Nationalism Influences Domestic Policy

Nationalism Influences Domestic Policy
• As a unique American culture developed, so did a sense of
nationalism.
• Nationalism replaced the tendency toward sectionalism.
• These feelings were soon reflected in government policies.
John Marshall, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court (1801–1835)
– His court made two key rulings that reflected growing feelings
of nationalism and strengthened the national government.
McCulloch v. Maryland: This case pitted the state of Maryland
against the national government. In his ruling, Marshall made it
clear that national interests were to be put above state interests.
Gibbons v. Ogden: Marshall ruled that national law was superior to
state law.
Implied Powers- powers assumed by congress even though not
specified in the Constitution
Nationalism Guides Foreign Policy
• American foreign policy in the early 1800s also reflected the
feelings of nationalism.
• In 1816 voters elected James Monroe to the presidency.
• During his presidency, the economy grew rapidly, and a spirit of
nationalism and optimism prevailed—”Era of Good Feelings.”
Successful diplomacy abroad
• Rush-Bagot Treaty (1818): treaty with Britain that called for the
nearly complete disarmament of the eastern part of the border
between the United States and British Canada
• During the Convention of 1818, Monroe also convinced Britain to
draw the western part of the border between the United States
and Canada along the 49th parallel.
• Adams-Onís Treaty (1819): the United States acquired Florida
and established a firm boundary between the Louisiana Territory
and Spanish territory farther to the west.
The Monroe Doctrine
• Some Spanish colonies in Central and South America declared their
independence in the early 1800s when Spain was fighting
Napoleon.
• After Napoleon was defeated, Spain and other European powers
considered retaking control of their former colonies in the
Americas.
• American lawmakers wanted to deter any foreign country from
taking lands in the Americas that the United States might someday
claim.
• President Monroe and Secretary of State John Quincy Adams
declared a new policy, known as the Monroe Doctrine.
• It declared the Americas off limits to European colonization.
The Missouri Compromise
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There were 22 states in the Union in 1819.
In half of the states—the “slave states” of the South—slavery was legal.
In half of the states—the “free states” of the North—slavery was illegal.
This exact balance between slave states and free states gave them equal
representation in the U.S. Senate.
• If Missouri were admitted as a slave state, the balance would be upset.
• Missouri Compromise of 1820: agreement under which Missouri was
admitted to the Union as a slave state and Maine was to be admitted as a
free state
• The agreement also banned slavery in the northern part of the Louisiana
Territory.
• The Missouri Compromise kept the balance between slave and free states.
The Age of Jackson
Main Idea
President Andrew Jackson’s bold actions defined a period
of American history.
Reading Focus
•What path led to Andrew Jackson’s presidency?
•How did the Indian Removal Act lead to the Trail of Tears?
•Why was the national bank a source of controversy?
•How did a conflict over the issue of states’ rights lead to a
crisis?
Path to the Presidency
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Andrew Jackson
Served in the army during the Revolutionary War
Practiced law in Tennessee, became a successful land speculator, and
served in a variety of government offices, including the House of
Representatives and the Senate
Served in the War of 1812, nicknamed “Old Hickory”
Was given command of military operations in the South
Led the American forces at the Battle of New Orleans
Became nationally famous as the “Hero of New Orleans”
In 1824 he ran for president and won the popular vote, but not a
majority of the electoral votes.
John Quincy Adams won the House of Representatives’ vote and
became president.
Path to the Presidency
• Jackson and his supporters created a new political party that became
the Democratic Party.
• Adams and his supporters became the National Republicans.
• Many thought Adams was out of touch with the people.
• Jackson was a popular war hero—“a man of the people.”
• In the 1820s voting restrictions in many states—such as the
requirement for property ownership—were being lifted, allowing poor
people to become voters.
Election of 1828
• These ordinary, working Americans were strong Jackson supporters.
He easily defeated the unpopular President Adams.
• Such political power exercised by ordinary Americans became known
as Jacksonian Democracy.
• Spoils system: rewarding supporters by giving them positions in the
government.
The Indian Removal Act
• Five major Native American groups lived in the southeastern United
States: the Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Seminole, and Creek.
• White Americans called them the “five civilized tribes” because many
of them had adopted aspects of European and American culture.
• Many white Americans viewed them as inferior.
• Farmland was becoming scarce in the East, and white settlers coveted
the Indians’ lands.
• Indian Removal Act (1830): called for the relocation of the five
nations to an area west of the Mississippi River called Indian Territory,
now present-day Oklahoma.
• The U.S. Army marched the Choctaw, the Creek, and the Chickasaw
west, hundreds of miles, to Indian Territory.
• Many died on the long trek due to exposure, malnutrition, and disease.
The Indian Removal Act
• The Seminole women and children hid from the
soldiers in the dense Florida swamps while
Seminole men conducted hit-and-run attacks
on the American soldiers.
• About 3,000 Seminole were forced to move to
Indian Territory, but many more continued to
resist, their descendants still live in Florida
today.
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The Trail of Tears
The Cherokee fought their removal in the
American court system. They sued the federal
government, claiming that they had the right
to be respected as a foreign country.
The Supreme Court in 1831 ruled against the
Cherokee.
The state of Georgia, carrying out the Indian
Removal Act, ordered Samuel Austin
Worcester, a white man and a friend to the
Cherokee, to leave Cherokee land.
Worcester brought suit on behalf of himself and
the Cherokee.
The Indian Removal Act
• Worcester v. Georgia (1832): The Supreme Court ruled
against Georgia, denying it the right to take Cherokee lands.
• To get around the Court’s ruling, government officials signed a
treaty with Cherokee leaders who favored relocation.
• The Cherokee were herded by the U.S. Army on a long and
deadly march west.
• Of the 18,000 Cherokee forced to leave their homes, about
4,500 died on the march, which became known as the Trail of
Tears.
The National Bank
The Second Bank of the United States was a national bank
overseen by the federal government to regulate state banks.
• Established in 1816 and given a 20-year charter
• Opponents (including Jackson) thought that the Constitution did
not give Congress the authority to create the bank.
• Opponents recognized that state banks were more inclined to
make loans to poorer farmers in the South and West—the very
people who supported Jackson.
• By contrast, they viewed the bank as an institution devoted to the
interests of wealthy northern corporations.
The National Bank
• In 1832, an election year,
Jackson vetoed a bill to
extend the bank’s charter.
• When Henry Clay
challenged Jackson for the
presidency, the
controversy over the bank
became a major campaign
issue.
• Jackson won re-election,
defeating Clay in a
landslide.
• After his re-election, Jackson
ordered the money taken out
of the bank and deposited in
select state banks.
• In 1836 the Second Bank of
the United States was
reduced to just another state
bank.
Conflict over States’ Rights
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In 1828 Congress raised the tariff on British manufactured goods.
The tariff was welcomed by industry in the northern states because it
increased the price of British goods and encouraged Americans to buy
American goods.
The agricultural southern states despised the tax. It forced southerners to buy
northern goods instead of the less expensive British goods.
Southern cotton growers, who exported most of their crop to Britain, opposed
interference with international trade.
The concept that states have the right to reject federal laws is called the
nullification theory.
• When Congress passed another tariff in 1832, South Carolina declared the tariff
law “null and void” and threatened to secede from the Union if the federal
government tried to enforce the tariff.
• Compromise worked out by Henry Clay
– Tariffs would be reduced over a period of 10 years.
– Issues of nullification and of states’ rights would be raised again.
The Industrial North
Main Idea
The North developed an economy based on industry.
Reading Focus
• What was the Industrial Revolution?
• How did the Industrial Revolution affect the North?
• What advancements were made in transportation and
communication?
The Industrial Revolution
• The Industrial Revolution was the birth of modern industry
and the social changes that accompanied it.
• The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain’s textile
industry.
• In the late 1700s, a series of inventions mechanized both
spinning and weaving, radically transforming the industry.
• British inventors created machines that used power from
running water and steam engines to spin and weave cloth.
• By 1800 textile companies had built hundreds of mills to
produced volumes of cloth that could only have been dreamed
of a few decades earlier.
The North Industrializes
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In 1793 Samuel Slater and Moses Brown built a water-powered spinning mill on
the Blackstone River in Rhode Island.
It marked the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the United States.
The Industrial Revolution spread rapidly throughout New England.
Lowell, Massachusetts, became the center of textile production with 40 mill
buildings and 10,000 looms.
The majority of the workers in the Lowell mills were young women, recruited
from local farms.
They made relatively good wages but worked long hours—often as long as 14
hours a day, 6 days a week.
The young women came to be known as the Lowell girls.
The revolution spreads
• Throughout the early and mid-1800s, industrialization spread slowly
from the textile industry to other industries in the North.
• In the 1830s steam engines became better and more widely available.
• Their power helped make industry the fastest-growing part of the U.S.
economy.
The North Industrializes
Industrialization in the North led to urbanization.
• People left the farm and moved to cities where they could work
in the mills and factories.
• In 1820 only 7 percent of Americans lived in cities.
• Within 30 years, that percentage more than doubled.
• Within a few decades, the North evolved from a region of small
towns and farms into one including large cities and factories.
Transportation and Communication
• Businesses needed ways to transport raw materials to their
growing number of factories and mills and to ship their finished
goods to market.
Roads
In 1811 construction began on the National Road.
• It was completed in 1841.
• Stretched 800 miles west from Cumberland, Maryland, to
Vandalia, Illinois
• Most roads were much shorter and crudely made.
• By 1840 a network of roads connected most of the cities and
towns throughout the United States, promoting travel and
trade.
Transportation and Communication
Canals
• In 1825 the 363-mile-long Erie Canal
opened, connecting the Great Lakes
with the Hudson River—and with the
Atlantic Ocean.
• The canal provided a quick and
economical way to ship manufactured
goods to the West and farm products
to the East.
• Within 15 years after the success of
the Erie Canal, more than 3,000 miles
of canals formed a dense network in
the northeast.
The steamboat
• The first successful steamboat service was
run by Robert Fulton on the Hudson River
with his boat, the Clermont.
• Within a decade, dozens of steamboats
were puffing up and down the Ohio, the
Mississippi, and other rivers.
Transportation and Communication
The railroad
• The first steam-powered train ran in the United States and made its
first trip in 1830.
• By 1840 there were about 3,000 miles of track in the country.
• The speed, power, reliability, and carrying capacity of the railroad
quickly made it a preferred means of travel and transport.
Printing press
• Steam-powered presses enabled publishers to print material much
faster and in much greater volume than ever before.
Postal service
• With the growing use of steamboats and the railroad, mail delivery was
faster and more widely available.
The telegraph
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Considered the greatest advancement in communication
Samuel F. B. Morse patented the first practical telegraph in 1840.
Communication by telegraph was instantaneous.
Newspapers, railroads, and other businesses were quick to grasp its
advantages.
The Land of Cotton
Main Idea
During the early 1800s, the South developed
an economy based on agriculture.
Reading Focus
• Why was cotton king in the South?
• How did the cultivation of cotton lead to the spread of slavery?
• What key differences developed between the North and the
South?
“King Cotton”
• The cotton gin had a major impact on life in the South.
• It solved the problem of separating the seed from the cotton and made
the large-scale production of cotton possible.
• In the United States, the booming textile industry of the North bought
cotton to weave into cloth to sell to the American population.
• Overseas, the greatest demand came from Great Britain’s mechanized
textile industry.
• The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain’s textile industry.
“King Cotton”
• The combination of the new cotton gin and the huge demand
for cotton encouraged many American farmers to begin growing
cotton.
• Beginning in the 1820s, the number of acres devoted to cotton
cultivation soared.
• Cotton Belt: A nearly uninterrupted band of cotton farms that
stretched across the South, all the way from Virginia in the East
to Texas in the West
• Cotton became so important to the economy of the South that
people called it King Cotton.
The Spread of Slavery
• Farming cotton was a labor-intensive enterprise.
• The first cotton farms were small and run by families
who didn’t own slaves.
• They were soon followed by wealthier planters who
bought huge tracts of land.
• These planters used enslaved African Americans to
cultivate the cotton.
The Spread of Slavery
• As the amount of money made by growing cotton
increased, so did the number of plantations.
• The growth of cotton farming led directly to an increase
in demand for enslaved African Americans.
• Although the importation of enslaved people had been
banned in 1808, they were routinely smuggled into
southern ports.
• These people, and the children of enslaved parents, were
cruelly bought and sold by slave traders to provide
workers for the cotton fields.
The Spread of Slavery
• By 1840 the number of enslaved African Americans had risen
to nearly 2.5 million.
• As cotton farms spread, so too did slavery.
• Enslaved African Americans accounted for about one-third of
the population of the South.
• About one-fourth of the white families in the South owned
slaves (most had fewer than 20).
Differences between the North and the South
Southern crops
• Cotton, sugarcane, sugar beets, tobacco, and rice
• These crops led the economy of the South.
• By 1840 the South was a thoroughly agricultural
region.
Northern goods
• Since colonial times, farming was important.
• The Industrial Revolution made manufacturing and trade
the base of the North’s economy.
Differences between the North and the South
North
• Trade and industry encouraged urbanization, and so cities grew
in the North much more than in the South.
• The Industrial Revolution and the revolutions in transportation
and communication had the greatest impact on the North.
• Northern businesses seized new technology in pursuit of
efficiency and growth.
South
• There was relatively little in the way of technological progress.
• Many southerners saw little need for labor-saving devices when
they had an ample supply of enslaved people to do their work.
Differences between the North and the South
South
• Slavery was legal.
• It was viewed by most white people as an absolutely vital part of
the economy.
• To many, it was a practice sanctioned by their Christian religion.
North
• Slavery was illegal.
• Ever-increasing numbers of people viewed it as evil.
• Few realized the differences would lead to war.
Fighting against Slavery
Main Idea
The movement to end slavery dominated the Reform Era.
Reading Focus
• What was life like for enslaved African Americans in the South?
• How did people in the South fight against slavery?
• What were the major developments in the abolition
movement?
The Lives of Enslaved African
Americans
• Including the colonial period, slavery had been an American
institution for two centuries.
• By 1860 nearly 4 million African Americans lived in slavery in
the South.
The Lives of Enslaved African Americans
• Enslaved men, women, and children worked every day of their lives,
from the time they were old enough to perform chores until they were
too old to be of any more use to the slaveholder.
• Most enslaved people lived on farms or plantations in the South, where
cotton was a leading crop.
• They worked planting, tending, picking, processing, and loading cotton.
• Other jobs included the many other tasks needed to maintain a farm or
plantation, such as constructing and repairing buildings.
• Other plantation slaves worked as servants in the slaveholder’s house.
A life of want
• Enslaved African Americans were provided with inadequate food,
clothing, and shelter.
• They seldom received medical care; sickness rarely stopped their work.
• They had no rights under the law because it viewed them as property.
The Lives of Enslaved African Americans
• Many slaveholders treated their slaves relatively well. But they
generally did so in order to secure loyal service, not out of any great
sense of humanity.
• Some slaveholders used a wide variety of punishments, such as
beating, whipping, starving, and threatening a person’s family
members, to ensure obedience.
• Children were routinely separated from their parents, brothers from
their sisters, and husbands from their wives.
• African Americans developed ways to survive and bring some light
into their lives through religion, storytelling, and music.
The Antislavery Movement in the South
• In 1860, about 215,000 African Americans in the South were free
blacks.
– Former slaves who had been emancipated, or freed, by
slaveholders
– More typically, some were free because their ancestors had been
freed.
• They still faced harsh legal and social discrimination.
• Free blacks aided people escaping slavery and spoke out for freedom.
Slave revolts
• An uprising led by Nat Turner in 1830 became the deadliest slave
revolt in American history.
• New laws were enacted to strictly limit the movements and meetings
of slaves.
• Some enslaved people chose a nonviolent way to end their
enslavement—they escaped.
• They tried to reach the free states of the North or Canada or Mexico,
where slavery was illegal.
• No one knows exactly how many slaves escaped.
• Thousands attempted escape, and although most were soon captured,
many did make it to freedom.
The Antislavery Movement in the South
• Underground Railroad: an
informal, constantly changing
network of escape routes
• Sympathetic white people and
free blacks provided escapees
with food, hiding places, and
directions to their next
destination, closer to free
territory.
• Harriet Tubman: “Moses”
famous Underground Railroad
worker who had escaped
slavery and helped hundreds of
slaves to freedom