Introduction Florida grows about

Introduction
Florida
All
of
tons)
this
in
everyone
and
grows
huge
!n
growing.
harvesting.
it.
the
procedures
money
outlet.
paid
laborers,
The
truck
of
to
one
This
course
emphasizes
fruit
to
drivers,
the
that
for
the,consumer.
in
This,
then,
is
the
million
m.
cash
register
and many
a fair
canners,
share
the
subject
of
pickers,
citrus
how
for
shipping
qualities
Florida
the
crop.
make money
returning
upon
is
citrus
processing,
packers,
livelihood
(10.3
to
fruit
who make up the
their
boxes
income
links
growers.
etc.,
bu.
packing.
of
essential
commercial
purpose,
source
are
whom depend
only
~
which
for
world's
1-3/5
involved
of
grove
million
for
retail
the
252.1
the
produced
the
all
volume,
of
is
in
and
a quarter
1976-77,
marketing
the
about
industry
fruit
of
gets
from
FRC 4612
(FC 437).
Roughly
tangelos,
85% of
etc.,
shipped
as
as he has
had
fruit
for
or
fruit
of
lemons,
36.5%.)
Fruit
of
unless
he can
get
dition
to
consumer.
in
a mature,
His
best
possible
variety
time
seriously
state
the
is
of
of
The
to
take
place
the
factors
in
have
the
location;
case
quality
Slow
to
or
the
sound,
wholesome
or
indirectly
fruit
as
they
develop
changes.
on the
of
fruit
on that
rootstock-scion
where
point
peak
handling
the
xix
only
fruit
part
quality
later
is
to
is
con-
a vital
these
variety
is
only
grower
is
crop
fruit.
is
concern
the
now,
California's
oranges
influencing
are
his
later
inept
the
in
scion
for
his
of
citrus
in
has
a commercial
directly
proper
quantity
of
90% of
to
delivered
has
grower
processed
value
remainder
outlets
about
of
little
and
Production
the
to
The
the
alternative
grower
which
and
harvest.
impair
is
and
Thus,
proportion
temples,
processed.
locally.
amount
their
tangerines,
are
viable
harvested
proper
quality
in
state
consumed
sort
changes
combination.
particularly
the
any
concern
in
and
them
edible
initial
rootstock
the
the
shipments
exclusive
the
in
grapefruit,
some decades,
fresh
interest
oranges,
harvested
fresh
(Florida's
the
proper
produce
of
the
the
picture,
attained
can
obliterate
unfit
for
human
at
or
to
Citrus
Maturity
an~ Pac!!ngh2use
Int~oductian.
consumption.
is
to
Many people
be processed.
concentrate
and
handled
properly
who has
only
as
the
Not
if
of
,
they
or
The continually
physical
of
the
with
on decades
of
experience
and
dwell
the
to
point
out
or
5 events
in
shaping
voyages
late
and
duced
and
from
indeed
became
ning
subsequent
and
throughout
one,
the
quality
juice
by
perfection
to
in
which
fresh
1955-56,
E.
crop.
The next
industry,
was
Bean
in
move
southward
highways
has
in
1875.
were
the
played
1943
juice.
a product
of
The
which
citrus
carried
could
the
which
orange
marked
the
bu.
ensuing
playa
by
introduction
leaps
it
begin-
freezes
decades
into
a vast
many years.
concentrate
the
intro-
before
1894-95
to
at
climate
long
move was
the
and
plants,
the
for
in
sour
one was
continue
xx
on the
1-3/5
the
4
instrumental
the
expand
grown
were
of
in
least
established
state
to
rather
At
congenial
industry
one was
but
de Soto
other
based
here
sweet,
were
also
along
and
of
event,
since
has
ones
Florida's
third
is
2.
and
and handling
purpose
Table
de Leon
of
overnight.
chemical
industry
so many
a frozen
latest
the
unlike
the
built,
the
requirements
not
dismay.
a multitude
harvesting
development
The
not
lime
major
and will
of
emerge
did
buyer,
numerous
1)
Indian
in
the
with
into
plantings
many areas
industry
their
was
Ponce
thrived
in
which
citrus
Citrus,
naturalized
to
minor
and West
countries,
found
numerous
Permanent
lemons
away
modern
railroads
fourth
1500's.
have
in
all,
grower
the
processing
is
the
the
and
of
summarized
Columbus,
1565-1575.
became
box
the
area
was
far
the
standard
and
in
of
fruit
mercy
regarding
It
and
of
of
early
a commercial
of
First
oranges,
Augustine
research.
frozen
quality
Florida
market
fruit
the
modifiers,
and
highlights
explorations
and
legal
consequence
course.
or
knowledge
background
the
major
its
bittersweet
as
some of
of
1400's
St.
historical
in
their
if'the
especially
high
at
crops
(Table
fruits,
compliance
is
other
products
and
upon
fruit
of
of
forgotten
Furthermore,
industry
body
be
products,
consumption
canned
expanding
components
practices
fresh
can
be made from
his
citrus
for
this
be palatable.
range
gigantic
chilled
to
for
a wide
available
frozen,
are
(cant.)
processed
must
outlet
of
of
for
juice,
a single
The present
all
so,
chilled
producers
varieties
say
Pr2cedures
The
dominant
role,
comparable
of
and bounds
in
chilled
in
the
last
10-15
industry
the
years.
have
Florida
Among other
been
Citrus
development
of
for
and
agencies
state
and
evolution
Code of
grades,
the
the
maturity
and
~nd
and
influencing
of
1949
packinghouses
standards
ment
the
forces
concerned
food
the
marketing
rules
and
of
the
culminating
amendments,
canneries,
with
growth
standards
later
myriad
the
in
gradual
agreements
and
regulations
of
federal
protection
of
the
environ-
and
legal
quality,
.like..
,
An outline
of
and consumer
citrus
factors
is
.
fruit
characters,
presented
in
.
qua11ty
Table
modif1ers
The starting
3.
point
is
the
,
tree
consisting
etc.)
budded
of
growth
during
ofa
ranges
characters
first
upon
remains
at
nounced
changes
objective
of
qualities
shipped
for
of
is
the
the
appearance,
characters
grades
they
intrastate
produce
register
remains
the
and
the
retail
and keeping
the
and
pro-
1).
The
deterioration
iri
consumed.
Fruit
subject
to
regulations
market.
The
outlet,
hence
quality
starch.
low
(Figure
:
until
apples,
a citrus
unlike
fruits
rules
reaches
in
palatability
also
CO11DBerce are
and numerous
accumulate
rate
harvested
throughout
to
while
minimize
tree.
like
only
climacteric
are
on the
fruits
stresses)
to
depends
occurs
(barring
is
variety,
organisms
failure
respiration
of
living
familiar
their
the
remain
are
other
in
these
fruit
produce
modifiers
or
cash
of
temperature
moment
wholesome
and miscellaneous
the
upon
The season
internal
qualities
The
etc.).
external,
mangos
other
orange,
grapefruit,
depending
from
characteristic
and
sound,
income
tree.
interstate
maturity
on11
on the
postharvest
from
in
and
given
sour
'Marsh'
months
other
or
sugars
any
lemon,
while
differ
avocados
of
orange,
The expression
modifiers
They
bananas,
constant
intrinsic
CO11DBonwith
cycle.
Development
15-18
develop.
in
life
fruit
the
('Hamlin'
(rough
8 to
preharvest
fruit
pears,
from
t1me
fruit
their
varIety
on a rootstock
which
Citrus
scion
are
fruit
standards
to
sole
ensure
source
consumer
vitally
of
factor;s
important.
,
This
table
the
principal
and
graph
thus
factors
A glossary
of
provide
affecting
terms,
an overview
of
fruit
characters
artd
them.
whose
understanding
are
indisp~nsable
to
an
,
understanding
metric
measures
of
the
are
course
given
content,
in
Tables
and
4 and
xxi
a conversion
5,
respectively.
table
for
U.S.
and
Fi.gure
1.
The key to postharvest
Grierson.,
1973').
xxii
handling
(From
Tab!,
1,- Area
and
disposition
of
Florida
Citrus
citrus,
1976-77
gro'\>'es (860,000
season.
acres=348,000
ha.)
~
Fresh Fruit
Conunercial
Processed Fr~it
1000 ~-3/.5 bu. ~Qxes (~~ tons)
Va!,!~ies
Oranges:
Early
(H~a1iri,
Parson
Early-midseason
Midseason
Late
(Navels)
(Pineapple)
3,095.7
(126.304)
1.447.4
(59,054)
904.7
(36,912)
(Valencia)
Grapefruit:
White
Pink
Brown)
seeded
seeded
White
(Foster)
seedless
Z 285.0
69~115.3
(~.1,228)
(2~819~904)
31.0
(1,196)
7.9
(305)
9,312.0
(Duncan)
(Marsh)
(359,443)
Pink and red seedless
(Thompson,
Ruby, Burgundy)
6.,.118.2
(236,163)
Sp~ialty
fruits:
Temple
Tangerines
Honey
991..2
(40,441)
(DancYt
tangerine
Tangelos
(Orlando,
(=Murcott)
Nova)
K-Early
Acid
citrus:
Lemons
Limes
(principally..
2,222...0
Robinson)
(9,576.8)
290.7
(11,861)
2,118.3
(84,427)
421.l
(17,185)
122. .1
(3,13 L6)
Bearss)
650..,1
(16,5J '8)
(Tahiti)
xxUi
111,488.0
(4,548,710)
8~650.4
(333~905)
386.5
(14~919)
20~O96.5
(775~725)
5~975.0
(230~635)
983.3
(42,380)
1,006.7
(41,074)
2,505.3
(102,216)
131.9
(5,26_2)
784.2
(31,996)
Table 2.
History
Stage
1492.,-1875-Introduetion
I.
1492 - early
1565
-
1776:
1823:
1835,
of
citrus
15001s:
Leon,
1575:
fruit
Citrus
de Soto.
Permanent
handling.
brought
p1antings
to
New Wor1d--Co1umbus~
established
at
de
Augustine--sweet
orange,
sour orange~
bitter-sweet
orange,
lemon (including
rough),
(West Indian)
lime.
First
shipment
of oranges
from Anastasia
Island
to England.
Grapefruit
introduced
(Don Philippe,
Safety
Harbor).
1870's:
Introduction
of navel
orange,
(lost
in 1835 and later
1840 's
freezes).
- 1850 IS:
1870's:
1800's:
thence
to Florida.
Introduction
of Valencia
orange.
Domestic
shipments
of oranges
by boat:
and various
boxes.
Stage II.
1875:
St.
Ponce
Introduction
of
tangerines
1875-.191Q--Modern Iud!!.!try:
Development of the. standard
systematic
grading
and sizing
.from
Early
citrus
of
or
Asia
railroad
to
Louisiana
in
barrels
phase
box by E. Bean; first
oranges
to
fit
2 cu.
ft.
= '1-3/5
bu. box.
1880's:
First shipments of grapefruit.
1894: Production about 5 million
boxes at time of 1894-95 'freezes.
1875 - 1910: Early packi~ouse
operations--washing
(dry or wet) y
drying (sun) y grading
(removal of cuts and p1ugsy sorting
of
bright
and rusty
fruit).
boards.
rope).
packing
nailed
box with bulge);
Stage III..
~~o1_~t_!9_~-
1910-1945--Modern
~~
.1911.
1913..
:if)15.
1925.
1~Z7.
1'933..
trus
sizing
(eye. slotted
boards.
(individually
wrapped .fruit
in
shipment by boat or rail.
Indu$try:Mi.ddle
diverging
standard
phase
Laws:
Immature Fruit
Law:
Illegal
to ship rawt immature fruit.
Maturity
Law:
Season Sept. 1 to Nov. 15; l2-fruit
sample;
maximum 1.30% crystalline
citri~
acid for oranges,
1.75% for grapefruit
~ half
color.
u.S. Bureau of Chemistry
(USDA):: Total soluble
solids
to
total
(titratable)
acid (anhydrous
citric
acid)
ratio
8-1 for oranges and 7-1 for grapefruit
(interstate
shipments).
Maturity
Law:
First
comprehensive
standards
for oranges
and grapefruit,
with sliding
ratio
(minimum according
to total
soluble
solids);
registration
of packinghouses; inspection
fees.
Arsenic
Law:
Ban on use of arsenic
on bearing
citrus;
lifted
1929-1930 for Mediterranean
fruit
fly campaign,
reimposed 1931.
MaturLty
Law:
Minimum juice
requirement
for grapefruit
{plus solids
and ratio),
minimum solidst
ratio and
color break for oranges.
Permanent injunction
by Judge
H.C. Petteway against
enforcement
of arsenic
law on
grapefruit.
x:rlv
Table 2.
(cont.)
~'35.
1931.
1939.
1941.
,9,4$.
Maturity
Law:
Higher standards.
Color Add Law:
Legal
on oranges,
higher maturity
standards.
Creation
of
Florida
Citrus
Commission.
Advertising
Tax.
Bond
and License Law.
Registration
of field
boxes.
Federal Agricultural
Marketing
Agreement Act:
Enabling
act for marketing
Agreements.
Citrus
Marketing
Agreement (Order 905, originally
933).
U.S. standards
for Persian
(Tahiti)
Limes (revised
1952,1957).
Creation
of Indian
River Citrus
Area.
U.S. standards
for
citrus
fruits:
sweet oranges,
grapefruit
and
mandarins,
except tangerines.
U.S. standards
for
tangerines
(revised
1948, 1955, 1960, 1967, 1968).
U.S. standards
for lemons (revised
1959,1961,1964).
Maturity
Law: Minor changes.
Re.search on Seasonal Changes of Citrus
1913.
in Florida:
Oranges and grapefruit,
500 tests over one
season.
1935 OD. Harding and associates:
Oranges, grapefruit,
tangerines;
tests over 3 or 4 seasons.
~lopment
Collison:
of Packinghouses:
1915.
Ramsey's research on benefits
of precooling
plus refrigeration at 40°F in transit
for oranges; emphasis on
careful handling.
1920. First de greening rooms, using kerosene fumes.
1923. Denny's discovery that ethylene was active ingredient
in
kerosene fumes.
1925. Borax first
postharvest
fungicide
for control of stem-end rot.
1920-1945.
Introduction
of ruff1eboard
(longitudinal)
washer,
drier-polisher,
slab wax, hot wax, grading belts,
roller
grading tables, longitudinal
be1t~and-ro11 sizers,
transverse brushes (to replace longitudinal
brushes),
wirebound (Bruce) boxes, mesh (cloth,
paper) bags,
fiberboard
cartons; refrigerator
(ice bunker) cars,
trucks for shipments; heavier loading (to 1000 instead
of 400 to 600 boxes) of rail cars (during war).
Development
of
Canneries:
1915.
Bottled
grapefruit
juice.
1920.
First
frozen citrus
concentrate
(not marketable).
1921.
First
grapefruit
sections
(glass containers.
later
cans).
1923.
Canned grapefruit
juice.
192.4.
Canned orange juice;
hot pack concentrate
(mainly
grapefruit).
1924-1925.
Citrus
pulp dried for animal feed.
193~193l.
First
marketing
of frozen citrus
juice
(mainly
grapefruit.
1935.
First
low temperature
vacuum hot pack concentrate.
xxv
Table 2
(cont.)
1935-1936.
Orange-grapefruit
juice
blends marketed;
212,000
boxes of oranges processed.
1943.
First
marketable
frozen concentrated
orange juice.
1944-1945.
14,243,000
boxes of oranges processed.
Stage
v.
Mature
,phase
C.ttrusLMIs:
1949.
195~,
1955~
1957.
1959.
1961.
1963,
1967.
1969.
1970,
1975.
Florida
Citrus
Code (Consolidation
of existing
statutes
and changes
into
a single
chapter-60l;
Indian
River
Citrus
Area and registration
of field
boxes excluded):
Higher
maturity
requirements
for all
fruits,
including
Temples;
mandatory
year
around
inspection
of fruit
to
packinghouses
and canneries;
arsenic
legal
only
on
(bearing)
grapefruit;
legislative
recognition
of
necessity
for higher
maturity
standards
and strict
enforcement
in public
interest.
1953.
Separate
maturity
requirements
for seeded,
white
seedless
and pink
and red seedless
grapefruit.
Tangelo
Act;
increased
juice
requirements
for
grapefruit
early
in season.
Revision
of grapefruit
juice
requirements;
changes
in
powers
and composition
of Florida
Citrus
Commission;
recognition
that
maturity
requirements
are minimum
quality
standards;
limes
dropped
from Citrus
Code;
ch4nges
in maturity
test
procedures.
Revision
of grapefruit
maturity
requirements;
changes in
powers
of Florida
Citrus
Commdssion;
Murcott
maturity
requ1rements
established.
Changes in Florida
Citrus
Commission
powers;
Citrus
Stabilization
Act
(repealed
1963);
color
add under
permit
legal
for
Temples;
changes
in bonds for
citrus
fruit
dealers
(amounts
increased);
truck
marking
law;
revision
of fruit
theft
law;
revision
of grapefruit
maturity
requirements.
1965.
Changes in Florida
Citrus
Commission
Powers.
Revision
of grapefruit
juice
requirements;
changes
in
Florida
Citrus
Commission
powers;
Orange Stabilization
Act (lapsed
in 1969).
Changes in Florida
Citrus
Commission
Powers.
1971.
Changes in Florida
Citrus
Commission
Powers;
revision
of definitions
for tangerines
and hybrid
citrus;
deletion
of hybrids
(Temples.
tangelos.
Murcotts)
from Citrus
Laws with
maturity
requirements
established
by Florida
Citrus
Commission
Regulations;
changes
in maturity
test
procedures.
Change of Florida
Citrus
Commission
Regulations
to Official
Rules
(Standard
system
statewide).
xxvi
T~1~Z.
(cont.
~~rke.ting
~gr.eeme~:
Order 905.
Handling
of oranges,
grapefruit,
tangerines
and
tangelbs
grown in Florida:
1939, amended 1946,1947.
1951, 1965, 1966 and 1969~
Order 912.
Grapefr~i~
grown in the I~dian
River District
in
Florida:
1969.
Grapefruit
grown in the Interior
District
in Florida:
Order 913.
--Order
914.
"'~'
U.S.'Stahdards
,
:-~,
1946,.
for
~
~~::~es
grown in
1970 (dead).
the
Interior
ni,tt¥~~::ln
l~l'O
Florida:
I"'J~
;
Grades:
c,;
A&r~icu1tural
QfU..S.
Marketing
standards
Act
for
(enabling
grades
of
act for
establishment
fresh'
and processed
citrus).
Florida
Florida
Florida
oranges and tangelos:
1947, 1955, 1960,1961,
1965, 1967, 1968.
~rapefruit:
1947,1952,
1960, 1961, 1967, 1968.'
tangerines:
1'960,1961,1968.,
,
Frozert concentrated
orange juice:
1964,1966,
1968.'."
Pasteurized
orange juice
(chilled
,juice):
1967, 1~68, 1969;;;
Dehydrated <>range juice:
1956, 1957, 196~.
Canned orange juice:
1964, 1966, 1968, 1969.
Concentrated
orartge juice
for manufacturing:
1957, 1964.
Frozen concentrated
grapefruit
juice:
1956, 1957,1968.
Frozen concentrated
blended grapefruit
juice
and'orange
j,\lic~:
1951, 1957, 1958.
Dehydrated
grapefruit
juice:
1956,1957,
1968.
Canned grapefruit:
1959, 1970.
Concentrated
grapefruit
juice
for
J'!~ve1opment
1957.
1968.
of Packinghouse!:
1945-1960:
196Qto
19'51.
manufacturing:
Concentrated
lemon juice
for manufacturing:
Canned lemon juice:
1962.
1956,
1957,
Frozen concentrate
for limeade:
Bulk haad1ing
systems,
solv~nt-type
waxes,
cen~al
belt-and-roll
sizers,
transverse
sizers,
perforated
belt
sizers,
plastic
bags,
bag filling
machines,
carton
fillers,
pallet
boxes,
fungicidal
waxes,
Dowicide
A-hexamine
fungicide.
date:
TWo-stage
packinghouse,
ground-level
packinghouse,
pallet-box
harvesting,
plastic
mesh bags,
pallet-box
degre~ning
rooms (batch
and continuous
flow).
Develop~nt2fCanneries:
1945':;;:1946.. '226.000 gallons
juice
(FCOJ).
1948-1949.
(8.550
hi.)
frozen
conct?ntrated
'.
116.000 gallons (4.390 hI..)
grapefruit
juice (FCGJ).
xxvii
frozen
concentrated
orange
Table 2.
(cont.)
1950-1951.
1955-1956.
1965-1966.
1970-1971.
1976-1977.
30~758~000 gallons
(1~164~190 hI.)
FCOJ; 2~530~000
gallons
(95~760 hI.)
processed
COJ.
70 million
gallons
(2~649~500 hI.)
~J;
2.5 million
gallons
(94~760 hl~) processed
FCGJ; chilled
juice
first
put on market.
57~3l7~000 boxe$ (2~.338~535 m. tons) for ~
(70.83
million
gallons=2~680~9l5
hI.);
3,966,000
boxes
(161,810 m. tons) for ~
(3~97l,OOO gallons=
l50~302 hI.).
103~52l~OOO boxes (4~223~660 m. tons) for ~
{125~174~000 gallons=4~737,835
hI.);
6~729~OOO
boxes (259~740 m. tons) for FCGJ (6,876,000
gallons=
260~255 hI.);
19,772~OOO box-;s--(806,700
m. tons) for
chilled
juice;
2,348,.000 boxes (90,635 m. tons) for
chill~d
sr~fruit
juice;
7,668~000 boxes (312,855
m. tons) for single-strength
OJ; 14,573,000
boxes
(569,465 m. tons) for single-strength
GJ; 2~333,000
boxes (90,055 m. tons) for ~rapefruit
sections;
1~09l,000
boxes (42~115 m. tons) for chilleq
grapefruit
sections
and salad~
l47,772~000
boxes (6,029,100
m~ tons) for
~
(158~O35~OOO gallons=5,~81,625
h.1~);
27~250,000
boxes
(1,111,800
m. tons)
for
chi!led
OJ (124~578,OOO
gallons=4~7l5,280
hI.,
43.5% of which
was from
reconstituted
FCOJ, 54,107,000
F;allons=2,047,950
hI.)
that
is only
18.4% as many boxes but 78.4% as many
gallons
(actu~
about
30%~ considering
FCOJ gallons
are concentrate);
7,429,000
boxes
(303,100
m. tons)
for
single-strength
OJ; .13,013,000
boxes
{502~300
m.
tons)
for
FCGJ (11,258,000
gal10ns=426,115
hI.);
4~331~OOO ~s
(167~175
m. tons)
for
chil1e~
GJ
(17,852~OOO
gallons=675,700
hl.~
42% of which
was
from reconstituted
FCGJ, 7,492,000
gallons=
283,570
hI.);
14~360,00O
boxes
(554~295
m. tons)
for
single-strengthGJ.
xxviii
Out1.ine of citrus
fruit
characters,
legal and consumer factors.
T4b1e 3.
Scion
modifiers
of quality
and
variety/Rootatock
Juice
J
Totalsolub.1e
(TSS)
Tota!
acid
solids
~
(14)
Solids:acid
ratio,
A~tive
acidi~y
(pH)
Si2 :e
Fot :m
WejLght
Fit :-mness
AgE!
De<:ay
Vi tamin
C
Volatiles
Seedsc, rag
-
--,-
Modifiets:
:,i.~
"
Preharv~st
Pos~ha~st
RootstockS
Climate
Soil
Respiration:
Ethylene
(endogenous)
Ethylene
(exogenous)
= degreening
Mineral
nutrition
Harve~ting
Pac~inghouse
handling
Refrigeration
D;isorCiers
and their
Spr~ys
Watexrelations
Pruning
:],'ree
age
Position
on tree
co~t;rol:
Pat~ological
Physiological
Standards:
Maturity
Grade
Rules and
Appearance
Palatability
Keeping
quality
Regulations:
CAC
FCC (DOC)
EPA
etc.
xxix,
---
xxx
Table 4.
Bin:
container
house
used
or
shallow
top
Box:
a
Glossary
for
cannery;
metal,
of
each
3 types
of
a.
Field
b..
Pallet
hauliJig
citrus
square
wooden
other
or
for
boxes
plastic
bu.
the
grove
(sometimes
boxes,
usually
the
liters)
to
packing-'
cylindrici11)
stacked
several
on
if
sides,
Florida
citrus
industry.
capacity.
(282
as such
solid
usually
in
capacity
marked
with
status
(78.66
10 box
or
rectangular
1.egal
2~23
box:
from
transportat1on.
have
box:
or
fruit
liters;
408 kg
larger;
wooden
slotted
bottom
32 inches
(80
high
bushels
(56.4
cm)
or
and
and
of
oranges)
plastic
runners
beneath,
44 inches
(119
square.
Standard
c~
box:
1-3/5
90 lb
(40.8
kg)
for
oranges,
85 lb
(38.6
kg)
for
grapefruit
for
Standard
d.
British
Thermal
Brix:
Bulk
(synonymous
bin:
baffles
or
degreening
100
ltlF
with
rectangular
of
to
Climacteric
box:
(BTU):
pound of water
legal
weights
'Temples',
are
tangelos,
and 95 lb(43.'1
kg)
tangerines.
shipping
Unit
liters);
4/5 bushel
the quantity
(actually
total
bin
with
ciderpress
of
at
liters).
required
1
to heat
59° to 60°F).
solids~
sloping
supporting
oranges
of heat
from
soluble
(28.2
bottom
cloth,
which
see).
and
zigzag
arrangement
temporary
storage
for
a packinghouse;
usual
capacity
is
150 boxes.
fruit:
one which
contains
and shows a characteristic
rise
ripening,
during
which
starch
in
period
or other
respiration
starChes~
etc.,
energy
sources
indicative
are
converted
of
to
sugars.
C9lor-add:
application
of
to
surface
solution
a+4di~ional
the
terms
will
a dye
(currently
of oranges,
be defined
xxxi
in
FDA Citrus
'Temple'
discU$sion
or
Red No.2)
tangelos.
of
specific
topics.
em)
.
'able 4.
(cont.)
Co~or break:
I
i
sunburn,
the natural
change in color of citrus.fruit
(excludes
insect
damage, etc.)
whereby the chlorophylls
disappear
and carotenoid
Conduction:
pigments
movement of
to another,
cdnvection:
as in
thermal
movement of
temperatures
energy
a solid
in a medium (gas,
in
become evident.
from
one molecule
or liquid.
thermal
liquid
or
by transfer
energy
by active
or solid;
forced
motion
of molecules
may be natural
as when molecules
from
differences
are moved with
a fan
or pump
Crop
year:
August
1 to
the
acceleration
Degreening:
phylls
the
disappear
use
of
(90-95%
July3l.
of
and
ethylene
the
carotenoid
process
pigments
(l-5ppm),
+ relative
natural
heat
humidity),
whereby
become
evident,
(85°F=29.4°C),
and
continuous
chlorowith
high
air
humidity
circulation
and
ventilation.
Di;coloration:
I
properly
citrus
fruit
colored
Grade:
stage
Field:
limits
energy
the
of
when
of
their
quantity
of
may also
a citrus
product
of
one
the
capacity
energy
released
when
as
liquid
to
(heat
liquid
(heat
of
liquefaction-heat
to
gas
(heat
of
vaporization)
of
condensationsheat
conditions
of
of
pressure
xxxii
according
qualities.
removed
temperature
and heat
solid
may be eaten
cooling
to
difference,
a change
of
volume.
heat).
of
state
fusion),
of
or
or
another,
(specific
vaporization)
and
in
temperature
thermal
from
like.
calories.
energy
from
the
vegetable)
or
on
light
and
fruit
(or
or
lesions
include
melanose
fruit
thermal
an object
(weight)
colored
characteristics
as BTU's
mass
but
speck-type
measured
the
brown
mites
development
being
Latent:
rust
scattered
heating
~..
to light
classification
stipulated
Thermal
t.
by
of
an arbitrary
to
Heat:
caused
windscars,
the
Ed~bllity:
refers
gas
solid
fusion),
to
liquid
under
occurs,
to
liquid
(heat
standard
Table 4.
(cont.)
Re~~~ration:
thermal
metabolic
carbon
d~
Sensible:
dioxide
metric
from
one
~pecific
8",
water
vapor
heat
the
Absolute
mass
sugars
to
animals;
per
unit
time
or
the
field
in
cooling
another.
have
heat
and
an object
(Note
that
calculations
a time-dependent
com-
respiration.)
amount
of
change
thermal
the
energy
(BTU or
temperature
of
a unit
ca1.)
mass
1°.
air.
(specific):
in
to
heat
of
to
in
or
both
removed
temperature
required
Humidity:
with
of
plants
per
including
sensible
heat:
of
as BTU's
respiration,
ponent,
conversion
and water)
energy,
of
connection
equivalent.
thermal
heat
in
(e.g..
expressed
involving
.
released
processes
usually
the
energy
the
a given
measure
mass
of
of
dry
the
mass
(at
standard
air
(weight)
of
water
barometric
pressure).
~.
Dewpoint:
the
(at
Relative:
te~erature
to
a constant
the
ratio
present
pressure)
between
and
the
and barometric
for
d
Vapor
dry
air
pressure
(or
pressure;
calculations
with
the
possible
at
that
vapor
vapor
dependent,
(disregarding
percent
vapor
temperatur~
corrections
saturation);
as a percentage.
pressure
rather,
of
water
combination
at
corrected
that
in
absolute
pressure)
water
maximum
and
be lowered
condensation.
water
vapor
e.g.,
initiate
of
partial
+ water
must
quantity
pressure
the
air
the
expressed
pressure:
moist
to
pressure
partial
normally
which
at
sea
Florida).
(specific)
regardless
that
pressure
There
xxxiii
would
is
exist
upon
(at
in
a given
hum:idity)
temperature..
in
any
barometric
barometric
be used
a direct
temperature.
or_absolute
however,
level
a given
a standard
humidity
of
can
to
vapor
a given
in
correlation
barometric
The quantity
space
is
(i.e.,
directly
of
'ab).e 4.
(cont.)
Maturity:
the
to
an edible
since
Mathrity
i
I
i
stage
of
development
state.
(Applies
no such
stage
standard:
such".~~
is
of
strictly
an arbitrary
legal
such
that
it
will
ripen
~6 climacteric-type
',r;
in citrus.)
discernible
juiceconte~t~ctota.1
ratiq,
a fruit
limitation
soluble
of
solids.
some
fruit,
fruit
soluble
factor
soli4s:acid
etc.
Mechanical
reefer
car,
mechanical
truck:
Rail
refrigeration
car
or semi-trailer
facilities
for
equipped
keeping
produce
with
cool
in
transit.
Non~climact~ric
:
or
fruit:
other
energy-rich
sugars
have
during
exhibit
respiration
Pa~tability:
course
a well
they
which
constituents
the
neither
henc.e
of
tbose'iikecitrus
of
'under
stage
the
the
of
ripening
normal
throughout
literally,
capable
the
defined
do not
of
being
process.
maturity
period
taste
of a fruit,
sugar:acid
ratio
converted
of
their
into
fruit
ripening,
a rather
of
starch'
These
nor
circumstances
later
contain
low
rate
lifetime.
important
contributing
~
factors
of
being
the ~~odyct
soluble
solids,
the
Pr~c()oling:
Prorate:
,
and volatiles
at
the
time
con~~tion..
Po~nds-solid~:,,:;
I
sugars,
of juice
~uallyex:p~essed
rapid
a shipment
cooling
quota
.
house's
Qf pounds
relat1.ve
of
for
share
fru.f.tprior
the
total
on a per box basis.
some time
of
x percelltage.
to
period
total
transportation.
based
shipments
;'.
for
upon a packingthe
prev1.ous
,
month or season.
Reefer:
;l
rail
car
refrigerating
produce
refrig~rator
cars
and
which
rate
the
stage
edible;
the
of
of
development
is
ice
bunkers,
to
market;
fans
and vents
now replaced
for
by mechanical
trucks.
term for
applicable
process
with
en route
and
a general
Refrigeratibn:
Ripening:
equipped
anytype;!of
of
strictly
preceded
a fruit
to
or
xxxiv
when
it
climacteric-type
acco~anied
respiration.
cooling-
by
becomes
soft
fruit
in
a rapid
rise
in
Table 4.
(cant.)
Season
growth:
of
the
rtddseason
Season
of
or
varieties
maturity
for
to
fr~i~:
Specific
gravity:
December
June
for
those
to
= 1..0.)
Selective
removal
or
grades:
coloration
heat
divided
the
by
the
gradient
(i.e.,
whereas
thermal
so.1u~le~so1ids
pure
sucrose
(titratable)
endpoint
for
per
for
1,ate
September
February
for
to
to
and
varietias.
November
midseason
and
6 seeds.
compared
or air.
£ruit
to that
(Solids
from
unit
of
a
or liquids
a tree
on the'
thermal
are
bas-is
of
fofu~
dis-
is
=
in
alkali
area
a unit
heat,
density
is
the
sugars,
acids
unit
(grade).
through
specific
Brix
firmness~
per
degree
thickness.
conductivity
standard
per
diffusivity
(0 Brix):
color~
cl~&ification
time
passing
of
(degrees
for
a given
unit
heat
product
acid;
with
early
varieties.
ranges
per
gradient
diffusivity:
for
color.
blemishes
conductivity:
temperature
of
arbitrary
and
August
from
of an object
compared
for
to
witbO
such as water
water
to
late
material
Standards
Tota,l
early,
Mayor
maturity
set
period
standard
size,
:otal
the
the density
picking:
Thermal
fruit
and to December to February
cOImnercially.
Seedless
Thermal
from
(edibility):
December
February
Spot
period
etc.,
and
in
per
and
rate
quantity
% pure
juice
the
area
of
of
unit
temperature
heat
movement
heat).
juice,
measured
as %
sucrose).
t.ftrated
reported
to
as
the
phenolphthalein
% anhydrous
citric
tree
the
acid.
Tree
storage:
normal
the
practice
of holding
harves t period.
xxxv
fruit
on the
time
beyond
Table
5.
ERstONS:u.s. 6.METRIC
HEASL'RES
U..S. Vnite K
Metric
Equivalents
ConversioR Factors
Metric
1o<!n~th
or
Thickness
=
1 mile
1 yard
1 toot (ft)
1 inch (in)
1 mil (1/1000 in)
i=
a
Q
=
c
=
=
D
.Yg1umeor Capacity
1 pint
1 gallon (gal)
--1 bushel (bu)
a
.
a
=
1 acre~inch
1 Fla. field
1 Fla.
citrus
box (4,800 cu ins)
carton
(4/5
bu)
1.6093
0.9144
kilometers
meter.
(III)
0.3048
2.5400
(km)
..
centi..ters
(c.)
0.02>4 mLl1i_ters
(R8)
6.4516 square centimete~s
0.8361 square meters
(a)
0.4047 hectares
(ha)
258.988
00
0.4732 liters
3.7853
3.5.2381
2
(t)
to
to
102.7938
(~~
3
cubic
=
0.7866
a
0.2922
D
28.349S grams
a
0.4536 kilograms
45.3592
to
-
0.9072
meters
hectoliters
(.)
(hi)
to
~..!2.h':-
1 ounce
(oz)
1 pound
(lb)
1 hundredweight
(cwt)
1 ton
metric
(g)
(kg)
tonnes
to
U.S.
X
X
X
X
X
0.6214
1.0936
3.28?8
0.3937
39.3700
X
X
X
X
0.1550
1.1960
2.4110
0.OO3~
x
X
X
X
X
X
2.1.133
0.2642
0.0284
0.0097
1.2713
3.5436
X
X
X
X
0.0353
2.2046
0.0220
1.1022
.
Rate
or
Yleld
.:
1 grOlin/pouoo
I
1
1
1
1
1
1
=
(at'/lb)
pound/act'e
(lb/act'e)
ton/acre
gallon/acre
(gal/acre)
Fla.
field
box/act'e
bushel/act'e
(bu/acre)
pound/lOO
gallons
(lbilOO
gal)
cubic
foot/minute
(ft
/min)
Enerv.v.
Liv.ht.
1 horsepower
1 foot
candle
b Pressure
(HP)
(ft-cp)
1 polJnd/square
inch
(psi)
1 British
Thermal
Unit
(BTU)
:rempeT~tu!:!
Fahrenheit
~
~)
+ 32
=
~
D
=
~
0.1429 grams/kilO&loa.
1.1208 kilogram/hectare
2.2417 metric
tonnes/hectarc
9.346 liters/hectare
«(/ha)
1.9437
hectoliters/hectare
0.870.5
1.1983
=
grams/liter
0.4720
liters/second
-
=
-
(h£/ha)
,.
~
a
(g/kg)
(kg/ha)
"
(g/t)
(f/sec)
0.7457 kilowatts
(kw)
10.7639 lux
2
70.3069 grallls/cnt
0.2530 kilogram
calories
Celsius
(Centigrade)
= (r~J2)
5
(From r~
Florida
Sta~_e_J!Q.!-t.Soc. 90, 1971.)
xxxvi
(Kg-~1t
X S
X
7.000CJ
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
0.8922
0.4461
0.1070
0.5162
1.1488
0.8345
2.1186
X
X
X
X
1.3410
0.0929
0.0142
3.9526
and Packinghouse Proce~ures
Ci;!:us~tu!:ity
I~~_o~uction
Selected
(cant.)
--References
H!;!t2!:I:
1908.
Powell,
G. H.,
et al.
The decay
u.s.
1914.
of oranges
while
in
. Bur.
Plant
Indus.
De
Staubenrauch~
A. V.~ et
Factors
govenring
from Florida.
1915.
Ramsey,
the
successful
U..S. Dept.
and shipping
123.
p.
9-20.
Agr.
shipment
Bul.
63,
of orartges
50 p.
fruits
Bul.
in the Gulf
States
"yj~
~~
696. 28 p.
Humet H. H.
Cultivation
of citrus
chap 1., ZL
Webber,
H. J.
ctrmts.
(1957. Citrus
Macmillan,
NewYork
fruits.)
and L. D. Batchelor,
edge
The c1trus
industry,
Univ.
Berkeley.
VoL. I,
chap. L.
Pierce,
of
California
Press,
w. C.
Citrus.
Sections
Harrison,
Chase,
3-18~
Atlanta~
29-34.
~
F1orida
law
and practice.
Ga.
Randall.
History
of the
39{9):
1967.
Bul.
California.
al.
Dept. Agr. Farmer's
1958.
from
H. J.
Handling
1926.
(1957)
transit
Webber,
5-6,
H. J.,
History
~
citrus
industry.
Citrus
-
Indus
8~ 11., 16-17.
W. Reuther
and H. w. Lawton.
and development
The citrus
Batchelor,
Vol.
F1orida
industry,
eds.
Div.
of
the
eitrus
W. Reuther,
Agr.
Sci.,
I.
xxxvii
Univ.
industry.
Chap.
1.
H. J. Webber and L. D.
of California,
Berkeley.
Citrus
Maturity
and. Packlngh2u!e.!rocedures
.
."
,~
\
_~troduction
Federal-State
Daily
Florida
Market
c1trus
Citrus
Annual
Florida
report.
of
Citrus
regional
representatives'
and
Consumer
policy
for
each
citrus
and annual
Florida
De t.
Costs
of processing,
ware housing
I~t.
selling
g~i!:
EcQ!!..~~on.
Grierson,
W.
Quality
ofproouce
packaging..
and
stattstical
Univ.
Resource
weekly.)
Dept.
of
crop
year.)
Committee.
of
products.
(issued
Florida
Costs
citrus
packing
Division,
and
Services.
(issued
Administrative
managers'
reports
Inspection
report
Marketing
1.973.
weekly.)
Commission
and Vegetable
Growers
'
Citrus.
merchandising
Annual
season.)
:
report
,
(issued
Dept.
Agriculture
during
Mutual.
Florida
Fruit
(issued
statistical
Triangle.
Florida
News Service.
Mutual.
Citrus
(cont.)
Florida
t:eport.
fresh
citrus
fruits.
Food & Resource Econ.
!lor!~a.IF~.
and selling
Florida
~e2t.
Food &
t~
~pt.
as
Inst.
influenced
Refri2.
xxxviii
by prestorage
Conmd~sion
treatment
C-2:5l-65.
and
Citrus
Maturity
and PackinRhousePro~~~!!!:es
Introduction
Veldman,
L. G.,
et
al.
Symposi~-The
Proc.
Covey,
C.
Fla.
{cont.}
agricultural
State
Hort.
labor
Soc.
in Florida.
situation
86:205-22.9.
D.
Handbook
of
regulati,ons
and employees.
~!a.
affecting
CoQ2.Extens.
xxxix
Florida
farm
Se!:!~c.i.J;".
employers
441.22
p.