470
469
467
475
490
570
582
581
595
604
613
590
625
888,8
887,0
883,3
888,8
903,4
883,3
877,8
868,7
859,6
850,5
861,4
855,9
857,8
855,9
852,3
866,9
894,3
1040,3
1062,2
1060,3
1085,9
1102,3
1118,7
1076,8
1140,6
108339
107222
104989
108339
117275
104989
101638
96053,4
90468,9
84884,4
91585,8
88235,1
89352
88235,1
86001,3
94936,5
111690
201042
214445
213328
228965
239017
249069
223380
262472
73,29
72,53
71,02
73,29
79,33
71,02
68,76
64,98
61,20
57,42
61,96
59,69
60,44
59,69
58,18
64,22
75,56
136,00
145,07
144,31
154,89
161,69
168,49
151,11
177,56
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
145,07
144,40
154,89
161,69
168,49
151,11
177,56
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
466,93
467,60
457,11
450,31
443,51
460,89
434,44
43
10:06
10:08
10:10
10:12
10:14
10:16
10:18
10:20
10:22
10:24
10:26
10:28
10:30
10:32
10:34
10:36
10:38
10:40
10:42
10:44
10:46
10:48
10:50
10:52
10:54
600
615
627
634
618
628
650
598
623
645
638
637
638
642
650
672
683
695
699
715
737
754
732
650
718
1095,0
1122,4
1144,3
1157,1
1127,9
1146,1
1186,3
1091,4
1137,0
1177,1
1164,4
1162,5
1164,4
1171,7
1186,3
1226,4
1246,5
1268,4
1275,7
1304,9
1345,0
1376,1
1335,9
1186,3
1310,4
234549
251303
264705
272524
254653
265822
290394
232315
260238
284810
276991
275874
276991
281459
290394
314966
327252
340655
345122
362993
387564
406552
381980
290394
366343
158,67
170,00
179,07
184,36
172,27
179,82
196,44
157,16
176,04
192,67
187,38
186,62
187,38
190,40
196,44
213,07
221,38
230,44
233,47
245,56
262,18
275,02
258,40
196,44
247,82
158,67
170,00
179,07
184,36
172,27
179,82
196,44
157,16
176,04
192,67
187,38
186,62
187,38
190,40
196,44
213,07
221,38
230,44
233,47
245,56
262,18
275,02
258,40
196,44
247,82
453,33
442,00
432,93
427,64
439,73
432,18
415,56
454,84
435,96
419,33
424,62
425,38
424,62
421,60
415,56
398,93
390,62
381,56
378,53
366,44
349,82
336,98
353,60
415,56
364,18
44
10:56
10:58
11:00
11:02
11:04
11:06
11:08
11:10
11:12
11:14
11:16
11:18
11:20
11:22
11:24
11:26
11:28
11:30
11:32
11:34
11:36
11:38
11:40
11:42
11:44
638
610
612
595
591
583
572
562
555
560
561
557
558
554
550
559
577
598
640
652
660
692
703
698
702
1164,4
1113,3
1116,9
1085,9
1078,6
1064,0
1043,9
1025,7
1012,9
1022,0
1023,8
1016,5
1018,4
1011,1
1003,8
1020,2
1053,0
1091,4
1168,0
1189,9
1204,5
1262,9
1283,0
1273,9
1281,2
276991
245718
247952
228965
224497
215562
203276
192107
184289
189873
190990
186522
187639
183172
178704
188756
208860
232315
279225
292628
301563
337304
349590
344005
348473
187,38
166,22
167,73
154,89
151,87
145,82
137,51
129,96
124,67
128,44
129,20
126,18
126,93
123,91
120,89
127,69
141,29
157,16
188,89
197,96
204,00
228,18
236,49
232,71
235,73
187,38
166,22
167,73
154,89
151,87
145,82
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
144,40
157,16
188,89
197,96
204,00
228,18
236,49
232,71
235,73
424,62
445,78
444,27
457,11
460,13
466,18
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
467,60
454,84
423,11
414,04
408,00
383,82
375,51
379,29
376,27
45
11:46
11:48
11:50
11:52
11:54
11:56
11:58
12:00
12:02
12:04
12:06
12:08
12:10
12:12
12:14
12:16
12:18
12:20
12:22
12:24
12:26
12:28
12:30
12:32
12:34
739
743
743
734
719
727
729
746
738
742
754
748
745
747
731
737
739
727
706
693
682
680
696
669
667
1348,7
1356,0
1356,0
1339,6
1312,2
1326,8
1330,4
1361,5
1346,9
1354,2
1376,1
1365,1
1359,6
1363,3
1334,1
1345,0
1348,7
1326,8
1288,5
1264,7
1244,7
1241,0
1270,2
1220,9
1217,3
389798
394266
394266
384214
367460
376395
378629
397616
388681
393149
406552
399850
396500
398733
380863
387564
389798
376395
352940
338421
326135
323901
341771
311615
309381
263,69
266,71
266,71
259,91
248,58
254,62
256,13
268,98
262,93
265,96
275,02
270,49
268,22
269,73
257,64
262,18
263,69
254,62
238,76
228,93
220,62
219,11
231,20
210,80
209,29
263,69
266,71
266,71
259,91
248,58
254,62
256,13
268,98
262,93
265,96
275,02
270,49
268,22
269,73
257,64
262,18
263,69
254,62
238,76
228,93
220,62
219,11
231,20
210,80
209,29
348,31
345,29
345,29
352,09
363,42
357,38
355,87
343,02
349,07
346,04
336,98
341,51
343,78
342,27
354,36
349,82
348,31
357,38
373,24
383,07
391,38
392,89
380,80
401,20
402,71
46
12:36
12:38
12:40
12:42
12:44
12:46
12:48
12:50
12:52
12:54
12:56
12:58
13:00
13:02
13:04
13:06
13:08
13:10
13:12
13:14
13:16
13:18
13:20
13:22
13:24
668
691
720
760
803
821
832
831
868
847
867
985
1035
989
998
1045
1046
1056
1061
1088
1114
1104
1102
1139
1148
1219,1
1261,1
1314,0
1387,0
1465,5
1498,3
1518,4
1516,6
1584,1
1545,8
1582,3
1797,6
1888,9
1804,9
1821,4
1907,1
1909,0
1927,2
1936,3
1985,6
2033,1
2014,8
2011,2
2078,7
2095,1
310498
336187
368577
413253
461280
481384
493670
492553
533878
510423
532761
664556
720401
669023
679075
731570
732686
743855
749440
779596
808636
797467
795233
836558
846610
210,04
227,42
249,33
279,56
312,04
325,64
333,96
333,20
361,16
345,29
360,40
449,56
487,33
452,58
459,38
494,89
495,64
503,20
506,98
527,38
547,02
539,47
537,96
565,91
572,71
210,04
227,42
249,33
279,56
312,04
325,64
333,96
333,20
361,16
345,29
360,40
449,56
487,33
452,58
459,38
494,89
495,64
503,20
506,98
527,38
547,02
539,47
537,96
565,91
572,71
401,96
384,58
362,67
332,44
299,96
286,36
278,04
278,80
250,84
266,71
251,60
162,44
124,67
159,42
152,62
117,11
116,36
108,80
105,02
84,62
64,98
72,53
74,04
46,09
39,29
47
13:26
13:28
13:30
13:32
13:34
13:36
13:38
13:40
13:42
13:44
13:46
13:48
13:50
13:52
13:54
13:56
13:58
14:00
14:02
14:04
14:06
14:08
1169
1229
1211
1277
1306
1402
1464
1359
1301
1332
1270
1304
1277
1310
1306
1308
1321
1226
1229
1215
1143
1120
2133,4
2242,9
2210,1
2330,5
2383,5
2558,7
2671,8
2480,2
2374,3
2430,9
2317,8
2379,8
2330,5
2390,8
2383,5
2387,1
2410,8
2237,5
2242,9
2217,4
2086,0
2044,0
870065
937079
916975
990690
1023080
1130303
1199551
1082276
1017496
1052120
982872
1020847
990690
1027548
1023080
1025314
1039834
933728
937079
921443
841026
815337
588,58
633,91
620,31
670,18
692,09
764,62
811,47
732,13
688,31
711,73
664,89
690,58
670,18
695,11
692,09
693,60
703,42
631,64
633,91
623,33
568,93
551,56
588,58
23,42
612,00
0,00
612,00
0,00
612,00
0,00
612,00
0,00
612,00
0,00
811,47 -199,47
732,13 -120,13
688,31 -76,31
711,73 -99,73
664,89 -52,89
690,58 -78,58
670,18 -58,18
695,11 -83,11
692,09 -80,09
693,60 -81,60
703,42 -91,42
631,64 -19,64
633,91 -21,91
623,33 -11,33
568,93
43,07
551,56
60,44
48
APPENDIX 5
i
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
Tout
°C
-35
-34
-33
-32
-31
-30
-29
-28
-27
-26
-25
-24
-23
-22
-21
-20
-19
-18
-17
-16
-15
-14
-13
-12
-11
-10
-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
li
%
0
0,06
0,08
0,09
0,17
0,26
0,38
0,55
0,75
0,9
1,21
1,55
1,98
2,43
2,91
3,37
3,98
4,75
5,73
6,96
7,74
8,4
9,06
9,68
10,45
11,95
13,32
14,51
15,96
17,71
19,9
22,91
26,29
29,1
32,93
38,18
45,47
50,21
54,03
∆ti
h
0
5
2
1
7
8
10
15
18
13
27
30
37
40
42
40
54
67
86
108
68
58
58
54
67
131
120
104
127
153
192
264
296
246
336
460
639
415
335
Tin
°C
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
Qiv
kWh
0
27
10
5
35
39
48
71
83
59
119
129
155
164
168
156
205
247
309
376
230
190
184
166
199
376
332
277
325
376
453
595
637
504
654
849
1114
681
515
49
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
56,95
59,39
62,07
63,95
65,96
68,37
70,88
73,74
76,39
79,26
82,74
85,79
88,69
91,07
93,24
94,9
96,35
97,52
98,39
99
99,35
99,69
99,86
99,95
100
256
214
235
165
176
211
220
251
232
251
305
267
254
208
190
145
127
102
76
53
31
30
15
8
4
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
Qtot,v,dcv,
kWh
367
285
289
186
180
195
180
180
143
129
125
82
52
21
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
13480