The 1976 Articles Most

Essays of an Information Scientist, Vol:4, p.115-126, 1979-80
The
Number
1976
Articles
2.
17
Current Contents, #17, p.5-16, April 23, 1979
Most Cited in 1976
Physical
Sciences
and
April
We recently published a list of the
1976 life sciences articles most cited in
1976- 1977.1 In this second part of the
report, we cover the physical sciences.
The list in Figure 1 shows some of the
“hot” areas of research
in 1976 and
1977. And data from the 1978 Science
Citation Index@ (SCP ) indicate that
many continue
to be hot. We have
made no attempt
to reorder the list
because of 1978 data. However, it is
provided
to supplement
data from
1976-1977.
In studies of this kind it is necessary
to include citation data from two years
due to the chronological
artifact of annual citation studies. Obviously, a paper
published late in 1976 has a smaller
chance of being cited before the year is
out than a paper published
early in
1976. Many papers published in 1976
received no citations
that year, but
enough in 1977 to appear on our list.
The typical 1976 paper published in a
journal covered by the SCZ would be
cited once or twice in 1976-1977.
However, the least-cited paper on this
list received 26 citations, and the mostcited paper received 178. The average
paper on the list received 42.4 citations
in 1976-77, of which 9.9 were in 1976
and 32.5 in 1977. In 1978 there is a slight
falling-off to 29.8 citations. Thk decline
reflects the intense activity in several
fields, especially particle physics. Many
of the papers of prime interest in 1976
and 1977 have already been superseded
by more recent work. In particle physics, for example, 26 of the 33 articles
115
1977.
23, 1979
received fewer citations in 1978 than in
1977.
While physics papers dominate the
list in Figure
1, this doesn’t mean
physics is more significant
than the
other disciplines represented.
It simply
indicates that certain physics specialties
were quite active in the period following
the appearance
of these papers in 1976.
The names of three 1978 Nobel prize
winners appear on the list. Co-a”uthors
of the paper with P. G. Wannier in the
astronomy section are Amo A. Penzias
and Robert W. Wifson, who received
the physics award for discovering the
background
radiation which was interpreted as the remnant of the “big bang.”
Their 1976 paper dealt with interstellar
clouds. Also on the list is Peter Mitchell, who won the chemistry prize for
showing how plants and animals convert
nutrients into energy. Had we published
this study in the spring of 1977, as
originally planned, the predictive value
of the list would have been more dramatic.
Twenty-nine
journals
which published the 100 articles are shown in
Figure 2. Physical Review Letters contributed 41 papers and Physics Letters B
seven. Thus, these two journals contributed about half of the papers.
These papers come from 86 institutions, shown in Figure 3, of which fiftyfive are in the United States. Eight are
located in the Federal Republic of Germany, and five in France. England and
Australia are represented
by three institutions; Israel and Japan by two. Den-
Figure 2. Journals rt!presen!ed cm the IIMof 1976
physical science articles most cited in
1976-1977. “The number in parcmlhwss is
the >mpac[ IlmpacI equal> the a,erage
of
number
Cltatll)ll\
rtxm) d
by
]9”5-[9-b
tirtw!m In 19”- I The namht’r,
at the ngh! IndIcaIe II(IW many papers
frcm] the journal are <m {he lI\t.
PIw. Re\. Lett. !h ~~1
Phy\. Le(t, B 13.241
J. An>. Chcnl. S<>c.(4.41)
Ph}s. Re\ f) (.3 0$)
A\(r[lphys. J. i4.321
Phy\. Re\ B (3.04)
AfIpl. Ply Let!. (.3 ?-l
Scmncc (5.75)
Acc<mnl Chem RIA t8. t,2)
opt. Ct>mmun. 12.13)
Acts Cryslall,,gr. SecI A I I 82)
Appl. Oplic\ 11,65)
Bl,lchen] ‘+Ic. I rans. (2.1 $1
Chem. Phys. (2. ”21
Chem. f’hy,. Lett. O 21)
Chem. Re\ (N.9XI
Electron. Le[t. (().79)
J. Appl. Phy\, ( l.t)~)
J. Chem Phys. (.3.22)
J Electnm. Spectrow RelaI. Ph. 13.01)
J. Org. Chem. 12.471
J. PIIV Chem. (2.051
Mcm. N<~tic.Roy. A\tr(,n. SW’ (2.7.?1
Nature (4.96)
Nut!. Phv\ B (2.82)
Phvs. Rep. 17.651
s,,, J. Quant. E:lec!r. ,().51 I
(K\an!f)\aya Elektr<m!kal
Phys Rev C 11.971
Svnthesi\-S[u[lgar[ 12.12)
41
6
6
5
5
-1
3
2
>
I
1
1
I
1
I
1
I
I
I
I
I
1
1
I
1
I
1
1
mark, Sweden, Italy, Canada, Belgium,
the IJSSR, Switzerland, and the Netherlands are represented by one institution
each.
All but one were originally published
in English. The review paper on laser
isotope separation by V. S. Letokhov
and C. B. Moore was originally published in the Russian journal,
Kvanfovaya Elektronika and later appeared
in the translation journal Soviet Journal of
Quantum Electronics,
Note,
however, that [his paper was co-authored by an American scientist. The
Russian version was cited 14 times in
1976-1977 and 15 times in 1978. The
English version was cited 28 times in
1976- 1977 and22 timesin 1978. Part one
of this review article did not make the
Iist.z It was cited “only” 35 times in
1976-1978.
116
Astronomy and astrophysics are the
subjects of nine papers on the list.
Topics dealt with here include X-ray
astrxmomy, black holes. and the composition of the atmosphere of Mars.
Three papers concern “supergravity, ”
an extension of general relativity, It is
uncertain
who coined [he term, but
physicists began using it ar<,und 1973. ]
Supergravity
is a mathematical
construction which aims at a unified field
theory
ty.
along the lines of general
relativi-
Field theory is the subject of eight
papers. Modem quantum field the~wv is
the study of the fundamental
forces of
the universe. It seeks to show how different kinds of particles transf(mm and
interact.
For example,
the forces of
electromagnetism
arise from the exchange of photons between charged
particles.
Physicists
postulate
the
graviton to explain gravity. The ultimate
goal of field theory is to explain all the
forces in the universe in terms of a single theoretical
framework,
or unified
field theory. So far physicists have narrowed the kinds of forces down to four:
electromagnetism,
gravitation, a strong
nuclear interaction, and a weak nuclear
interaction.
In June 1978, 20 physicists
from five institutions performed an experiment
at the Stanford Linear Accelerator
Center (SLAC) which provided evidence
supporting
a theory
which unifies electromagnetism
and (he
weak nuclear
interaction.
~~ If the
whole theory is verified, it means that
all of the forces in the universe are the
product
of-—-at most—three
basic
forces, not four. So the SLAC experiment shows that progress has been
made toward a unified field theory.{’
Field theory in solid state physics is
the subject of two papers. Solid state
physics is the study of the physical properties of solid materials,
particularly
crystals, glasses, and polymers.
Field
theory is one approach which enables
solid state physicists to understand the
properties
of crystals at the atomic
level.
Figure 3. The institutional affiliations of authors
on the list. shown with the num~r ~,f
authors from each institution,
Harvard Univ.
MIT
Uni\. California. Berkeley
Fermi Accelerator Lab,. Batavia. IL
Uni\. Pennsylvania
LJni\. Wisconsin
Stanford Llni\. SLAC
SUNY. Stony Brook. NY
Columbia LJniv.
Comelf Uni\.
Brookhmen Nat. Lab.. Upton, NY
CERN, Switzerland
Enrico Fermi Inst.. Chicago. IL
IBM Thomas J. Watson Res. Ctr..
Yorktown Heights, NY
Oak Ridge Nat. Lab., TN
Akad, Sci.. Moscow. USSR
Ecolc Normal Sup&ieure. Paris
Har} ard College Observatory & Smithsonian
Aslrophys. Lab,
Princeton Univ.
Rockefeller Uni\., NY
Llni\ Hawaii
Univ. Illinois
Univ. Oxford
Un i>. Sydney. Australia
Uni\, Texas
Yale Univ.
Amer. Sci. & Engineering. Cambtidge. MA
Ames Res, Cir., Moffett Field. CA
Astron. Inst., Utrecht, Netherlands
Bell Labs., Murray Hifl, NJ
Bell Tel., Holmdei. NJ
California Inst. TechnoL
Chalmers Unir. Tech.. Goieborg. Sweden
C[r. dEt udes Nucb?aires de Saclay. France
Clarkaon Coil. Tech., Potsdam. NY
Coming Glass Works, NY
CSfRO. Australia
Deutsches Elecworwm Symchrotmn,
Hamburg. FRG
E. I. DuPonl Co., Wilmington, DE
Ecole P+tech.,
Palaiseau. France
Florida Slate [Jni~.
General Elecwic Corp. Res. & Devel.,
Schenectady, NY
Glynn Les Labs., Bodmin, Cornwall. England
Goddard Space & Flight Ctr.. Green trelt, MD
Georgia lnst, Technol.
Hebrew Uni\.. Israel
INFN. Univ. Mifano, Itaf~
Inst, Advanced Study, f%nceton
Johns Hopkins Univ.. Baltimore. MD
Lab. Accdl&ateur Lim$aire. Orsay, France
Louisiana State Univ.
Martin Marietta Corp., Den~er, CO
Max Planck Inst.. Munchen. FRG
NASA Langley Res. Ctr., Hampton, VA
Nationa[ fnst. Arthritis Metabol. & Digestive
Diseases. Bethesda. MD
Na\al Res. Lab.. Washington. DC
Nippon Telegraph & Telephone Publ. Corp..
Japan
Pennsylvania State Univ.
RWTH Phys. Inst.. Aachen. FRG
Is
12
II
9
8
7
6
5
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
I
1
I
I
1
1
1
1
I
1
1
1
1
I
1
f
1
1
I
1
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1
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1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
117
Sandia Labs.. NM
Science Applications, Inc., Alexandria, VA
SUNY, Buffalo. NY
Technische Hc~hshule, Aachen, FRG
Tech. Uni}.. Miinchen, FRG
Tel-A\i\ [Ini,.. Israel
Uni~. ~arhus, Denmark
[Jniv. Alberta, Canada
Uni\. Cafifomia. Da>is
Univ. Catifomia, Irvine
Uni\. California. Li*ermore. CA
(lni~. California, LOSAlamos
Uni\. California. Los Angeles
Clniv. College. London
Univ. Hamburg. FRG
Univ. Kaiserslautern. FRG
Uni\. Maryland
lJni\, Michigan
LJniv. Mjrrnesota
Univ. Miincherr, FRG
Uni!. North Carolina
[Jniv, Paris-Sud. Omay. France
Univ. Queensland. Australia
Univ, Tokyo
Univ. Washington. Washington. DC
VUB, Belgium
Xerox Western Res. Ctr.. Webster. NY
1
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Eleven more papers are about solid state physics in general.
Five of
them concern a compound called tetrathiafulvalene-tetracy
anoquinodimethane (TFF-TCNQ).
TTF-TCNQ
is an
organic
semiconductor.
Semiconductors can act as both insulators and conductors of electricity. This “on-off” capacity makes them potentially useful in
electrical
components
and computer
memory devices.
Inorganic
semiconductors,
usually made of silicon or
germanium, cannot be synthesized from
commonly
available
materials.
TTFTCNQ semiconductors
can be. This
makes it desirable to use organic compounds similar to TTF-TCNQ in a wide
range of devices. Author Y. Tomkiewicz tells us that TTF-TCNQ has not yet
found wide practical applications.
But
laboratory studies have created considerable excitement among physicists.T
About one-third of the papers on the
list, or 33 of them, deal with elementary
particle physics. This branch of physics
is sometimes called “high energy physics” or simply “particle physics, ” It is
primarily concerned with the quest for a
fundamental
theory to explain the existence, properties,
and interactions
of
the various kinds of subatomic particles.
the
Theoretical
models
involving
hypothetical quarks have enabled physicists to explain the behavior of hundreds
known
subatomic
particles.
of
However, nobody has yet detected a
quark in isolation. High energy physicists are also searching for a simple
theory explaining
the existence
and
behavior of the quarks themselves. It is
noteworthy that the average number of
authors on these papers is f4.4. Furthermore, each paper involves about half a
dozen institutions.
Ten papers are about atomic and
molecular physics. These disciplines are
concerned with understanding the properties and interactions
of atoms and
molecules and with the practical techniques which exploit this understanding.
Two papers are in nuclear physics.
This specialty has practical applications
in weaponry, power, and medicine.
Lasers and fiber optics are the topics
of five papers. The many uses of lasers
in communications,
medicine,
and
other areas are well known. Optical
which
conduct
light
along
fibers,
selected paths, are afso useful to communications.
Today they are being
widely used in telephone communications. The Soviet scientist Letokhov,
co-author of the review on lasers mentioned earlier,
chose to publish his
other paper on lasers in English.
Two papers are in chemical physics.
physical
Seven
papers
concern
chemistry. Four of the physical chemistry papers have possible applications to
solar energy conversion.
Three papers deal with inorganic or
organometallic
chemistry.
Organic
chemistry
is the topic of four more
papers. In general, papers in this group
are method
papers.
One is by R.
Huisgen, who is not new to our bibliometric studies. He is one of the 300
most-cited
authors
whose work was
published 1961-1976.8
We have put Nobelist Peter Mitchell’s
paper at the end of the list under
118
Biophysics.
We were unsure if this
paper belonged in the life or physical
sciences list. Some may quarrel with the
decision to put it on this list. However,
when we contacted the author, Mitchell
himself expressed uncertainty about the
article’s placement.
Such borderline
cases indicate that even the dichotomy
between life and physical sciences may
break down as a way of classifying
researchers.
The most-cited paper on the list is by
G. Goldhaber and 40 co-authors. Most
of the authors of this paper also coauthored the second most cited paper
by I. Perruzzi and 39 others. Both of
these papers report the results of exthe
SLAC-Lawrence
periments
at
Berkeley Laboratory that confirmed the
predicted existence of a new subatomic
particle, the charmed meson.
Only six papers listed are reviews. In
the life sciences group, one-fifth of the
papers were reviews. The meaning of
this difference needs some thoughtful
study. Our list of 1975 physical sciences
articles, which was also dominated by
particle physics, contained no reviews.~
When discoveries were being made as
rapidly as they were in particle physics
during 1976, maybe it was not possible
to prepare meaningful reviews. None of
the physical sciences reviews were in
particle physics, but rather in astrophysics, lasers and fiber optics, chemical
physics, physical chemistry, and organic
chemistry.
Since elementary particle physics was
very active in 1976, we were curious to
see what the 1976 list would look like
without the domination of these particle
physics papers. We found that the next
33 most-cited
items are nine more
papers in particle physics, seven in solid
state physics, five in astrophysics and
astronomy, three in organic chemistry,
two in physical chemistry, two in field
theory in solid state physics, and one
each in nuclear physics, atomic and
molecular physics, chemical physics, in-
organic and organo-metallic
chemistry,
and unified field theory.
As I noted in the earlier essay, we list
only the 100 most cited papers because
of limitations of time, space, and energy. Nearly 200 physical sciences papers
published in 1976 received 20 or more
citations in 1976-1977. The articles on
this list are not necessarily the most important papers of 1976, but they are the
ones which had the most immediate impact on researchers.
I intend to continue this series of an‘nual studies which have now covered
the most-cited
papers
published
in
1972-1976. We now have data for the
1977 papers most-cited in 1977-1978 and
hope to report on them while they are
still hot. I’m sure you’ll agree that a
large number of the papers reported in
these
studies
qualify
as
“breakthroughs.”
Most
are
that
not
breakthroughs
are review papers that
reflect fields that are hot.
0,973 ,s8
REFERENCES
1. Garfield E. The 1976 articles most cited in 1976 and 1977. 1. Life sciences.
Current Contents ( 13):5-23, 26 March 1979.
2, Ldokbov V S & Moore C B. Laser isotope separation (review). Part 1.
K tan, Elektr. .3:248-87, 1976. (So v. J. Quant. Electr. b: 129-50, 1976. )
3. Zumfno B. Supergravit y. Eigh]h Texas Spmp. Relntivis/ic A.rtrophys. 202: S$5-6, 1978.
4. Prescott C Y, Atwood W B, CottreU R L A, De.%aebler H, GarrvbI E L, Gonidec A,
Miller R H, Rochemer L S, S-to T, Shesden D 1. SincJsdr C K, StebI S, Taylor R E. Ckmdenkn J E.
Hughes V W, Sasso N, Schuler K P, Borghloe M G, Lubelsmeyer K & Jentschulce W. Parity nonconservation in elastic electron scattering, Ph.vs. Le/I. B 77:347-52, 1978.
5. Atwood W B, Cottrell R L A, DeStaebler H, Mitler R, Pessard H, Prescott C Y, Rochester L S,
Taylor R E. Alguard M 1, ClendenLn 1. Conper P S. EhrUch R D, Hughes V W, Lubelt M S.
hum G, Scbuler K P & Lubelsmeyer K. Search for parify violation in deep inelastic scattering of
polarized electrons by unpolarized deuierons. Phys. Rev. D 18:2223-6, 1978.
6. SufJlvan W. New quarks stir debate on basic laws of nalure. NY Time$ 13 February 1979, p. Cl. 2.
7. Tomkkewicz Y. Personal communication.
13 March 1979.
8. Garfietd E. The 200 most-cited authors 1971-1976, including co-autbnrs at last. 1. How Ihe names were
selected. Currem Contt-nm (28}:5-17, 10 July 1978.
9. -------------.1975 physical sciences articles highly cited in 1975. Curmn/ Con/t-nI.r ( 16):5-8, 19 April 1976. “
“Reprinted in: Garfield E. Essays of an information .vciemi.st.
Philadelphia: 1S1 Press, 1977. Vol. 2, p, 457-60.
F@me 1: The 1976 physical sciences articles most-cited in 1976-1977. Citation counts for 19~8 also appear
here to supplement the earlier data. Au!hors’ af foliations follow each citation, Journals are often
ambiguous about addresses. When we could not tell which aulhor was a! which organization. we
have simply given the addresses withou! finking them 10 specific authors.
Total
Citations
BJbliograpJIJc Data
767778
ASTROPHYSICS
12 28 30
& ASTRONOMY
Cksrk D fJ1 & CasweU J L2. A study of galactic supernova remnants, based on MolongloParkes observational data. Man. No[ic. Roy. A$Iron. Sm- 174:267-305, 1976.
(I) Llni*. Sydney. Sch. Phys.. NSW 2(KK, Austraha. (2 I CSIRO. h. Radwphy\
EppIng NSW 2121
Australia.
7
31
40
,4 Dl, Dav& J2, Bless R Cl & BrowII R Hz. Empirical effective temperatures and
bolometric corrections for early-rwe stars. A.Y(rr)p@$ J. 2LJ3:~17-34. 1976.
code
( 1t Ll”iv. Washmgt<m, Washhwn Ohwr+ atmy
Aslrw. fkpt.. Auwraha.
17
22
19
Mmtiw.,
WI
(2) llm$
Sydney, Sch. Phv\
Cha!kw<m
GriJIdJay Jl, Gm.sky H 1, Scbnopper H 1, Pmsfgnault D R2, Hehe 13, Brinkman A C3
& ScMjver 13. Dkcovery of intense x-ray bursw from the globular cluster NGC 6624.
Astrophys. J. 205: L127-30. 1976.
11) Harward Coil Observa!wy & SmKhstmian As!rophvs. Obser\alory. C1r. Aw(!phy$
Camhndge MA
02138. (2) America” Sm. & Engmeermg. Cambridge. MA 02139. (3) Avr<w.
Bcnel.xlaan 21, {I!recht. Netherlands
119
Inst
Space Rn
Lab..
ASTROPHYSICS
& ASTRONOMY
(continued}
II 15 10 GdmfJay J & Gurksy H. Scat(er-ing m{xfel f(]r x-ray bursts massive black
clusters.
holes in globular
J. 205: L131-33, 1976.
A.r(rophyr
Har,ard L’<vII Ohwmat<,rv & \mtthwm,.in A,lr<,phw
(lh\cr\at<,ry
( (r Aw(,pllv%
Vamhr!dge. MA 02)3H
)0
23
12 Lewfn W H G, DoIy 1, Clark G W, Rappaport S A, Bmdt H V D. Doxsey R,
Heam D R. Hoffman J A, Jemigan I G, Li F K, Mayer W, McClfntock J.
PrJmfni F & Rkhardson J. The discowxy of rapidly repeh(ive x-ray burst> from a new
source in Scorpi us. A.rtrr,ph.w. J 207: L95-9, 1976.
16
16
I I
M1’1, DCIU Phv\
& Ctr
~pace Re,
Camhndgc,
MA 021 ?9.
Nier A O1. Hanson W B2. Seiff A3, McEfroy M B4, Spencer N W’s, Duckett R J6.
KnJght T C D7 & Cook W S7. (l)mp[mitiun and structure of the Martian atmosphere:
preliminary results from Viking 1. .Science 193:78fI-/J, 1976.
II I 11.,, !vf, nnc,,, ta,Sc’h Phy, & A\ Ir<,” M,nneap,,l,\. MN 5Wi~ III (’nit ‘Tma\ ( IT SW.., 5.,
[),11,, 7X W)!U) 131Am,, Ue\ (’I,
M<,(re(t F,eld (’A w1)3> ,4, Ha,\ard Un,t
c(, fd, !h &
P1.ner.ry Phv, L’. m,hndge. MA 11213M (51 (;rnldwd \I).ce Fhghf [’tr
Green hel! M[l 21)--1
(h, NASA Lw, gley Rti, (’,,. , V,k, ”g P,,,,.,, OK Han, p[,, n VA 211t)$ !-, M,,,, ” Ww, <,, a (., ,,,,
P () Box 1-9 [).”..,
co w201
13 13 16 Owen T1 & Biemam K2. Composition of [he atm{mphere at the surface of Mar\.
derection of Argon-3S and preliminary analysis. .!%wnce 193:801-3, 1976.
11) S[lNY Dcp[ Far!h & 5PEW. S., 5!,,,,, Br,,<,k. N} I IW4 121 M1l Dep( Chc”,
Camhr,dgc, MA 021.19
3 31 32
Ross J E1 & AfJer L H2. The chemical composir](m [If the wm.
Sr,ence 191 1223-9, 1976.
IrI (1.,, Quwn,lamL Dqx Phy.. lJ. cen\l and Au, Iralua. 121 n“, \ Cahr,,r”m
b),
15
20
2I
An@e\,
Wa”nier
p G,
interstellar
Lkp!
A,!r,,.
CA 90024
kIZ&
A
molecular
Bell 7 ?Icph,,”e Lab,
A, Linke R A & WfJson R W. [w,t<)pe ahundance~
clouds, A.wrr,p/I,M J 204:26-42, 1976.
C’ra*k,wl
!n
Hdl Lab., H<>lrnciel, NJ o“” 13
SUPERGRAVITY
12 73 83
Deser S & Zumfno B. Consisten( supergravity.
Ph.w. Le[t B 62:335-7, 1976.
CF.RN
12
(;c. es.. 5=, t~ed.nd
68 M) Freedman D 21, van Nieuwenhuizen P[ & Fen-am S2. Pr[)grew !t)ward a lhe{)~ {If wpergra~ily. Ph,vs Rei, .0 13:3214-8, 1976,
\ I I ‘I(INY rn.t Ihe<,rcf Phy\ S!<,nv Br<,,,k N} I 1-94. l:) Lab d. I>hywque Ihg<,r!que
de r’t-, <,lc h<>rn,<,k $up; r,e,,rr
3 29 29
FIELD
17 27
?4 rue Lh<>”,,,u,l, -WI
I’Jr,\ (<cr.,, ().
Erd”,.
Freedman D 21, van Nieuwenhuizen PI & Ferrma S2. Pr,)pertie$ of supergra~i[y [he,my’
Phw Rev. 11. 14:912-4, 1976.
Irl ~[1NY, In\ I Ihc,, re;. Ph\, 5[<,nv Brook” NY I r-$t I? I [ .,h de Phv,, qw Th,, <,nqw ,1<
ct. t,.”<,
I’tc,,le N<wnale Wpwe,, r? 24 wc Lh<wmc,,hd.-52.11 r,dr,.CVd<%
THEORY
15 Appelqukt T1, Carazzone J2, Kkrberp,-Stem Hz & Roth M2. Infrared fin!tenew In YuIIgMdk theories. Phy.s kc, {e/( 36:76+-72, 1976,
( I I Yale 1’.!, [)cp! f>hm New ti~,m. [’1 ()+,52() ,2) Fern,, h,,, Accelc, a,,, r L.ih
BaIa,,a
13 53 67
IL M)$ll)
Giirsey F1 & SikivJe P2. f , as a uni!ersal gauge gr[mp. Ph,w KeI Le// 36 ‘“W, IY%.
Ill Yale [l”, \ DqM Ph,,,. , New H.,,,,
Cl 0(>$20 (?1 [1,),, Mar>lmd. Phv, Dep. (,, IIC3L.
Park, MI) 20”42
3 36 39
Jackiw R & Rebbi C. C[)nfc)rmal properfitx of a Yang-Mills
Ph,vs ReI D 14.517-23, 1976.
Mll Lah ~UCk,i,
5.,.
& Oq,I
Ph,,
(’a”, t,,, dgc MA (121IV
12 16 14 Jackiw R & Rebbi C. Spin from is(]spin !n a gauge the[mI
Ph.w Rev. Le// 31.1 I 16-9 197(1
M1’1 Lab
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Anderson H L, Bbrrradwaj V K, Booth N E, Fine R M, Franck W R, Gordon B A,
JJeiaterberg R H, Hicks R G, Kkk T B W, Kirkbride G I, LonmLs W A, Matis H S,
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Phys. Rev. Left. 37:4-7, 1976.
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Htgh E“ergv Phy, Lab DepI
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Van Dozrbrck W2, GctiJy D C3, DamJlchrko J3, JJafdt D3, LJoret A3, Matteuzzi C3,
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