The Employment Enterprise System MSc. In E-Commerce

The Employment
Enterprise System
MSc. In E-Commerce
School of
Computing/DCUBS
July 2011
Students:
Jim Callaly
Martin Kilkline
Sorcha mcConville
Supervisors: Dr. Cathal Gurrin
Dr. PJ Byrne
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Table of Contents
DCU Disclaimer ......................................................................... 7
1.0
Executive Summary ........................................................... 8
1.1 Background of the Company Concept .................................. 8
1.2 Real Deal Profile Solutions .............................................. 9
1.3 Risk Assessment ............................................................... 9
2.0 Business Concept .............................................................. 10
2.1 Methods of System Integration ........................................ 10
2.2 Authentication Method .................................................... 11
3.0 Business Strategy ............................................................. 13
3.1 Company Profile ............................................................. 13
3.2 Funding Requirements ..................................................... 14
3.3 Staffing ......................................................................... 14
3.4 Project Time Frame .......................................................... 14
3.5 Registering for Tenders .................................................. 19
3.6 Setting up an Agreement with the Buyer ............................ 20
4.0 Analysis of Current System ............................................... 22
4.1 Overview of Live Register Figures ..................................... 22
4.2 Personal Public Service Number ...................................... 22
4.3 Discrepancy between Population and issued PPS Numbers.. 23
4.4 Allocation of PPS Numbers ............................................. 24
4.5 Overview of Social Welfare Costs .................................... 24
4.6 Current Measures to Combat Social Welfare Fraud ........... 25
4.6.1 Detected Cases of Fraud ........................................... 27
4.7 Government Plans to Introduce New Social Services Card . 28
5.0 Description of the Product and Service .............................. 29
5.1 The Employment Assistance System ................................... 29
5.2 The Employment Facility ................................................... 30
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5.3 The Card Management System ........................................... 31
5.4 Social Services Card ...................................................... 32
5.5 New Claims Process ........................................................ 32
5.5.1 At the Social Welfare Office ...................................... 32
5.5.2 Collecting Weekly Payments at the Post Office ........... 33
5.6 Comparing Old and New Systems ...................................... 34
5.7 ISO Standards ............................................................... 35
6.0 Legal and Ethical Barriers and Solutions ........................... 36
6.1 Biometrics and Data Protection in Irish Legislation ........... 36
6.1.1 Legislation on Data Protection .................................. 36
6.1.2 Legislation that mentions Biometrics .......................... 36
6.1.3 Legislation on Electronic Capture of Jobseekers ........ 37
6.2 Ethical and Moral Issues ................................................ 37
6.3 Qualitative Research on Biometric Technologies in Ireland 38
7.0 Market Overview ................................................................ 40
7.1 Competitors .................................................................... 40
7.2 PESTLE Analysis ............................................................. 41
7.3 SWOT Analysis ................................................................ 41
8.0 Marketing Strategy............................................................ 43
8.1 Approaching Key Government Officials and TDs ................. 43
8.2 Education of the Employment Enterprise System and Biometric
Technologies ........................................................................ 43
9.0 Financial Overview ............................................................. 44
9.1 Revenue Model ............................................................... 44
9.2 Project Quote ................................................................ 45
9.3 Project Payment Timeline ................................................. 46
9.4 Projected Financial Reports ............................................ 47
9.4.1 Summary of Cash Flow Projections............................. 48
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9.4.2 Summary of Profit and Loss Accounts for Years 1 - 3 . 49
9.4.3 Summary of Balance Sheet for Year endings ............... 49
9.4.4 Year One Trading Profit and Loss Account ................. 50
9.4.5 Balance Sheet 31st December Year One ....................... 51
9.4.6 Year Two Trading Profit and Loss Account .................. 53
9.4.7 Balance Sheet 31st December Year 2 ........................... 54
9.4.8 Year Three Trading Profit and Loss Account ............... 56
9.4.9 Balance Sheet 31st December Year 3 ........................... 57
9.5 Further Qualifying Comments on the Company’s Financials ... 59
10.0 Description of the Technical Delivery ................................ 60
10.1 Product Solutions ........................................................ 60
10.2 High level Architectural Design ..................................... 60
10.3 Minimum Hardware Requirements .................................... 61
10.4 Automated Biometric Identification System (ABIS) ............ 61
10.5 Card Management System (CMS) ..................................... 62
10.6 Employee Assistance System .......................................... 63
10.7 Employee Assistance System Prototype ........................... 63
Sample XML ....................................................................... 64
10.8 JSPX Page Hierarchy .................................................... 65
10.9 The Database ................................................................ 65
10.9.1 Sample Page Views ................................................... 66
10.9.2 Logon Page ............................................................. 66
10.9.3 Reporting Section ................................................... 68
10.9.4 Job Seekers Page .................................................... 70
10.9.5 Screenshot of Profile Page ..................................... 71
10.9.6 Screenshot of Tabs on Profile Page ......................... 72
11.0 The Way Forward ............................................................. 73
11.1 Future Scope ................................................................ 73
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11.2 Exit Strategy ................................................................ 73
12.0 Conclusion ..................................................................... 74
13.0 Team Overview.................................................................. 75
Technical Director and Operations Officer - Martin Kilcline .... 75
Financial Director and Communications Director – Jim Callaly . 75
Administrative Director – Sorcha McConville .......................... 76
14.0 Acknowledgements ........................................................... 77
Appendices .............................................................................. 78
Appendix I: Research ................................................................ 79
A.1.1 Research Methodology ................................................. 79
A.1.2 Primary Research ......................................................... 79
A.1.3 Secondary Research .................................................... 84
Appendix II: Tendering .............................................................. 87
A.2.1 Overview of the Tendering Process ................................ 87
A.2.2 Key Points to Consider Before Tendering ....................... 87
A.2.3 A Typical Procurement Process for Public Sector Work .. 88
A.2.4 The E-Tenders Public Procurement Process.................... 90
Appendix III: The Employment Assistance System Reports ............ 92
A.3.1 Current Reporting System ............................................ 92
A.3.2 Reporting with the Employment Assistance System .......... 93
A.3.2 Sample Report ............................................................. 94
Appendix IV: Biometric Technology ............................................ 96
A.4.1 Overview of Biometric Technology ................................. 96
A.4.2 Fingerprints ................................................................ 97
A.4.3 Hand Geometry ............................................................ 98
A.4.4 Facial Recognition ........................................................ 98
A.4.5 Iris Analysis ................................................................ 99
A.4.6 Retinal Analysis ........................................................ 100
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A.4.7 Smart Cards .............................................................. 100
A.4.8 Biometric Applications in Operation ............................. 102
A.4.9 Security Issues of Central Database ........................... 103
A.4.10 Qualitative Research on Biometric Applications .......... 104
A.4.11 Arguments against Biometrics ................................... 106
Appendix V: Bibliography/Reference List .................................. 108
Appendix VI: RealDeal Profile Solutions ................................. 113
5.1Company Logo ................................................................ 113
5.2 Company Directors ........................................................ 114
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DCU Disclaimer
I hereby certify that this material, which I submit for assessment on the programme of study
leading to the award of MSc. In Electronic Commerce is entirely my own work and has not
been taken from the work of others and to the extent that such work has been cited and
acknowledged within the text of my work.
Signed:
Jim Callaly
10212244
__________________________
Martin Kilcline
10211642
__________________________
Sorcha McConville
56907792
__________________________
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1.0 Executive Summary
1.1 Background of the Company Concept
The issue of welfare fraud and mismanagement of the welfare system is high on the social
agenda in Ireland. There have been many calls for reform of this primitive and inept
government system as it is haemorrhaging money at a time of huge austerity measures within
the State and an ever increasing multi-billion Euro sovereign debt which is already a huge
burden on the State as a whole. It is very much conceivable that fraudulent claims cost the
Irish Government in the region of one billion Euro, however, the nature of this problem is
such that an exact figure cannot be determined.
Numbers on the Live Register now exceed 470,000 and are increasing at a monthly rate of
approximately 0.1%. Huge numbers like this are creating more work for administrative
officers within the Department of Social Protection (the government body which manages
social welfare in Ireland) and increasing costs all round. The Enterprise System aims to
resolve the issue of administrative duplication through streamlining claims and customer
details on an extensive and comprehensive database called the Employment Assistance
System (EAS). This system will also be accessible to government training agencies to ensure
that courses offered reach the necessary people. Although reforms have been announced
recently with regards to up skilling and retraining of those on the live register, we believe a
more comprehensive system should be in place; a system which will readily identify all
jobseekers by their qualification, experience and skills levels so as skilled unemployed
workers can be readily identified and those whose skills are now almost redundant due to the
changing economy can avail of valuable training and education which are matched to
emerging and affluent industries today. The Employment Assistance System will also allow
prospective employers and business investors to view generic information regarding
unemployed persons within the state based on a variety of smart reports with provide
comprehensive overviews of the skilled and available workforce and an option of making
contact with such persons, thus turning it into an employment facility for jobseekers.
The tagline of an Irish political party‟s recent electoral campaign was “Let’s get Ireland
working.”Through implementing the Employment Assistance System Ireland can see through
with this obligation and help start to reform Ireland‟s economy and labour market.
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Under the masquerade of turning the jobseekers welfare system into an employment agency,
this comprehensive system will also tackle and resolve the issue of high levels of fraud
through incorporating a biometric element into the system by means of an improved social
welfare card which includes each individual‟s iris‟ scans. On the event of a recipient
collecting their weekly jobseekers payment, the individual will be asked to authenticate their
identity by means of an on the spot iris scan; these details will then be cross-referenced and
verified with data contained on their Social Services Card. Every citizen that requires a
jobseeker support payment no matter what their background is will be provided with this card
and will be required to use it upon receipt of weekly payments.
1.2 Real Deal Profile Solutions
Real Deal Profile Solutions is a new venture set up to tackle the problems identified above.
The company comprises of a well rounded and well equipped team which are well placed to
undertake this business endeavour.
Within a three year timeline this project can be implemented in full at a cost of circa €5
million. The resources of the state although under pressure can take on such a project as it
will take such time to implement and costs incurred by them will be spread over the three
years. In any case it is certain that this State investment will pay for itself by saving the
exchequer many times its original cost
Projected profits of over €400,000 within this scope are easily achievable.
1.3 Risk Assessment
The directors have budgeted for an insurance contingency policy which can be viewed in the
financial report. This is to ensure they are covered for any event that may arise throughout the
course of company trading.
If in the event of any unforeseen circumstance, the directors will ensure both professional
indemnification are taken out along with appropriate insurance policies and if needs be
voluntarily wind up any company in a country where a project has either ceased or
unforeseen events occur to any of the directors rendering the continuation of any company as
it was originally intended an unlikely event.
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2.0 Business Concept
This business has been borne out of the need to reform the existing system that operates in
Ireland regarding welfare payments for jobseekers. The business has identified that there
should be a greater integration of the services available to those people that are out of work
and in the process eliminate administrative duplication that currently exist across FÁS (The
National Training and Employment Authority), the Department of Social Protection and the
Department of Education and Skills. A solution which encompasses the deployment of
jobseekers‟ benefits and identifies individuals‟ needs in terms of securing employment or
enrolling in training courses is required. A new modern system should be one that can both
update and give out relevant information in real time as well as streamlining data with
numerous other government departments and with a view to also integrate other European
Union public agencies as well and the private sector in certain situations.
2.1 Methods of System Integration
To reform the welfare system and integrate services it is necessary to develop a
comprehensive overview of each individual embedded in the system; to do so correctly, more
information should be acquired in the event of people “signing on” or making a claim.
Information that is relevant to a person‟s educational qualifications, employment history and
skills set must be distinguished. This information should immediately help identify the
training requirements of those on the live register as well as highlight their valuable
qualifications to match them with job openings. This data will be held on a central database
resembling the one we have developed. In this way reports can be generated for any range of
information such as available and comparable skills sets which may also be cross referenced
with personal information such as gender, age and location.
An overview of this data should be publicised regularly and it is hoped it will in turn
influence business investment decisions at both a local and national level. The idea of
creating a personal profile of jobseekers receiving welfare benefits is supported by the
Minister for Education and Skills, Ruairi Quinn, through the announcement on 27th July 2011
on the radio broadcast “Pat Kenney Today” that from that day forward, individuals will be
interviewed on their education and skills profile on the event of making a claim.
To execute the proposal where the expectations of both donors (to identify training or work
opportunities for individuals) and recipients (to gain suitable employment) of jobseekers
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benefits are met the system must then develop a new dimension; one that incorporates an
employment agency facility. This would enable deemed compliant employers an ability to
search generic profiles on the live register to help when recruiting staff for a nominal fee.
Searching for able employees can be a very time consuming and costly for small or niche
businesses so the employment facility aspect should help negate the differences in resources
between the large employers and small local firms when recruiting staff and help level the
playing field.
2.2 Authentication Method
Perhaps the most important system reform is that of a coherent identity management policy.
The Department of Social Protection already issues social services cards to claimants which
contain no form of verification of identification whatsoever. The card contains only static
information such as; a person‟s name, personal public service number (PPSN), a 19 digit card
number (divided in 6-10-3) the date it was issued, a hologram, a magnetic strip on the reverse
containing said data which is swiped before receiving a social welfare claim and a signature
line. Due to this oversight in the authentication process, there has been increasing reports of
people cheating the system through identity theft and use of duplicate PPS numbers. The
extent of which will be divulged further in this report.
The Department of Social Protection is currently working on better authentication methods
which are to be introduced towards the end of 2011, whereby newly issued cards will comply
with the Standard Authentication Framework Environment (SAFE) Level 2, meaning that
cards will also include a photograph and verification signature (Department of Social and
Family Affairs 2008).
This level of identification is still susceptible to fraud through the possibility of human
disguise, counterfeit cards coming into circulation and also increases the responsibility of
judgement on the part of employees processing payments which may have severe backlash
effects in terms of their personal security. For these reasons a biometric element should be
introduced into the social services card to settle the issue of correct identities once and for all.
Biometric identities are unique and biometric features are universal. Biometric technologies
are race, gender, class and (dis)ability neutral methods, in this way they claim to convert a
subjective individual choice of determining if a person is in fact who they claim to be very
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(often made by made by welfare administration officials) into one made by an “objective”
machine (Magnet 2009, p.169-174).
An overview of biometric technology as well as an outline of biometric identification
indicators already used for various governmental and policy projects can be viewed in
Appendix IV. However, the directors have unanimously decided that iris scanning as a form
of biometric measurement is the best way forward. Iris scanning is a non intrusive, highly
accurate method of identification; scans can be made from a metre away so it is similar to
taking a standard photo. Of further importance is that iris measurements are not used in
criminalisation as is fingerprinting; iris prints are not left at the scene of a crime, nor can they
pinpoint an individual to any event. This is a strong argument for the rollout of such a system
which in turn may silence many human rights advocates how campaign for higher levels of
personal privacy.
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3.0 Business Strategy
3.1 Company Profile
Real Deal Profile Solutions seeks to become a limited company registered in the Republic of
Ireland. The promoters concerned with taking the steps to incorporate the company are
Martin Kilcline, Jim Callaly and Sorcha McConville. The company will also register the
company name (Real Deal Profile Solutions) as a business and trading name in the
Companies Registration Office (CRO).
Each of the promoters are to be the proposed executive directors and will be assigned an
equal shareholding in the company.
Name
Role
Percentage
Shareholding
Martin Kilcline
Technical Director and
33.33%
Operations Officer
Jim Callaly
Financial Director and
33.33%
Communications
Director
Sorcha McConville
Administrative Director
33.33%
Figure 1: Board of Directors and Company Shareholdings
The directors have complimentary qualifications and experience in the world of business,
computers and languages which gives a natural balance and also leads to a greater all round
convergence when implementing and completing such projects.
The directors are realistic in that they expect that getting any one government to introduce a
biometric element in either the tax or welfare codes throughout the European Union may take
time and may only arise from an EU directive itself. It has been established that until such
time, the directors will continue with their individual careers
As there is a hesitation on the part of the Irish government for implementing an identification
system that integrates biometric authentication methods, the promoters have in any case
decided to set up the company and start promotion so as when such policies are inevitably
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turned around there will be no delay in commencing business. An incorporated company that
has not traded can still file annual returns with zero accounts until such time that it begins to
trade.
Further down the line, when entering into new markets and new jurisdiction, sister companies
will be set up within the country, a website will also go live for each sister company for both
promoting the business and communicating with various parties. The directors are mobile and
ready to travel to other jurisdictions to help sell and promote the business service when the
eventuality arises. It is too early to anticipate such a circumstance but it is necessary to
outline the willingness of company employees.
3.2 Funding Requirements
The company will be funded initially by way of a Director‟s Loans of €50,000 and will also
be funded on account of stage payments as per schedule.
By revenue concession professional services withholding tax will be offset against liabilities
and there will also be a bank facility put in place to fund the installation hardware along with
some credit being offered by the supplier. The directors will also defer most of their net
salary due until the second year of trading to facilitate cash flow.
Fixed assets will be financed by way of lease purchase agreement. A bank overdraft facility
of €50,000 will be put in place with the understanding that the directors loan account will not
be reduced below the original amount and that a personal guarantee be signed to give effect
to this understanding unless the directors no longer need any finance facilities and agree to
the withdrawal of the overdraft in writing.
3.3 Staffing
In order to integrate and develop the enterprise system further the company recognises the
need to employ a junior software developer under the supervision and direction of the
company‟s technical director and operations officer, Martin Kilcline.
The directors have budgeted for one staff member through an employment contract agency.
3.4 Project Time Frame
As of August 2011, a working prototype of the enterprise system has been developed using
Oracle 10g - the same application already in use for the Irish welfare system.
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Quotes have been established for a sufficient number of iris scanners, biometric cards and
card readers and can be viewed in the financial section of the report.
Integrating all subsystems will incur a time lag of approximately five months and there will
be ongoing system testing;
When the Employment Enterprise System is fully operational the company will then tender to
the government initially via the government‟s E-Tenders website. Contact will be made with
government officials, key ministers and TDs to promote the fully integrated system, outline
key savings that can be made immediately and overtime, and highlight the fact that the
further integration of public systems can be achieved.
Many public projects have overrun in terms of both time and budget as a multiple of the
original proposal; the Development of a Human Resources Management System for the
Health Service in Ireland (PPARS) being the most famous example of mismanagement of
time and resources as well as costing an exuberant amount of contributions from the tax
payer (Comptroller and Auditor General 2005). The e-voting system introduced in Ireland in
2002 also resulted in a flawed and costly system which was scrapped eight years later in
2009. The system demonstrated a lack of transparency as no resulting paper trail from the
ballots could be produced and the e-voting machines also showed real security vulnerabilities
– in 2006 a group of Dutch hackers proved they were able to manipulate and replace the
software on similar e-voting machines (Gonggrijp and Hengeveld 2006). Seven thousand
machines were bought and the cost of the electronic voting project is upwards of €54.6
million (O'Halloran, O'Regan and O'Brien 2010).
For this reason the directors have defined a series of implementation goals which set a
realistic timeframe and outline all costs and budgetary concerns throughout the period of
installation, operation, consultancy and review. The directors will have direct involvement at
all stages of system implementation; this is the only way to ensure a streamlined and
successful implementation throughout the jurisdiction. A summary of the expected time line
and associated costs are detailed in the following tables.
Assuming a tender has come in, the company will install in head office and set up and
configure the equipment and software, presupposing a time period of three months (Week 1Week 12).
A pilot study will then take place in county Longford. Longford has been selected as as the
number of jobseekers on the live register is relatively low at 5,298 (Longford Leader 2010).
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There is one social welfare office in county Longford and there are 13 Post Offices/Postal
Agencies. Implementing equipment in the county‟s social welfare office and post
offices/agences; training staff in the use of the Employment Assistance System (EAS),
Scanning hardware and procedures; reassign jobseekers profiles onto the EAS and capturing
unique biometric data will take approximately three weeks (Week 13-Week 15). During
Week 15-Week 27 the hardware installed and the Enterprise System will be further
configured, tested and reviewed, problems troubleshot and issues regarding human
compliance and user acceptance straightened out (see Figure 2). After Week 27 The
Employment
System
will
be
ready
to
16
go
live
and
implemented
nationwide.
Figure 2: Phase One Delivery Plan
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Implementation
Number of
Approximate
Consultation and
Institutions
Duration (days)
Training Costs
(excluding VAT)
One Social Welfare
-
3
€8,7K
124
125
€1,082K
One Post Office
-
1
€2.9K
Total Post Offices
1160
1160
€3,373K
One Postal Agency
-
1
€2.9K
Total Postal
181
181
€527K
1465
1713
€4,982K
Office
Total social
welfare offices
Agencies
Total
Figure 3: Implementation Costs
Above duration days and associated costs are an approximation and are subject to change.
Allowance has been made for both logistical challenges and unforeseen events. Above
figures are based on the project quote and may be subject to changes depending on the time
of implementation; sooner (months) or later (years).
The implementation and review of this project is expected to extend over a three to four year
period. Project implementation will be deployed based provincially;

After Month 18 the system will be in use throughout the province of Leinster

After Month 27 the system will be in use throughout Ulster and Connaught

After Month 35 the system will be installed and in use in Munster
All new claimants will be required to adhere to the expectations of the Employment
Enterprise System (providing demographics, a personal and educational profile and providing
biometric details by way of iris scanning).
Already registered claimants will also be required to provide this same information upon their
monthly interview in the labour exchange. Due to the large numbers of people on the live
register and of certain labour exchanges being busier than others, a systematic approach will
have to be taken to re-registering. According to the current system, each already registered
claimant must attend a monthly interview at their local social welfare office. On this date of
Month 1 of project roll out, each jobseeker will be asked to provide further profile
information upon standard interview, which will be entered into the Employment Assistance
System (the new proposed social welfare information database). They will then to capture
their biometric data (iris scan) – iris scanning will take no longer than 10 minutes (UK Border
Agency 2002).
This system will have to be developed according to the levels of jobseekers in each labour
exchange and will be rolled out over time taking the above information into consideration.
Social Service Card
Turnover in Days
with Biometric Details
(From registration
Total Cost of Card
to receiving card)
One unit
5
€3
Figure 4: Turnover (Days) per Social Services Card
3.5 Registering for Tenders
Real Deal Profile Solutions Ltd plan to register on the Irish government‟s E-Tender website
(http://www.etenders.gov.ie/). This website is a central facility for all public sector
contractors to advertise procurement opportunities and notices (eTenders Public Procurment
2011). The company also intend to publicise on the National Procurement Service website
(http://www.procurement.ie/). Advertising in the supplements page of the Official Journal of
the European Union (OJEU), a daily periodical which publishes in all official languages in
the EU (Publications Eurpoa 2011) and TED (Tenders Electronic Daily) – a yearly
publication of tenders for public contracts in Europe will extend our market potential and
promotion of our services throughout Europe.
In order to tender for public services a tax clearance certificate for both the company and
each of its directors is required and must be acquired from the outset. It is the company‟s
intention to do so accordingly each year through both correct online filing of all taxes via the
Revenue On-Line Service (ROS) as well as discharging all associated liabilities as they arise
on time. They will also ensure that all annual returns due to the Companies Registration
Office will also be filed on time.
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The directors of Real Deal Profile Solutions Ltd expect to have to apply for these types of
contracts on a tender process and are aware that there are a number of considerations that are
important such as a restricted tendering process - whereby tenders maybe on an invite only
basis. However, if the directors ensure that they are registered on the company website as
having expertise in this area it should help lead the way. It is expected that price alone will
not win any contract but that personal attributes and skills sets as well as knowledge, all
round technological capabilities of company employees and long term functional capability
of the system to be delivered are all very important.
In the case of tendering, the supplier deemed to be all round most economically advantageous
should win out. By being able to illustrate cost savings along with increasing functional
sophistication of the system and the system‟s added ability to further incorporate other public
services will become an imperative that the directors will strive toward in a focussed manner.
Future biometric project costs will be diluted by this one.
The directors of the proposed company are very aware that tenders do not relate solely to the
cost price but also to the track record of the individuals and their relevant knowledge,
reputation, ability to deliver the project in a sustainable fashion and also one where the
overall lifetime cost is the most advantageous; this may be both a driver and a restrictor, a
restrictor in the sense that Real Deal Profile Solutions is a start-up company with no trading
records, conversely however, we have first mover advantage – the only supplier to offer an
all encompassing solution to a huge social and national problem.
The issues and requirements of making a tender, and a breakdown of the tendering process
can be viewed in Appendix II.
3.6 Setting up an Agreement with the Buyer
The company will ensure not to enter into any type of commitment that it cannot undertake or
one that could compromise the business or any of the directors. For this reason hardware and
equipment will be purchased as it is commissioned by the government; for example, if the
company is commissioned on a 4 week period, the company will agree a figure with the
hardware suppliers for this period alone. In this way the company will not incur hardware
storage costs and be able to implement hardware on an as-per-need basis. This will also avoid
the potential pitfall of taking unnecessary credit from suppliers to purchase noncommissioned goods.
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Carefully formulated terms will be presented to the government when endeavouring to roll
out the new enterprise system. Transparency of system goals, budgets and time as well as
profits realised by the company will be put forward.
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4.0 Analysis of Current System
4.1 Overview of Live Register Figures
According to the latest live register figures released in August 2011 there are a total of
470,284 individuals receiving jobseeker‟s support payments. This figure raises the standard
unemployment rate to 14.3%. There are 390,999 (83.1%) Irish nationals on the Live Register
and 79,285 non-Irish nationals; of whom there are 18,547 are non-EU nationals (Central
Ststistics Office 2011).
Delving deeper into CSO official publications we see that over the past three years (20092011) there has been a consecutive increase in persons claiming social welfare for one year or
more (long-term social welfare recipients). An increase of 58,980 persons between November
2009 - November 2010 and 49,448 persons between June 2010 - June 2011 respectively
(Central Statistics Office 2010). These astounding figures add validity to the fact that
unemployed people are continuously struggling to find appropriate work and that social
welfare payouts are simply too attractive to give up for a lesser qualified or gap-filling job.
This highlights the shortcomings of the Irish jobs market and that too of governmental
employment facilities and strategies to get the unemployed population of Ireland back into
the workforce.
4.2 Personal Public Service Number
A PPS (Personal Public Service) number is a unique identifier for individuals and is required
when availing of services between individuals and public bodies in Ireland such as those
services provided by the Department of Social Protection, Department of Education and
Skills, the Revenue Commissioner and the Health Services Executive. This number was
introduced in 1998 and replaces the previous RSI (Revenue and Social Protection) Number
which itself was introduced in April 1979.
Since 1971, children born in Ireland are automatically issued with a PPS number at the time
of their birth being registered with the General Register Office. Parents or guardians of Irish
children not born in Ireland must apply for their children‟s PPS number but only in the case
when they themselves can provide their own PPS number and personal information, so as
parent/child data can be linked. Upon the event of an individual‟s 16th birthday a “letter of
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entitlement” with the number enclosed is issued. Those individuals who were employed from
April 1979, on social welfare or a participant in the Drugs Payment Scheme were also
automatically issued with a number. Immigrants who can provide appropriate personal
documentation and proof of residence in Ireland can apply for a PPS number through the
Department of Social Protection (Citizens Information 2011).
4.3 Discrepancy between Population and issued PPS Numbers
Official statistics from the 2006 census pose that population figures remain at 4,239,848 with
3,375,399 of the population aged between 15-65+ (roughly the working age cohort of the
Irish population) (Central Statistics Ireland 2008). However, according to preliminary
information released from Census 2011, the population of the Republic of Ireland is
4,581,269.
These 2011 statistics may be used to show the startling discrepancy between active PPS
numbers. New information has come to light detailing that there has been 8,068,635 million
PPS numbers already issued since 1998 (Kerr 2011) with 7.2 of these being active (Deaglán
de Bréadún 2011). This leads to the valid assumption that 868,635 PPS numbers have already
been issued to citizens aged 0-16 but are not currently active. In any case, this means that
there is an excess of 3.48 million numbers if we subtract these figures from the total 2011
population statistics. There is conflicting evidence of the total number of PPS numbers
created to date if we are to examine the numbers quoted above and the answers received from
the DSP‟s Press Office.
We must also subtract the number of registered deaths for the period 1979-2011. If we
remove this number (216,000) and the number of identified duplicate numbers (607,624)
from the official number of issued PPS numbers we now have 7,245,011.
There also is evidence to prove that non-resident individuals have active PPS numbers for
taxation or stamp duty purposes (Revenue.ie 2010) and likewise there are a small percentage
of individuals resident in Ireland who do not possess a PPS number, of which there is no
official data for. Nor can we give figures for those who have PPS numbers and have migrated
to and from Ireland over the period 1979-2011 as no assumption can be made for the duration
of residence or absenteeism from The State. For this reason, the Irish government simply
cannot track PPS numbers correctly.
23
The finite system in place allows for a maximum of ten million numbers to be issued, leaving
only 550,000 numbers yet to be issued sparking fears that the government will run out of
numbers by 2013. In this event an extra alphabetic character will be applied to new numbers
(Kerr 2011).
This surplus of active PPS numbers has drawn strong attention to the issue of fraudulent
activity with regards duplicate PPS numbers or active PPS numbers of decease, imprisoned or
migrated individuals.
4.4 Allocation of PPS Numbers
According to the answers put to the Department of Social Protection on 26th July 2011 (See
Appendix I) there are 7.4 million customer records on the Department‟s Central Records
System (CRS) each of which have a PPS number. The breakdown of nationalities is as
follows
60% = 4,440,000 = Irish
24% = 1,776,000 = Foreign-Nationals (non-Irish)
16% = 1,184,000 = No Specified Nationality (See DSP‟s response from 28th July 2011,
Appendix I)
The Department of Social Protection also confirmed that there is a total of 607,624 duplicate
PPS numbers identified to date (See Appendix I). The emergence of this fact and the number
in question gives rise to the very obvious question; how many more duplicate numbers exist?
How did each and every duplicate number arise? Have the department put proven remedies in
place to stop this happening again or is the discovery of duplicate numbers going to be an
ongoing process until a biometric solution is put in place?
A biometric identity card will identify and eradicate these numbers over a short time.
4.5 Overview of Social Welfare Costs
The department of social protection has recently released a number of reports relating to 2010
and in summary they advise that the overall spend was €20.8 billion or 13.5% of GDP, this is
up from €20.5 Billion or 12.9% of GDP in 2009. Looking back the corresponding figures for
the year 2001 are € 7.8 Billion or 6.7% of GDP (The Department of Social Protection Annual
Report 2011, p.3). These figures very much reflect the changing economic circumstances
coupled with the type of dependence that people have come to expect today.
24
Other summary figures from the reports indicate that out of the overall spend in 2010 €4
billion of the budget was for jobseeker supports as a whole, which is up from €3.7 billion in
2009. The actual numbers behind these costs are an average of 385,000 people in 2010, up
from 363,370 in 2009 (The Department of Social Protection Annual Report 2011, p.3).
The report also states that the financing of the welfare system as a whole has become more of
a burden on the state too. In 2009 the State underwrote 52.4% or €10.75 billion and social
insurance (PRSI) contributions amounted to 47.6% or €9.75 billion. In 2010 the contributing
amount from the central exchequer was 63.6% or €13.2 billion and social insurance
contributions amounted to 36.4% or €7.6 billion. The shortfall of employers‟ PRSI,
employees‟ PRSI and proprietary directors‟ PRSI along with self-employed PRSI increased
significantly (The Department of Social Protection Annual Report 2011, p.7).
Each week 1.4 million people receive a social welfare payment (if you include qualified
adults and children, over 2.1 million people benefit from weekly payments) (Department of
Social Protection Annual Report 2011, p.6). Jobseeker payments account for 19.6% of the
State‟s weekly payments. There are a total of nine broad welfare schemes (some are further
broken down into sub-schemes). The largest percentage of welfare payments goes towards
providing State pensions costing approximately €4.6 billion in 2010 (The Department of
Social Protection Annual Report 2011, p.3). However, the challenge to control the cost of
providing pensions and other associated secondary supports for older people is an altogether
different one than that perpetual challenge of creating employment for the citizens of the
state.
There were 5,175 (4,836 equivalent full time posts) staff employed during 2010 (Department
of Social Protection Annual Report 2011) and the administrative cost was circa €576 million
which was down from circa €593 million in 2009 (The Department of Social Protection
Annual Report 2011). These figures demonstrate the huge administrative burden and
supposed inefficiencies of the DSP.
4.6 Current Measures to Combat Social Welfare Fraud
In 2009 the Joint Committee on Social and Family Affairs along with the Department of
Social and Family Affairs (DSFA) drew up the first governmental report on social welfare
fraud in Ireland. The Joint Committee identified the nature of fraudulent claims under the
following types;
25

Failing to disclose their full means or increases in means

Failing to disclose the true employment or residential status of their spouse, partner or
dependants

Claiming jobseekers payments when they are in fact working

Absenting themselves or their dependants being absent from the State

Working while claiming to be incapable of work (House of the Oireachtas: Joint
Committee on Social & Family Affairs 2009, p.63)
This list is certainly not exhaustive nor does it provide sufficient evidence to support
appropriate research. It has also excluded any notion of individuals using one or multiple
aliases to take advantage of generous welfare payments as well as duplicate PPS numbers
issued.
The DSFA engages in a range of mechanisms over several government agencies such as the
Revenue Commissioner, Client Identity Service and the Garda National Immigration Bureau
to detect fraudulent activity and overpayments as well as conducting surveys which review
levels of social welfare payments.
Controls in place amount to;

Desk review of claims papers

Issuing certification letters to selected claimants

Database checking

Medical reviews in the case of illness payments (House of the Oireachtas: Joint
Committee on Social & Family Affairs 2009, p.62)
However, with a significant increase of new claims in recent years the DSFA have been
unable to strategically carry out these measures and the Special Investigations Unit have been
assigned to conducting residency checks within high risk categories such as the immigrant
and border communities. (House of the Oireachtas: Joint Committee on Social & Family
Affairs 2009, p.6-7).
In their first report on social welfare fraud the DSFA reported “savings” of €704 million
through the implementation of anti-fraud mechanisms and due to the rise in social welfare
payments, the DSFA have expected targets to make significantly more “savings” however, it
is admitted in the report that “target figures given absolute terms lose their value as a
26
measure of success” (House of the Oireachtas: Joint Committee on Social & Family Affairs
2009, p.11). A report by the Comptroller and Auditor General slammed the claims made by
the Joint Committee regarding savings saying that “serious questions are raised about the
basis on which savings are calculated” and that under-staffing is hindering efforts to take
standard control reviews in many offices nationwide.
With regards jobseekers‟ payments, claimants are only required to sign every week at the
post office whilst collecting their payment, they are also asked to demonstrate and submit
evidence of actively seeking work on a monthly basis in their local social welfare office.
Recipients of jobseekers benefit/allowance must present their card, but at no time have been
asked to present photographic evidence to support who they say they are; this calamitous
oversight has resulted in a multitude of individuals claiming benefits unlawfully using an
alias.
4.6.1 Detected Cases of Fraud
There were 935,000 reviews of claims carried out as part of the DSP‟s fraud control activity
in 2010. Savings were made and reviews were for a lot of different schemes. Regarding
jobseekers schemes some 134,000 reviews occurred with €57 million savings being reported
(Department of Social Protection Annual Report 2011, p.Appendix 3). This same report also
indicates that 254 cases of fraud, including one civil case were finalised in 2010. In 2009 a
total of 209 criminal cases and 9 civil cases were forwarded to the Chief State Solicitor‟s
Office for the initiation of court proceedings as well and that a further 132 cases of possible
impersonation were referred by social welfare inspectors to the Gardaí for consideration for
prosecution under the Criminal Justice (Fraud and Theft) Act 2001 (Department of Social
Protection Annual Report 2011).
These reports indicate that a lot of resources and man hours are tied up in the process of
tackling welfare fraud. More than one department is tying up its resources in successfully
pursue an offending party when suspected cases of impersonation arise. A harsh reality of a
problem like this is that an exact figure of the cost to the exchequer can never really be
established. Annual social welfare fraud costs have been mentioned in various reports as
being well in excess of €2 billion. Suffice to state that fraud related to jobseekers payments is
only a percentage of this but again cannot be presented as an exact figure.
For more information on fraud relating to jobseeker‟s payments view Appendix I.
27
4.7 Government Plans to Introduce New Social Services Card
The Department of Social protection have outlined that they are to introduce a new Public
Services Card to access public services, the new card calls for a higher method of
identification by way of a photograph. The first test card was produced in December 2010
with an expectation of introducing the card in 2011 (Department of Social Protection Annual
Report 2011); to date no social welfare recipients have received such a card. The card is
designed to act as a deterrent against defrauding social welfare and allow for the use of public
services such as The Free Travel Card. €24 million of government money was assigned to
this project (Kerr 2010). However it is believed that this project is suspended due to the
formation of a new government in March 2011.
28
5.0 Description of the Product and
Service
The Employment Enterprise System compromises four elements that are virtually exclusive
and independent of each other, each element however complements the next. The first two
elements are strongly associated and connected with one another and likewise for the
subsequent two. Due to different characteristics and aims of each element, they can each be
implemented separately however it is advisable that the following order stands:

Employment Assistance System

Employment Facility

Card Management System

Social Services Card
5.1 The Employment Assistance System
The Employment Assistance System is an extensive reorganisation of the current system in
place which holds details on each recipient of jobseeker‟s benefits or jobseeker‟s allowance.
The current system holds limited information about those out of work and receiving weekly
claims (name, gender, date of birth, address, PPS number, date of departure from last job etc).
With this information the Central Statistics Office generate a monthly analysis of the Live
Register.
In contrast, the enterprise system wants to generate greater quality of information. The new
system develops a comprehensive profile of each individual receiving jobseeker‟s benefits.
The enterprise system is multi-dimensional and multi-functional in nature and can generate a
wealth of valuable information on individuals currently out of work – an ability which is not
possible with the current system.
Although equality legislation is in place when recruiting staff we believe that certain types of
information should exist for those people who find themselves on the unemployment register
especially if employers have access to recruit from it. This could be deemed to be along the
lines of positive discrimination. Below details the new further components which could be
included in the Employment Assistance System in addition to the current required
information if the claimant so chooses;
29

Indication of ethnicity or religious affiliation (to avert issues that could be deemed to
potentially cause a conflict of conscience due to cultural or religious differences).

Work travel options (dependent on public transport/independent means of transport).

Indicating if jobseeker has a driving licence

Indication of available working hours

Work from home option

Indication of computer literacy/ICT skills

Work experience (may indicate economic sector, job title, number of positions,
employment terms/time frame)

Self-employed option (some employers find this important in a prospective employee)

Expected annual salary/hourly rate
Having a profile facility that is flexible, is both reviewed and updated on a regular basis
which identifies the ever changing requirements of prospective employers has to be the type
of system that will be used and valued.
Further information regarding information on the live register and on the reformed reporting
process can be viewed in Appendix III.
5.2 The Employment Facility
When the enterprise system is established and running the employment facility can come into
operation. With its smart reporting process, the enterprise system will be able to provide
constructive and beneficial information on jobseekers which will supply detailed overviews
based on a whole host of components. For example, a search can produce results on particular
skills sets of individuals in a certain region or district; confirmed information such as this
(which is drawn from each jobseeker‟s profile and combined in report format) will encourage
businesses to set up in these areas as reports will demonstrate that there is a readily skilled
and available workforce.
A restricted login of the enterprise system will be available for businesses seeking to employ
individuals who possess certain qualifications and/or skills. These searches will generate
generic profile reports of available jobseeker in a region. Jobseekers may chose to provide
their contact information so as prospective employers can make contact directly, however, if
contact information is not provided an employer may request details through the local welfare
30
exchange who will subsequently contact the individual to grant the employer permission to
make contact.
This facility can also include the option for jobseekers to attach an up to date curriculum vitae
to their profile to attract employers.
A location based report like the one detailed above will also help in the deployment of
educational and retraining resources (provided through government organisations such as
FÁS and SOLAS) to help those out of work up skill or enter into a new trade so as they can
ultimately return to work. These smart reports can also provide the Department of Education
and Skills with vital information to help with the overall planning of the Irish education
system as it evolves; it may also provide a platform to engage the world of industry and
commerce with educational establishments. In this way there is a concentrated effort made to
help those help themselves to become employable again with the goal to secure gainful
employment in the long term.
With such facilities in place this system will reduce the dependency factor on welfare
services and it will also ensure that retraining resources and facilities are provided to those
that really need them. This system will provide greater efficiencies in welfare and related
services; help employers to find suitable workers and jobseekers to regain employment; it
may also potentially restore the dignity of the many highly skilled unemployed people.
5.3 The Card Management System
All jobseeker claimants will be required to develop a scan of each iris and this information is
stored on a national database – The Card Management System.
Once an iris is scanned the technology in the camera will formulate a unique “iris code,” this
will be used to compare with all other iris codes stored on the system so as no duplications
occur and each individual is limited to one profile alone. As iris codes are short they can be
quickly compared at a rate of 100,000 codes per second (Lerner 2000, p.21-22).
If an individual sets up a biometric profile with incorrect details (a false identity) then they
will have to keep that profile or else risk being found out, but by doing so in the first place an
inherent risk arises of them being found out anyway eventually.
Including a biometric element onto the social services card will act as a strong deterrent of
fraudulent claims. After the introduction of fingerprinting for social welfare recipients in
31
1993 in Los Angeles, 3,324 people were removed from the social welfare system; 314
claimants were caught for attempting to defraud the system and 3,010 removed themselves
from the system as they “refused” to be fingerprinted (Steinberg 1993 cited in Magnet 2009,
p.180).
It is also possible that the introduction of a national database which has at the very heart of it
a record of everybody‟s biometric features will arouse suspicion among a certain section of
the population that it could be used in a nebulous way; hence a regular independent audit will
be carried out to satisfy people that confidential information remains so.
5.4 Social Services Card
The social services card replaces the old social services card. The Social Services Card will
contain the similar standard identification details as is on the current social services card such
as name and PPS number and date of birth; however, it will also contain biometric details of
the card holder in the form of an iris code which will be embedded in a read-only fashion
onto an electronic chip.
Figure 5: Old Social Services Card and Proposed New one With Electronic Chip
5.5 New Claims Process
5.5.1 At the Social Welfare Office
All recipients of jobseekers allowance/benefits will be invited to process their details in their
social welfare office. This will be organised so that claims recipients will be able to do so on
the date they are required to sign on monthly on the first month of the rollout of the system.
32
During the normal monthly interview each jobseeker will be required provide further
personal information so as staff can built up their profile on The Employment Assistance
System. This system will already have imported the data held previously on the old system.
Each jobseeker will be asked to verify this information (as there may be changes to their
current address etc) and they will also be asked to provide information on their skills set,
language skills, employment history and educational background, expected/former salary and
contact details by way of current email and telephone number, this will be entered by the
social welfare officer as the interview takes place; a full profile will then exist on the
Employment
Assistance
System
of
each
individual
in
receipt
of
jobseeker‟s
benefits/allowance.
Each jobseeker will then be invited to give their biometric details by way of an iris scan. An
iris code will then be produced which will be embedded onto their card and sent for storage
in the Card Management System. The jobseeker‟s personal details, PPS number and iris code
will then be sent on to Real Deal Profile Solutions who will create a unique social services
card for each jobseeker.
Current jobseekers will be asked to return to their local social services office five working
days later to verify their iris code with the one embedded in the chip of their new social
services card, they will be asked to hand over their old card and will be given the new one
which will then be used to collect payments from that day forward.
A new claimant will have to go through the same procedure as detailed above however the
regular processing time lag of claims (usually 4-8 weeks) will apply. Once the claim is
processed the new jobseeker will be invited to return to their local social welfare office to
collect their new Social Services Card.
5.5.2 Collecting Weekly Payments at the Post Office
The new Social Services Card will be used in almost the same manner as the current one, but
instead of the post office staff swiping the card it will be inserted into a card reader and the
details contained on the embedded chip will be checked against their records. A further
authentication process will take place whereby the individual will be invited to scan their iris
using the iris scanner installed in the post office and this will be compared against the iris
code stored on their social services card. A successful match will result in the individual
receiving their weekly payment.
33
If there is an attempt made on claiming fraudulently, it will be red flagged and normal
procedures (an email sent to the Department of Social Protection‟s fraud division) will apply.
The card will also be taken off the individual and sent to the DSP‟s fraud division.
5.6 Comparing Old and New Systems

The details held in the Employment Assistance System add an unquantifiable value to
the people behind the numbers and statistics on the live register in terms of employment
prospects. Reports can be generated on the skilled and qualified unemployed people in
Ireland and may encourage business investors to set up in the country. Detailed reports
on skilled labour are currently not available using the current system.

A system whereby it allows employers to search for a readily available and willing
workforce with easily transferable and relevant skills and experience is currently not in
existence.

Currently a lot of time and resources are tied up checking basic documentation at a huge
cost, especially in the cases of foreign nationals as it can be harder to verify exactly who
they are. With biometric details in the form of an iris scan used in the authentication
process, there will be virtually no cases of fraud in terms of multiple claims or the use of
false identities.

The new system will also discourage those people who tend to make what has been
recently called a lifestyle choice of living on benefits.

Time, taxpayer‟s money and resources used in the whole judicial system when tackling
welfare fraud, from An Garda Siochanna through to the Director of Public Prosecutions
to the courts, prisons and so on may be deployed over time to other areas that vitally
require them as biometric authentication will eliminate fraudulently claiming by way of
multiple identity claims and identity duplication.
There will be a great effort and emphasis on educating people of the system and its benefits
and possibilities to them in terms of being able to gain employment once again.
Implementing a transparent, auditable and fair biometric profile for everybody and is
achievable within the realms of the welfare code and beyond.
There is strong evidence to suggest that the introduction of such a system which should merit
considerable savings for the government over time as the huge issue of social welfare fraud is
34
tackled correctly and jobseekers are discouraged to in making welfare a lifestyle choice and
encouraged to find gainful training and/or employment.
5.7 ISO Standards
Ensuring that all products are also certified to acceptable European Union and International
Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) standards is a pre-requisite too. Real Deal Profile
Solutions Ltd will ensure to follow guidelines of the ISO/IEC 19794-6:2005 - the standard set
for iris image data and the ISO/IEC 19784-4:2011 – the standard for biometric application
programming interfaces.
35
6.0 Legal and Ethical Barriers and
Solutions
6.1 Biometrics and Data Protection in Irish Legislation
6.1.1 Legislation on Data Protection
EU regulation EC2252/2004 passed in 2004 by the Council of Europe ensures that member
states will meet the US-VISIT waiver program condition. Ireland and the UK became exempt
from this regulation in 2009 after EU regulation 444/2009 was passed; this enables Ireland to
enact its own national data protection as well as human rights legislation. A person‟s privacy
is not mentioned but under Article 40.3.2 of the Irish Constitution it is implied that a person
right to privacy should be protected. “The State shall, in particular, by its laws protect as
best it may from unjust attack and, in the case of injustice done, vindicate the life, person,
good name and property rights of every citizen” (Bunreacht na hÉireann, Constitution of
Ireland, 1937–2004, Article 40.3.2).
The Data Protection (Amendment) Act 2003 which was to comply with the European Data
Protection Directive of 1995 stated that; “data relating to a living individual who is or who
can be identified either from the data or from the data in conjunction with other information
that is in, or is likely to come into, the possession of the data controller.” According to this
legislation, personal data:

Shall be obtained for one or more specified, explicit and legitimate purposes

Shall not be further processed in a manner incompatible with the original purposes

Shall be adequate, relevant and not excessive

Shall not be kept longer than is necessary

Shall not be disclosed to any third party except in a manner compatible with the
original purpose
The Irish Data Protection Legislation does not mention biometric data.
6.1.2 Legislation that mentions Biometrics
In The Passports Act 2008, section 8(2) states that the Minister for Justice, Equality and Law
reform may select “such persons as he or she sees it to process biometric data.” Section
108(1) of the Immigration, Residence and Protection Bill 2010 provides that “a foreign
national must furnish the Minister for Justice, Equality and Law reform, an immigration
36
officer, a member of the Garda Síochána or a member of the civilian staff of the Garda
Síochána with such biometric information in such a manner as may reasonably be required
for the purposes of the performance of his or her functions.”
Section 108(2) from the Immigration, Residence and Protection Bill states that anyone “who
refuses to comply with the above-mentioned requirement will be guilty of an offence.”
This Bill as well as the Passport Act proves that no law need be amended in the event of wide
spread introduction of biometric measurements in authentication, it does not however specify
what types of biometric data might be required. It is our belief however that the House of the
Oireachtas has not fully explored all biometric technologies as there has been suggestion of
introducing fingerprinting, as the Passports Act of 2008 allows for foreign nationals to be
fingerprinted when entering the state. For further information see Appendix I.
6.1.3 Legislation on Electronic Capture of Jobseekers
The Social Welfare Bill 2010 states that jobseekers need to have their details stored in
electronic format; “Section 4 provides for the use of electronic means of making and
capturing the declarations of unemployment that are required for the purposes of claiming
Jobseeker's Benefit and Jobseeker's Allowance” (Department of Social Protection 2010) This
proves that there is provision for the introduction of recording and storing biometric data for
those in receipt of jobseeker‟s allowance/benefits.
6.2 Ethical and Moral Issues
The introduction of biometric technologies has raised considerable social and ethical debates.
It is widely known that the use of biometric technologies prove verified authentication of an
identity beyond reasonable doubt, however many people have grave concerns regarding the
intrusion of their own personal privacy and their right to anonymity. For this reason the use
of biometrics must provide an appropriate balance between privacy and security.
Iris scanning is not an invasion of privacy; there is however conflict in opinions of individual
beliefs, concerns and values regarding the collection, storage, protection and use of biometric
data (function creep), especially when such measurements are introduced on a large scale.
Biometric data removes the space we traditionally place between our physical selves and our
identity; if an individual chooses to change their identity, by deed pole or going into a witness
protection programme, it becomes harder to do so as physical makeup is tied to each identity
(Eurpoean Commision Joint Research Centre 2005, p.13).
37
Further concerns have been raised about possible power accumulation and nebulous use of
biometric data as it comes into wide spread usage. In response to this argument, it is already
possible to attain personal data stored on each individual already through public records or
even irresponsible use of social media and Web 2.0 tools which may result in an individual‟s
personal information made public. As pointed out by Professor Emilio Mordini, biometric
information is used to create a unique and universal identification for everyone; “The fear
that biometrics might lead to a unique identifier-a digital cage from which no one can
escape-is probably misplaced. On the contrary biometrics permit the creation of separate
digital ID’s for particular purposes, by applying different algorithms to the same biometric
characteristic” (Professor Mordini 2008).
The issue that the use of some biometric scanning devices may cause physical harm over time
has also been discussed. There is a possibility that retinal sensors may cause thermal injury to
the back of the eye however no negative issues in this regard have been raised with regard to
iris scanning technologies “data from iris recognition equipment manufacturers shows no
evidence that iris systems could pose a risk” (Eurpoean Commision Joint Research Centre
2005, p.18).
Iridologists claim that iris scans may expose personal medical problems such as glaucoma
however this claim has yet to be proven scientifically. It is also claimed that digital images of
iris scans can detect drug and alcohol usage (Irish Council for Bioethics 2010), consequences
which many citizens may feel uneasy about.
For more information regarding issues raised by biometrics see Appendix IV.
6.3 Qualitative Research on Biometric Technologies in Ireland
The Irish Council for Bioethics engaged RED C (a market research company) to organize
focus groups in Ireland on the topic of biometric technologies in March 2008 to explore
public opinion and awareness as well as highlight any concerns or issues people have
regarding the sphere of biometrics. Each focus group had 8 people;

20-29 years Male and female in Dublin (middle and lower middle class)

30-34 years Male and female in Dublin (working class and lower)

45 -60 years Male and female in Mullingar (lower class and skilled working class)
Overall reaction to Biometrics was a general acceptance of the evolution of current systems
from signature to chip/pin to biometrics. On the whole there were few significant worries and
38
concerns and all participants had experience of biometric applications. Regarding iris
scanning, some participants were concerned by putting their head into a head hold, but had no
issue with standing at a distance to be scanned (the latter being the proposed application in
this report). Doubt and concern was raised regarding fingerprints as they can be copied, but
the general feeling was that iris scans were impossible to replicate and so preferred (Irish
Council for Bioethics 2009).
Conclusions of the study showed that participants were;

Very interested and enthusiastic about the concept

Quite aware of biometric applications

Had personal experience

General acceptance of developments and natural progression of processes using
technology

Despite a certain trust in science some scepticism exists around imitation and
replication

A key concern was the release of their personal information to third parties (Irish
Council for Bioethics 2009).
For further results of this qualitative study see Appendix IV.
39
7.0 Market Overview
The target market for the proposed product/service is governments of welfare states. With
reported high levels of fraudulent activity in Ireland in terms of jobseeker‟s payments we will
canvas to the Irish government outlining the benefits and huge savings implementing a
system like the proposed one would achieve.
7.1 Competitors
Some of the main competitors to a government project such as this would be Bearingpoint
Ireland Limited, DLRS Limited (Formerly De La Rue Smurfit Limited), Sagem Identification
BV (Formerly SDU Identification BV), Deloitte & Touche, Accenture and Ernst & Young.
The advantage of our company is we are small, agile and all extremely experienced; our
ability to deal with crisis management and change control would not suffer from the politics
large organizations like this suffer from.
According to the Oireachtas records the contracts with Bearingpoint “relate to the
development, support and maintenance of the Automated Passport System…The contract with
Sagem involves the provision of data pages with the capacity to record biometric features for
inclusion in passport booklets” (Kildare Street Written Answers 2010).
That contract with Bearingpoint was in excess of €15 million and the contract with Sagam
was in excess of €10 million (Kildare Street Written Answers 2010).
In 2006 Accenture received €22,308,412 for the “New development work for PAYE and AEP,
and day to day maintenance and support for Revenues Integrated Taxation Systems
Revenue,” and also €4,477,597 for “ROS development work and day-to-day maintenance and
support for ROS” (Kildare Street Written Answers 2008).
Currently in the Department of Social Protection there are three major programs for business,
organizational and technological change underway. Deloitte & Touche have two of the
programs;


Provision of Information Systems - Internal Audit Services
Provision of Forensic Investigation Services
Ernst & Young has the other program;

Provision of Assistance in the development and implementation of various
information security projects and protocols (Kildare Street Written Answers 2011).
40
7.2 PESTLE Analysis
A PESTLE analysis was carried out to identify the key factors that may have heavy
consequence when considering starting up this business and entering into the market and
tendering to government. A PESTLE analysis scrutinises the macro-level environment as
some wider issues may affect the performance of a business or product. A PESTLE analysis
considers the political; socio-cultural; technological; environmental; legal and economic
factors of the wider market place. Figure 7 shows the conclusions of a PESTLE analysis for
the Employment Enterprise System proposed by Real Deal Profile Solutions
Figure 6: A PESTLE Analysis of The Employment Enterprise System
41
7.3 SWOT Analysis
A SWOT analysis was performed on Real Deal Profile Solutions to give an idea of the
company‟s position and service offered in the market. The strengths and weaknesses
identified relate to internal factors while opportunities and threats demonstrate external
factors or those relating to the market. These key issues are highlighted in Figure 8 below:
Strengths




Weaknesses
Opportunities




Directors have a wealth of
business experience and
complementary skills
very knowledgeable and up
to date on the social
welfare system and biometric
technologies
Technical abilities
Business contacts to source
raw materials



Lack of established
reputation in the market
A start up business
Widespread concerns
regarding personal privacy
No established rapport to
date with key government
officials or TDs
Threats

First mover advantage
Innovative use of biometric
technology
Save the government
billions of Euros over time
and eradicate the issue of
fraud in jobseekers
payments



Weaker substitute
product/cheaper
substitution
Corporate Competitors
Instability in Republic of
Ireland’s economy and tight
Government budgets
May have to wait a
considerable time until
tender is accepted
Figure 7: A SWOY Analysis of Real Deal Profile Solutions
Analyses of the macro environment and the company itself prove that Real Deal Profile
Solutions can provide a competitive edge and a new dynamic into the market.
The
company‟s core competencies, abilities, potential and willingness to compete with already
established provides apt conditions for going into business.
42
8.0 Marketing Strategy
The company will have no commercial marketing strategy in place. Doing so may result in
serious consequences, personal and professional security issues and negative backlash from
those in receipt of welfare payments and may spark a national debate before the introduction
of such a system is even heavily considered by the government.
As mentioned the company will place tenders in both the Irish and European tender websites
and weekly periodicals to promote the business to government officials.
8.1 Approaching Key Government Officials and TDs
The minister for Social Protection and Labour Party deputy leader Joan Burton will be
approached directly by the directors of the company who will in turn promote the company
service as a highly reliable, implementable and cost saving tool for the Department of Social
Protection.
Leo Varadkar will also be canvassed to as he is a high profile, well respected and outspoken
TD.
Other public figure heads and high ranking members of the Department of Social Protection
will also be contacted and made aware of the business and its benefits
8.2 Education of the Employment Enterprise System and
Biometric Technologies
Educating people across the board to the various different biometric applications and their
obvious benefits is a good tactic and also one that can be indirectly communicated to the
government. When spoken about in various public forums from governmental advertising,
digital social media, newspaper editorials, radio shows, current affairs television shows,
documentaries etc the message eventually sinks in and the obvious next step arise as to when,
how and how much would it cost to implement proposed changes as well as when to expect
the promised and much spoken about savings. The company will not however do so in their
name as this may arouse some of the problems mentioned above.
43
9.0 Financial Overview
This is a profitable venture spanning over three years with a combined turnover of €4.983
million and accumulated profits of €418,500 over this period.
Profit & Loss Account for
Year 1
Year 2
Year 3
€
€
€
the Year Ended 31st December
Turnover
1,660,833 1,660,833 1,660,833
Retained Profits
198,304
0
220,201
Retained Reserves
198,307
198,307
418,508
9.1 Revenue Model
This is a commercial business to government operation whereby the company will earn their
revenue through the staged payments process over the course of the project. There will be a
straight payment for the service provided.
44
9.2 Project Quote
RealDeal Profile Solutions
Consultancy
Days
=
5 Days a week x 42 Weeks x 3 Staff x 3 Years
Euros (€)
Mark-Up
1890 Days x €750 =
€
1890
1,417,500
15%
Hardware
500,000 x Cards @ €2
3,000 x Card Readers @ €100
3,000 x Scanners @ €600
1,000,000
300,000
1,800,000
3,100,000
x 1.15
3,565,000
Quote exclusive of Vat
4,982,500
Vat @ 21%
1,046,325
Gross
6,028,825
The directors have quoted for 42 weeks out of the year because there is an assumption of 5
week holidays, 3 weeks administration and 2 weeks of bank holidays.
There is a mark up of 15% on the hardware which is standard practice and helps cover cost of
financing their purchase.
The daily consultancy quote is 25% lower than the average quote heretofore.
The hardware quote is from both a reputable and world leader in the field of biometric
solutions in the United States who also have a branch in Germany.
45
9.3 Project Payment Timeline
RealDeal Profile Solutions
Project Payment Timeline
20% of Net
Year 1
%
Description
Contract award
Amount (€)
Due Date
PSW Tax
10%
602,883
Month 2
99,650
5%
301,441
Month 4
49,825
Delivery of Equipment
10%
602,883
Month 5
99,650
Pilot county project
completion
5%
301,441
Month 7
49,825
1,205,765
Month 1
199,300
1/3 of 15%
301,441
Month 7
49,825
10%
602,883
Month 8
99,650
1/3 of 15%
301,441
Month 2
49,825
1,205,765
Month 3
199,300
Functional Design
Specification Completion
Year 2
Delivery of equipment
Commission of Leinster
region
Delivery of Equipment
20%
Year 3
Commission of
Connaught & Ulster
Delivery of Equipment
20%
Satisfactory Project
completion - Leinster
1/3 of 5%
100,480
Month 5
16,608
1/3 of 15%
301,441
Month 11
49,825
1/3 of 5%
100,480
Month 12
16,608
1/3 of 5%
100,480
Month 3
16,608
Commission of Munster
region
Satisfactory project
completion of
Connaught & Ulster
Year 4
Satisfactory project
completion - Munster
TOTAL
6,028,825
996,500
3 Year Timeline with final payment received 3 months post project end
Figure 8: Project Payment Timeline for Real Deal Biometric Solutions
46
Figure 8 above is a breakdown of the stage payments as how the project is expected to
unfold, and you can see how retention is part of the payment process as well as Professional
Services Withholding Tax (PSW). It also reflects the purchasing of the hardware to be
installed in phases.
9.4 Projected Financial Reports
Below are the projected financial results in broad terms. The overall project is a profitable
one. The turnover figures reflect a decision by the directors to divide equally the overall sales
figure of the project over the three years. The directors have not taken all of the profits out of
the company as can be seen by the retained earnings figure.
The directors have a lot of latitude regarding the financials of the company and have chosen
to keep funds in the company to pursue growth and have ambitions for more and larger
projects down the line which may also be further afield. The cash flow projections reflect the
financial disciplines of the directors and also highlight the need for structured finance
especially in the initial stages of the project. The directors have been able to source all
hardware in the Euro zone area; hence they have no exposure to any foreign currency.
Given that the VAT liability every month more or less equals the PSW Tax, the directors
anticipate an offset of this receivable by revenue concession; otherwise they would choose to
amend their sales invoice postings and associated liabilities to the advantage of the company.
The directors themselves anticipate only partially taking the net salary due to them every
month until the second year of trading to facilitate cash flow as can be seen in the directors‟
loan account at the end of the first year. In this regard too, the hardware will be purchased in
instalments and accordingly paid in that way too with the expectation of short term credit
being made available on the anticipation of the stage payments being on the way.
The directors could also buy their hardware to be installed in smaller quantities if the
financials necessitated that course of action at an immaterial incremental cost.
47
9.4.1 Summary of Cash Flow Projections
Cash Flow Projections
Year 2
Year 1
Year 3
Summary for;
€
Opening Balance
Month 1 Receipts
Month 1 Payments
Balance
Month 2 Receipts
Month 2 Payments
Balance
Month 3 Receipts
Month 3 Payments
Balance
Month 4 Receipts
Month 4 Payments
Balance
Month 5 Receipts
Month 5 Payments
Balance
Month 6 Receipts
Month 6 Payments
Balance
Month 7 Receipts
Month 7 Payments
Balance
Month 8 Receipts
Month 8 Payments
Balance
Month 9 Receipts
Month 9 Payments
Balance
Month 10 Receipts
Month 10 Payments
Balance
Month 11 Receipts
Month 11 Payments
Balance
Month 12 Receipts
Month 12 Payments
€
€
0
35
68,910
553,233 1,006,465
0
8,979
836,225
68,735
544,254
170,275
175
0
0
251,616
4,979
22,640
298,495
539,275
147,635
-46,704
0
0 1,006,465
524,913
24,153
523,676
14,363
123,483
436,085
526,616
0
0
554,185
54,725
55,080
-13,207
68,758
381,005
503,233
0
83,872
7,520
22,640
22,995
482,507
46,118
441,882
0
0
0
7,913
30,203 23,676.25
474,594
15,915
418,206
251,616
251,616
0
45,315
54,725
55,080
680,895
212,806
363,126
0
503,233
0
13,230
297,640
22,995
667,665
418,399
340,131
0
0
0
533,043
52,482
53,676
134,623
365,918
286,454
0
0
0
45,315
54,725
55,080
89,308
311,193
231,374
0
0
251,616
13,230
22,640
22,995
76,078
288,553
459,995
0
0
83,873
76,043
219,643
98,676
Closing Balance
35
48
68,910
445,192
9.4.2 Summary of Profit and Loss Accounts for Years 1 - 3
Profit & Loss Account for
Year 1
Year 2
Year 3
€
€
€
the Year Ended 31st December
Turnover
1,660,833 1,660,833 1,660,833
Cost of Sales
1,001,000 1,175,500
925,500
Gross Profit
659,833
485,333
735,333
Admin. Expenses
433,200
485,333
483,675
Corporation Tax
28,329
0
31,457
198,304
0
220,201
Retained Reserves
Figure 10: Summary of Profit & Loss Accounts for Years 1-3
9.4.3 Summary of Balance Sheet for Year endings
Balance Sheet at end of
Year 2
Year 1
Year 3
€
€
€
7,000
3,500
0
Current Assets
763,269
342,572
564,521
Current Liabilities
568,462
147,765
146,013
Net Current Assets
194,807
194,807
418,508
3,500
0
0
198,307
198,307
418,508
3
3
3
198,304
198,304
418,505
198,307
198,307
418,508
Fixed Assets
Long Term Liabilities
Total Assets
Financed By
Issued Share Capital
Reserves
Figure 11: Summary of the Balance Sheets for Real Deal Profile Solutions Years 1-3
49
9.4.4 Year One Trading Profit and Loss Account
RealDeal Profile Solutions
Year 1 Trading Profit & Loss Account
(€)
(€)
Sales
1,660,833
Less cost of sales
Opening Stock
Hardware Installation
0
1,550,000
Freight
1,000
Closing Stock
550,000
Gross Profit
1,001,000
659,833
Less Administrative
Expenses
300,000
Directory Salary
Directors’ Pension
60,000
Employment Agency Fees
18,000
Professional Indemnity
insurance
2,000
Insurance Contingency
2,000
900
Stationery
1,200
Phone
27,000
Motor, Travel &
Subsistence
Audit & Accountancy
5,000
Legal
2,000
Bank Interest & Charges
1,250
350
Lease Finance Charges
9,500
Bank stocking facility
finance charge
500
Bank overdraft facility fee
3,500
Depreciation
433,200
226,633
Net Profit before Tax
28,329
Corporation Tax
Net Profit after Tax c/f to
reserves
198,304
50
9.4.5 Balance Sheet 31st December Year One
RealDeal Profile Solutions
31/12/Year 1 Balance Sheet
Fixed Assets
Cost
Dep to date
NBV
Card Creators
Laptops
PC & Printer
Server
4,000
3,000
1,500
2,000
1,333
1,000
500
667
2,667
2,000
1,000
1,333
10,500
3,500
7,000
7,000
Current Assets
Closing stock
Debtors
Withholding tax
Bank
550,000
200,961
12,273
35
763,269
275,000
242
5,000
56,649
32,085
28,329
0
0
167,657
3,500
568,462
Current Liabilities
Banking stock
Facility
Creditors
Accruals
VAT
PAYE/PRSI
Corporation TAX
Corp TAX paid on a/c
Corp TAX refund
Directors’ Loan
Lease o/s <1 year
Net Current Assets
Long Term Liabilities
Lease o/s > 1 year
194,807
3,500
3,500
Total Assets
198,307
Financed By
Share Capital issued
Reserves
Opening Balance
Net Profit P&L
Closing balance
3
0
198,304
198,304
198,304
Share Capital & Reserves
198,307
51
€
Turnover
1,660,833
Profit after Tax
198,304
Net Worth
198,307
Bank Summary Year 1
Opening Balance
0
Lodgements
1,834,698
Payments
1,834,663
Closing Balance
35
Bank Receipts
Dir Loan
Drs
Stock Fin
Bank
Payments
50,000
1,550,000
1,509,698
1,000
275,000
54,000
Net Salary Paid
96,255
PAYE/PRSI/USC
60,000
Pension
21,780
Employment Agency
Freight
2,000
Professional Indemnity
2000
Contingency Insurance
1,089
Stationary
1,210
Phone
2,420
Legal
1,250
Bank Int & Fees
4,659
Lease Payments
9,500
Stock Fin Fee
500
27,000
35
1,834,698
Hardware
Overdraft Fee
Mileage & Sub Year 1
Closing Balance
1,834,698
Figure 13: Balance Sheet End Year 1
52
9.4.6 Year Two Trading Profit and Loss Account
RealDeal Profile Solutions
Year 2 Trading Profit & Loss Account
(€)
Sales
(€)
1,660,833
Less cost of sales
Opening Stock
550,000
Hardware Installation
775,000
Freight
500
Closing Stock
150,000
Gross Profit
1,175,500
485,333
Less Administrative
Expenses
300,000
Directory Salary
Directors’ Pension
75,000
Employment Agency Fees
42,000
Professional Indemnity
insurance
2,500
Insurance Contingency
3,500
900
Stationery
1,200
Phone
44,833
Motor, Travel &
Subsistence
5,500
Audit & Accountancy
0
Legal
1,050
Bank Interest & Charges
350
Lease Finance Charges
4,500
Bank stocking facility
finance charge
500
Bank overdraft facility fee
Depreciation
3,500
485,333
Net Profit before Tax
0
Corporation Tax
0
Net Profit after Tax c/f to
reserves
0
53
9.4.7 Balance Sheet 31st December Year 2
RealDeal Profile Solutions
31/12/Year 2 Balance Sheet
Fixed Assets
Cost
Dep to date
NBV
Card Creators
Laptops
PC & Printer
Server
4,000
3,000
1,500
2,000
2,667
2,000
1,000
1,333
1,333
1,000
500
667
10,500
7,000
3,500
3,500
Current Assets
Closing stock
Debtors
Withholding tax
Bank
150,000
100,480
23,182
68,910
342,572
0
242
5,500
56438
32,085
28,329
(28,329)
0
50,000
3,500
147,765
Current Liabilities
Banking stock
Facility
Creditors
Accruals
VAT
PAYE/PRSI
Corporation TAX
Corp TAX paid on a/c
Corp TAX refund
Directors’ Loan
Lease o/s <1 year
Net Current Assets
Long Term Liabilities
Lease o/s > 1 year
194,807
0
0
Total Assets
198,307
Financed By
Share Capital issued
Reserves
Opening Balance
Net Profit P&L
Closing balance
3
198,304
0
198,304
198,304
Share Capital & Reserves
198,307
54
€
Turnover
1,660,833
Profit after Tax
0
Net Worth
198,307
Bank Summary Year 2
Opening Balance
35
Lodgements
1,761,314
Payments
1,692,439
Closing Balance
68,910
Bank Receipts Bank
Payments
Open Bal
Drs
35
775,000
1,509,698
500
Hardware
Freight
171,660
Net Salary Paid
128,340
PAYE/PRSI/USC
75,000
Pension
50,820
Employment Agency
2,500
Professional Indemnity
3,500
Contingency Insurance
1,089
Stationary
1,452
Phone
6,050
Audit Year 1 Accrual
1,050
Bank Int & Fees
4,659
Lease Payments
4,500
Stock Fin Fee
Salary o/s Y1 Dir Loan
117,657
500
44,833
275,000
68,910
1,761,349
a/c
Overdraft Fee
Mileage & Sub Year 2
Stocking Fin Repaid
Closing Balance
1,761,349
Figure 15: Balance Sheet End Year 2
55
9.4.8 Year Three Trading Profit and Loss Account
RealDeal Profile Solutions
Year 3 Trading Profit & Loss Account
(€)
Sales
(€)
1,660,833
Less cost of sales
Opening Stock
150,000
Hardware Installation
775,000
Freight
500
Closing Stock
0
Gross Profit
925,500
735,333
Less Administrative
Expenses
300,000
Directory Salary
Directors’ Pension
75,000
Employment Agency Fees
48,000
Professional Indemnity
insurance
3,000
Insurance Contingency
4,000
900
Stationery
1,200
Phone
39,000
Motor, Travel &
Subsistence
6,000
Audit & Accountancy
0
Legal
Bank Interest & Charges
650
Lease Finance Charges
350
1,575
Bank stocking facility
finance charge
500
Bank overdraft facility fee
Depreciation
3,500
483,675
251,658
Net Profit before Tax
31,457
Corporation Tax
Net Profit after Tax c/f to
reserves
220,201
56
9.4.9 Balance Sheet 31st December Year 3
RealDeal Profile Solutions
31/12/Year 3 Balance Sheet
Fixed Assets
Cost
Dep to date
NBV
Card Creators
Laptops
PC & Printer
Server
4,000
3,000
1,500
2,000
4,000
3,000
1,500
2,000
0
0
0
0
10,500
10,500
0
0
Current Assets
Closing stock
Debtors
Withholding tax
Bank
0
100,480
18,849
445,192
564,521
0
242
6,000
56,229
32,085
31,457
(30,000)
0
50,000
0
146,013
Current Liabilities
Banking stock
Facility
Creditors
Accruals
VAT
PAYE/PRSI
Corporation TAX
Corp TAX paid on a/c
Corp TAX refund
Directors’ Loan
Lease o/s <1 year
Net Current Assets
Long Term Liabilities
Lease o/s > 1 year
418,508
0
0
Total Assets
418,508
Financed By
Share Capital issued
Reserves
Opening Balance
Net Profit P&L
Closing balance
3
198,304
220,201
418,505
418,505
Share Capital & Reserves
418,508
57
€
Turnover
1,660,833
Profit after Tax
220,201
Net Worth
418,508
Bank Summary Year 2
Opening Balance
68,910
Lodgements
1,677,442
Payments
1,301,160
Closing Balance
445,192
Bank Receipts Bank
Payments
Open Bal
Drs
68,910
775,000
1,677,442
500
Freight
171,660
Net Salary Paid
128,340
PAYE/PRSI/USC
75,000
Pension
58,080
Employment Agency
3,000
Professional Indemnity
4,000
Contingency Insurance
1,089
Stationary
1,452
Phone
6,655
Audit Year 2 Accrual
650
Bank Int & Fees
4659
Lease Payments
1,575
500
Stock Fin Fee
Overdraft Fee
39,000
Mileage & Sub Year 2
30,000
Corp Tax Paid
445,192
1,746,352
Hardware
Closing Balance
1,746,352
Figure 17: Balance Sheet End Year 3
58
9.5 Further Qualifying Comments on the Company’s
Financials

A company pension scheme has been set up and the contributions will be put into a
self-administered low to medium risk product to help reduce corporation tax. They
will also leave a small profit in the company to help build up reserves

Expenses will be taken periodically after they are incurred but are nominated into the
correct period to facilitate the cash flow

Any expected finance charges have been incorporated into profit margins on tenders
quoted for

Equipment that is required such as laptops will be leased for a time period to run
concurrently with the main project for both cash flow and tax write off reasons.

Aside from incidental postage and stationery costs all other costs could be kept at a
minimum. These costs are functional - motor and travel expenses, mobile phone costs
etc. These costs are accrued and paid to the directors when the cash flow of the
company facilitates.

The directors will take the net salary owing to them in a time lag fashion, hence
ensuring that all the Directors loans would be in credit in the accounts.
59
10.0 Description of the Technical
Delivery
10.1 Product Solutions
Our suite of products comes in three areas (systems); each can be delivered separately but to
take full advantage of their benefits a full implementation of the suite is recommended.
Software Applications

Automated Biometric Identification System

Card Management System

Employee Assistance System
10.2 High level Architectural Design
Figure 18: System Architecture
60
10.3 Minimum Hardware Requirements
Servers: 512MB RAM, Virtual Memory 1024MB, Disk Space 10GB, Processor 800MHz.
Workstations: x86 compatible CPU (32bit and 64bit processors are supported, Pentium4
2GHz processor or better is recommended).
Iris Scanner: USB 2.0, portable, ISO/IEC compliant, intelligent distance sensing.
Card Scanner: USB 2.0, portable, ISO/IEC compliant, Transmission speed: 12 Mbps.
Card Printer/Encoder: ISO-7816(1-4), T=1,T=0, 13.56 MHz, contact chip encoding, DualSided Printing Module, Resolution: 300 dpi
10.4 Automated Biometric Identification System (ABIS)
ABIS is used to store Iris templates and run batch process on these templates such as
comparison programs and passing new applicants to the Card Management System.
The type of hardware needed will be:

Server

Iris Scanner
The server will be installed with the same operating system all ready in use by the client, this
server can either be a separate physical machine or a Virtual Server on the clients existing
system. The Iris scanner is the VistaFA1 Biometric Iris camera made by Vista Imaging
Incorporated. This Iris scanner is mounted on a tripod and can be located up to a meter away
from the person it needs to scan. It uses state of the art digital imaging software and is in line
CMOS Iris sensor ISO/IEC 19794-6 compliant, VGA images (640x480). It holds an
additional microphone and camera if voice or data verification is needed at a later date. The
scanners are used to create an Iris template and also to verify the Iris template. The scanners
will be connected to the staff member‟s workstation via USB 2.0 port.
The ABIS software comes bundled with the VistaFA1 and will not require only a small
amount of customization. The software will need to be configured with Card Management
System using connectors.
61
10.5 Card Management System (CMS)
CMS is used to store, authorize and create Contact Chip cards. The system can also store
Radio-frequency identification (RFID), Magnetic Strip and Smart Card data if needed at a
later date.
The type of hardware needed will be:

Server

Card Creator

Card Reader

Contact Chip Card
The server will be installed with the same operating system all ready in use by the client, this
server can either be a separate physical machine or a Virtual server on the clients existing
system. The card creator will be an Optical Memory card writer by LaserCard Corporation
(part of HID group which manufacture the US green card). The Optical Memory card
creators have read/write functions are encoders which offer an extremely high level of
security. The card creator (s) will be kept at a centralized location where it can process a card
every between 25 and 80seconds depending on the complexity card. The cards used are
contact chip cards with sufficient memory and security to store user demographics and Iris
biometrics. The average memory of the card is 64k where the iris scan would be 10k,
demographics 1k and if needed a photograph could be 20k.
The card readers are also delivered by LaserCard Corporation.
The CMS software is bundled with the Optical Memory card writer with additional
connectors to the ABIS system. Additional software is also delivered with the card readers
that connect to the iris scanners in the form of SDK (software development kit).
62
10.6 Employee Assistance System
EAS is used to store job seekers profiles so potential employers will pass on opportunities to
prospective job seekers.
The type of hardware needed will be:

Server
The server will be installed with the same operating system all ready in use by the client, this
server can either be a separate physical machine or a Virtual server on the clients existing
system. The system is built so it can live on any database and hence any operating system.
Staff can access the system through their internet browser so no additional workstations are
needed.
10.7 Employee Assistance System Prototype
The EAS prototype was developed at Dublin City University. Currently the systems
prototype is runs on an XP machine, Oracle database, Weblogic HTTP server and Internet
browser as a user interface.
The user interaction was created using JSPX pages which uses Java technology to
dynamically generate web pages based on HTML, XML. By using standard java technology
the Pages can be maintained and upgraded if necessary by any java programmer. The JSPX
pages are bundled together into a .war package which can be loaded into any HTTP server.
63
Sample XML
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
<pageDefinition
xmlns="http://xmlns.oracle.com/adfm/uimodel"
version="11.1.2.60.17"
id="goodPageDef"
Package="login.pageDefs">
<parameters/>
<executables>
<variableIterator id="variables"/>
<iterator
Binds="ProfileView1"
RangeSize="25"
DataControl="AppModuleDataControl" id="ProfileView1Iterator"/>
</executables>
<bindings>
</attributeValues>
<attributeValues IterBinding="ProfileView1Iterator" id="PpsNumber">
<AttrNames>
<Item Value="PpsNumber"/>
</AttrNames>
</bindings>
</pageDefinition>
The web server we use is Oracles Weblogic 11gR1 this can operated on many operating
systems like Linux, UNIX or Windows. If the preferred web server another type like is the
Apache HTTP Server or Sun Java System Web Server than the .war file can easily be
deployed to that web server. The port is set to 7001 and 7002(secure) but that can be altered
if the ports are in use.
64
10.8 JSPX Page Hierarchy
Figure 19: Java Server Page
10.9 The Database
The database used is the Oracle XP 10g edition (Oracle Express). The schema and tables can
easily be migrated to another database. The schema name is JMS. There are two types of
tables, the main ones contain profile data (PROFILE) that will be added and edited while
others contain fairly static data (LOCALOFFICE) which contains the names of all the local
welfare offices. These tables are used for drop downs boxes and verification to ensure all
local office names is in sync.
65
The java connector would then be changed as it is currently set for Oracle using the code. The
port is set to 1521 while the local host would be customized to the servers IP address. The
listening port 1521 may be used by another application, this can also be altered.
public static Connection getConnection() throws SQLException {
String username = "JMS";
String password = "JMS";
String thinConn = "jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:XE";
DriverManager.registerDriver(new OracleDriver());
Connection conn =
DriverManager.getConnection(thinConn, username, password);
conn.setAutoCommit(false);
return conn;
}
10.9.1 Sample Page Views
The template we created was a light blue background with the page spilt into 4 areas. The
header contains the banner and log. The left contains a collapsible section that is used to
navigate the pages and/or the data. The middle right section is used for reporting data while
the bottom right is a tab area. Sections can be collapsed or expanded if necessary.
10.9.2 Logon Page
Description: A simple user login is required when accessing the Profile data thru the client‟s
intranet, if needed passwords can also be added. The java code can be manipulated to add the
password field; it is currently it is set at:
conn = getConnection();
Statement stmt = conn.createStatement();
ResultSet rset = stmt.executeQuery ("SELECT 'x' FROM jms.employees where name = '"+user+"'");
if (rset.next()) {
conn.close();
return "good";
}
conn.close();
66
The External Reports page can be accessed externally on the internet by employers. If a bad
username is entered a „bad username‟ page is shown explaining the issues. The web server
logs all tries to access the data. Screenshot of the log on page below:
Figure 20: User Login Page of the Employment Assistance System
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10.9.3 Reporting Section
There are some delivered reports but more can be added as needed. The two sample reports
are an education report and a work category report. These include a bar and pie chart and the
data can easily be printed by collapse the left section. All the fields are read only. The data is
fetched by views so it may not be altered in any way. Screenshots of two report pages below:
Figure 21: Sample Report on Jobseekers’ Occupations from the Employment Assistance System with
Bar Chart
68
Figure 22: Sample Report on Jobseekers’ Education Levels from the Employment Assistance System
with Pie Chart
69
10.9.4 Job Seekers Page
This is the area where data about job seekers can be added and edited if need be. The only
field that cannot be changed is the System ID which is allocated to a person when they are
first entered into the system; the majority of tables use this System ID to look up data.
The left hand section can be used to search by forename, surname or PPS number which
required fields. The selection can also be alphabetically categorized. The search function is
dynamic but has no noticeable time lag. The left section can also be collapsed if need by. The
reports section can be accessed by clicking in the bottom left of the page.
The profile data is entered in five tabs; more can be added to this Page if necessary. If
photographic evidence is needed this can be added on to an extra tab when scanned by a
camera.





Profile Tab
o Information such as Name, PPS, DOB, Gender, EU citizen
Contact Details Tab
o Information such as address, phone, email, local welfare office
Work options Tab
o Information such as types of desired hours, expected salary and travel options
Work Categories Tab
o Information of work areas of experience
Education Tab
o Information on the education level of the candidate.
The data entered in the profile page will be outputted in the specific reports. The external
reports will not contain any personal information. A user may want to fill out all the tabs
before saving the data but also has the option of saving the data on each tab before moving on
to the next
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10.9.5 Screenshot of Profile Page
Figure 23: Jobseeker Profile Page on the Employment Assistance System
71
10.9.6 Screenshot of Tabs on Profile Page
Figure 24: Various tabs on Jobseeker Profile Page on the Employment Assistance System
72
11.0 The Way Forward
Once implementation is complete, the directors of Real Deal Profile Solutions will continue
to maintain and the national databases at a nominal fee. The directors will also continue to
maintain standards set by the ISO and ensure that security issues are avoided. They will also
remain at the disposal of the Department of Social Protection for troubleshooting and
consultancy over the long term.
11.1 Future Scope
After the project is deemed successful in the administration of social welfare services, there is
huge scope to extend its uses for access to other public services to the citizens of the State.
This project could even extend to creating a national identity card for all citizens of Ireland.
Other welfare States in the European Union may wish to introduce such a system for
unemployment welfare claims; the directors have anticipated such an event and will be ready
and mobile to travel to other jurisdictions to help sell and promote this business service when
the eventuality arises.
It would also be expected that eventually a database for the whole of the European Union
would exist and anybody who receives benefits in two or more jurisdictions would be
exposed. Perhaps its introduction in Ireland will in turn make it become an EU policy and
then an EU directive. India with a population of more than double the European Union has
proved that this sort of project is possible within the relatively short time frame of five years.
11.2 Exit Strategy
If the directors at any time wish to commit their professional time elsewhere they are at will
to resign and sell their shares as long as the company is still trading and is viable.
If any offers are made for either the company as a whole or the shares of the company at a
multiple of their original value the three shareholders will be intending to sell in a tax
advantageous manner. They may continue to stay on and advise in a consultancy capacity for
an agreed fee. The company name purposely does not hold the names of any of the directors
or shareholders to ensure that if a company or its shares are sold on that their names will not
be associated with it, this is to ensure that the reputations of the original directors will not be
damaged if it were to fail in the future or become embroiled in legal, environmental or other
controversial issues.
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12.0 Conclusion
This type of project is empirically implementable and provides a speedy technological
solution to a complex social issue which promises to avoid becoming a convoluted, time
consuming and laborious task. A social services card that incorporates biometric data is a
comprehensive solution and will definitely solve one particular aspect regarding fraudulent
identities. Although this system will not solve all issues related to fraud (tax evasion etc) its
greatest value will be that it is a major deterrent for people proposing to take part in these
illegal activities.
As a cost it would probably be far more expensive not to introduce biometrics into each
government public service than it would be to introduce it. Reform of the unemployment
welfare system is the most prime candidate for reform and the savings to be had are very
large, indeed not to mention the potential of reallocating resources right across the public
sector. The need for a Special Investigations Unit within the department may not be as great
with the proposed new system in place. Such a system of identification and authentication
would be far superior to the current system and the new proposal of a Public Services Identity
card with a digital photo. The incremental cost of the proposed system‟s introduction would
more than be merited.
The introduction of the Employment Assistance System and Employment Facility will
eliminate of any administrative tasks that are duplicated such as form filling in and associated
data input across various public bodies that deal with welfare claims, queries and schemes
from back to education, unemployment payment processes and registration requirements.
Streamlining the bodies within the social services will save the government a lot of money
and labour hours and provide a more efficient and effective service for their customers.
74
13.0 Team Overview
Technical Director and Operations Officer - Martin Kilcline
B.Sc Physics, M.Sc Science of Materials, MECB Programme 2010-2011
Martin has over twelve years experience in the IT industry, he has worked on successfully
projects in the Retail, Banking and Public Sector. Martin has being through full-cycle ERP
implementations, application upgrades, client enhancements and system integrations. He has
the reasonability for technical design and delivery, service management and the day to day
running of the companies IT systems.
His troubleshooting skills enable him to tackle
problems before they arrive thus ensuring the smooth operation of the IT department. Martin
possesses the ability to be a competent manager and influential mentor for junior staff.
Financial Director and Communications Director – Jim Callaly
ACCA Graduate 1999 June session, A Fellow of the Chartered Association of Certified
Accountants (FCCA) since 2005, Certificate in International Financial Reporting March 2010, MECB Programme 2010-2011
Jim has over twenty years broad experience in industry, commerce and public practice. He is
highly numerate with strong analytical skills. He is self-disciplined, a good communicator
and he thinks clearly under pressure. He is also very adaptable, flexible, versatile, progressive
and innovative in practice. All the financial reporting and financial disciplines required for a
streamlined business model to successfully embark on this business venture would be ideally
suited to his skill set. He is also very much an anticipator and trouble-shooter of problems.
Acting as a liaison between the hardware suppliers, financial institutions, accountants and
other regulatory authorities such as the tax authorities would be well within his comfort zone
as well as producing all requested financial reports. Ensuring that the company has all tax
returns filed and associated liabilities paid in a timely fashion to ensure that the company has
an in date tax clearance certificate at all times would be a straightforward and simple task for
him as he has extensive experience of both of these filing requirements of the revenue
commissioners. Organising the logistics involved as well as establishing credit from suppliers
as and when required would also be expected to be part and parcel of his brief.
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Administrative Director – Sorcha McConville
B.A. International Business & Languages, MECB Programme 2010-2011
Sorcha possesses substantial training and academic qualifications in business strategies and
operations as well as a strong grounding in business theories. Sorcha has strong linguistic
abilities in French, Spanish and Italian and has strong people skills with an ability to
communicate easily and forwardly with a wide range of people. Sorcha will be responsible
for the promotion of the company and services offered through establishing key contacts and
developing relationships in political and business spheres and throughout each jurisdiction.
Sorcha has a strong attention to detail and so will also be responsible for formulating all
documentation in the tendering process as well as ensuring that the team are properly
organised and prepared for system deployment.
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14.0 Acknowledgements
We would like to take this opportunity to thank all those involved in helping us throughout
the course of our practicum and in providing us with sound, knowledgeable advice in
developing what we believe is a necessary and futuristic implement for managing the
unemployment situation in Ireland today.
A particular thanks is passed on to our supervisors in both DCU Computing and Business
School, Dr. Cathal Gurrin and Dr. PJ Byrne for your help and advice.
We also acknowledge the relevant and helpful information from the Press Office of the
Department of Social Protection.
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Appendices
78
Appendix I: Research
A.1.1 Research Methodology
Extensive research was undertaken throughout the course of this project. The team were
interested to learn about the extent of fraudulent activity accounted for and to try and
ascertain ball park figures for the extent of fraud yet to be uncovered or made public in the
Republic of Ireland. Research was conducted in both primary and secondary fields which
uncovered a wealth of information regarding the shortcomings of current system used by the
Department of Social Protection and the Department of Social and Family Affairs within the
State.
A.1.2 Primary Research
A series of questions were put to the Press Office of the Department of Social Protection after
contact was made through telephone and email. These series of questions were posed to
establish the true status regarding PPS numbers, the social welfare system and previously
unstated terms regarding social welfare benefits paid to claimants.
Response to Questions Put to the Department of Social Protection
- 22nd July 2011.
1. What percentage of people or number of people receive these weekly benefits directly
into their bank or post office accounts without having to collect the money in person, if
at all?
During May 2011 there were just over 390,042 claimants in receipt of Jobseeker‟s payments
– 109,209 Jobseeker‟s Benefit and 280,833 Jobseeker‟s Allowance. 73% of these received
their payments by Electronic Information Transfer (EIT) to a post office for collection. A
further 20% were paid by cheque. No jobseekers are paid directly into their post office
accounts. The remainder are jobseekers who were paid into their bank accounts before this
option was removed.
2. What type of considerations permit people to get Jobseekers Benefit or Allowance
transferred directly into a bank account without having to sign for it on a weekly basis?
Since June 2008 those in receipt of a jobseekers payment are no longer offered the
opportunity of having their payment paid into their bank account. However, those who are
79
participating in schemes linked to the jobseeker schemes such as the Work Placement
Program, National Internship Scheme or Back to Education Allowance scheme etc. can avail
of EFT (Electronic Fund Transfer) payments into their bank account where they are unable to
get to a post office during normal working hours.
3. Does the department intend to roll out Standard Authentication Framework
Environment (SAFE) Level 2 to all those in receipt of either Jobseekers Benefit or
Allowance and if so what type of time framework would be envisaged to successfully
implement it on a country wide basis if that is the intention?
It is intended that initial registration will involve customers of the Department of Social
Protection (DSP) and will take a number of forms: face to face at DSP Local Offices, through
utilising data already held by the Department in relation to the All-Ireland Free Travel
Scheme and through utilising relevant data already held by the State (e.g. photographs and
signatures held by the Passport Office).
Customers of the Department will be contacted to arrange for capture of the data required to
produce and issue a Public Services Card to them.
The overall timeframe for completion of initial deployment of a Public Services Card is
dependent on the rate at which it will be possible to securely register all of those to whom it
will be issued. Initial registration will be carried out in the Department. Other options that
may exist for external registration are being explored. A decision has not yet been made
regarding the timing of rollout to all those in receipt of Jobseeker‟s Benefit or Allowance.
4. How many Post Offices or financial institutions throughout the country receive money
for people every week?
All jobseekers payments are now made through the post offices and no new jobseekers
payments are made to banks, building societies or credit unions for payment into our
customers‟ accounts. The number of banks still receiving Jobseeker‟s payments is currently
not available.
There are 1,160 Post Offices and 181 Postal Agencies in the An Post network nationwide.
An Post is the principal agency through which payments are delivered to social welfare
customers and jobseekers payments would be collected in all of these. However, as already
80
outlined, there are no jobseeker‟s payments lodged directly into a customer‟s individual post
office account.
ENDS
Department of Social Protection
22nd July 2011
Response to Questions Put to the Department of Social Protection
– 26th July 2011.
1. What are the terms of licence for the software used in current enterprise system used by
the Department of Social Protection? What are the licensing costs?
The Department pays licensing costs to a number of companies of which Oracle is one. The
Department cannot release the costs of licenses as this information is commercially sensitive.
2. Who is responsible for dispensing PPS numbers?
The Department of Social Protection is responsible for maintaining the national database of
Personal Public Service (PPS) numbers which are stored on the Department‟s Central
Records System (CRS).
3. How many PPS numbers have been issued to date?
There are currently 7.4 million customer records on CRS, each of which is identified by a
unique PPS number. The PPS number in its current format was originally a tax reference
number.
With the introduction of Pay Related Social Insurance (PRSI) in 1979, an
individual‟s Pay As You Earn (PAYE) tax reference number became known as a Revenue
and Social Insurance (RSI) number. The RSI number was re-named the Personal Public
Service (PPS) number in 1998 to reflect its future use as a unique identifier across the wider
public service.
CRS is a complete database of all the historical tax reference numbers which were used to
pre-populate the database in 1979 and every PPS number which has been issued since then.
In addition to those persons currently resident in the State who have been issued with a PPS
Number, the figure of 7.4 million also includes any individual who, since 1979, required a
PPS number and who
1)
has died,
81
2)
has been resident in the State and has subsequently left the jurisdiction, and
3)
has not been resident in the State (e.g. an individual resident abroad who has benefited
from an Irish Estate –
the Revenue Commissioners have a requirement that all
beneficiaries of Irish Estates should have a PPS number)
The Department is continuously monitoring customer records on its CRS in order to preserve
and enhance the quality of the data including, where appropriate, consolidating duplicate PPS
numbers as they emerge.
ENDS
Department of Social Protection
26th July 2011
Response to Questions Put to the Department of Social Protection
– 28th July 2011.
1. How many duplicate PPS numbers have emerged to date?
A total of 607,624 duplicate PPS numbers have been identified to date. These numbers have
been purged and any underlying records consolidated with the PPS number which has been
retained for the customer.
2. How many PPS numbers exist that are currently inactive?
There is no definition of an “inactive” PPS number. An individual may not be economically
active, or in receipt of a payment from this Department, however they may be using their PPS
number for interactions with other Public Service providers.
3. How many RSI & PPS numbers in total have been issued to people other than Irish
people?
Approximately 60% of the records on our Central Records database have a recorded
nationality of “Irish”. However, there are more than 16% of the records with no nationality
recorded.
ENDS
Department of Social Protection
28th July 2011
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Response to Questions Put to the Department of Social Protection
– 3rd August 2011.
1. Could there be a realistic chance of somebody challenging the department's right to
take a biometric profile of them by way of reference to an article in the constitution or
does legislation within the EU or Ireland currently exist to facilitate it, or is it a case that
it would simply not be referenced anywhere at all, hence it is okay to do so. What is the
current legal standing within the country to the capture of this type of information?
The information that can be stored on the card is prescribed in law in Section 32 of the
Social Welfare and Pensions Act 2007.
2. When the department starts to roll out the scheme will there be a central database of
profiles such that each and everybody can only get one card, ie have only one profile,
how often does the department anticipate running checks to ensure that a second card
has not been applied for, how soon after the capture of somebody’s biometric profile
does the department expect to be in a position to give them the card, will those who get a
new card only be able to get it after such a check has been completed, will those in
receipt of a card receive it in the post or collect it personally and finally if it is collected
in person will there be any biometric check of the person collecting the card to ensure
that it is a match to the biometric profile on the card that they are collecting?
There is already a central repository of the Public Service Identity dataset. The Department
has a data quality programme to detect, prevent or remove duplicates. We will expand this
programme to run photo quality and matching checks when an application is received. A card
will not issue if we are unsatisfied with our checks. We intend to issue cards within days of
accepting an application. Depending on the risk categorisation of the recipients, there will be
different channels used, these will include post and personal collection. As you might expect,
for personal collection, we will check that the details on the card match.
3. If and when people have the new public services card will there be any type of check
using technology to verify that they are the person who has their details on the card
especially for those in receipt of welfare payments?
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The Public Services Card will have multiple protection mechanisms, all of the highest current
international standards, to prevent and detect tampering with the physical card and its
contents.
ENDS
Department of Social Protection
3rd August 2011
A.1.3 Secondary Research
A.1.3.1 Social Welfare Fraud Comments in the House of the
Oireachtas
Social Welfare is a hot topic in the Daíl this year. The government says that the fraud cost the
social welfare systems at least €600 million a year. It is our belief that, since the introduction
of fingerprinting for foreign nationals in the Passport Act 2008 that the Daíl members believe
fingerprinting is the only biometric solution to social welfare fraud. Some comments taken
from the House of the Oireachtas are:
Joan Burton (Minister, Department of Social Protection, Labour) in the Dail on July 29,
2011: “Social welfare claimants will begin receiving national identity cards in the coming
months in an attempt to stamp out fraud and dole system abuse, which could be costing as
much as €600 million a year”
John Kelly (Labour) in the Seanad debates on 19 July 2011: “I hope the Minister can be
invited to the House to have an open debate on social welfare fraud. A form of biometric
fingerprinting is being used in other jurisdictions and we must consider it with a view to
saving money to provide services”
Joan Burton (Minister, Department of Social Protection; Dublin West, Labour) in the Dail on
29 June 2011 "The prevention of fraud and abuse of the social welfare system is an integral
part of the day-to-day work of the Department"
Joan Burton (Minister, Department of Social Protection; Dublin West, Labour) in the Dail on
15 June 2011: “A contract was agreed with Biometric Card Services (BCS) as the managed
service provider from early January 2010.”
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Kieran O'Donnell (Limerick City, Fine Gael) in the Dail on 8 June 2011: “On the basis of
fairness, social welfare fraud must be cracked down on because many people who are in
genuine need of social welfare are getting a bad name because fraud also is taking place at
the same time”
Jerry Buttimer (Cork South Central, Fine Gael) in the Dail on 8 June 2011: “This year more
than 1,000 welfare fraud tip-offs are being made every month. Last year, some 12,000 tip-offs
were made; doubling the figure for 2009...In 2008, almost €476 million in social welfare
payments was saved through fraud control measures, an increase of €29 million. The target
we set was €600 million.”
Tom Barry (Cork East, Fine Gael) in the Dail on 8 June 2011: “Social welfare fraud is
another issue which needs to be and is being tackled.”
A.1.3.2 High Profile Cases of Social Welfare Fraud
The social welfare system in Ireland is regarded as one of the easiest to cheat in the European
Union. It is common knowledge in Ireland today that PPS numbers are bought and sold on
the black market so as people can use an alias to earn more weekly monies. Below details
some high profile cases that have been through the courts. These cases exhibit extensive
welfare fraud; offenders used a series of different identities to collect weekly payments.

In 2007 four Nigerian nationals were brought before the Castlebar District Court for so
called double dipping – they were sentenced for making false representations to claim
jobseeker‟s payments and/or using PPS numbers of their friends and fellow countrymen
who had since left Ireland to return to Nigeria. The four offenders up in court
accumulated €50,000 in false claims to the Department of Social Protection. All of the
convicted were sentenced to pay a fine not in excess of what they had fraudulently
claimed; none of the above served jail time (O' Neill 2007).

On the 21st July 2011, Paul Murray was jailed for 12 years for defrauding the Irish
welfare system through impersonation claiming both jobseeker‟s allowance and
disability allowance scheme to the tune of €2.48 million during an eight year period
(between 2002 and 2010). Murray was not resident in Ireland for most of this period,
instead living in Thailand and returning home every three months to continue claims.
The offender obtained identities by applying for birth certificates of people known to him
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who were no longer resident in the State or had since deceased. Murray said he took
advantage of the laid back system and claimed he never thought he would be caught.
Murray served a period in jail in the UK for a similar offence in 1994 whereby he
defrauded the welfare State of €34,000 (O'Brien 2011).

A warrant is out for an Eastern European man aged between 25 and 31 who obtained ten
PPS numbers in 2005 using stolen Lithuanian passports. A photo has been issued to
social welfare offices nationwide to catch the offender.
These cases are just the tip of the iceberg in terms of welfare fraud and of cases of multiple,
misused and stolen identities. These cases prove that a photograph does not often deter
criminals from this type of activity. Incorporating a biometric element into social welfare
cards would deter such activity and/or catch fraudsters in a secure and speedy fashion.
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Appendix II: Tendering
A.2.1 Overview of the Tendering Process
Writing a tender is at its most basic definition, placing a bid for a job. A tender clarifies the
business aims, dynamic and skills set of the company and its strengths. Even if the
application for the job is unsuccessful, a well written tender will raise your profile and help
you better identify customer needs (Business Link 2011).
In the case of tendering for large public sector work, a detailed and formally written
document is required. In most instances, public sector work must meet certain rules and
regulations as well as fit predetermined budgetary requirements so very often they do not
look for the cheapest quote but the supplier who demonstrates the best experience and
capabilities in that are and who provides the most economically advantageous tender
(Contracts & Agreements UK 2010).
A.2.2 Key Points to Consider Before Tendering
Considering all the points below will give you and your buyer a realistic standpoint of how
suitable your business is for the job it will also allow you to understand where you are as a
business and how prepared you are.

How important is the customer to your business? (high priority, low priority)

Can the business match technological, managerial and organisational skills as well as
experience to the requirements?

Establish the cost of preparing to tender.

Assess the impact of this contract on your business and employees or current work
levels.

Estimate the cost and time taken to fulfil the contract along with expected profits.

Analyse and scrutinise the bidding documents until fully understood and correctly
documented (Business Link 2011).
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A.2.3 A Typical Procurement Process for Public Sector Work
The following information details the typical process of tendering for public sector work; the
process outlined is not definitive and may change depending on the type of procurement
strategy and conditions of tender. The following information is based on booklet entitled
“Tendering for Government Contracts: A Guide for Small Businesses” (2011) developed by
Business Link and the Office of Government Commerce.
Defining the Procurement Policy
The needs and aims of the public sector organisation are defined. A
Business case is then formulated by the organisation which outlines
how the procurement exercise will be carried out.
Pre-Qualification Stages
Before being invited to supply a business tender, sometimes a company
is asked to supply preliminary information such as; evidence of your
financial position, previous experience and references. This
information will then be evaluated and scored. Strong applicants
will follow through to the next round.
Inviting tenders
The governmental organisation invites suppliers to make a bid on the
up and coming job. This will happen after the pre-qualifying stages or
in response to an advert on a public procurement website or trade
magazine.
Invitation to tender (ITT)
This is the stage when a company makes an offer. In order to stand a
chance, a company must keep to the requirements of the tender and
provide relevant information on the most important criteria outlined
in the ITT as these are the set standards you will be marked against.
88
Evaluating and Choosing Tenders
The government organisation marks each tender on a scoring card
basis which includes meeting requirements such as; value for money,
outlined pricing schedule, tax clearance certificates, ability and
experience and adherence to the contract.
Awarding the Contract
The supplier who provides the most industrial and economically
advantageous tender is given the contract.
Contract terms and conditions
Both the public body and the company work together to determine the
contract for the specified job. Both parties must fully understand
their responsibilities underlined in the contract and agree to the
terms and conditions before work commences.
Contract Review
The supplier’s performance is monitored by the Public organisation
and the contract will be reviewed after a defined period of time.
Depending on supplier performance, the contract may be extended or
advertised again.
Feedback
Under EU directives a government organisation must deliver feedback
within 15 days of the contract end if it is requested. Feedback
should be taken into consideration when bidding in the future
(Business Link 2011).
89
A.2.4 The E-Tenders Public Procurement Process
The official government website for tendering of public services can be found at
www.etenders.gov.ie
Supplier companies can register without cost to the website, on doing so you are prompted to
enter in company information and provide security codes for future access.
Suppliers can search for and view notices published by public service bodies. By clicking on
the title of the tender you can view more information and the requirements of the business
case. A supplier can register an interest in the project and will subsequently receive additional
documentation regarding the notice, updates on changes or the status of the tender as well as
notices of an invitation to tender and subsequent documentation and information.
Real Deal Profile Solutions intend to tender on the website by creating a notice which
develops a company profile, outlines the business and the products and services offered. The
company will be tendering under the categories of “Information, Communications and
Technology,” “Other Suppliers” and “Other Services.”
90
Figure 1: Viewing a Notice on the eTender website
Source: http://www.etenders.gov.ie/quickstartguide.pdf
91
Appendix III: The Employment Assistance
System Reports
A.3.1 Current Reporting System
Regular reports are issued by the Central Statistics Office which analysis the unemployment
figures. Typical reports are along the lines of analysis of live register flows, live register age
by duration and simply live register. There are tables, graphs pie charts and so which try to
help the reader get a greater insight into the figures as presented. A lot of the tables that are
presented are based on raw data.
Currently the following information is used in compiling nearly all their reports and
presenting figures;
1. Gender
2. Age - broken down into seven age range profiles as follows and given the pending
raising of the retirement age we have changed the last figure to reflect this;

Under twenty years

From twenty to twenty four years

From twenty five to thirty four years

From thirty five to forty four years

From forty five to fifty four years

From fifty five to fifty nine years

From sixty to sixty eight years
3. Geographical Location – broken down into eight districts;

Border
(Cavan, Donegal, Leitrim, Louth, Monaghan, Sligo)

Midland
(Laois, Longford, Offaly, Westmeath)

West
(Galway City, Galway County, Mayo, Roscommon)

Dublin
(Dublin City, Dun Laoghaire-Rathdown, Fingal, South Dublin)

Mid-East
(Clare, Limerick City, Limerick County, North Tipperary)

South-East
(Carlow, Kilkenny, South Tipperary, Waterford City, Waterford
County, Wexford)

South-West
(Cork City, Cork County, Kerry)
92
Using this information a total of four reports can be generated.
A.3.2 Reporting with the Employment Assistance System
The proposed system will use the same information and format (in terms of age and
geographical breakdown) as the current one used in reporting. However further dimensions
will be added to generate a more holistic and detailed view of those on jobseeker‟s
allowance/benefits.
Educational Level – Through reviewing the current levels within the National
Framework for Qualifications (NFQ), the outline below is the proposed breakdown;

NFQ Level 0
0 : No formal Education/Training

NFQ Level 1-3
1-2: Primary Education
3: Lower Secondary Education

NFQ Level 4&5
4-5: Upper Secondary/Technical or Vocational

NFQ Level 6
6: Advanced Certificate/Completed Apprenticeship/Higher
Certificate

NFQ Level 7&8
7: Ordinary Bachelors Degree/Professional Qualification or
Both
8: Honours Bachelor Degree/Professional Qualification or Both

NFQ Level 9&10
9: Postgraduate Diploma or Degree
10: Doctorate (Ph.D) or higher
This would facilitate a combination of eleven different reports and below is a list of them.
Report 1 – A breakdown by both Gender and Age
Report 2 – A breakdown by both Gender and Geographical location
Report 3 – A breakdown by both Gender and Educational level
Report 4 – A breakdown by both Age and Geographical location
Report 5 – A breakdown by both Age and Educational level
Report 6 – A breakdown by both Geographical location and Educational level
Report 7 – A breakdown by Gender, Age and Geographical location
Report 8 – A breakdown by Gender, Age and Educational level
Report 9 – A breakdown by Gender, Geographical location and Educational level
93
Report 10 – A breakdown by Age, Geographical location and Educational level
Report 11 – A breakdown by Gender, Age, Geographical location and Educational level
We believe that Report 11, which includes all of the differentiating information, can be very
valuable indeed.
A.3.2 Sample Report
This is a sample page of a proposed report which clearly illustrates how the figures can be
presented in such a way as to give a value to those on the live register as opposed to merely
presenting them from empirical raw data.
The following mock report is of males living in the Dublin geographical location. The report
highlights the educational level of jobseekers in this location.
94
No
formal
education
training /
primary
or
Upper
Advanced
secondary
certificate
Technical
or
Vocational
lower
Completed
Ordinary
bachelor
degree
diploma
or degree
or National
apprenticeship
diploma
Higher
Honours bachelor
certificate
degree/
secondary
Postgraduate
Doctorate
(PHD)
or Higher
Professional
qualification
or both
MALES
DUBLIN
Under 20
1217
1217
0
0
0
20 - 24
years
2282
2282
2282
3423
1141
25 - 34
years
3466
3466
6933
4622
4622
35 - 44
years
1549
3098
4647
5421
774
45 - 54
years
1592
3185
2654
2654
531
55 - 59
years
975
1170
975
780
0
60 - 67
years
1069
1069
764
153
0
Total
12151
15487
18254
17053
7068
Page
Total
70014
95
Appendix IV: Biometric Technology
The globalised community of today means that the human race is sporadically located, ever
increasing, more complex and more mobile; the problem of identifying individuals is
greatening and becoming increasingly harder to determine. Accurately identifying people
may solve many social issues which we are faced with today such as deterring crime, fraud
and identity theft and being able to accurately and efficiently assign resources. Age old
methods of identification are simple and thus easily fooled; these include identifying
someone through visible characteristics and personal possessions (for example; a key or
swipe card, clothes or jewellery) or personal knowledge (for example; memory recognition, a
personal identification number or password).
The grave issue with these methods of identification are that they can be easily forgotten,
misplaced, forged or stolen which leaves an individual‟s identity in a vulnerable and
compromising position. A more apt approach would be to use a person‟s physical traits
(fingerprints, hand geometry, iris and retinal analysis, ear and face recognition and odour
detection, DNA) or behavioural traits (voice, lip movement, signature, key strokes and gait)
to form a positive identification (Jain 2008). These biometrics measurements can be
integrated into any application that requires security, access control and identification of
individuals (for example, a passport or smart card) as they provide accuracy based on
scientific fact and provide little room for replication.
A.4.1 Overview of Biometric Technology
“Biometrics is the science of using human biological measurements for purposes of
identification, classification and social sorting” (Magnet 2008, p.170). Biometric equipment
has the capability to measure, codify, compare, store, transmit and recognise a specific
characteristics of a person with a high level of precision (Yanez 2007). Biometric
measurements are unique to each individual and are by in large unable to be forged.
The use of biometric technology is emerging in the fields of security and authorisation due to
its improved and high level of accuracy in identification, ever falling prices and better levels
of social acceptance and compliance.
Behavioural biometric traits may change over time, may be copied to an extent or be
overlooked by an untrained ear/eye, and thus are more prone or susceptible to error were as
96
physical traits are not. For this reason, an overview of the most accepted physical
measurements of an individual are outlined below.
A.4.2 Fingerprints
Fingerprint scanning accounts for over 50% of biometric methods used to date (SecuGen
2011). Fingerprints are captured by measuring the flow-like ridges on the human finger
which are unique to each individual. These images are captured by a scanner and transformed
into a digital code which is then placed in a storage database which will be called upon in the
event of code comparison and verification.
It is believed that fingerprints do not change over time, even if an individual has burned the
skin or scared the area; a person‟s unique ridges will form again over a short space of time.
However as we use our fingers all the time they are susceptible to retaining common finger
contaminations such as dirt, ink or oil in addition to skin disorders such as dry skin or
eczema. The technology used in capturing the data is under huge pressure to perform optimal
results every time, “no matter what scanner type, the scanner itself is only as accurate as the
initial template” (Brecheisen 2011, p.6). Optical scanners may issue varying results in
patterns due to affects of heat, cold, dry air, light, unclean lenses and poor positioning of the
finger on the scanner, dark skin may also impact on results and make the matching algorithms
used less precise. Due to the high percentage of imperfect results, ultrasonic fingerprint
scanners have come into operation; these capture images through the use of high frequency
sound waves and thus bypass any contamination on the finger (Brecheisen 2011, p.2).
Fingerprinting is the oldest of the biometric technologies available and has a long standing
stigma attached to it with regards criminal and forensic investigations as we leave our
fingerprints everywhere we go; there is almost an assumption of guilt that goes with it.
Therefore asking people to supply their fingerprint for social welfare purposes may make
people very apprehensive and uncomfortable and may have many social backlash affects.
Furthermore, fingerprint readings are often unable to cope in high volume and high speed
environments as it takes minutes, not seconds to perform a comparison search.
97
Figure 1: Fingerprint Scanning Machine which transforms image into Binary Code
A.4.3 Hand Geometry
Features related to the human hand such as length of fingers and palms are measured in hand
geometry biometrics. These features are not however exclusively unique and may change
over the passage of time. The subject must correctly outstretch their hand on a panel aligning
their fingers with a system of pegs, the image is then captured. Although the digital code
formed is very small at 9-bytes, which is ideal for storing memory and speedy comparisons,
compliance to the method of image collection may not be suitable with those with disabilities
such as arthritis or accommodate individuals with extreme sizes. Furthermore, images can be
distorted by daily hand contaminations such as ink and oil or even temperature and medical
conditions such as pregnancy can affect hand size (Iridian Technologies 2010, Jain 2008).
A.4.4 Facial Recognition
Facial recognition technology is used to determine the invariance of the geometry of facial
attributes such as the eyes, nose and mouth (Jain 2008). The technology behind facial
recognition is based on a sophisticated set of algorithms which then convert these values into
digital codes which can be stores on an information database.
Two approaches to capturing data are used. Eigenface technology uses two-dimensional face
like arrangements which focuses on light and dark areas. In this way this technology is hyper
sensitive to changes in the face; different poses and lighting can give an inaccurate reading
and be difficult to compare. Conversely, local feature analysis captures data on 25-50 feature
blocks of the face such as eyebrows, bone structure and mouth. These features are then built
up to construct a scientific image of the face which is then used later for comparison (Teri
Research Inc 2010).
98
Facial recognition is one of the most highly favoured biometric measurements due to its nonintrusive nature; however, it can be deceived by age, surgery, masks or facial hair. This type
of biometric technology is more appropriate to crowd surveillance than primary identification
purposes (Iridian Technologies 2010).
A.4.5 Iris Analysis
The human iris (the coloured protein of the eye) is an integral part of the body and is unique
to each individual, a person‟s right eye and left eye do not even match correctly so there is no
issue regarding modification, producing replicas or impersonation in this sense. The coloured
patterns of the iris are stable throughout a person‟s life; the only change that occurs is that of
size due to fluctuations of the pupil when reacting to levels of light, this though does not
affect the precision of iris scanners so it is believed to be one of the most robust methods of
human identification.
A high-resolution camera scanning device is needed to scan the iris. Firstly the camera
identifies an individual‟s face, then head and then hones in on the irises. An algorithm used
for iris identification, verification and enrolment was created by John Daugman in 1989, this
algorithm precisely locates the iris geometry - both the outer and inner borders of the iris and
a mathematical technique then translates the image of the iris into a 256-byte pattern, known
as an iris code (Leonidou 2002). Using the algorithm, the iris code will then be compared
against already stored codes, if there is no initial match, that iris code is stored as a new and
unique code. Compared with the digital code formed out of fingerprints (300-bytes) the iris
code is shorter and so it can be “quickly compared with large databases at a rate of 100,000
codes per second,” (Lerner 2000, p.22) this makes iris recognition as a very favourable
biometric method in large scale governmental system roll outs.
Figure 2: Iris Recognition and Digital Coding. Source: (Leonidou 2002)
99
Iris recognition is non-intrusive – it does not require physical contact, extraction or invasion
and therefore is more socially acceptable than other biometric technologies. Iris comparison
searches can be conducted in high speed and has the ability to cope with large volumes of
data.
A.4.6 Retinal Analysis
The retinal vasculature of each eye is unique to every individual. This in an intrusive form of
biometric identification and involves a high level of cooperation from the individual,
requiring that the individual makes correct contact with the equipment and look directly into
the eye piece focusing on a specific spot to develop the image (Jain 2008).
This is perceived to be the most secure and highest performing method of authentication
however it has a very low public acceptability and standing due to high invasiveness of
privacy.
Figure 3: Retina Scanner and unique image of Retinal Vasculature
A.4.7 Smart Cards
A smart card may be compared to a simple microcomputer. It has the ability to process store
and secure data; a smart card is often multifunctional meaning that it is compatible with a
range of different applications. Smart cards support contact and contact-less communication
interfaces, multiple identification, authentication and authorization; these key features aim to
enhance the end-user experience through added convenience and security (Gemalto 2009).
The DCU student card can be classified as a smart card as it holds information about each
individual student, such as name, student number, signature and a digital photo. As well as
the aforementioned identification data, the DCU student card also grants students access to
areas such as the library and university residences. However this card can easily be used by
100
an external party to gain entry into a restricted area, it may also be forged or used as
unauthorized identification.
In the Information Age of today there is widespread call for a smarter integration of personal
information to deter against some of the major issues surrounding identification and security.
Smart cards have the ability to contain a wide range of data, including biometrics, which can
also be stored on a networked database for later verification through a networked smart card
reader. A biometric based smart card verifies “who you claim to be” (information stored
about the card holder) and checks this information on “who you are” (the card holder‟s stored
biometric information) instead of the traditional form of security “what you know” (personal
identification number) (Smart Card Alliance 2002, p.15).
In April 2006 the United Arab Emirates began the roll out their national eID card. This smart
card solves the issue of carrying multiple IDs such as passports, work permits, employee
cards and driving licences. Each personalised card is for life and compromises of:

A personal ID number

Biometric data in the form of face recognition and ten digital fingerprints

A PIN number

A digital photo

Personal and demographic information

Visa information

Permit information (driver‟s licence, work permit etc) (Government of Dubai 2010).
Figure 4: UAE eID Card
101
Source: (Delvaux 2004)
India is also currently rolling out a national identity card for each of its 1.2 billion citizens.
Each citizen will be issued with an Aadhaar Number which is a unique and universal
identification number (UID) comprised of 12-digits issued by the Unique Identification
Authority of India (UIDA). Card holders will also be asked to supply biometric details in the
form of fingerprints and iris scans. These details will be compared against the UID
Authentication System to ensure that one ID number alone is issued per person and biometric
details match up. This card will be used to avail of public services and allow people to
identify themselves when opening bank accounts or crossing international borders. (Gemalto
2011) The UIDA have already issued 9.5 million eID cards to date and plan to intensify
enrolment to one million a from October 2011 aiming to have enrolled 600 million people
over the next three years. The system will solve the identity problem faced by a large number
of poor residents whose births were never registered or are of no fixed abode. It will also
allow card holders to access up-to-date information on their entitlements and public services
(Ribeiro 2011).
A.4.8 Biometric Applications in Operation
Fingerprinting
The Walt Disney World resorts in Orlando, Florida introduced a ticket-tag system whereby
the fingerprint of each visitor is linked to each respective ticket. The system was introduced
in September 2006 to reduce admission fraud and the sharing or selling on of passes. The
park admits 10,000 people a day, 365 days a year, so a system which is able to cope with
huge volumes of entries at convenience for visitors is essential (Brecheisen 2011).
Laptops such as the Sony Vaio and Lenovo ThinkPad now have incorporated fingerprint
readers for added security. The reader encrypts the laptop owner‟s fingerprint as the security
code instead of a password, the print is then accepted and authorised. The user will then be
prompted to place or rub their finger on the scanner to gain access. With the call for greater
Internet security, computers with inbuilt fingerprint scanners create a whole new dimension
in terms of e-commerce and safe transactions over the Web.
Non-American passport holders who wish to travel to the USA must comply with requests for
fingerprints and a photo at immigration borders; non-compliance with these orders results in
entry refusal.
102
Iris Scanning
In the UK, Iris Recognition Immigration System IRIS streamlines the process of frequent
travellers through using unique iris patterns. This system is in operation in Terminal 1 in
Birmingham Airport, Terminals 1 and 2 in Manchester Airport, Terminals 1-4 in Heathrow
and Gatwick North and South Terminals. Passengers are identified through a camera capture
of the eye at the IRIS barrier within the immigration arrival hall, the image is compared to
already stored iris codes on a system database and verification is then accepted or denied.
Citizens from the UK, EEU and Switzerland as well as those with permanent residence can
avail of this system, registration takes approximately ten minutes and once registered a
passenger can cross UK border controls through the IRIS barrier in roughly twenty seconds
(Law on the Web 2010).
The Nationwide Building Society set up a pilot study in Swindon in the United Kingdom
which used iris scanners in lieu of personal identification numbers for ATM access. In this
case, the customer was firstly invited to take a close-up photo of their eyes at the bank which
was then stored. When the customer then wishes to withdraw money from an ATM they
simply pressed a button which activated a camera to start an iris scan, the iris pattern is then
compared with the one stored in the bank‟s database which confirms the customers identity.
Customer satisfaction results showed that nine out of ten preferred this authentication method
than a PIN number (Lerner 2000 and Leonidou 2002).
A.4.9 Security Issues of Central Database
Due to the sensitivity of biometric data there has been some high cause for concern around
the storage and trustworthiness of individuals with authorised access of this highly sensitive
and personal information. Central databases containing biometric data must be stored in a
high security environment. “Once IDs are stored in a computer database, they become
vulnerable to access by people able to hack the system or willing to misuse their authorised
access” (Lerner 2000, p.23). For this reason gathering of biometric information and the
access to it would follow a set procedure to ensure that it would not be used for nebulous
purposes.
The intention is to apply the storage database onto the existing servers used by the
Department of Social Protection and take advantage of the current security protocols. The
department have stringent security controls already in place to protect the Central Records
System (a complete database of all the historical tax reference numbers which were used to
103
pre-populate the database in 1979 and all PPS numbers issued since then). Methods include
data encryption and internal security checks to determine which authorised users view what
details and for what reason (Department of Social Protection 2011).
There will also be a backup database stored on a virtual server and a system of encryption
where suitable and appropriate will be employed.
A.4.10 Qualitative Research on Biometric Applications
The Irish Council for Bioethics engaged RED C (a market research company) to organize
focus groups in Ireland on the topic of biometric technologies in March 2008. Each focus
group had 8 people.

20-29 years Male and female in Dublin (middle and lower middle class)

30-34 years Male and female in Dublin (working class and lower)

45 -60 years Male and female in Mullingar (lower class and skilled working class)
The following information was taken from the Irish Council for Bioethics report “Biometrics:
Enhancing Security or Invading Privacy?”
1) All were aware and had experience of biometric applications in some form from
overseas travel and work.

"My parents has to scan their fingers to get access to theme parks in Disney world"

"I’ve scanned my finger to get access to a casino in town"

"We had to scan our hand to get access to the children’s ward or the morgue"

"We're getting a new clock-in system using our finger instead of a clock-in card"
2) TV shows like CSI has done a lot to raise the profile of biometrics.
3) Greater acceptance and understanding for new requirements/added security measures
post 911.
4) Using biometrics as a means of tracking child attendance at school was highly
regarded.
5) Health concerns regarding Biometrics applications were minimal but some were
concerned of putting their head into a headhold for iris scanning but standing at a
distance and getting scanned was believed better.
6) General feeling that information about us was already shared by different departments
like supermarket loyalty cards, electoral register is used to send junk mail, revenue
and criminal assets bureau have widespread access to information and movements.
7) Many understood the concept of encryption.
104
8) There was a doubt with fingerprints (i.e. they can be copied). General feelings that
IRIS was more difficult or impossible to replicate.
9) Questions:

Where is the data held?

In what format is the data held?

Who and what departments can access the data?

What power do I have with regard to my information?

What are my rights?

Who monitors the information?
10) There was an overall assumption that checks would be in place to protect the data.
The assumption was that the Data Protection Commissioner and department would be
the monitor. It would all be lawful.
11) Consensus was that a Biometric process is faster than current checks (Irish Council
for Bioethics 2010).
Conclusions






Very interested and enthusiastic about the concept
Quite aware of biometric applications
Had personal experience
General acceptance of developments and natural progression of processes using
technology
Despite a certain trust in science some scepticism exists around imitation and
replication
A key concern was the release of their personal information to third parties (Irish
Council for Bioethics 2010).
105
A.4.11 Arguments against Biometrics
“Biometrics becomes the system by which chip and gene can be joined as the borders
between the natural and the artificial are imploded.”
Harraway 1997 (cited in Magnet 2008)
With the average citizen living in the UK being caught on CCTV approximately seventy
times a day (London Evening Standard 2011), we can clearly state that the introduction of
biometric technology is not the start of a surveillance society, it has long since been in
operation. In any case, there is huge support and recognition given to those who advocate for
higher levels of personal privacy and for biometric technologies to be disbanded. Providing
unique personal information to policy makers gives up an individual‟s right to anonymity and
their freedom of being “innocent until proven guilty” - an important freedom for many.
A further argument is that biometric measurements are “unbreakable identifiers” and the
existence of such data files could make it difficult for those who legitimately need to change
their identities to flee from potential danger or enter into a witness protection scheme (Lerner
2000). When an authority decides to implement biometric identification, a clause or a policy
should be created to cater for such an event.
Moreover, the widespread usage of biometric technologies and smart cards has stricken fear
into the minds of many people as it signals the realisation of the book of Revelations in the
Old Testament;
Revelations 13:16-18: “16And he causeth all, both small and great, rich and poor, free and
bond, to receive a mark in their right hand, or in their foreheads.
17
And that no man might
buy or sell, save he that had the mark, or the name of the beast, or the number of his name.
18
Here is wisdom. Let him that hath understanding count the number of the beast; for it is the
number of a man; and his number is six hundred threescore and six.”
The emergence of this technology also bring to mind George Orwell‟s apocalyptic story
“1984” whereby a society was tied down to electronic data and monitored by keepers of in
international central database.
There is a difficulty in creating a delicate balance or compromise in this field. Biometric
technologies solve many of the longstanding issues surrounding authorisation, identification
and security yet many have strong beliefs against it and there is public cause for concern.
106
What is needed in this case is to educate the population and demonstrate system transparency
in order to turn around support.
107
Appendix V: Bibliography/Reference List
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University of Pittsburgh, April, p. 1-8.
Bunreacht na hÉireann, Constitution of Ireland 1937–2004.
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&r.l2=1073858827&r.l3=1073900012&r.s=sc&type=RESOURCES [Accessed 25 July
2011].
Business Link 2011. Tendering for Government Contracts: A Guide for Small Businesses. 3rd
ed. London: Office of Government Commerce.
Central Statistics Ireland 2008. CSO.ie [Online]. Available from:
http://www.cso.ie/Quicktables/GetQuickTables.aspx?FileName=CNA15.asp&TableName=P
opulation+by+Age+2006&StatisticalProduct=DB_CN [Accessed 13 July 2011].
Central Statistics Office 2010. Live Register November 2010. CSO, November.
Central Statistics Office 2011. Live Register 2011, June.
Central Ststistics Office 2011. Live Register July 2011, July.
Citizens Information 2011. Personal Public Service Number [Online]. Available from:
http://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/social_welfare/irish_social_welfare_system/personal_p
ublic_service_number.html [Accessed 2 July 2011].
Comptroller and Auditor General 2005. Development of Human Resources Management
System for the Health Service (PPARS). Report on Value for Money Examination,
December.
Contracts & Agreements UK 2010. Tendering for a Contract [Online]. Available from:
http://www.contractsandagreements.co.uk/tendering-for-a-contract.html [Accessed 25 July
2011].
Daugman, J. and Malhas, I. 2004. Irish Recogniton Border-Crossing System in the UAE.
International Airport Review(2).
Deaglán de Bréadún 2011. ''Very alarming' discrepancy between PPS numbers and
population', The Irish Times, 14 July.
108
Delvaux, N. 2004. 'Biometrics and Smart Cards: From Implementation to Standardisation'.
Smart Card Charter Conference, Prague, 5-6.
Department of Social and Family Affairs 2008. Statement of Strategy 2008-2010.
Government of Ireland.
Department of Social Protection 2010. Over 2 Million Social Welfare Claims Processed and
85.3 Million Mayments Made in 2010. Press Office Release.
Department of Social Protection 2010. Social Welfare (Miscellaneous Provisions) (No.2) Bill
2010 [Online]. Available from:
http://www.welfare.ie/EN/Policy/Legislation/Bills/Pages/swbill2010_part2.aspx [Accessed 1
August 2011].
Department of Social Protection 2011. 'Interview Questions 26th July', Dublin.
Department of Social Protection Annual Report 2011. Department of Social Protection
Annual Report 2010. The Department of Social Protection.
eTenders Public Procurment 2011. About eTenders [Online]. Available from:
http://www.etenders.gov.ie/aboutus/aboutus_main.aspx [Accessed 12 July 2011].
Eurpoean Commision Joint Research Centre 2005. Biometrics at the Frontiers: Assessing the
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Appendix VI: RealDeal Profile Solutions
5.1Company Logo
113
5.2 Company Directors
Contact details
Role
Name
Contact email
Martin Kilcline
[email protected]
Jim Callaly
[email protected]
Administrative
Sorcha
[email protected]
Director
McConville
Technical Director
and Operations
Officer
Financial Director
and Communications
Director
114