I EUGENE GARFIELD Announcing

Essays of an Information Scientist: Science Literacy, Policy, Evaluation, and other Essays, Vol:11, p.160,1988
Current Contents, #22, p.3-13, May 30,1988
r
I
I
I
EUGENE GARFIELD
INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION*
3501 MAR KETST, PHILADELPHIA
PA 191C4
Announcing the SCI Compact Disc Edition:
CD-ROM Gigabyte Storage Technology,
Novel
Software,
and Bibliographic
Coupling Make
Desktop Research and Discovery a Reality
Number 22
May 30, 1988
ISI@ is introducing a new version of the Science Citation hdex~ (MW ) on compact disc read-onlymemory (CD-ROM), A unique feature of the SCf Compact Disc Edition is its “related records”
function. This feature, created by “bibliographic coupling, ” allows the user to examine relation-
ships between papers based on the cited references that they share. The SC1 CD Eiiirion brings a
creative, intuitive quatity to desktop literature searching and information discovery,
I first encountered Vamevar
Bush’s
‘‘Memex” as a researcher at the Johns Hopkins indexing project in 1951. In his now
classic 1945 Atlantic Monthly article “As
we may think, ” Bush deaeribed his concept
of the workstation of the future. 1 But even
before “Memex,” H.G. Wells in 1938 had
imagined the “World Brain,”2 which I
have referred to in numerous essays. And
if you visit ISI@ you can see a holographic
engraving so named. J
Fifty years after Wells, we can begin to
talk realistically about putting the world’s
knowledge at everyone’s fingertips. But the
single most dramatic technological develop
ment in recent years, coming close to making ‘‘Memex” a reality, is the compact disc
(CD). This technology has already revolutionized the music industry. But its huge
data-storage capacity is an even more exciting application. Vast amounts of information-enough
to fill several volumes in conventional book form-can
be stored on a
disc that is easily held in one’s hand.
According to the usurd popular descriptions of compact disc read-only -memos-y
(CD-ROM), 250,000 pages of text can be
stored on a single disc. In other words,
the entire literature covered in Current
C’onten@ (C&’) for one week could be
stored on one disc. Using speeial compression techniques, even greater quantities can
be packed onto a disc.
When you last visited your library, you
may have seen the 18 huge volumes of the
160
Science Cit~”on [nG%.X@
(SCP ) that are produced each year. AU of that information has
now been compressed into CD form in the
SCI CD .EUition. A full year’s worth of data
is contained on two independently searchable discs. And, with quarterly updates, the
SCI CD Edition not only provides the same
comprehensive coverage as the print version, but also offers a variety of access and
browse features not available in print or
online.
But storage of information is only one facet of this new development. In order to access a CD-ROM disc from your personal
computer (PC), software must be created.
The software is stored on a diskette (floppy
disk) that directs your PC. This software
system permits you to access a huge fde via
instructions stored on your floppy disk or
hard disk. Indeed, it permits you to work
with the data without even dialing up a central computer or vendor. So, in addition to
having a huge storage capacity, the technology reduces the need for telecommurtications and online systems.
Enhancing the Power of Citation Indexing
The most sigrtificant aspect of 1S1’s use
of CD-ROM technology is that it has made
possible, for the fwst time, the implementation of the full power of citation indexing
through bibliographic coupling. It also
makes Pernruternr@ indexing available on
a PC. No other existing computer search
system permits you to explore the vocabulary of science in these forms.
The features of the SCZ CD Edition have
been designed to enhance the unique advantages that citation indexing provides—in particular, the ability to explore interrelationships between papers, to make subtle and
yet meaningful comections between seemingly unrelated material, and to locate pertinent information that might otherwise be
overlooked. I believe the SC[ CD Miticm
permits you to use the literature in a creative, intuitive manner. Searches can be performed, in Bush’s words, “as we may
think, ” without worrying about complex
search protocols.
Complete Literature Coverage-and
More
Like its print counterpart, the SC[ CD
citation information for and
full bibliographic
descriptions
of over
600,000 source articles published in 3,300
of the most significant scientific and technical journals each year. Since the SC1 has
always been multidisciplinary,
every
imaginable discipline is covered. Over
10,~,000
cited references are included
each year.
One of the most exciting and useful features of this edition of the SC] is the ability
to locate and examine’ ‘related records. ” No
matter how you have identified a usetid
paper, whether in the author, subject, or citation index, you can use this feature to identifi related or similar material. This unusual
and unique form of cross-referencing
is
made possible through the use of ‘‘bibliographic coupling. “ First described in 1963
by Michael M. Kessler, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, this concept has been deveioped magnificently by
Henry Small and George Vladutz of 1S1’s
Corporate Research Department.
Identifying related material through bibliographic coupling is based on the idea that
the number of cited references shared by two
or more papers is a measure of their similarity.Q.5 Bibliographic coupling should not
be confused with “co-citation,” which is another term we use to describe relationships
between papers. Co-citation is a measure of
how often two or more papers are cited together. Bibliographic coupling, on the other
hand, is determined by the number of cited
Eiz’ifion
includes
161
references that two or more papers share in
their bibliographies (see Figure 1).
The effectiveness of bibliographic coupling in determining similarity or subject-relatedness was verified in a pilot study by
Vladutz and 1S1 colleague James Cook.
They sampled 10,000 publications chosen
at random from the annual SC1 database.
They then compiled lists of all the papers,
from the hundreds of thousands in the database, having at least one reference in common with these 1O,(KKI.The resulting pairs
were sorted by’ ‘coupliig strength’ ‘—a measure of the number of references shared by
paired items. When strongly coupled papers
were identified, their content was examined
by a small staff of trained assistants. This
evaluation
demonstrated
that strongly
coupled pairs were quite related in subject
content. As the authors noted, bibliographic
coupling was shown to be an effective tool
for identifying the “semantically closest
neighbors ‘‘ in a very large database.b
Their findings echoed those of Kessler,
who, in his 1963 study, had used bibliographic coupling to show relatedness among
a group of papers published in several volumes of the Physical Review. Kessler noted
that, although bibliographic coupling was
untested as a retrieval tool, the method had
several favorable qualities. These qualities
}till
apply. For one, the processing is done
(n terms of numbers and is independent of
words and language. The text of the articles
wxxi not even be available. Kessler noted
Further that the method will not produce a
Xatic classification of papers. The groupngs will undergo changes that reflect the
:urrent usage and interests of the scientific
:ommunity.4
Uela&edRecords
With the SCI CD EiWon, bibliographic
>oupling is put to work to increase the power
md depth of your search. When you locate
i record for a given paper, the video display
ncludes such standard information as the
~ames of the authors, the article title, and
he complete bibliographic reference. Also
Iisplayed, however, is the number of related
“ecords—that is, the number of papers that
;hare references with the first record you
“etrieved. These related records have been
;ubiected to considerable statisticrd testirw
Figure 1: Bibliographic
Bibliographic
Item
A
coupling vs. co-citation.
Co-citation
coupling
(citing)
n
Item B (citing)
m
Item
Citing
papers
related
because
papers
C,
A and
they
D, E, and
A (cited)
Papers
B are
because
cite
papers
F.
and preprocessing to gauge their coupling
strength. This ensures that the system will
indicate only those articles with strong, significant links to your selected paper. While
there may be hundreds, only 20 of the most
strongly coupled papers are listed initirdly.
You can of course continue to explore as
many additional groups as desired.
With a few keystrokes, the reference for
each related paper can be displayed in turn.
For each, the display includes the number
of shared references—the number of references in common with the original article.
Figure 2 illustrates related recorak and
shared references. At the end of this essay
there is also a brief section, “Using related
demonrecords to browse the SCI, ” that
strates how the relared records feature retrieves and displays records. The section
features sample displays from a search on
Alzheimer’s disease. For readers who may
not be familiar with how the SCf works, we
have included a separate section from a
previous essay.7 This section briefly explains the SC1and the fundamentals of citation searching.
Related Records vs. Synonyms
The rekzted records feature makes it easy
to find papers that do not share title words
or authors. You can locate related papers
without the need to identify synonyms. If
you choose, you can instantly modib your
Item
A and
they
C, D,
B (cited)
B are associated
are both
E,and
cited
by
F.
search to examine the set of records related
to the f~st related record. In this way the
software facilitates your exploration of the
database in the intuitive way you would follow a research problem. We believe that
these techniques give new meaning to the
term ‘‘browsability. ”
Early reaction from users regarding the
related records function has been most enthusiastic. At test sites, where a prototype
of the SCI CD Edition was evaluated, this
feature was particularly popular. Whereas
some users had spent hours in online systems
locating a few relevant articles, the SCZ CD
EHition enabled users to identify dozens of
additional pertinent papers in minutes. With
the related records feature, users could
bypass the problem of identi~ing all correct search terms-usually
a diftlcult and
time-consuming part of the retrieval process.
EBSyto Use
The SCI CD Edition has been designed to
accommodate the fwst-time user as well as
the more experienced online searcher. The
system provides assistance at every turn,
with pulldown menus, a help system that
can be summoned from any portion of the
program, and constant on-screen prompting.
Knowledge of searching protocols and language is notneeded. In short, with minimal
training, anyone can perform productive, indeuth searches of the scientific literature.
162
Figure 2: Example of related records.
Wted Records
I
I
RecordB
J
rfecord 1 of 03
------------------------------------------------NIsHINUNA-J
SUNANA-Y
J
Ralated Record: 1 of 20
---------------------------------------------
1S21111AWA-T 1SH1TSU2LA-H MITSU1-K
‘fANARA-Y YANAMGTO-R
TRoWN-PU
F.AMi-JJ WILL.S-R.7
THE FTQ!C2,1N1CALDEV2210=
ANT1’lZl13037
AND AI?TIHETAETATIc
ACTIVITIES
ALJ%A-A/D
NoFERON-x
[EmJlish) -> micl.
CANCER
VO1 57 NO 8 Pp 1648-1656 1986 (A6453)
R.ferames: 44
R91ated Records: 20
CLINICAL 4 EXPERIMENTAL ~A6TAS1S
VO1 3
0?
(English] -> Articl.
0? HU31A31
RBCOMBINANT INTERFERON
320 4
PB 295-304
References: 26
1985
(AI1949)
Related Records: 20
SharedRekmcea
1
t
References for
shared R9ferenceE: 8
RecordA
1
1
References
forRecord B
1
R. fcmenees
(26)
-------------------------------------------------
(44)
R. f.rances
---------------------------------------------
V16 P569
BAIAtUILIeP 1980 EUR-J-WC8R
BARIOZZAR1-T
198$ J-IIQd13f2
-F 1902 S33T-J-CANCEN V30 PO 13
-? 19.2 TN.r-,-cmmllfl v.” P.,,
1982 VIROLOGY V122 P202
BAGL1ON1-C
BAI.2(W1LL-?R 1985 BXOL-interferon-SYST P471
1983 DRUG-21ETAB-REV V14 P931
BEKRR5KY-1
----
V1 P99
hNCER V34 P431
V2B7 P411
PA V516 P231
I
BINO-T
I
mCC1-V
BOCC1-V
19S2 J-lNTRRFERON-RXS V2 PI01
1981 J-1~ITERFERON-NES V1 P347
mERFERON-REs
V2 P30.
1982 J-lW.
–...
–.
1983 J-LAB-CLIN- HED V101 P857
WIRFERON-RES
CAN’CELL-X 1979 IN!tENFERON VI P1
BCCC1-V
F=::
-
-I—————l
:
WCER-RRS
V43 P2683
IEAGAN-2JT 1984 CANCER V54 P2 B44
:ARNIF.C!X1-CU 1984 J-VIROL V49 P490
B1OL-CNEN V256 P2113
3E34-B1OFW-RZS-CO V112 P537
FROWN-SE
LEE-SH
1983 P-JJ3-SOC-CLIN-ONCOL V24 P58
1982
CANCER-RRS V42 P1312
OVERRLLeJC 31984 J-1 NTF43WERON-RES V4 P529
QUESADA-JR
1983 P-A31-ASS-CA3fCER-RESV24 P195
uESADA-JR
1985 P-A31-SOC-CLIN-ONCQL V* P222
1982 J-B1OL-CHE3I V257 P1497
RUBINSTEIN-S
1981 J-VIROL V37 P755
N-SE 1983 J-CLIN-ONCOL VI P217
SOIKE-KP 19B3 J-lNPECT-DIS V147 P933
STEBBING-N
19S3 ARCN-VIROL V76 P365
STEWART-WE
1981 INTERFERON-SYSTEM P135
WECX-PK
1981 J-GEN-VIROL V57 P333
t4ECK-PK
1981 RTJCI.EIC-ACIDS
-RRS V9 P6 153
WILE-NJ
1984 CLIN-PHAFNfACOL-T’HERV] 5 P722
WI LLS-7+.7 1904 J-interferon-RES V4 P399
In the space that is available it is diftlcuh
to describe briefly yet fully what can be done
with the SCI CD Edition. Exercising the
variety of options available is made fairly
simple. You can use or browse through extensive “dictionaries”
containing cited
authors, cited works, cited patents, title
words, author names, and author addresses.
There is also a dictionary of journal codes,
containing the abbreviated and full titles of
all journals indexed. Full titles are displayed
with each record. Journal codes are used to
facilitate searches by journal.
Pennutem
Searches
In the CD version of the Pervnutenn Subject Index, the dictionmy ‘‘coterm” feature
provides you with a list of other terms most
commonly occurring in titles based on the
one you selected. This gives you an idea of
the size of the literature available and the
163
option to browse the combination of terms
most appropriate to your search.
It is possible to move between dictionaries—from “cited authors” to <‘title words, ”
for example-to
choose search terms. Or
you can bypass the dictionaries by directly
keying in your search term. It is easy to alternate between direct-search methods and
spontaneous browsing. By switching between “dictionary” and direct-entry modes,
you can easily develop and modify your own
personal search strategy.
Since the space limitations of the print SCI
do not apply, each record in the SC1 CD lMitim includes not only unabbreviated journal titles but also the names and addresses
of all source authors. In addition, for each
article, the complete bibliography of cited
references is included. The CD edition is the
first version of the SCI to provide this information on source authors and cited references. It has been available in the Social
Sciences Citation Indexm for many years.
When your search is finished, the software
allows you to collect records into a frle. It
also automatically eliminates any duplicate
records. Search results can be “downloaded” for printing or to a floppy disk for
evaluation at a later date.
Equipment Specifkations
The SCI CD Edition includes two CDs as
well as a floppy disk containing search and
retrieval interface sofiware. The discs
operate using an IBM PC, XT, AT, or compatible microcomputer with 640 K RAM and
a hard drive. The setup requires an operating
system that supports the MS DOS CD-ROM
Extensions, and a compatible CD drive.
ISI’s CD products conform to High Sierra
Group standards, meaning that they operate
on the major manufacturers’ CD readers
with IBM-compatible systems.
As mentioned above, the SCI CD Edition
includes two CDs containing a full year’s
worth of data: a title access disc and a citation access disc. Both are self-contained and
independently searchable, each with its own
entry points and features. Both discs contain basic source data found in the print
Source lnde.r. Table 1 shows the other features and dictionaries to be found on the
discs. The table also demonstrates how these
features roughiy correspond to the print SC[.
Search statements created on one disc can
be combined with statements created on the
other. The software is designed to make
disc-switching, when necessary, smooth and
easy. Many searches, however, can be completed on a single disc,
In addition to the title access disc and citation access disc that you receive initially,
the annual subscription fee includes quarter] y cumulative updates. At quarterly intervals, in exchange for the’ ‘old” discs, you
receive two new discs containing the most
current data for the year (including, of
course, all material from the previous discs).
At year’s end, you receive the yearly archival cumulation-two discs containing the full
year’s worth of data. And, unlike the leasing arrangements offered by other services,
the amual subscription to the SCI CD Edition is a one-time purchase. When you receive the yearly cumulation, the discs are
yours to keep.
A Complement, Not a Replacement
Since most of the present SCI print customers are libraries, we fully expect that initially the CD-ROM edition will supplement
their use of the print version-especially
for
satellite libraries with space restrictions. Experienced online searchers will want to continue to use SCISEARCW
to obtain the
most up-to-date information. Until many
years of the SC1are available on CD-ROM,
most libraries will continue to use the print
version, especially the 5- and 10-year cumulation. And in many libraries several students and faculty members need to search
at one time-a need for which the print edition remains best-suited, at least for now.
In a recent issue of ONLINE, Paula D.
Watson, assistant director of General Services, Central Reference Services, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign,
discusses the cost ramifications of the optical
information revolution. This new technology
has come at a time when some libraries are
struggling to keep up with the rising costs
of print products. However, as Watson
notes, many libraries have been able to purchase CD equipment by using ‘‘nonrecurring funds, ” inciuding private git?s, endowment funds, foundation grants, state grants,
and various discretionary funds. g But the
164
the print SCI.
SCI CD
Data
avakble
Print SCI
~On
Currently found br Use prbrt SCl:
on rfiae:
Source (citing) records
All author narrres
Source Index
All author addresses
Source
(First 10 authors only)
Index
(First author ordy)
Cited references displayed
Not available
Relatrxt records
Not available
Wionaries/Searctsable
AecesaPoints
Source
Snurce author narrrea
Mu
(Cross-reference to first author)
Cited
author rrarne
cited author rranreand
Citation index
cited work
Tkle words
Coternrs
Perrnuterm@ Subject Index
Address
corporate
word
Index
Source journal
Language
Dncument
Shown but not
searchable
type
Update perind
fact is that the equipment is a one-time purchase that can be amortized over many years
of use. Even Third World scientists with
limited funds have informed me that they
regard CD-ROM as a practical solution to
some of their problems.
And CD-ROM technology is rdready
demonstrating its potential to change the way
people use libraries and seek information.
Discussing the introduction of CD-ROM databases (including an early version of the
SCI CD ZMttbn) at I-Iahnemam University, Philadelphia, referenee librarian Howard
Silver notes severrd positive effects. For
one, library users were provided with substantially improved access to current scientific and medical literature. Positive wordof-mouth advertising about the new services
brought a number of new users into the library-users who would be less likely to use
the library under other circumstances. Furthermore, users found the equipment easy
to learn and use, and more than 90 percent
of those questioned said they were able to
locate relevant citations on the databases.g
that it is now fully realized. When I dream
of the ultimate system I imagine a real-time
system that literally provides instantaneous
access. By eliminating telecommunications
ielays, one makes real-time searching possible. Someday you will be able to use electronic or optical files to literally verify references with utility programs on your PC.
But unless you can afford a leased line connected to a huge database you will have to
compromise with the 5 or 10 seconds required to find a rexord with CD-ROM. This
is so much faster than your typical online
search that you may wonder why I would
bring it up. Everything is relative. So if I
tell you that moving to the next related record averages one second you may wonder
why I hesitate to say the millennium has arrived. CD-ROM technology is moving fast.
Mtdtidisc jukebox players are on the way.
Remember, one year of the SC1 only stores
about five million cited papers and books.
So we’re only one or two orders of magnitude away from the ideal.
Real-Tme Searching
My thanks to Christopher King and
Patricia Taylor for their help in the preparation of this essay.
e 19s31s1
CD-ROM is another step on the way to
the World Brain. It would be absurd to claim
*****
165
REFERENCES
1. Bush V. As we may think. Atlantic Monthly 176:101-8, 1945.
2. Weffs H G. Worrii brain. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1938. 130 p.
3. Garffeld E. 1S1’s“World Brain” by Gabriel Liebermarm: the world’s first holographic engraving.
Ersays of an infom”on scierufsr. PhiEadelpbk 1S1Press, 1983. Vol. 5. p, 34t3-54.
4. Kessler M M. Bibliographic coupling between scientific papers. Amer. Dot, 14:10-25, 1963.
5. Garlfeld E. The R&D mission at 1S1:basic arrd applied research, for us and for you.
Curreti Corrterm (51-52):3-8, 21-28 December 1987.
6. VJadutz G & Cook J. Bibliographic coupling arrd subject relatedness. (Flood B, Widak J & Hogrm T H,
comps.) 1984: cholfenges to em information society. Proceedings of the 47th ASIS Armreaf Meeting
Vol. 21, 21-25 October 1984, Philadelphia, PA, White Plains, NY: Knowledge Industry, 1984.
p. 204-7.
7. Garfield E. What’s in a cumulation? The whole is greater than the sum of its parts
Current Contents (20):3-10, 18 May 1987.
8. Watson P D. Cost to libraries of the optical infonrration revolution. ONLINE 12(1):45-50, January 1988.
9. Silver H. Marraging a CDROM installation.. .a case study at HafmemarmUniversity.
ONLINE
12(2):61-6,
March 1988.
For more information about the SCF CD Edirion, call the ISI@ Customer Services
Department at 800-523-1850, ext. 1405. Outside the US and Canada, contact the nearest
1S1representative listed on the inside front cover of this Current Contents”. Ask about
the SCI CD liiiirion Dernonatration Diskette and Trial Copy of the CD.
Appendix
Using Related Records to Browse the SCI
cholinergic neurons in the area of the brain
known as the nucleus basalis of Meynert.
As the on-screen display indicates, the article itself cites 30 older references. There are
also 20 more recent related rezords-that is,
20 “nearest neighbors” on the basis of
shared references. It is this related records
feature that allows you to expand and deepen
your search, depending entirely on where
YOU choose to fJO.
Searching the topic of Alzheimer’s disease
article you
in the SCZ@CD Edition, the tirst
come across is a paper from Feder@”on Proceedings by S. G. Younkin and colleagues:
“Molecular forms of acetylcholinesterases
in Alzheimer’s disease” (Figure 1). This
study examines 26 cases of Afzheimer’s disease and 14 age-matched controls. Investigating biochemical changes in Alzheimer’s
disease, the authors examined the level of
1
Figure
1: Paper
by S.G.
Yorenkin
with 20 related
records.
rDISPLAY
I
-----
SCI 7itle
-----
YOUNKIN-SG
YOUNKIN.LH
----GOODRIDGE.B
MOLECULAR.FORMS
(Emglirh) -> Article
----KATZ-}
-----
LOCKEfT&
OF ACETYLCHOLINESTERASES
----NAFZIGER.D
1/S6-12/S6
---USIAK.MF
IN ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE
FEDERATION PROCEEDINGS
Vol 4s
No 13 Pp 2982-2988
19S$5 (F2475)
References: 30
Retated Records: ZO
h
(continued on next page)
166
With a few keystrokes, it is possible to
examine each of these records in turn. The
first related record (Figure 2), shares 14 references with the Younkin paper. Published
in Neuroscience, itwas written by by 1.
Kostovic and concerns ‘ ‘PrenataJ development of nucleus baaalis complex and related
fiber systems in man—a histochemical
study. ” Note that its title does not contain
the term “Alzheimer’s disease.” However,
in the introduction Kostovic cites biochemical studies of Alzheimer’s disease focusing
on cholinergic markers and choline acetyl-
disease. If you desire, you can explore the
nearest neighbors for the Kostovic paper.
These records, in turn, will provide leads
that you may want to examine further.
Or you may choose to remain with the
Younkin paper. The next related record
(Figure 3) is a paper by P.L. McGrxx and
colleagues from Progress in Neuro-Psychopharnracology & Biological Psychiatry:
“Positron emission tomography and the
possible origins of cyto-pathology
in
Alzheirner’s disease. ” This paper’s nearest
neighbors include other articles dealing with
Figure 2: First related record to the Younkin paper, by L Kodovic,
W
r DISPLAY
----1’
- ------
------
--- -----
1,
I J----------------------------------i
Yr3uNKlN.SG
)
II
FI
\
F
GOODRIDGE.B
KATZ.J
LOCKETT.G
sharing 14 reference&
Title 1/S6-12/S61
-----
NAFZIGER-D
-- -1
USIAK-MF
I
1
PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT OF NUCLEUS BASALIS COMPLEX AND RELATED
SYSTEMS IN MAN A H ISTOCHEMICAL
STUDY (English) -> Review
LI
FIBER
NEUROSCIENCE
V0i17
N04
References; 161
19S6 (C2736)
pp 1047.1077
Related Records: 20
S&ed
References: 14
L
A
transferase activity in the nucleus basalis of
Meynert. Many of the sources cited in this
section of the article are also cited by
Younkin and colleagues. Kostovic goes on
to examine in detail the prenatal development of the nucleus basalis. Although the
paper does not concentrate solely on
Alzheirner’s, it would certainly be of interest
to anyone seeking background information
on thk area of the brain and its role in the
Figure
I
computecl tomography and other techniques
in the study of Alzheirner’s.
Thk is a brief illustration of just one of
the unique capabilities of the CD version of
the SCI. With its real-time display of related
records, the SC1 CD E21itionpermits you to
explore the literature by an associative process in which you define the limits and extent of your search.
3: Second related record to the Yourddn paper, by P.L. McGeer,
10 references.
SCl Title
~ DISPLAY
sharing
l/86.12/S6~
I
I
-----
------
-----
----
YouNKIN-SG
)
GOODRIDGE.B
------
------
KATZ.]
1..
M
(E
FI
\
I
MCGEER.f.L
KAMO.H
--_—-
LOCKETT-G
------
NAFZIGER-D
-—
MCGEER.EG
-----
----
USIAK-MF
-----
------
WONG.K
POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY AND THE POSSIBLE ORIGINS OF
CYTO-PATHOLOCY
IN ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE
(English) -> Review
PROGRESS IN NEUR@PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY
19s6 (F033S)
VOI 10 No 3-5
pp 501.51s
References 101
Related Records: ZO
167
& BIOLOGICAL
PSYCHIATRY
Shared Reference% 10
I
--
How to Use the
Science Citation Index@
In 1986, the Science Citation Indexm
(SCP ) listings reflected the contents of
over 3,400 highest-impact journals that
published over 620,000 articles. The SC1
is issued bimonthfy and cumulated in annual, 5-year, and 10-year editions.
The SC] is a system of four basic indexes.
The Source Index is an alphabetic listing of afl authors and afl papers published
during the period covered by the index.
Full bibliographic information is provided
for each item, including article or book
title; journal title, volume, and issue number; full pagination; year of publication;
number of references cited; type of article or item; and the author’s full address.
The Citation Index is an alphabetic
listing by first author of cited papers,
books, etc. Listed under each cited item
is the condensed citation for each citing
paper.
The Perrrruterrnm Subject Index (PSI)
uses words appearing in the titles of
books and articles as indexing terms. All
significant words in a given title are
matched with each of the other significant words in that title to create all possible pairs; each pair then becomes a
separate entry in the PSI.
The Corporate Index consists of two
complementary parts. The geographic
section is subdivided by country, state or
province, city, institution, and department. The alphabetic organization section
cross-references each institution with its
geographic location.
The following examples, taken from
the 1980-1984 cumulated SC1, illustrate
the versatility of the SCI and the depth
and currency of its indexing,
To find the most recent information relevant to the 1981 review of “Organic
compounds in meteorites and their origins, ” by R. Hayatsu and E. Anders, turn
to the Citation Index, illustrated in Figure A. Complete bibliographic information for the citing papers can be obtained
from the Source index.
If one knows little about such organic
compounds, a search can be started in the
PSI. As illustrated in Figure B, a check
under the main heading of’ ‘Meteorites”
reveals that it has been used together with
numerous other terms. Among these are
‘‘achondrites, ” “crystal, ” “nuclear, ”
etc., followed in each case by the names
of relevant authors. Turn to the Source
Index for full titles and the rest of the
bibliographic information.
To check whether a particular author
has published a book or an article in a
covered journal during the indexing period, look for the name in the Source Index, The Source Index provides full bibliographic information for verification.
For example, Figure C shows that J.
Geiss, 1 of the 16 authors who cite the
review by Hayatsu and Anders, published
four articles during the 1980-1984 period.
The Co~orate Index identifies all
papers published at a speeific institution.
For example, Figure D illustrates the
hierarchical structure of the geographic
index, which permits you to find all the
papers published by researchers working
in Swiss institutions. The entry for Switzerland is subdivided by city. Under
“Bern” you find the University of Bern,
where the Institute of Physics is located.
The Geiss paper is listed among the dozens of others published by authors at the
institute.
A distinct advantage of the SCI lies in
its multidisciplinary coverage and cross-referencing. For example, bioehemistry,
physics, and astronomy may all be relevant to the topic discussed by Hayatsu and
Anders. Likewise, citations to this work
may reveal relationships to other fields.
A detailed, schematic explanation of
search techniques appears in the front
matter of each issue. A complete” guide”
and joumaf list are printed separatel y each
year.
168
Selected, Edited Sample Entries from the 1980-1984 Science Citdz”onIndex@
(SW’)
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