School of Criminology and Criminal Justice Criminology Comprehensive Exam

School of Criminology and Criminal Justice
Doctor of Philosophy in Criminology and Criminal Justice
Criminology Comprehensive Exam
Reading List and Instructions
Criminology and Criminal Justice at the University of Nebraska Omaha refers to the scientific
study of the causes of and societal responses to crime and deviant behavior. The reading list for
the criminology comprehensive examination provides students with a substantive knowledge
base pertaining to the causes of crime and deviant behavior. Although the list is not intended to
be exhaustive in any area, it identifies readings deemed by the faculty as essential knowledge for
students who graduate from the University with the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in
Criminology and Criminal Justice.
The criminology comprehensive examination assesses students’ ability to critically evaluate
extant literature, to integrate knowledge drawn from different scholars and perspectives, and to
demonstrate a solid understanding of central issues facing the field.
The purpose of the reading list for the criminology comprehensive examination is threefold:
1) Aid students in passing the exam.
The list is inclusive of the readings with which you must be familiar to pass the exam. However,
the reading list should not be viewed as exhaustive but rather as a very good starting point. You
also should be familiar with relevant literature published in the major journals of the field in the
past five years and/or covered in your coursework, even if these readings do not appear on the
list. Major journals include Criminology, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, Crime
and Delinquency, Justice Quarterly, Journal of Quantitative Criminology, Journal of Criminal
Law and Criminology, Law and Society Review, American Sociological Review, American
Journal of Sociology, Social Problems, and Social Forces.
A successful examination demonstrates an ability to apply understanding of the criminological
literature to broad questions facing the field. Rarely is the inclusion or exclusion of a single
article or book sufficient to warrant a “pass” or “fail.” Instead, you must demonstrate intimate
familiarity with relevant issues and the extant literature, the idea being that you possess the
knowledge base to produce an informed and well thought out answer to each question posed by
the examining committee. Thus, rather than simply memorize what the authors of the items on
the list say, you will need to focus on synthesizing the literature in a way that shows you
understand it and have thought about how individual readings might fit together.
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2) Aid students in thinking about their research interests more broadly.
In conducting research, criminologists often fall victim to overspecialization and fail to think
about the relevance of broader criminological research to their own research interest(s). As you
read through the materials on this list, you should think about how they could be used to develop
your own research agenda. Regardless of whether you know what you want to study or whether
you are still figuring it out, you will (or should) learn that grounding your research in broader
theoretical and methodological traditions in criminology and criminal justice will help you
become a more successful researcher and scholar (e.g., publications in major journals, securing
extramural grants). The readings on this list will provide you with the knowledge base to do just
that.
3) Aid students in preparing their courses.
In a perfect world, all Ph.D. graduates would obtain a job at a university that only requires them
to teach in their specific area(s) of interest. Unfortunately, this rarely is the case. It is highly
likely that you will be required to prepare and teach a variety of courses within criminology and
criminal justice, both within and outside of your specific area(s) of interest. The readings on this
list will provide you with the background knowledge to teach a number of criminological
courses. Taking thorough notes and/or preparing detailed summaries of the readings on this list
will not only aid you in passing the exam, but will also provide you with a wealth of knowledge
from which to draw when preparing to teach courses you are assigned in your eventual academic
appointment.
ADMINISTRATION OF THE EXAMINATION
The exam will be given on one day in both the fall and the spring semester. The exam will have
two sessions (a morning session and an afternoon session). Each session will be 4 hours long.
During each session you will be asked to answer two of three questions prepared by the grading
committee.
TAKING THE EXAMINATION
There is no advice that will ensure a passing grade on the comprehensive examination. However,
below are a few general suggestions regarding those factors likely to be considered by the
committee in the grading each examination.
In order to pass, your answer must respond to the test questions. You should expect to write a
detailed, thorough, and well-integrated answer to each question you address. A successful
answer will not only refer specifically to the relevant literature, but also demonstrate an
understanding of the material. Generally speaking, in writing a well-structured answer, you
should first tell the grading committee how you plan to answer the question, then tell the
committee what you said you would tell them, and lastly, sum up and conclude what you wrote.
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If a question requires knowledge of a criminological theory or theories, it is essential that you
demonstrate such knowledge. An answer that demonstrates only surface knowledge is not
acceptable, answers that show scholarly depth will be more likely to pass, and answers that are
filled with broad statements that are not supported with appropriate citations to the literature do
not show convincingly that a student truly knows the subject matter. Remember this simple but
important point: only what is written on the exam can be graded. Members of the examining
committee cannot “fill in the blanks” or “assume you know the answer.”
Related to the discussion above, citations to textbooks are not recommended. Textbooks or
readers that contain overviews or summaries of theories may be useful in helping to organize
main points about different theories and/or learning about a given theory’s empirical status.
However, in no way should these works be considered as replacements for reading the original
theoretical or empirical contributions of the authors in your reading list. In your answers, you
should cite the original theoretical works and research studies.
With all of the above in mind, you should take a moment to reflect on what you are about to do.
Although preparing for and eventually taking comprehensive examinations is a stressful and very
time-consuming endeavor, it is also the only time in your academic career that you will be
afforded the opportunity to immerse yourself in the criminological and criminal justice
literatures. Faculty members are here to guide you if needed, but this is also the time during
which you will train yourself to 1) read literature and pick out relevant points; 2) think about a
large body of literature and how different works may or may not fit together; and, 3) develop
ideas that can be used to answer questions on a comprehensive examination or in your future
research.
Good luck!
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A. Theoretical perspectives
1. Anomie/strain theory
1.1.Anomie, Institutional anomie, and other macro-level perspectives
(Durkheim’s anomie from Cullen & Agnew)
Chamlin, Mitchell B. and John K. Cochran. (1995). Assessing Messner and Rosenfeld’s
institutional anomie theory: A partial test. Criminology, 33(3): 411-429.
Cloward, Richard A. (1959). Illegitimate means, anomie, and deviant behavior. American
Sociological Review, 24(2): 164-176.
Merton, Robert K. (1938). Social structure and anomie. American Sociological Review, 3(5):
672-682.
Messner, Steven F. (1988). Merton’s ‘social structure and anomie’: The road not taken. Deviant
Behavior, 9(1): 33-53.
Messner, Steven F. and Richard Rosenfeld. (1997). Political restraint of the market and levels of
criminal homicide: A cross-national application of institutional-anomie theory. Social
Forces, 75(4): 1393-1416.
Messner, Steven and Richard Rosenfeld. (2007). Crime and the American Dream. 3rd Edition.
Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Messner, Steven F., Helmut Thome, and Richard Rosenfeld. (2008). Institutions, anomie, and
violent crime: Clarifying and elaborating institutional-anomie theory. International
Journal of Conflict and Violence, 2(2): 163-181.
Savolainen, Jukka. (2000). Inequality, welfare state, and homicide: Further support for the
institutional anomie theory. Criminology, 38(4):1021-1042.
1.2 Strain theory/individual level perspectives
Agnew, Robert and Helene Raskin White. (1992). An empirical test of general strain theory.
Criminology, 30(4): 475-499.
Agnew, Robert S. (1992). Foundation for a general strain theory of crime and delinquency.
Criminology, 30(1): 47-87.
Agnew, Robert. (2001). Building on the foundation of general strain theory: Specifying the types
of strain most likely to lead to crime and delinquency. Journal of Research in Crime and
Delinquency, 38(4): 319-361.
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Agnew, Robert, Timothy Brezina, John Paul Wright, and Francis T. Cullen. (2002). Strain,
personality traits, and delinquency: Extending general strain theory. Criminology, 40(1):
43-71.
Agnew, Robert. (2006). Pressured into crime: An overview of general strain theory. Cary, NC:
Roxbury Publishing Company.
Bernard, Thomas J. (1984). Control criticisms of strain theories: An assessment of theoretical
and empirical adequacy. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 21(4): 353-372.
Burton, Velmer S., Jr. and Francis T. Cullen. (1992). The empirical status of strain theory.
Journal of Crime and Justice, 15(2): 1-30.
Farnworth, Margaret and Michael Leiber. (1989). Strain theory revisited: Economic goals,
educational means, and delinquency. American Sociological Review, 54: 263-274.
2. Control theory and social disorganization
2.1 Social bonding theories
Catalano, R. F. and J. D. Hawkins. (1996). The social development model: A theory of antisocial
behavior. In J. D. Hawkins (Ed.), Delinquency and crime: Current theories (pp. 149197). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Hawkins, J. D., R. F. Catalano, R. Kosterman, R. Abbott and K. G. Hill. (1999). Preventing
adolescent health-risk behaviors by strengthening protection during childhood. Archives
of pediatrics & adolescent medicine, 153(3): 226-234.
Hirschi, Travis. (1969). Causes of Delinquency. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Huang, B., R. Kosterman, R. F. Catalano, J. D. Hawkins, J. D. and R. D. Abbott. (2001).
Modeling mediation in the etiology of violent behavior in adolescence: A test of the
social development model. Criminology, 39(1): 75-108.
Krohn, Marvin D. and James L. Massey. (1980). Social control and delinquent behavior: An
examination of the elements of the social bond. The Sociological Quarterly, 21(4): 529544.
Reiss, Albert J. (1965). Delinquency as the failure of personal and social controls. American
Sociological Review, 16(2): 196-207.
Wiatrowski, Michael D., David B. Griswold, and Mary K. Roberts. (1981). Social control theory
and delinquency. American Sociological Review, 46(5): 525-541.
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2.2 Self-control/general theory
Benson, Michael L. and Emily Moore. (1992). Are white-collar and common offenders the
same? An empirical and theoretical critique of a recently proposed general theory of
crime. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 29(3): 251-272.
Burt, Callie H. and Ronald L. Simons. (2013). Self-control, thrill seeking, and crime: Motivation
matters. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 40(11): 1326-1348.
Goode, Erich (Ed.). (2008). Out of Control: Assessing the General Theory of Crime. Stanford,
CA: Stanford University Press.
Gottfredson, Michael R. and Travis Hirschi. (1990). A General Theory of Crime. Stanford:
Stanford University Press.
Grasmick, Harold G., Charles R. Tittle, Robert J. Bursik, and Bruce K. Arneklev. (1993). Testing
the core empirical implications of Gottfredson and Hirschi’s General Theory of Crime.
Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 30(1): 5-29.
Hay, Carter. (2001). Parenting, self-control, and delinquency: A test of self-control theory.
Criminology, 79(3): 707- 736.
Hay, Carter and Walter Forrest. (2006). The development of self-control: Examining selfcontrol’s stability thesis. Criminology, 44:739-774.
Hirschi, Travis. (2004). Self-Control and Crime. Pp. 538-553 in Handbook of Self-Regulation:
Research, Theory, and Applications, edited by Roy F. Baumeister and Kathleen D. Vohs.
New York: Guilford Press.
Muraven, Mark, Greg Pogarsky, and Dikla Schmueli. (2006). Self-control depletion and the
general theory of crime. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 22(3): 263-277.
Na, C. and R. Paternoster. (2012). Can self-control change substantially over time? Rethinking
The relationship between self- and social control. Criminology, 50(2): 427-462.
Pratt, Travis C. and Francis T. Cullen. (2000). The empirical status of Gottfredson and Hirschi’s
general theory of crime: A meta-analysis. Criminology, 38(3): 931-964.
Sellers, Christine S. (1999). Self-control and intimate violence: An examination of the scope and
specification of the general theory of crime. Criminology, 37(2): 375-404.
Tittle, Charles R., David A. Ward, and Harold G. Grasmick. (2003). Self-control and
crime/deviance: Cognitive vs. behavioral measures. Journal of Quantitative Criminology,
19(4): 333-365.
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2.3 Social disorganization and collective efficacy

Shaw & McKay covered in Cullen & Agnew
Bellair, Paul E. (1997). Social interaction and community crime: Examining the importance of
neighbor networks. Criminology, 35(4): 677-703.
Bellair, Paul and Christopher Browning. (2010). Contemporary disorganization research: An
assessment and further test of the systemic model of neighborhood crime. Journal of
Research in Crime and Delinquency, 47(4): 496-521.
Browning, Christopher R., Seth L. Feinberg, and Robert D. Dietz. (2004). The paradox of social
organization: Networks, collective efficacy, and violent crime in urban neighborhoods.
Social Forces, 83(2): 503-534.
Bursik, Robert. (1988). Social disorganization and theories of crime and delinquency: Problems
and prospects. Criminology, 26(4): 519-551.
Kubrin, Charis and Ronald L. Weitzer. (2003). New directions in social disorganization theory.
Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 40(4): 374-402.
Maimon, David and Christopher R. Browning. (2010). Unstructured socializing, collective
efficacy, and violent behavior among urban youth. Criminology, 48(2): 443-474.
Morenoff, Jeffrey D., Robert J. Sampson, and Stephen W. Raudenbush. (2001). Neighborhood
inequality, collective efficacy, and the spatial dynamics of urban violence. Criminology,
39(3): 517-559.
Sampson, Robert J., and W. Byron Groves. (1989). Community structure and crime: Testing
social disorganization theory. American Journal of Sociology, 94(4):774-802.
Sampson, Robert J., Stephen W. Raudenbush, and Fenton Earls. (1997). Neighborhoods and
violent crime: A multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science, 277(5328): 918-924.
Sampson, Robert J. and Stephen W. Raudenbush. (1999). Systematic social observation of public
spaces: A new look at disorder in urban neighborhoods. American Journal of Sociology,
105(3): 603-651.
Warner, Barbara D. and Pamela W. Rountree. (1997). Local social ties in a community and
crime model: Questioning the systemic nature of informal social control. Social
Problems, 44(4): 680-706.
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3. Social learning/differential association and cultural perspectives
Akers, Ronald L., Marvin D. Krohn, Lonn Lanza Kaduce, and Marcia Rodosevich. (1979).
Social learning and deviant behavior: A specific test of a general theory. American
Sociological Review, 44(4): 636-655.
Akers, Ronald L. (1996). Is differential association/social learning cultural deviance theory?
Criminology, 34(2): 229-247.
Anderson, Elijah. (1999). Code of the Street: Decency, Violence, and the Moral Life of the Inner
City. New York: W.W. Norton.
Burgess, Robert L. and Ronald L. Akers. (1966). A differential association-reinforcement theory
of criminal behavior. Social Problems, 19(2): 101-113.
Kirk, David S. and Andrew V. Papachristos. (2011). Cultural mechanisms and the persistence of
neighborhood violence. American Journal of Sociology, 116(4): 1190-1233.
Matsueda, Ross. (1982). Testing control and differential association: A causal modeling
approach. American Sociological Review, 47: 489-504.
Matsueda, Ross L. and Karen Heimer. (1987). Race, family structure, and delinquency: A test of
differential association and social control theories. American Sociological Review, 52:
826-840.
Matsueda, Ross L. (1988). The current state of differential association theory. Crime and
Delinquency, 34(3): 277-306.
Matsueda, Ross. (1997). Cultural deviance theory: The remarkable persistence of a flawed term.
Theoretical Criminology, 1(4): 429-452.
Nisbett, Richard E. and Dov Cohen. (1996). Culture of Honor: The Psychology of Violence in
the South. Westview.
Pratt, Travis C., Francis T. Cullen, Christine S. Sellers, L. Thomas Winfree, Jr., Tamara D.
Madensen, Leah E. Daigle, Noelle E. Fearn, and Jacinta M. Gau. (2010). The empirical
status of social learning theory: A meta-analysis. Justice Quarterly, 27(6): 765-802.
Sampson, Robert J. and Dawn J. Bartusch. (1998). Legal cynicism and (subcultural?) tolerance
of deviance: The neighborhood context of racial differences. Law and Society Review,
32(4): 777-804.
Stewart, Eric A. and Ronald L. Simons. (2006). Structure and culture in African American
adolescent violence: A partial test of the ‘code of the street’ thesis.” Justice Quarterly,
23(1): 1-33.
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4. Rational choice, opportunity, and situational theories
4.1 Rational choice, offender decision-making, deterrence
Clarke, Ronald V. and Derek B. Cornish. (1985). Modeling Offenders’ Decisions: A Framework
for Research and Policy. Crime and Justice: An Annual Review of Research, Vol. 6 (pp.
147-185). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Cornish, Derek B. and Ronald V. Clarke. (1986). “Introduction” in The Reasoning Criminal:
Rational Choice Perspectives on Offending. New York: Springer-Verlag. Note: only the
Introduction by Cornish and Clarke is required!
Matsueda, Ross, David Huizinga, and Derek A. Kreager. (2006). Deterring delinquents: A
rational choice model of theft and violence. American Sociological Review, 71(1): 95122.
Nagin, Daniel S. (1998). Criminal Deterrence Research at the Outset of the Twenty-First
Century. Crime and Justice: An Annual Review of Research, Vol. 23 (pp. 1-42). Chicago,
IL: University of Chicago Press.
Paternoster, Raymond and Greg Pogarsky. (2009). Rational choice, agency and thoughtfully
reflective decision making: The short and long-term consequences of making good
choices. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 25(2): 103-127.
Piliavin, Irving, Rosemary Gartner, Craig Thornton, and Ross Matsueda. (1986). Crime,
deterrence, and rational choice. American Sociological Review, 51: 101-119.
Piquero, Alex and Raymond Paternoster. (1998). An application of Stafford and Warr’s
reconceptualization of deterrence to drinking and driving. Journal of Research in Crime
and Delinquency, 35(1): 3-39.
Piquero, Alex R. and Greg Pogarsky. (2002). Beyond Stafford and Warr’s reconceptualization of
deterrence: personal and vicarious experiences, impulsivity, and offending behavior.
Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 39(2): 153-186.
Stafford, Mark C. and Mark Warr. (1993). A reconceptualization of general and specific
deterrence. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 30(2): 123-135.
Van Gelder, J. L. and R. E. De Vries. (2012). Traits and states: Integrating personality and affect
into a model of criminal decision-making. Criminology, 50(3): 637-671.
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4.2 Routine activities, opportunity, and lifestyle theories
Anderson, Amy L. and Lorine A. Hughes. (2009). Exposure to situations conducive to
delinquent behavior: The effects of time use, income, and transportation. Journal of
Research in Crime and Delinquency, 46(1): 5-34.
Barnes, Grace M., Joseph H. Hoffman, John W. Welte, Michael P. Farrell, and Barbara A.
Dintcheff. (2007). Adolescents’ time use: Effects on substance use, delinquency and
sexual activity. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 36(5): 697-710.
Bernburg, Jon Gunnar, and Thorolfur Thorlindsson. (2001). Routine activities in social context:
A closer look at the role of opportunity in deviant behavior. Justice Quarterly, 18(3):543567.
Cohen, Lawrence E. and Marcus Felson. (1979). Social change and crime rate trends: A routine
activity approach. American Sociological Review, 44(4): 588-608.
Cross, Amanda B., Denise Gottfredson, Denise Wilson, Melissa Rorie, and Nadine Connell.
(2009). The impact of after-school programs on the routine activities of middle-school
students: Results from a randomized, controlled trial. Criminology and Public Policy,
8(2): 391-412.
Felson, Marcus and Michael Gottfredson. (1984). Social indicators of adolescent activities near
peers and parents. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 46(3): 709-714.
Felson, Marcus and Rachel Boba. (2010). Crime and Everyday Life. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Felson, Richard B., Jukka Savolainen, Mark T. Berg, and Noora Ellonen. (2013). Does spending
time in public settings contribute to the adolescent risk of violent victimization? Journal
of Quantitative Criminology, 29(2): 273-293.
Flannery, Daniel J., Laura L. Williams, and Alexander T. Vazsonyi. (1999). Who are they with
and what are they doing? Delinquent behavior, substance use, and early adolescents’
after-school time. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 69(2): 247-253.
Maimon, David, and Christopher R. Browning. (2010). Unstructured socializing, collective
efficacy, and violent behavior among urban youth. Criminology, 48(2): 443-474.
Osgood, D. Wayne, Janet K. Wilson, Patrick M. O’Malley, Jerald G. Bachman, and Lloyd D.
Johnston. (1996). Routine activities and individual deviant behavior. American
Sociological Review, 61(4): 635-655.
Osgood, D. Wayne and Amy L. Anderson. (2004). Unstructured socializing and rates of
delinquency. Criminology, 42(3): 519-550.
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Roncek, Dennis and Pamela Maier. (2006). Bars, blocks, and crimes revisited: Linking the
theory of routine activities to the empiricism of hot spots. Criminology, 29(4): 725-753.
Sampson, Robert J. and John D. Wooldredge. (1987). Linking the micro- and macro-level
dimensions of lifestyle-routine activity and opportunity models of predatory
victimization. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 3(4): 371-393.
Sherman, Lawrence W., Patrick Gartin, and Michael D. Buerger. (1989). Hot spots of predatory
crime: Routine activities and the criminology of place. Criminology, 27(1): 27-56.
Thorlindsson, Thorolfur, and Jon Gunnar Bernburg. (2006). Peer groups and substance use:
Examining the direct and indirect effect of leisure activity. Adolescence 41:321-39.
4.3 Situational-interactional perspectives
Becker, Howard. (1953). Becoming a Marijuana user. American Journal of Sociology, 59(3):
235-242.
Black, Donald. (1983). Crime as social control. American Sociological Review, 48(1): 34-45.
Felson, Richard B. and Henry J. Steadman. (1983). Situational factors in disputes leading to
criminal violence. Criminology, 21(1): 59-74.
Felson, R. B. (1992). Kick’em when they’re down. The Sociological Quarterly, 33(1): 1-16.
Jacobs, Bruce and Richard Wright. (2006). Street Justice: Retaliation in the Criminal
Underworld. Cambridge.
Luckenbill, David F. (1977). Criminal homicide as a situated transaction. Social Problems,
25(2): 176-186.
Matsueda, Ross. (1992). Reflected appraisals, parental labeling, and delinquency: Specifying a
symbolic interactionist theory. American Journal of Sociology, 97(6): 1577-1611.
Wikstrom, Per-Olof (2006). Linking Individual, Setting, and Acts of Crime. Situational
Mechanisms and the Explanation of Crime. Pp. 61-107 in The Explanation of Crime:
Contexts, Mechanisms, and Development, edited by Per-Olof Wikstrom and Robert J.
Sampson. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Wikström, Per-Olof H., Vania Ceccato, Beth Hardie, and Kyle Treiber. (2010). Activity fields
and the dynamics of crime. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 26(1): 55-87.
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5. Labeling theory, critical theory, feminist theory
Bernburg, Jon Gunnar, Marvin D. Krohn, and Craig J. Rivera. (2006). Official labeling, criminal
embeddedness, and subsequent delinquency. Journal of Research in Crime and
Delinquency, 43(1): 67-88.
Britton, Dana M. (2000). Feminism in criminology: Engendering the outlaw. Annals of the
American Academy of Political and Social Science, 57: 57-76.
Chesney-Lind, Meda. (1989). Girls’ crime and women’s place: Toward a feminist model of
female delinquency. Crime and Delinquency, 35(1): 5-29.
Chesney-Lind, Meda. (2003). The Female Offender: Girls, Women, and Crime. Thousand Oaks,
CA: Sage.
Chesney-Lind, Meda. (2006). Patriarchy, crime, and justice: Feminist criminology in an era of
backlash. Feminist Criminology, 1(1): 6-26.
Colvin, Mark, and John Pauly. (1983). A critique of criminology: Toward an integrated
structural-Marxist theory of criminal production. American Journal of Sociology, 89(3):
513-581.
Daly, Kathleen and Meda Chesney-Lind. (1988). Feminism and criminology. Justice Quarterly
5(4): 497-538.
Simpson, Sally. (1989). Feminist theory, crime, and justice. Criminology, 27(4): 605-632.
6. Life course and developmental perspectives
Blumstein, Alfred, Jacqueline Cohen, and David P. Farrington. (1988). Criminal career research:
its value for criminology. Criminology, 26(1): 1-35.
Farrington, David P. (2003). Developmental and life course criminology: Key theoretical and
empirical issues. Criminology, 41(2): 221-255.
Giordano, Peggy C., Stephen A. Cernkovich, and Jennifer L. Rudolph. (2002). Gender, crime,
and desistance: Toward a theory of cognitive transformation. American Journal of
Sociology, 107(4): 990-1064.
Gottfredson, Michael and Travis Hirschi. (1986). The true value of lambda would appear to be
zero: An essay on career criminals, criminal careers, selective incapacitation, cohort
studies, and related topics. Criminology, 24(2): 213-234.
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Horney, Julie, D. Wayne Osgood, and Ineke Haen Marshall. (1995). Criminal careers in the short
term: Intra-individual variability in crime and its relation to local life circumstances.
American Sociological Review, 60(5): 655-673.
Kirk, David S. (2009). A natural experiment on residential change and recidivism: Lessons from
hurricane Katrina. American Sociological Review, 74(3): 484-505.
Laub, John H. and Robert J. Sampson. (1993). Turning points in the life course: Why change
matters to the study of crime. Criminology, 31(3): 301-325.
Laub, John H. and Robert J. Sampson. (2003). Shared Beginnings, Divergent Lives: Delinquent
Boys to Age 70. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Moffitt, Terrie E. (1993). Adolescence-limited and life-course persistent antisocial behavior: A
developmental taxonomy. Psychological Review, 100(4): 674-701.
Nagin, Daniel S. and Raymond Paternoster. (1991). On the relationship of past to future
participation in delinquency. Criminology, 29(2): 163-189.
Nagin, Daniel S. and David P. Farrington. (1992). The stability of criminal potential from
childhood to adulthood. Criminology, 30(2): 235-260.
Sampson, Robert J. and John H. Laub. (1990). Crime and deviance over the life course: The
salience of adult social bonds. American Sociological Review, 55: 609-627.
Sampson, Robert J., and John H. Laub. (1993). Crime in the Making: Pathways and Turning
Points through Life. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Siennick, Sonja E. and D. Wayne Osgood. (2008). A review of research on the impact on crime
of transitions into adult roles. In The Long View of Crime: A Synthesis of Longitudinal
Research, ed. Akiva Liberman. New York: Springer.
Simons, Ronald L., Christine Johnson, Rand D. Conger, and Glen Elder, Jr. (1998). A test of
latent trait versus life-course perspectives on the stability of adolescent antisocial
behavior. Criminology, 36(2): 217-244.
Simons, Ronald, Leslie Gordon Simons, Callie H. Burt, Gene H. Brody, and Carolyn Cutrona.
(2005). Collective efficacy, authoritative parenting, and delinquency: A longitudinal test
of a model integrating community and family-level processes. Criminology, 43(4): 9891030.
Warr, Mark. (1998). Life-course transitions and desistance from crime. Criminology, 36(2):183216.
Wolfgang, Marvin, Robert M. Figlio, and Thorsten Sellin. (1972). Delinquency in a Birth
Cohort. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
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.
Wright, Bradley R. Avshalom Caspi, Terrie E. Moffitt, and Phil A. Silva. (1999). Low self
control, social bonds, and crime: Social causation, social selection, or both? Criminology,
37(3): 479-514.
Wright, Bradley R., Avshalom Caspi, and Terrie E. Moffitt. (2001). The effects of social ties on
crime vary by criminal propensity: A life-course model of interdependence. Criminology,
39(2): 321-352.
B. Correlates of Crime
1. Demographic correlates
1.1 Age
Hirschi, Travis and Michael Gottfredson. (1983). Age and the explanation of crime. American
Journal of Sociology, 89(3): 552-584.
Greenberg, David F. (1985). Age, crime and social explanation. American Journal of Sociology,
91(1): 1-21.
Tittle, Charles R. (1988). Two empirical regularities (maybe) in search of an explanation:
Commentary on the age/crime debate. Criminology, 26(1): 76-86.
Steffensmeier, Darrell J., Emilie A. Allan, Miles D. Harer, and Cathy Streifel. (1989). Age and
the distribution of crime. American Journal of Sociology, 94(4): 803-831.
Sweeten, Gary, Alex R. Piquero, and Laurence Steinberg. (2013). Age and the explanation of
crime, revisited. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42(6): 921-938.
1.2 Gender
Broidy, Lisa and Robert Agnew. (1997). Gender and crime: A general strain theory perspective.
Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 34(3): 275-306.
Burgess-Proctor, Amanda. (2006). Intersections of race, class, gender, and crime future
directions for feminist criminology. Feminist Criminology, 1(1): 27-47.
Caspi, Avshalom, Donald Lynam, Terrie E. Moffitt, and Phil A. Silva. (1993). Unraveling girls'
delinquency: Biological, dispositional, and contextual contributions to adolescent
misbehavior. Developmental Psychology, 29: 19-30.
De Coster, Stacey, Karen Heimer, and Samantha R. Cumley. (2012). Gender and Theories of
Delinquency. Pp. 313-332 in The Oxford Handbook of Criminological Theory, edited by
Francis Cullen and Pamela Wilcox. New York: Oxford University Press.
14
Felson, Richard B. (1996). Big people hit little people: Sex differences in physical power and
interpersonal violence. Criminology, 34(3): 433-452.
Hagan, John, A. R. Gillis, and John Simpson. (1985). The class structure of gender and
delinquency: Toward a power-control theory of common delinquent behavior. American
Journal of Sociology, 90(6): 1151-1178.
Heimer, Karen and Stacy De Coster. (1999). The gendering of violent delinquency. Criminology,
37(2): 277-318.
Lauritsen, Janet L., Karen Heimer, and James P. Lynch. (2009). Trends in the gender gap in
violent offending: New evidence from the National Crime Victimization Survey.
Criminology, 47(2): 361-400.
Miller, Jody. (1998). Up it up: Gender and the accomplishment of street robbery. Criminology,
36(1): 37-66.
Moffitt, Terrie E., Avshalom Caspi, Michael Rutter, and Phil A. Silva. (2001). Sex Differences in
Antisocial Behavior: Conduct Disorder, Delinquency, and Violence in the Dunedin
Longitudinal Study. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Mullins, Chandra W. and Richard Wright. 2003. “Gender, Social Networks, and Residential
Burglary.” Criminology 41(3): 813-840.
Schwartz, Jennifer, Darrell Steffensmeier, Hua Zhong, and Jeff Ackerman. (2009). Trends in the
gender gap in violence: Reevaluating NCVS and other evidence. Criminology, 47(2):
401-424.
Simpson, Sally S. and Lori Elis. (1995). Doing gender: Sorting out the caste and crime
conundrum. Criminology, 33(1): 47-81.
Steffensmeier, Darrell and Emilie Allan. (1996). Gender and crime: Toward a gendered theory of
female offending. Annual Review of Sociology, 22: 459-487.
Steffensmeier, Darrell and Dana L. Haynie. (2000). Gender, structural disadvantage, and urban
crime: Do macrosocial variables also explain female offending rates? Criminology, 38(2):
403-438.
Steffensmeier, Darrell, Jennifer Schwartz, Hua Zhong, and Jeff Ackerman. (2005). An
assessment of recent girls’ violence using diverse longitudinal sources: Is the gender gap
closing? Criminology, 43(2): 355-406.
Zimmerman, Gregory M. and Steven Messner. (2010). Neighborhood context and the gender gap
in adolescent violent crime. American Sociological Review, 75(6): 958-980.
15
1.3 Race and ethnicity
Chiricos, Ted, Michael Hogan, and Marc Gertz. (1997). Racial composition of neighborhood and
fear of crime. Criminology, 35(1): 107-132.
Harer, Miles D. and Darrell Steffensmeier. (1992). The differing effects of economic inequality
on Black and White rates of violence. Social Forces, 70(4): 1035-1054.
Hindelang, Michael J. (1978). Race and involvement in common law personal crimes. American
Sociological Review, 43(1): 93-109.
Krivo, Lauren J. and Ruth D. Peterson. (2000). The structural context of homicide: Accounting
for racial differences in process. American Sociological Review, 65(4): 547-559.
McNulty, Thomas L. and Paul E. Bellair. (2003). Explaining racial and ethnic differences in
serious adolescent violent behavior. Criminology, 41(3): 709-747.
Messner, Steven F. and Reid M. Golden. (1992). Racial inequality and racially disaggregated
homicide rates: An assessment of alternative theoretical explanations. Criminology,
30(3): 421-448.
Paschall, Mallie J., Robert L. Flewelling, and Susan T. Ennett. (1998). Racial differences in
violent behavior among young adults: Moderating and confounding effects. Journal of
Research in Crime and Delinquency, 35(2): 148-165.
Patillo, Mary. (1998). Sweet mothers and gangbangers: Managing crime in a Black middle-class
neighborhood. Social Forces, 76(3): 747-774.
Ousey, Graham C. (1999). Homicide, structural factors, and the racial invariance assumption.
Criminology, 37(2): 405-426.
Sampson, Robert J. (1985). Race and criminal violence: A demographically disaggregated
analysis of urban homicide. Crime and Delinquency, 31(1): 47-82.
Sampson, Robert J. (1987). Urban Black violence: The effect of male joblessness and family
disruption. American Journal of Sociology, 93(2): 348-382.
Sampson, Robert J., Jeffrey D. Morenoff, and Stephen W. Raudenbush. (2005). Social anatomy
of racial and ethnic disparities in violence. American Journal of Public Health, 95(2):
224-232.
Shihadeh, Edward S. and Nicole Flynn. (1996). Segregation and crime: The effect of Black
social isolation on the rates of Black urban violence. Social Forces, 74(4): 1235-1352.
16
Steffensmeier, Darrell, Jeffery Ulmer, Ben Feldmeyer and Casey Harris. (2010). Scope and
conceptual issues in testing the race-crime invariance thesis: Black, White, and Hispanic
comparisons. Criminology, 48(4): 1133- 1169.
2. Family factors: family structure, parenting, maltreatment, etc.
2.1 Family, parent and parenting effects
Barber, Brian K. (1992). Family, personality, and adolescent problem behaviors. Journal of
Marriage and Family, 54(1): 69-79.
Brezina, Timothy. (1998). Adolescent maltreatment and delinquency: The question of
intervening processes. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 35(1): 71-99.
Burke, Jeffrey D., Dustin A. Pardini, and Rolf Loeber. (2008). Reciprocal relationships between
parenting behavior and disruptive psychopathology from childhood through adolescence.
Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 36(5): 679-692.
Cernkovich, Stephen A. and Peggy C. Giordano. (1987). Family relationships and delinquency.
Criminology, 25:295-319.
Demuth, Stephen and Susan L. Brown. (2004). Family structure, family processes, and
adolescent delinquency: The significance of parental absence versus parental gender.
Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 41(1): 58-81.
Hoeve, Machteld, Judith Semon Dubas, Veroni I. Eichelsheim, Peter H. van der Laan, Wilma
Smeenk, and Jan R. M. Gerris. (2009). The relationship between parenting and
delinquency: A meta-analysis. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37(6): 745-779.
Loeber, Rolf and Magda Stouthamer-Loeber. (1986). Family Factors as Correlates and Predictors
of Juvenile Conduct Problems and Delinquency. Crime and Justice: An Annual Review of
Research, Vol. 7 (pp. 29-129). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Rankin, Joseph H. and Roger M. Kern. (1994). Parental attachments and delinquency.
Criminology, 32(4): 495-515.
Rebellon, Cesar J. (2002). Reconsidering the broken homes/delinquency relationships and
exploring its mediating mechanism(s). Criminology, 40:103-135.
Schroeder, Ryan D. and Thomas J. Mowen. (2014). Parenting style transitions and delinquency.
Youth and Society, 46(2): 228-254.
Simons, Ronald L., Leslie Gordon Simons, Callie Harbin Burt, Gene H. Brody, and Carolyn
Cutrona. (2005). Collective efficacy, authoritative parenting and delinquency: A
longitudinal test of a model integrating community-and family-level processes.
Criminology, 43(4): 989-1029.
17
Smith, Carolyn and Terence P. Thornberry. (1995). The relationship between child maltreatment
and adolescent involvement in delinquency. Criminology, 33(4): 451-477.
Unnever, James D., Francis T. Cullen, and Robert Agnew. (2007). Why is bad parenting
criminogenic? Implications from rival theories. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice,
4(1): 3-33.
Warr, Mark. (2007). The tangled web: Delinquency, deception, and attachment to parents.
Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 36(5): 607-622.
Widom, Cathy S. (1989). The cycle of violence. Science, 244(4901): 160-166.
Wright, John Paul and Francis T. Cullen. (2001). Parental efficacy and delinquent behavior: Do
control and support matter? Criminology, 39(3): 601-629.
2.1 Marriage, family transitions, and desistance
Bersani, Bianca E., and Elaine Eggleston Doherty. (2013). When the ties that bind unwind:
examining the enduring and situational processes of change behind the marriage effect.
Criminology, 51 (2):399-433.
Blokland, A. A. J. , and P. Nieuwbeerta. (2005). The effects of life circumstances on longitudinal
trajectories of offending. Criminology, 43(4):1203-1240.
Carlsson, Christoffer. (2012). Using 'turning points' to understand processes of change in
offending. Notes from a Swedish study of life courses and crime. British Journal of
Criminology, 52 (1):1-16.
Duncan, Greg J., Bessie Wilkerson, and Paula England. (2006). Cleaning up their act: The effect
of marriage and cohabitation on licit and illicit drug use. Demography, 43(4):691-710.
Giordano, P. C., P. M. Seffrin, W. D. Manning, and M. A. Longmore. (2011). Parenthood and
crime: The role of wantedness, relationships with partners, and ses. Journal of Criminal
Justice, 39(5): 405-416.
King, Ryan D., Michael Massoglia, and Ross Macmillan. (2007). The context of marriage and
crime: Gender, the propensity to marry, and offending in early adulthood. Criminology,
45 (1):33-65.
Kreager, D. A., R. L. Matsueda and E. A. Erosheva. (2010). Motherhood and criminal
desistance in disadvantaged neighborhoods. Criminology, 48(1):221-258.
18
Laub, John H., Daniel S. Nagin, and Robert J. Sampson. (1998). Trajectories of change in
criminal offending: Good marriages and the desistance process. American Sociological
Review, 63(2): 225-238.
Lyngstad, Torkild Hovde, and Torbjørn Skardhamar. (2013). Changes in criminal offending
around the time of marriage. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 50(4):608615.
Piquero, Alex R., David P. Farrington, and Alfred Blumstein. (2007). Key Issues in Criminal
Career Research: New Analysis of the Cambridge study in Delinquent Development.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sampson, R. J., J. H. Laub and C. Wimer. (2006). Does marriage reduce crime? A
counterfactual approach to within-individual causal effects. Criminology, 44(3): 465-508.
Savolainen, J. .( 2009). Work, family and criminal desistance: Adult social bonds in a Nordic
welfare state. British Journal of Criminology, 49: 285-304.
Skardhamar, Torbjørn, Christian W. Monsbakken and Torkild Hovde Lyngstad. (2014). Crime
and the transition to marriage: The role of the spouse’s criminal involvement. British
Journal of Criminology, au011.
Theobald, D. and D. P. Farrington. (2011). Why do the crime-reducing effects of marriage vary
with age? British Journal of Criminology, 51: 136-158.
3. Social class, inequality, and poverty
3.1 SES, poverty, and crime
Blau, Judith R. and Peter M. Blau. (1982). The cost of inequality: Metropolitan structure and
violent crime. American Sociological Review, 47: 114-129.
Braithwaite, Jon. (1981). The myth of social class and criminality reconsidered. American
Sociological Review, 46(1): 36-57.
Cullen, Francis T. (1994). Social support as an organizing concept for criminology: Presidential
address to the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences. Justice Quarterly, 11(4): 527-559.
Dunaway, Gregory R., Francis Cullen, Velmer S. Burton, Jr. and T. David Evans. (2000). The
myth of social class and crime revisited: An examination of class and adult criminality.
Criminology, 38(2): 589-632.
Elliott, Delbert S. and Suzanne S. Ageton. (1980). Reconciling race and class differences in selfreported and official estimates of delinquency. American Sociological Review, 45(1): 95110.
19
Hsieh, Ching-Chi and M.D. Pugh. (1993). Poverty, income inequality, and violent crime: A
meta-analysis of recent aggregate data studies. Criminal Justice Review, 18(2): 182-202.
Patterson, E. Britt. (1991). Poverty, income inequality, and community crime rates. Criminology,
29(4): 755-776.
Tittle, Charles R., Wayne J. Villemez and Douglas A. Smith. The myth of social class and
criminality: An empirical assessment of the empirical evidence. American Sociological
Review, 43(5): 643-656.
Wright, Bradley R. Avshalom Caspi, Terrie E. Moffitt, Richard A. Miech and Phil A. Silva.
(1999). Reconsidering the relationship between ses and delinquency: Causation but not
correlation. Criminology, 37(1): 175-194.
4. Social institutions and crime
4.1. Schools and education
Arum, R. and I. R. Beattie. (1999). High school experience and the risk of adult incarceration.
Criminology, 37(3): 515–540.
Cernkovich, Stephen A. and Peggy C. Giordano. (1992). School bonding, race, and delinquency.
Criminology, 30(2): 261-291.
Felson, R. B. and J. Staff. (2006). Explaining the academic performance-delinquency
relationship. Criminology, 44(2), 299–320.
Hirschfield, P. J. and J. Gasper. (2011). The relationship between school engagement and
delinquency in late childhood and early adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence,
40(1): 3-22.
Liska, A. E. and M. D. Reed.(1985). Ties to conventional institutions and delinquency:
Estimating reciprocal effects. American Sociological Review, 50: 547–560.
Lochner, L. and E. Moretti. (2004). The effect of education on crime: Evidence from prison
inmates, arrests, and self-reports. The American Economic Review, 94(1): 155–189.
Maguin, Eugene and Rolf Loeber. (1996). Academic Performance and Delinquency. Crime and
Justice: An Annual Review of Research, Vol. 20 (pp. 145-264). Chicago, IL: University
of Chicago Press.
Sweeten, G., S. D. Bushway and R. Paternoster. (2009). Does dropping out of school mean
dropping into delinquency? Criminology, 47(1): 47–91.
20
Wiatrowski, Michael D., Stephen Hansell, Charles R. Massey and David L. Wilson. (1982).
Curriculum tracking and delinquency. American Sociological Review, 47: 151-160.
4.2 Work, employment, unemployment
Apel, Robert, Shawn D. Bushway, Raymond Paternoster, Robert Brame and Gary Sweeten.
(2008). Using state child labor laws to identify the causal effect of youth employment on
deviant behavior and academic achievement. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 24(4):
337-362.
Bushway, Shawn D. and Peter Reuter. (2001). Labor markets and crime. In Crime: Public
Policies for Crime Control (3rd ed), eds. Q. Wilson and Joan Petersilia (pp. 183-209).
Oakland, CA: ICS Press.
Bushway, Shawn D. (2011). Labor markets and crime. In Crime and Public Policy, eds. James
Q. Wilson and Joan Petersilia. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Bushway, Shawn D. and Robert Apel. (2012). A signaling perspective on employment-based
reentry programming. Criminology & Public Policy, 11: 21–50.
Cantor, David, and Kenneth C. Land. (1985). Unemployment and crime rates in the post-world
war II United States: A theoretical and empirical analysis. American Sociological Review,
50: 317-32.
Carlsson, Christoffer. (2012). Using turning points to understand processes of change in
offending. British Journal of Criminology, 52:1-16.
Crutchfield, Robert D. and Susan R. Pitchford. (1997). Work and crime: The effects
of labor stratification. Social Forces, 76(1): 93-118.
Fagan, Jeffrey and Richard B. Freeman. (1999). Crime and work. Crime and Justice: Review of
Research, 25: 225-290.
Farrington, David P., Bernard Gallagher, Lynda Morley, Raymond J. St. Ledger and Donald J.
West. (1986). Unemployment, school leaving, and crime. British Journal of Criminology,
26(4): 335-356.
Freeman, Richard B. (1991). Crime and the employment of disadvantaged youths. National
Bureau of Economic Research, No.w3875.
Skardhamar, Torbjorn and Jukka Savolainen. (2014). Changes in criminal offending around the
time of job entry: A study of employment and desistance. Criminology, 52(2): 263-291.
Uggen, Christopher. (2000). Work as a turning point in the life course of criminals: A duration
model of age, employment, and recidivism. American Sociological Review, 67: 529-46.
21
Uggen, Christopher and Sara Wakefield. (2008). What have we learned from longitudinal studies
of work and crime? In The Long View of Crime: A Synthesis of Longitudinal Research,
ed. Akiva Liberman. New York: Springer.
Van der Geest, Victor R., Catrien C. Bijleveld and Arjen A. J. Blokland. ( 2011). The effects of
employment on longitudinal trajectories of offending: A follow-up of high-risk youth
from 18 to 32 years of age. Criminology, 49:1195-1234.
Visher, Christy A., Laura Winterfield and Mark B. Coggeshall. (2005). Ex-offender
employment programs and recidivism: A meta-analysis. Journal of Experimental
Criminology, 1:295-316.
4.3 Religion, spirituality, and morality
Antonaccio, Olena and Charles R. Tittle. (2008). Morality, self-control, and crime. Criminology,
46(2): 479-510.
Brauer, Jonathan R., Charles R. Tittle and Olena Antonaccio. (2013). Does religion suppress,
socialize, soothe, or support? Exploring religiosity’s influence on crime. Journal for the
Scientific Study of Religion, 52(4): 753-774.
Evans, T. David, Francis T. Cullen, R. Gregory Dunaway and Velmer S. Burton. (1995).
Religion and crime reexamined: The impact of religion, secular controls, and social
ecology on adult criminality. Criminology, 33(2): 195-224.
Geyer, Anne L. and Roy F. Baumeister. (2005). Religion, Morality, and Self-control: Values,
Virtues, and Vices. Pp. 412-432 in Handbook of the Psychology of Religion and
Spirituality, edited by Raymond F. Paloutzian and Crystal L. Park. New York: Guilford.
Jang, Sung Joon and Aaron B. Franzen. (2013). Is being spiritual enough without being
religious? A study of violent and property crimes among emerging adults. Criminology,
51(3): 595-627.
Johnson, Byron R., Sung Joon Jang, David B. Larson and Spencer De Li. (2001). Does
adolescent religious commitment matter? A reexamination of the effects of religiosity on
delinquency. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 38(1): 22-44.
Regnerus, Mark. (2003). Moral communities and adolescent delinquency: Religious contexts and
community social control. Sociological Quarterly, 44(4): 523-554.
Tittle, Charles R., Olena Antonaccio, Ekaterina Botchkovar and Maria Kranidiotis. (2010).
Expected utility, self-control, morality, and criminal probability. Social Science
Research, 39(6): 1029-1046.
22
Topalli, Volkan, Timothy Brezina and Mindy Bernhardt. (2013). With God on my side: The
paradoxical relationship between religious belief and criminality among hardcore street
offenders. Theoretical Criminology, 17(1): 49-69.
5. Peer processes
Giordano, Peggy C., Stephen A. Cernkovich and M. D. Pugh. (1986). Friendships and
delinquency. American Journal of Sociology, 91(5): 1170-1202.
Harding, David J. (2009). Violence, older peers, and the socialization of adolescent boys in
disadvantaged neighborhoods. American Sociological Review, 74(3): 445-464.
Haynie, Dana L. (2001). Delinquent peers revisited: Does network structure matter?
American Journal of Sociology, 106(4): 1013-1057.
Haynie, Dana and Wayne Osgood. (2005). Reconsidering peers and delinquency: How do peers
matter? Social Forces, 84(2): 1109-1130.
Haynie, Dana L., Peggy C. Giordano and Wendy D. Manning. (2005). Adolescent romantic
relationships and delinquency involvement. Criminology, 43(1): 177-210.
Kreager, Derek A.( 2007). Unnecessary roughness? School sports, peer networks, and male
adolescent violence. American Sociological Review, 72(5): 705-724.
Kreager, Derek A., Kelly Rulison and James Moody. (2011). Delinquency and the structure of
adolescent peer groups. Criminology, 49(1): 95-127.
Matsueda, Ross L. and Kathleen Anderson. (1998). The dynamics of delinquent peers and
delinquent behavior. Criminology, 36(2): 269-308.
McGloin, Jean M. (2009). Delinquency balance: Revisiting peer influence. Criminology, 47(2):
439-477.
Paternoster, Ray, Jean M. McGloin, Holly Nguyen and Kyle J. Thomas. (2013). The causal
impact of exposure to deviant peers: An experimental investigation. Journal of Research
in Crime and Delinquency, 50(4): 476-503.
Patterson, Gerald R. and Thomas J. Dishion. (1985). Contributions of families and peers to
delinquency. Criminology, 23(1): 63-79.
Rebellon, Cesar J. (2006). Do adolescents engage in delinquency to attract the social attention of
peers? An extension and longitudinal test of the social reinforcement hypothesis. Journal
of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 43(4): 387-411.
23
Thornberry, Terence, Alan J. Lizotte, Marvin D. Krohn, Margaret Farnsworth and Sung Joon
Jang. (1994). Delinquent peers, beliefs, and delinquent behavior: A longitudinal test of
interactional theory. Criminology, 32(1): 47-83.
Warr, Mark and Mark Stafford. (1991). The influence of delinquent peers: What they think or
what they do? Criminology, 29(4): 851-865.
Warr, Mark. (1993). Age, peers, and delinquency. Criminology, 31(1): 17-40.
Warr, Mark. (1993). Parents, peers, and delinquency. Social Forces, 72(1): 247-264.
Warr, Mark. (2002). Companions in Crime. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Weerman, Frank M. (2011). Delinquent peers in context: A longitudinal network analysis of
selection and influence effects. Criminology, 49(1): 253-286.
Young, Jacob T.N., Cesar J. Rebellon and J.C. Barnes. (2014). Unpacking the black box
of peer similarity in deviance: Understanding the mechanisms linking personal
behavior, peer behavior, and perceptions. Criminology, 52(1): 60-86.
6. Bio-psychological factors
6.1 Psychological characteristics
Beaver, K. M. and J. P. Wright. (2011). The association between county-level IQ and countylevel crime rates. Intelligence, 39(1): 22-26.
Beaver, K. M., J. A. Schwartz, J. L. Nedelec, E. J. Connolly, B. B. Boutwell and J. C. Barnes.
(2013). Intelligence is associated with criminal justice processing: Arrest through
incarceration. Intelligence, 41: 277-288.
Bellair, Paul E. and Thomas L. McNulty. (2010). Cognitive skills, adolescent violence, and the
moderating role of neighborhood disadvantage. Justice Quarterly, 27 (4): 538-559.
Caspi, Avshalom, Terrie Moffitt, Phil Silva, Magda Stouthamer Loeber, Robert Krueger and
Pamela Schmutte. (1994). Are some people crime prone? Replications of the personality
crime relationship across countries, genders, races, and methods. Criminology, 32(2):
163-195.
Caspi, A., R. M. Houts, D. W. Belsky, S. J. Goldman-Mellor, H. Harrington, S. Israel, and T. E.
Moffitt. (2014). The p factor one general psychopathology factor in the structure of
psychiatric disorders? Clinical Psychological Science, 2: 119-137.
DeLisi, M. (2009). Psychopathy is the unified theory of crime. Youth Violence and Juvenile
Justice, 7: 256-273.
24
Hare, R. D. (1996). Psychopathy a clinical construct whose time has come. Criminal justice and
Behavior, 23: 25-54.
Hodgins, Sheilagh. (1992). Mental disorder, intellectual deficiency, and crime: evidence from a
birth cohort. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49(6): 476-483.
Menard, Scott and Barbara J. Morse. (1984). A structuralist critique of the IQ-delinquency
hypothesis: Theory and evidence. American Journal of Sociology, 89(6):1347-1378.
Moffitt, T. E. (1990). Juvenile delinquency and attention deficit disorder: Boys' developmental
trajectories from age 3 to age 15. Child Development, 61(3): 893-910.
Moffitt, T. E. (1990). Neuropsychology of juvenile delinquency: A critical review. Crime &
Just., 12:99.
Moffitt, T. E. (1993). The neuropsychology of conduct disorder. Development and
Psychopathology, 5(1-2): 135-151.
Moffitt, Terrie E., Donald R. Lynam and Phil A. Silva. (1994). Neuropsychological tests
predicting persistent male delinquency. Criminology, 32(2): 277-300.
Ogilvie, J. M., A. L. Stewart, R. C. Chan and D. H. Shum. (2011). Neuropsychological measures
of executive function and antisocial behavior: A meta-analysis. Criminology, 49: 10631107.
Raine, Adrian, Terrie E. Moffitt, Avshalom Caspi, Rolf Loeber, Magda Stouthamer-Loeber and
Don Lynam. (2005). Neurocognitive impairments in boys on the life-course persistent
antisocial path. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114(1): 38-49..
6.2 Genetic and other biological processes
Beaver, K. M. (2008). Nonshared environmental influences on adolescent delinquent
involvement and adult criminal behavior. Criminology, 46: 341-369.
Beaver, K. M. (2013). Biosocial Criminology: A Primer. (2nd Ed.). Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt.
Belsky, J. and M. Pluess. (2009). Beyond diathesis stress: Differential susceptibility to
environmental influences. Psychological Bulletin, 135(6): 885-908.
Caspi, A., J. McClay, T. E. Moffitt, J. Mill, J. Martin, I. W. Craig, A. Taylor, R. Poulton.
(2002). Role of genotype in the cycle of violence in maltreated children. Science, 297:
851-854.
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Ferguson, C. J. (2010). Genetic contributions to antisocial personality and behavior: A metaanalytic review from an evolutionary perspective. The Journal of Social
Psychology, 150(2): 160-180.
Guo, Guang, Michael E. Roettger and Tianji Cai. (2008). The integration of genetic propensities
into social-control models of delinquency and violence among male youths. American
Sociological Review, 73(4): 543-568.
Harris, J. R. (1995). Where is the child's environment? A group socialization theory of
development. Psychological Review, 102: 458-489.
Johnson, W., E. Turkheimer, I. I. Gottesman and T. J. Bouchard. (2009). Beyond heritability
twin studies in behavioral research. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18(4):
217-220.
Moffitt, Terrie E. (2005). The new look of behavioral genetics in developmental
psychopathology: Gene-environment interplay in antisocial behaviors. Psychological
Bulletin, 131(4): 533-554.
Raine, A. (2002). Biosocial studies of antisocial and violent behaviors in children and
adolescents: A review. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30: 311-326.
Raine, A. (2008). From genes to brain to antisocial behavior. Current Directions in
Psychological Science, 17: 323-328.
Rowe, D. C. and D. W. Osgood. (1984). Heredity and sociology theories of delinquency: A
reconsideration. American Sociological Review.
Rowe, D. C. (1994). The limits of family influence: Genes, experience, and behavior. New York:
Guilford Press.
Scarr, S. and K. McCartney. (1983). How people make their own environments: A theory of
genotype → environment effects. Child Development, 54: 424-435.
Simons, Ronald L., Man Kit Lei, Steven R.H. Beach, Gene H. Brody, Robert A. Philibert and
Frederick X. Gibbons. (2011). Social environment, genes, and aggression: Evidence
supporting the differential susceptibility perspective. American Sociological Review,
76(6): 883-912.
26
Tielbeek, J. J., S. E. Medland, B. Benyamin, E. M. Byrne, A. C. Heath, P. A. Madden and K. J.
Verweij. (2012). Unraveling the genetic etiology of adult antisocial behavior: A genomewide association study. PloS One, 7(10): e45086.
Turkheimer, E. (2000). Three laws of behavior genetics and what they mean. Current Directions
in Psychological Science, 9: 160-164.
Turkheimer, E. and M. Waldron. (2000). Nonshared environment: A theoretical, methodological,
and quantitative review. Psychological Bulletin, 126(1): 78-108.
Udry, J. R. (1995). Sociology and biology: what biology do sociologists need to know? Social
Forces, 73: 1267-1278.
Wright, J. P. and K. M. Beaver. (2005). Do parents matter in creating self-control in their
children? A genetically informed test of Gottfredson and Hirschi’s theory of low selfcontrol. Criminology, 43: 1169-1202.
7. Historical and cross-national research
7.1 Historical studies, crime trends
Baumer, E., J. L. Lauritsen, R. Rosenfeld, R. and R. Wright. (1998). The influence of crack
cocaine on robbery, burglary, and homicide rates: A cross-city, longitudinal analysis.
Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 35(3): 316-340.
Blumstein, A. and J. Wallman, (Eds.). (2006). The crime drop in America. Cambridge University
Press.
Cohen, L. E. and M. Felson. (1979). Social change and crime rate trends: A routine activity
approach. American Sociological Review, 588-608.
Donohue, John and Steven D. Levitt. (2001). The impact of legalized abortion on crime.
Quarterly Journal of Economics, 116(2): 379-420.
Dugan, Laura, Daniel S. Nagin and Richard Rosenfeld. (1999). Explaining the decline in
intimate partner homicide: The effects of changing domesticity, women's status, and
domestic violence resources. Homicide Studies, 3(3): 187-214.
Eisner, M. (2001). Modernization, self‐control and lethal violence: The long‐term dynamics of
European homicide rates in theoretical perspective. British Journal of Criminology,
41(4): 618-638.
Eisner, Manuel. (2003). Long-term historical trends in violent crime. Crime and Justice, 83-142.
27
LaFree, Gary. (1999). Declining violent crime rates in the 1990s: Predicting crime booms and
busts. Annual Review of Sociology, 25(1): 145-168.
Levitt, S. D. (2004). Understanding why crime fell in the 1990s: Four factors that explain the
decline and six that do not. Journal of Economic perspectives, 163-190.
Pinker, Steven. (2011). Decline of violence: Taming the devil within us. Nature, 478(7369): 309311.
7.2 Cross-national and international criminology
Antonaccio, Olena, Charles R. Tittle, Ekaterina Botchkovar and Maria Kranidiotis. (2010). The
correlates of crime and deviance: Additional evidence. Journal of Research in Crime and
Delinquency, 47(3): 297-328.
De Souza, E. and J. Miller. (2012). Homicide in the Brazilian Favela: Does opportunity make the
killer? British Journal of Criminology, 52(4): 786-807.
Eisner, Manuel. (2002). Crime, problem drinking, and drug use: Patterns of problem behavior in
cross-national perspective. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social
Science, 580(1): 201-225.
Felson, Richard, Jukka Savolainen, Thoroddur Bjarnason, Amy L. Anderson and I. Tusty Zohra.
(2011). The cultural context of drinking and violence: A comparative study of
adolescents from 30 European countries. Criminology, 49(3): 699-728.
LaFree, Gary D. and Tseloni, Andromachi. (2006). Democracy and crime: A multilevel analysis
of homicide trends in forty-four countries, 1950-2000. The Annals of the American
Academy of Political and Social Science, 605: 25-49.
Lynch, James P. and William Alex Pridemore. (2011). Crime in international perspective. Crime
and Public Policy, 5-52.
Messner, Steven F. and Richard Rosenfeld. (2001). Crime and the American Dream, 3rd Edition.
Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Messner, Steven F., Lawrence E. Raffalovich, Gretchen M. Sutton.( 2010). Poverty, infant
mortality, and homicide rates in cross-national perspective: Assessments of criterion and
construct validity. Criminology, 48(2): 509-537.
Neumayer, Eric. (2003). Good policy can lower violent crime: Evidence from a cross-national
panel of homicide rates, 1980-97. Journal of Peace Research, 40: 619-640.
Nivette, A. E. (2011). Cross-national predictors of crime: A meta-analysis. Homicide Studies,
15(2): 103-131.
28
Ouimet, Marc. (2012). A world of homicides: The effect of economic development, income
inequality, and excess infant mortality on the homicide rate for 165 countries in 2010.
Homicide Studies, 16: 238-258.
Pratt, Travis C. and Timothy W. Godsey. (2003). Social support, inequality, and homicide: A
cross-national test of an integrated theoretical model. Criminology, 41(3): 611-643.
Pridemore,
W.structure
A. (2008).
methodological
to poverty‐homicide
the cross‐national thesis.
empirical
literature on
social
andAhomicide:
A first addition
test of the
Criminology,
46(1): 133-154.
Stamatel, Janet. (2009). Correlates of national-level homicide variation in post-communist eastcentral Europe. Social Forces, 87: 1424-1448.
Steffensmeier, Darrell, Emilie Allan and Cathy Streifel. (1989). Development and female crime:
A cross-national test of alternative explanations. Social Forces, 68(1): 262-283.
8. Neighborhood-level factors
Eck, John E. and David Weisburd. (1995). Crime places in crime theory. Crime and Place:
Crime Prevention Studies, 4: 1-34.
Hipp, John R. (2007). Blocks, tracts, and levels of aggregation: Neighborhood structure and
crime and disorder as a case in point. American Journal of Sociology, 72(5): 659-680.
Hipp, John R., George E. Tita and Lindsey N. Boggess. (2009). Intergroup and intragroup
violence: Is violent crime an expression of group conflict or social disorganization?
Criminology, 47(2): 521-564.
Kling, Jeffrey R., Jens Ludwig and Lawrence F. Katz. (2005). Neighborhood effects on crime for
female and male youth: Evidence from a randomized housing voucher experiment.
Quarterly Journal of Economics, 120(1): 87-130.
Krivo, Lauren J. and Ruth D. Peterson. (1996). Extremely disadvantaged neighborhoods and
urban crime. Social Forces, 75(2): 619-648.
Kubrin, Charis E. and Ronald Weitzer. (2003). Retaliatory homicide: Concentrated disadvantage
and neighborhood culture. Social Problems, 50(2): 157-180.
Wikström, Per-Olof H. and Rolf Loeber. (2000). Do disadvantaged neighborhoods cause welladjusted children to become adolescent delinquents? A study of male juvenile serious
offending, individual risk and protective factors, and neighborhood context. Criminology,
38(4): 1109-1142.
29
Wright, Emily M. and Abigail A. Fagan. (2013). The cycle of violence in context: Exploring the
moderating roles of neighborhood disadvantage and cultural norms. Criminology, 51(2):
217-249.
Zimmerman, Gregory M. and Steven F. Messner. (2010). Neighborhood context and the gender
gap in adolescent violent crime. American Sociological Review, 75(6): 958-980.
Zimmerman, Gregory M. and Steven F. Messner. (2011). Neighborhood context and nonlinear
peer effects on adolescent violent crime. Criminology, 49(3): 873-903.
C. Crime problems or topics
1. Gangs and street offenders
Battin, Sara R., Karl G. Hill, Robert D. Abbott, Richard F. Catalano and J. David Hawkins.
(1998). The contribution of gang membership to delinquency beyond delinquent friends.
Criminology, 36(1): 93-116.
Brantingham, P. Jeffrey, George E. Tita, Martin B. Short and Shannon E. Reid. (2012). The
ecology of gang territorial boundaries. Criminology, 50(3): 851-885.
Decker, Scott H. (1996). Collective and normative features of gang violence. Justice Quarterly,
13(2): 243-264.
Decker, Scott H., Chris Melde and David C. Pyrooz. (2013). What do we know about gangs and
gang members and where do we go from here? Justice Quarterly, 30(3): 369-402.
Gordon, Rachel A., Benjamin B. Lahey, Ericko Kawai, Rolf Loeber, Magda Stouthamer-Loeber,
and David P. Farrington. (2004). Antisocial behavior and youth gang membership:
selection and socialization. Criminology, 42(1): 55-87.
Hughes, Lorine A. (2013). Group cohesiveness, gang member prestige, and delinquency and
violence in Chicago, 1959-1962. Criminology, 51(4): 795-832.
Jacobs, Bruce and Richard T. Wright. (1999). Stick-up, street culture, and offender motivation.
Criminology, 37(1): 149-173.
Jacobs, Bruce A. and Richard Wright. (2006). Street Justice: Retaliation in the Criminal
Underworld. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Krohn, Marvin D., Jeffrey T. Ward, Terence P. Thornberry, Alan J. Lizotte and Rebekah Chu.
(2011). The cascading effects of adolescent gang involvement across the life course.
Criminology, 49(4): 991-1028.
30
Melde, Chris and Finn-Aage Esbensen. (2011). Gang membership as a turning point in the life
course. Criminology, 49(2): 513-552.
Melde, Chris and Finn-Aage Esbensen. (2013). Gangs and violence: Disentangling the impact of
gang membership on the level and nature of offending. Journal of Quantitative
Criminology, 29(2): 143-166.
Papachristos, Andrew V. (2009). Murder by structure: Dominance relations and the social
structure of gang homicide. American Journal of Sociology, 115(1): 74-128.
Papachristos, Andrew V., David M. Hureau and Anthony A. Braga. (2013). The corner and the
crew: The influence of geography and social networks on gang violence. American
Sociological Review, 78(3): 417-447.
Pyrooz, David C., Gary Sweeten and Alex R. Piquero. (2013). Continuity and change in gang
membership and gang embeddedness. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency,
50(2): 239-271.
Venkatesh, Sudhir. (1997). The social organization of street gang activity in an urban ghetto.
American Journal of Sociology, 103(1): 82-111.
Warr, Mark. (1996). Organization and instigation in delinquent groups. Criminology, 34(1):
11-37.
2. Interpersonal violence
2.1 Intimate partner and family violence
Archer, John. (2000). Sex differences in aggression between heterosexual partners: A metaanalytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 126(5): 651-680.
Carbone-Lopez, Kristin and Candace Kruttschnitt. (2010). Risky relationships? Assortative
mating and women’s experiences of intimate partner violence. Crime and Delinquency,
56(3): 358-384.
Felson, Richard B. and Jodi K. Lane. (2010). Does violence involving women and intimate
partners have a special etiology? Criminology, 48(1): 321-338.
Johnson, Michael P. (1995). Patriarchal terrorism and common couple violence: Two forms of
violence against women. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 57: 283-294.
Lussier, Patrick, David P. Farrington and Terrie E. Moffitt. (2009). Is the antisocial child father
of the abusive man? A 40-year prospective longitudinal study on the developmental
antecedents of intimate partner violence. Criminology, 47(3): 741-780.
31
MacMillian, Ross and Rosemary Gartner. (1999). When she brings home the bacon: Labor-force
participation and the risk of spousal violence against women. Journal of Marriage and
the Family, 61(4): 947-958.
Moffitt, Terrie E., Robert F. Krueger, Avshalom Caspi and Jeff Fagan. (2000). Partner abuse and
general crime: How are they the same? How are they different? Criminology, 38(1): 199232.
Thomas, Kristie A., Melissa E. Dichter and Jason Matejkowski. (2011). Intimate versus
nonintimate partner murder: A comparison of offender and situational characteristics.
Homicide Studies, 15(3): 291-311.
Widom, Cathy S. (1989). The cycle of violence. Science, 244(4901): 160-166.
Wright, Emily M. and Michael L. Benson. (2010). Immigration and intimate partner violence:
Exploring the immigrant paradox. Social Problems, 57(3): 480-503.
2.2 Rape and sexual assaults
Abbey, A., McAuslan and L. T. Ross. (1998). Sexual assault perpetration by college men: The
role of alcohol, misperception of sexual intent, and sexual beliefs and experiences.
Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 17(2): 167-195.
Felson, Richard B. and Keri B. Burchfield. (2004). Alcohol and the risk of physical and sexual
assault victimization. Criminology, 42(4): 837-859.
Fisher, Bonnie S., John J. Sloan, Francis T. Cullen and Chunmeng Lu. (1998). Crime in the ivory
tower: The level and sources of student victimization. Criminology, 36(3): 671-710.
Lalumière M. L., G. T. Harris, V. L. Quinsey and M. E. Rice. (2005). The causes of rape:
Understanding individual differences in male propensity for sexual aggression.
Washington, DC: American Psychological Association
Malamuth, N. M., C. L. Heavey and D. Linz. (1996). The confluence model of sexual
aggression: Combining hostile masculinity and impersonal sex. Journal of Offender
Rehabilitation, 23: 13–37.
Muehlenhard, C. L. and L. C. Hollabaugh. (1988). Do women sometimes say no when they mean
yes? The prevalence and correlates of women's token resistance to sex. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 54(5): 872-879
Muehlenhard, C. L. and C. S. Rodgers. (1998). Token resistance to sex: New perspectives on an
old stereotype. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 22(3): 443-463.
32
Senn, C. Y., S. Desmarais, N. Verberg and E. Wood. (2000). Predicting coercive sexual behavior
across the lifespan in a random sample of Canadian men. Journal of Social and Personal
Relationships, 17: 95-113.
Testa, M. and J. A. Livingston. (2009). Alcohol consumption and women’s vulnerability to
sexual victimization: Can reducing women’s drinking prevent rape? Substance Use and
Misuse, 44(9-10): 1349-1376.
Tharp, A. T., S. DeGue, L. A. Valle, K. A. Brookmeyer, G. M. Massetti and J. L. Matjasko.
(2013). A systematic qualitative review of risk and protective factors for sexual violence
perpetration. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 14(2): 133-167.
Thornhill, R. and N. W. Thornhill. (1983). Human rape: An evolutionary analysis. Ethology and
Sociobiology, 4(3): 137-173.
Tjaden, Patricia and Nancy Thoennes. (1998). “Prevalence, Incidence, and Consequences of
Violence against Women: Findings from the National Violence against Women Survey.”
Research in Brief. (No. NCJ-172837). Washington, DC: Department of Justice, National
Institute of Justice.
2.3 Homicide and gun violence
Black, Dan A. and Daniel S. Nagin. (1993). Do right-to-carry laws deter violent crime? The
Journal of Legal Studies, 27(1): 209-219.
Cook, Philip J. (1991). The technology of personal violence. Crime and justice, 14: 1-71.
Cook, P. J., J. Ludwig and D. Hemenway. (1997). The gun debate's new mythical number: How
many defensive uses per year? Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 16(3): 463469.
Kleck, G. and M. Gertz. (1995). Armed resistance to crime: The prevalence and nature of selfdefense with a gun. J. Crim. L. & Criminology, 86: 150-187
Land, Kenneth C., Patricia L. McCall and Lawrence E. Cohen. (1990). Structural covariates of
homicide rates: Are there any invariances across time and social space? American
Journal of Sociology, 95(4): 922-963.
Ludwig, Jens. (1998). Concealed-gun-carrying laws and violent crime: Evidence from state panel
data. International Review of Law and Economics, 18(3): 239-254.
Zimring, Frank. (1968). Is gun control likely to reduce violent killings? The University of
Chicago Law Review, 721-737.
33
3
Victimization research
Dugan, Laura and Robert Apel. (2005). The differential risk of retaliation by relational distance:
A more general model of violent victimization. Criminology, 43(3): 697-730.
Finkelhor, David, Richard K. Ormrod and Heather A. Turner. (2007). Poly-victimization: A
neglected component in child victimization. Child Abuse and Neglect, 31: 7-26.
Lauritsen, Janet L., Robert J. Sampson and John H. Laub. (1991). The link between offending
and victimization among adolescents. Criminology, 29(2): 265-292.
Meier, Robert F. and Terance D. Miethe. (1993). Understanding theories of criminal
victimization. Crime and Justice: An Annual Review of Research, 17: 459-499.
Miethe, Terance D., Mark C. Stafford and J. Scott Long. (1987). Social differentiation in
criminal victimization: A test of routine activities/lifestyle theories. American
Sociological Review, 52(2): 184-194.
Pratt, Travis C., Jillian J. Turanovic, Kathleen A. Fox and Kevin A. Wright. (2014). Self-control
and victimization: A meta-analysis. Criminology, 52(1): 87-116.
Sampson, Robert J. and John D. Wooldredge. (1987). Linking the micro- and macro-level
dimensions of lifestyle-routine activity and opportunity models of predatory
victimization. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 3(4): 371-393.
Schreck, Christopher J. (1999). Criminal victimization and low self-control: An extension and
test of a general theory of crime. Justice Quarterly, 16(3): 633-654.
Warr, Mark. (2000). Fear of crime in the United States: Avenues for research and policy.
Criminal Justice, 4(4): 451-489.
Xie, Min and David McDowall. (2008). Escaping crime: The effects of direct and indirect
victimization on moving. Criminology, 46(4): 809-840.
D General Issues in Criminology
1. Methodological studies
Berk, Richard. (2010). What you can and can’t properly do with regression. Journal of
Quantitative Criminology, 26:481-487.
Farringon, David P. and Brandon C. Welsh. (2005). Randomized experiments in criminology:
What have we learned in the last two decades? Journal of Experimental Criminology, 1:
9-38.
34
Hindelang, Michael, Travis Hirschi and Joseph G. Weis. (1979). Correlates of delinquency: The
illusion of discrepancy between self-report and official measures. American Sociological
Review, 44(6): 995-1014.
Katz, J. (2001). From how to why on luminous description and causal inference in ethnography
(Part I). Ethnography, 2(4): 443-473.
Katz, J. (2002). From how to why on luminous description and causal inference in ethnography
(Part 2). Ethnography, 3(1): 63-90.
Land, Kenneth C., Patricia L. McCall and Daniel S. Nagin. (1996). A comparison of poisson,
negative binomial and semi-parametric mixed poisson regression models: With empirical
applications to criminal careers data. Sociological Methods & Research, 24: 387-442.
Nagin, Daniel and Richard E. Tremblay. (2005). Developmental trajectory groups: Fact or a
useful statistical fiction? Criminology, 43: 873-904.
Osgood, D. Wayne, Barbara J. McMorris and Maria T. Potenza. (2002). Analyzing multiple-item
measures of crime and deviance I: Item response theory scaling. Journal of Quantitative
Criminology, 18: 267-296.
Phillips, Julie A. and David F. Greenberg. (2008). A comparison of methods for analyzing
criminological panel data. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 24: 51-72.
Rosenthal, Robert. (1979). The ‘file drawer problem’ and tolerance for null results.
Psychological Bulletin, 86: 638-641.
Sampson, Robert J. and John H. Laub. (2005). Seductions of method: Rejoinder to Nagin and
Tremblay. Criminology, 43: 905-913.
Sampson, Robert J., Christopher Winship and Carly Knight. (2013). Translating causal claims:
principles and strategies for policy-relevant criminology. Criminology & Public Policy,
12: 584-616.
Short, James F., Jr. (1998). The level of explanation problem revisited: The American Society of
Criminology 1997 Presidential Address. Criminology, 36(1): 3-36.
Skardhamar, Torbjørn. (2010). Distinguishing facts and artifacts in group-based modeling.
Criminology, 48: 295-320.
Small, M. L. (2011). How to conduct a mixed methods study: Recent trends in a rapidly growing
literature. Annual Review of Sociology, 37(1): 57-86
35
Sullivan, Christopher J. (2011). The utility of the deviant case in the development of
criminological theory. Criminology, 49: 905-920.
Sullivan, C. J. and J. M. McGloin. (2014). Looking back to move forward: Some thoughts on
measuring crime and delinquency over the past 50 years. Journal of Research in Crime
and Delinquency, 0022427813520446.
Weisburd, David and Piquero, Alex. (2008). How well do criminologists explain crime?
Statistical modeling in published studies. Crime and Justice, 37(1): 453-502.
2. General overviews, anthologies, and transcendent readings
Kornhauser, Ruth. (1978). Social Sources of Delinquency: An Appraisal of Analytic Models.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Wilson, James and Richard Hernnstein. (1985). Crime and Human Nature. New York: Simon
and Schuster
Katz, Jack. (1988). Seductions of Crime: Moral and Sensual Attractions of Doing Evil. New
York: Basic Books.
Cullen, Francis T., John Paul Wright, and Kristie R. Blevins. (2006). Taking Stock: The Status of
Criminological Theory (Vol.1). Transaction Publishers.
Pratt, Travis C. and Francis T. Cullen. (2005). Assessing macro-level predictors and theories of
crime: A meta-analysis. Crime and Justice, 32: 373-450.
Kubrin, Charis E., Thomas D. Stucky and Marvin D. Krohn. (2009). Researching Theories of
Crime and Deviance. New York: Oxford.
Cullen, Francis T. and Robert Agnew (Eds.). (2003). Criminological theory: Past to present.
Oxford University Press.
36