2011 Strategic Plan Standards of Cover Salem Fire Department
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2011 Strategic Plan Standards of Cover Salem Fire Department
2011 Standards Cover StrategicofPlan Salem Fire Department Cityy of SSalem m Firee Departtmen nt Orego on Standards of Covver 20 011 Asssembled d by: Joe Parrrott Standards s of Cover Salem Fire Department, Ore egon Intro oduction The following report serves as th he Salem Fire Departme ent “Standarrds of Coverr” documentt. The or Fire Publlic Safety Ex xcellence (C CPSE) defin nes the proccess, known n as “deployyment Center fo analysis,” as written procedures s that determ mine the disstribution and concentra ation of fixed d and mobile re esources of an organiza ation. The purpose for ccompleting ssuch a docu ument is to a assist the agen ncy in ensurring a safe and effectiv ve response e force for ffire suppression, emerg gency medical services, s and specialty response r situations in ad ddition to ho omeland seccurity issues. Creating a Standard ds of Coverr document requires th hat a number of areass be researcched, studied, and evaluatted. The follo owing reporrt will begin w munity with an overview of botth the comm a Following this overview, o th he plan will d discuss area as such as risk assessm ment, and the agency. critical ta ask analysis, agency service lev vel objective es, and disstribution an nd concentrration measures. The reporrt will provide documenttation of relia ability studie es and historrical perform mance through charts c and graphs. g The report will co onclude with h policy reco ommendation ns. i Standards s of Cover Salem Fire Department, Ore egon Table of Conte ents Table off Figures ............................................................. ................................................................ v ve Summary y ....................................................... ................................................................ 1 Executiv Compon nent A – Des scription off Communitty Served... ................................................................ 5 Organiization Overrview ................................................. ............................................................... 5 Gov vernance and d Lines of Au uthority .......................... ............................................................... 5 Orga anizational Finance F ............................................. ............................................................... 5 Service e Area Overrview ................................................. ............................................................... 7 Compon nent B – Rev view of Serv vices Provided ........... ................................................................ 9 Service es Provided ........................................................ ............................................................... 9 Assets s and Resources ................................................. ............................................................. 10 Fire Stations.............................................................. ............................................................. 10 Apparatus ................................................................. ............................................................. 12 Staffing Information ...................................................... ............................................................. 13 Orga anizational Structure S ........................................... ............................................................. 13 Adm ministration and a Support Staff .............................. ............................................................. 15 Eme ergency Serv vices Staff ........................................ ............................................................. 15 Curren nt Service De elivery Objec ctives ............................. ............................................................. 19 Compon nent C – Rev view of the Community y Expectatio erformance Goals ............ 21 ons and Pe Stak keholder Input Processe es .................................... ............................................................. 21 Com mmunity Outc come Goals s...................................... ............................................................. 21 Compon nent D – Ove erview of Community C Risk R Asses ssment................................................... 25 Overall Geospatial Characteris stics ............................... ............................................................. 25 Geogra aphic and Weather-Rela W ated Risks ...................... ............................................................. 27 Wea ather Risk ............................................................ ............................................................. 27 Wild dfire Risk .............................................................. ............................................................. 29 Geo ographic/Geo ological Risk k ..................................... ............................................................. 30 Transp portation Ris sks .................................................... ............................................................. 31 Roads ....................................................................... ............................................................. 31 Rail ........................................................................... ............................................................. 33 Bus ........................................................................... ............................................................. 35 Physic cal Assets Prrotected ............................................ ............................................................. 36 Gov vernment Buildings .............................................. ............................................................. 36 Congregational ......................................................... ............................................................. 37 Scho ools/Univers sities ................................................. ............................................................. 38 Med dical Facilitie es ...................................................... ............................................................. 39 Othe er Critical Inffrastructure....................................... ............................................................. 40 Stru uctural .................................................................. ............................................................. 42 Terrrorism .................................................................. ............................................................. 47 Hazard Vulnerab bility Analysis ................................... ............................................................. 47 opment and Population Growth G ........................... ............................................................. 49 Develo Currrent Populattion Informattion ................................. ............................................................. 49 Futu ure Geograp phic Growth Potential P ....................... ............................................................. 54 iii Standards of Cover Salem Fire Department, Oregon Risk Classification ................................................................................................................... 55 Historic System Response Workload ...................................................................................... 57 Temporal Analysis ............................................................................................................... 58 Spatial Analysis ................................................................................................................... 60 Station and Unit Workload Analysis ........................................................................................ 64 Fire Station Workload .......................................................................................................... 64 Response Unit Workload ..................................................................................................... 64 Incident Workload Projection ................................................................................................... 66 Component E – Critical Tasking and Alarm Assignments .................................................... 69 Critical Tasking ........................................................................................................................ 71 Alarm Assignments ................................................................................................................. 77 Component F – Review of Historical System Performance .................................................. 83 Detection.............................................................................................................................. 83 Call Processing .................................................................................................................... 83 Turnout Time ....................................................................................................................... 85 Distribution and Initial Arriving Unit Travel Time .................................................................. 86 First Arriving Unit Total Response Time .............................................................................. 89 Received to Arrived Time .................................................................................................... 91 Received to Arrived Time Performance by Region.............................................................. 92 Concentration and Current Effective Response Force Capability Analysis ......................... 93 Second Unit Arrival Time ..................................................................................................... 99 Call Concurrency, Reliability and Cancelled Responses ..................................................... 99 Component G – Performance Objectives and Performance Measures ............................. 103 Dynamics of Fire in Buildings ................................................................................................ 103 Emergency Medical Event Sequence ................................................................................... 105 People, Tools, and Time ....................................................................................................... 106 Performance Statement and Goals ....................................................................................... 107 Overall Performance Statement ........................................................................................ 108 Call-Processing Performance Goal ................................................................................... 108 Turnout Time Performance Goal ....................................................................................... 108 Distribution Performance Statement (First-Due Unit Arrival) ............................................. 109 Concentration Performance Goal ...................................................................................... 109 Component H – Overview of Compliance Methodology ..................................................... 111 Component I – Overall Evaluation, Conclusions, and Recommendations........................ 115 Overall Evaluation ................................................................................................................. 115 Recommendations ................................................................................................................ 118 Performance Improvement Goal A .................................................................................... 118 Performance Improvement Goal B .................................................................................... 119 Performance Improvement Goal C .................................................................................... 120 Component J – Appendices, Exhibits, and Attachments.................................................... 127 Appendix A – Hazard Vulnerability Analysis.......................................................................... 127 Appendix B – Salem Fire Department Compared to Others ................................................. 131 Appendix C – Fire Station Descriptions ................................................................................. 134 Appendix D – Response Performance by Unit and Shift ....................................................... 145 iv Standards s of Cover Salem Fire Department, Ore egon Table of Figures Figure 1:: Generated Revenue ......................................... ............................................................... 6 Figure 2:: Budget/Exp penditures by b Year and Category, F FY 07-08 – F FY 10-11 ............................... 6 Figure 3:: Core Servic ces Summary ................................... ............................................................... 9 Figure 4:: Current Fac cility Deploy yment ............................. ............................................................. 11 Figure 5:: Apparatus Assigned to Salem Fire Stations .... ............................................................. 12 Figure 6:: Organizatio onal Structurre ................................... ............................................................. 14 Figure 7:: Administrattion and Sup pport Person nnel by Posittion ....................................................... 15 Figure 8:: Emergency y Response Personnel by b Rank ...... ............................................................. 16 Figure 9:: Minimum Staffing S Com mplement ......................... ............................................................. 18 Figure 10 0: Immediate e Region Au utomatic Aid .................. ............................................................. 19 Figure 11 1: Community Outcome Goals ............................ ............................................................. 22 Figure 12 2: Community Risk Asse essment ......................... ............................................................. 26 Figure 13 3: Flood Are ea Map .............................................. ............................................................. 28 Figure 14 4: Wildland Fire F Risk Are eas ................................ ............................................................. 29 Figure 15 5: Relative Earthquake E Hazard H Maps ............................................................................. 31 Figure 16 6: Railroad System S ............................................. ............................................................. 33 Figure 17 7: McNary Airport A ................................................ ............................................................. 34 Figure 18 8: Salem Are ea Bus Routtes ................................. ............................................................. 35 Figure 19 9: Governme ent Buildings s .................................... ............................................................. 36 Figure 20 0: Congrega ational Facilitties ................................ ............................................................. 37 Figure 21 1: Salem Are ea Schools, Colleges, and Universitties ........................................................ 38 Figure 22 2: Medical and Care Fac cilities ............................. ............................................................. 39 Figure 23 3: Hazardous Material and Other Im mportant Fac ility Location ns ....................................... 43 Figure 24 4: Buildings – More Than Three Stories in Heigh ht .......................................................... 44 Figure 25 5: Buildings – 100,000 Square S Feet and Larger ............................................................. 45 Figure 26 6: Buildings – NFF Grea ater Than 3,5 500 Gallons Per Minute .......................................... 46 Figure 27 7: Hazard Sp pecific Relattive Risk ......................... ............................................................. 48 Figure 28 8: Current an nd Projected d Population n .................. ............................................................. 49 Figure 29 9: Population n Density - 2000 2 ............................... ............................................................. 50 Figure 30 0: Estimated d Population by Age .......................... ............................................................. 51 Figure 31 1: Pediatric Population P Density D ........................... ............................................................. 52 Figure 32 2: Senior Po opulation Density .............................. ............................................................. 53 Figure 33 3: Urban Gro owth Area ......................................... ............................................................. 55 Figure 34 4: Workload History, 200 01 – 2010 ...................... ............................................................. 57 Figure 35 5: Response es by Type of o Incident ...................... ............................................................. 58 Figure 36 6: Monthly Workload W ........................................... ............................................................. 59 Figure 37 7: Daily Worrkload ................................................ ............................................................. 59 Figure 38 8: Hourly Wo orkload ............................................. ............................................................. 60 Figure 39 9: Service Demand D Density ................................ ............................................................. 61 v Standards of Cover Salem Fire Department, Oregon Figure 40: Structure Fires ........................................................................................................... 62 Figure 41: Emergency Medical Incidents .................................................................................... 63 Figure 42: Responses by Fire Station Area – 2010 .................................................................... 64 Figure 43: Response Unit Workload – 2010 ............................................................................... 65 Figure 44: Average Time Committed to an Incident by Unit ....................................................... 65 Figure 45: Unit Hour Utilization ................................................................................................... 66 Figure 46: Response Forecast.................................................................................................... 67 Figure 47: Staffing Recommendations Based on Risk ............................................................... 70 Figure 48: Call Processing Performance .................................................................................... 84 Figure 49: Call Processing Time by Hour of Day ........................................................................ 84 Figure 50: Turnout Time Performance ........................................................................................ 85 Figure 51: Turnout Time by Hour of Day .................................................................................... 86 Figure 52: Initial Unit Travel Time Capability .............................................................................. 87 Figure 53: Overall Travel Time Performance – First Arriving Unit .............................................. 88 Figure 54: Overall Travel Time by Hour of Day – First Arriving Unit ........................................... 88 Figure 55: Street Mile Coverage by Fire Stations ....................................................................... 89 Figure 56: Incidents Within Four-Travel Minute Coverage ......................................................... 89 Figure 57: Response Time Performance – First Arriving Unit .................................................... 90 Figure 58: Hourly Response Time Performance ......................................................................... 90 Figure 59: Received to Arrived Time .......................................................................................... 91 Figure 60: Received to Arrived Performance by Hour of Day ..................................................... 92 Figure 61: Received to Arrived Time Performance by Area ....................................................... 93 Figure 62: Effective Response Force – Apparatus Resources ................................................... 95 Figure 63: Effective Firefighting Force – Staffing Resources, Fully Staffed ................................ 96 Figure 64: Effective Firefighting Force – Staffing Resources, Three-Person Ladder Trucks ...... 97 Figure 65: Structure Fires Meeting and Not Meeting Target ....................................................... 98 Figure 66: Call Concurrency Rates ............................................................................................. 99 Figure 67: Station Reliability Rates ........................................................................................... 100 Figure 68: Unit Responses and the Number Cancelled Before Arrival ..................................... 101 Figure 69: Fire Growth vs. Reflex Time .................................................................................... 104 Figure 70: Fire Extension in Residential Structures .................................................................. 105 Figure 71: Cardiac Arrest Event Sequence .............................................................................. 106 Figure 72: Maintenance of Effort Compliance Model ................................................................ 111 Figure 73: Incidents by Type – Station 12 Area ........................................................................ 121 Figure 74: Response Time by Incident Type – Station 12 Area ............................................... 122 Figure 75: Incidents by Type – Station 13 Area ........................................................................ 123 Figure 76: Response Time by Incident Type – Station 13 Area ............................................... 124 Figure 77: Land Inventory – Station 13 Area ............................................................................ 124 Figure 78: Development Potential – Station 13 Area ................................................................ 125 vi Salem Fire Department, Ore egon Standards s of Cover Executive Summary This doc cument identifies Salem m Fire Department’s Sta andards of C Cover (SOC C) for the C City of Salem, Oregon. O Res sponse resou urces, deplo oyment strattegies, opera ational elem ments, and ovverall community risks hav ve been evaluated in this s document . It establish hes response time objecctives ndards for measuring m the effective eness of ressources with hin the dep partment and d the and stan deployme ent of those e resources. The docum ment is segre egated into ccomponentss generally b based on the fo ormat recommended by the Center for f Public Sa afety Excelle ence, Stand dards of Covver 5th Edition. em Fire De epartment (S SFD) is a direct d opera ating departm ment of Citty of Salem m and The Sale provides fire protectio on, rescue, and advance ed life suppo ort (ALS) em mergency me edical servicces to mmunity. The e departme ent’s service e area enccompasses all of the area within n the the com governmental bound daries of th he City of Salem and the Salem m Suburban Fire District (a ual service area). a This s document will only ad ddress the a area within the city lim mits of contractu Salem. h a reside ent populatio on of 157,46 60.1 Popula ation in the Salem Subu urban The City of Salem has ated to be 7,000, 7 for a total t residen nt population n of 164,460 0. It is estim mated Fire District is estima ployment briings an add ditional 23,199 people i nto the cityy, raising the e SFD’s dayytime that emp service population p to o approximattely 187,659 9. artment serv ves an area of approxim mately 48 sq quare miles w within the C City of Salem m and The depa an additio onal 30 squa are miles forr the Salem Suburban F Fire District. The departm ment operate es 11 fire statio ons and 54 apparatus. The Salem m Police De epartment th hrough the W Willamette V Valley Commun nications Center provides emergenc cy call receip pt and dispattch service. urance Services Office (ISO) ( review ws the fire p protection re esources witthin communities The Insu and prov vides a Com mmunity Fire Protection Rating R syste em from whiich insurancce rates are often based. The T rating sy ystem evalu uates three primary are eas: the eme ergency com mmunication n and dispatch system, the e fire departm ment, and th he communitty’s pressuriized hydrantt or tanker-b based verall rating is then exprressed as a number bettween 1 and d 10, with 1 b being water supply. The ov 1 Portland d State Univerrsity Center fo or Population Research, Ju uly 2010. 1 Standards of Cover Salem Fire Department, Oregon the highest level of protection and 10 being unprotected or nearly so. As of the latest rating, ISO gave the service area a rating of Class 2 for properties within 1,000 feet of a fire hydrant and Class 8b for all other areas. This rating was conducted in 2003. In the typical SOC process, potential service area classifications are broken down into five categories: • Metropolitan - geography with populations of over 200,000 people in total and/or a population density of over 3,000 people per square mile. These areas are distinguished by mid-rise and high-rise buildings, often interspersed with smaller structures. • Urban - geography with a population of over 30,000 people and/or a population density of over 2,000 people per square mile. • Suburban - geography with a population of 10,000 to 29,999 and/or a population density of between 1,000 and 2,000 people per square mile. • Rural - geography with a total population of less than 10,000 people or with a population density of less than 1,000 people per square mile. • Wilderness/Frontier/Undeveloped - geography that is both rural and not readily accessible by a publicly or privately maintained road. An analysis of the City of Salem’s population density reveals that it is primarily of two classifications: urban, and suburban. The Salem City Council, however, has determined that its response performance objectives should be uniform across the entire city, thus the city will be evaluated as one designation: urban. A Performance Statement and Objectives for the services provided by the Salem Fire Department to the City of Salem have been developed. These further define the quality and quantity of service expected by the community and consistently pursued by the Salem Fire Department. Overall Performance Statement As a result of the analysis in this report and consideration of community input, the following performance statements and objectives are established. Performance Statement (Mission Statement) Protecting lives, property, and the environment placing safety and service above all 2 Standards s of Cover Salem Fire Department, Ore egon In additio on to the ov verall perform mance state ement, the ffollowing ressponse-speccific perform mance objective es are established. First-Due Response e Performan nce Objective: 1. The T first resp ponse unit ca apable of iniitiating effec tive incidentt intervention n shall arrive e at a priority emerg gency within n 6 minutes 18 secondss from receip ipt of the ca all at the disp patch ce enter, 85 pe ercent of the time. ormance Objective: Concenttration Perfo 1. For F moderate e or high risk r incidentts, the Sale em Fire Dep partment sh hall assemblle an Effective E Res sponse Forc ce (ERF) con nsisting of p personnel su ufficient to efffectively mittigate th he incident based b on ris sk within 12 minutes 22 2 seconds frrom receipt of the call a at the dispatch d centter, 85 perce ent of the tim me. The Sale em City Cou uncil has ado opted a resp ponse perfo rmance goa al describing g its desired level of respon nse performance. This is a goal to be achieve ed in the futu ure as fundin ng is availab ble to provide the necessarry resources s. T first resp ponse unit ca apable of iniitiating effec tive incidentt intervention n shall arrive e at a 1. The priority emerg gency within n 5 minutes 30 secondss from receip ipt of the ca all at the disp patch ce enter, 85 pe ercent of the time. em Fire Dep partment has s adopted a response performance e goal desccribing its de esired The Sale level of performance p e for the full Effective Re esponse Forrce. This, a also, is a goa al to be achieved in the future as funding is availab ble to provide the necesssary resourcces. F moderate e or high risk r incidentts, the Sale em Fire Dep partment sh hall assemblle an 1. For Effective E Res sponse Forc ce (ERF) con nsisting of p personnel su ufficient to efffectively mittigate th he incident based on risk ri within 10 minutes ffrom receiptt of the calll at the disp patch ce enter, 85 pe ercent of the time. 3 Standards of Cover Salem Fire Department, Oregon The analysis conducted during the evaluation phase of this process identified a number of opportunities to improve service (performance goals). The following performance improvement goals are offered for consideration. 1. Performance Improvement Goal A: Improve turnout times so that initiation of response occurs within 1 minute 30 seconds from time of dispatch 85 percent of the time. 2. Performance Improvement Goal B: Reduce incident travel time. 3. Performance Improvement Goal C: Plan for future fire station locations to accommodate the city’s growth and development. 4 Standards s of Cover Salem Fire Department, Ore egon Component A – Description off Community Se erved Organiza ation Ove erview Governa ance and Lines of Auth hority The City of Salem is s a municipa al corporation n and opera ates as a cha arter city tha at is provide ed the authority to levy taxe es for operatting a fire pro otection sysstem. The Ciity operates under a CouncilManagerr form of go overnance and a the Citty Council iis provided with necesssary powerr and authority to govern the t provision of fire pro otection and d emergencyy services. T The City Co ouncil s strictly po olicy-level in nvolvement, avoiding d direct management and d hands-on task maintains assignme ent—an arra angement es stablished within w written policy. ces to the Salem S Suburban Fire D District are p provided through contra actual Extraterritorial servic agreeme ents between the city and a the district. The te erms of tha at agreemen nt do not sp pecify response e be provided to any deffined standard. Organiza ational Fina ance Financial oversight of o Salem Fire e Departmen nt is the resp ponsibility off an elected City Council and nager. The Fire F Chief is appointed by b the City M Manager and d is tasked w with responssibility City Man for fire an nd life safety y emergency y services within the cityy. The city uses a one e-year budg get cycle to prepare th he annual operating budget and ca apital improvem ment plan ba ased on a July J through June fiscal year. The total fire de epartment bu udget for fiscall year 2010-2011 is $2 25,280,710, including b both the General Fund and Emerg gency Medical Services S Fund. e for fire an nd rescue (E EMS) for the fire depa rtment is re eceived thro ough the ge eneral Revenue revenue of the city. A large segment of the municipal re evenue is prroperty tax rreceipts and, to a egree, fees for service and other revenues. r T The total revvenue gene erated by the fire lesser de departme ent for fiscall year 2010--2011 is exp pected to be e $1,912,370 0. This leavves a net co ost for fire servic ces to Salem m taxpayers for the fisca al year 2010--2011 of $23 3,368,340. 5 Standards of Cover Salem Fire Department, Oregon Figure 1 lists the source and amount of non-tax revenue for Salem Fire Department for fiscal year 2010-2011. Figure 1: Generated Revenue Revenue Source Service Contracts Service Fees Fire Permit Fees Total FY 2010-2011 $973,980 $581,390 $357,000 $1,912,379 Figure 2 shows the expenditure history for the previous three fiscal years and the current year. Actual expenditures were used for fiscal years 2007-2008 and 2008-2009, the estimated amount was used for 2009-2010, and the budgeted amount was used for 2010-2011. Three major divisions of the budget are shown. Figure 2: Budget/Expenditures by Year and Category, FY 07-08 – FY 10-11 Year FY 07-08 FY 08-09 FY 09-10 FY 10-11 Salaries and Benefits $19,014,300 $19,648,930 $20,769,400 $20,921,720 Services and Supplies $4,600,320 $5,086,700 $4,229,790 $4,210,200 Capital Outlay $436,690 $90,460 $111,100 $48,790 Internal Allocated Charges $73,850 $77,300 $550,000 $100,000 Total $24,125,160 $24,903,390 $25,660,290 $25,280,710 During the four-year period, the department’s overall budget increased 4.8 percent. A comprehensive capital improvement and replacement program is important to the long-term financial stability of any fire and emergency medical service organization. Such programs provide systematic development and renewal of the physical assets and rolling-stock of the agency. Items usually included in capital improvement and replacement programs are facilities, apparatus, land acquisition, and other major capital projects. The City of Salem has an adopted “Capital Improvement Plan 2008/09-2012/13”. This document describes capital facility and other improvement needs for the five-year timeframe and schedules those improvements based on available funding. The Salem Fire Department has a number of projects addressed in this plan, including apparatus replacement and fire station construction. Most have been completed. 6 Salem Fire Department, Ore egon Standards s of Cover Service Area A Ove erview The Sale em Fire De epartment (S SFD) is a direct d opera ating departm ment of Citty of Salem m and provides fire protec ction, rescue e, and eme ergency me edical servicces to the community. The ent’s jurisdic ction encomp passes all of the govern nmental boundaries of th he city along g with departme the Salem m Suburban Fire Districtt (SSFD), a contractual sservice area a). SFD pro ovides emergency services to a city with a re esident popu ulation of 157,460.2 S Salem Suburban Fire Distriict has an estimated e po opulation of 7,000, for a total serviice area ressident on of 164,46 60. It is estim mated that employment e brings an a additional 23,1993 people e into populatio the city, raising r the SFD’s S daytim me service po opulation to approximate ely 187,659. The depa artment serv ves an area of approxim mately 78 sq quare miles;; 48 within th he city limitss and 30 within n the SSFD. The departm ment’s servic ces are provvided from 11 fire station ns. partment ma aintains a fleet of 54 apparatus, a i ncluding en ngines, ladd der trucks, b brush The dep engines, and specialty vehicle es. The Willamette Va alley Comm munications Center provides ncy call receiipt and dispa atch service. emergen e 174 individ duals involve ed in deliverring servicess to the jurisdiction. Stafffing coverag ge for There are emergen ncy response e is through the use of career firefi ghters on 24-hour shiftss. For imme ediate response e and at full staffing, s no less l than 43 3 personnel w would be on n duty at all ttimes. urance Services Office (ISO) ( review ws the fire p protection re esources witthin communities The Insu and prov vides a Com mmunity Fire e Protection Rating. The e rating systtem evaluattes three priimary areas: th he emergen ncy commu unication system, the ffire departm ment, and tthe community’s pressuriz zed hydrant or tanker-ba ased water supply. s The overall ratin ng is expresssed as a nu umber between 1 and 10, with 1 being the highe est level of p protection a and 10 being g unprotecte ed or o. As of the latest rating g, ISO gave e the service e area a rating of Classs 2 for prope erties nearly so within 1,0 000 feet of a fire hydran nt and Class s 8b for all otther areas. T This rating w was conductted in 2003. 2 3 Portland d State Univerrsity Center fo or Population Research, Ju uly 2010. Source: city-data.com m. 7 Standards s of Cover S Salem Fire De epartment, Orregon Component B – Rev view of S Services s Provided Servic ces Provid ded The Salem Fire Department D provides a variety off services, including ffire suppresssion, e ervice, entra apment extrrication, hig gh-angle resscue, intermediate level emergency medical se trench, confined space, and haza ardous mate erials emerg ency respon nse (Level A A). owing chart provides ba asic informattion on each h of the dep partment’s ccore service es, its The follo general resource r capability for that t service, and inform mation regarrding staff re esources for that service. Additional A de etail on serv vice capabilitties will also be provided d throughoutt this docum ment. Figure F 3: Corre Services S Summary Service General Resource e/ Asse et Capability y Basic Stafffing Capabiliity per Shift Fire Supp pression 11 staffed en ngines 2 staffed ladder trucks 2 command vehicles Additional au utomatic and mutual aid engines, aerials, and ssupport units as avaiilable 3 suppression n-trained 43 pe ersonnel per sshift Ad dditional automatic and mu utual aid d firefighters as available Emergency Medical Services S 11 engines - ALS equippe ed 2 ladder truc cks - ALS equ uipped 6 certified emergency medical 26 tecchnicians bassic 12 28 certified em mergency me edical tecchnicians parramedic Vehicle Extrication E 2 ladder truc cks equipped with hydraulic res scue tools, ha and tools, air bag gs, cutting torrch, stabilization cribbing, and d combination cutter-spread der hydraulic res scue tool All firefighters vvehicle extrica ation an nd rescue trained High-Ang gle Rescue 1 cross-stafffed heavy res cue equipped witth rescue-rate ed rope, harnesses, and a technical rescue equipment All personnel trrained to the op perations leve el. 7 personne el per sh hift trained to tthe technician n levvel in high-an ngle rope resccue. Trench and Collapse Rescue 1 cross-stafffed heavy res cue equipped witth pneumatic shores, cribbing, limiited lumber a nd hand tools for initia al stabilization n All personnel trrained to the op perations leve el. 7 personne el per sh hift trained to tthe technician n levvel in trench a and collapse rescue. 9 Standards of Cover Salem Fire Department, Oregon General Resource/ Asset Capability Basic Staffing Capability per Shift Swift-Water Rescue All engines and ladder trucks equipped with rescue throw bags, PFD’s, and helmets. 2 cross-staffed water rescue vehicles with light watercraft and one aluminum hull rescue boat All personnel trained to the operations level. 6 personnel per shift trained to the technician level in swift-water rescue. Confined Space Rescue 1 cross-staffed heavy rescue equipped with tripod, cribbing, pneumatic shores, air monitoring equipment, basket stretchers, rescue-rated rope All personnel trained to the operations level. 7 personnel per shift trained to the technician level in confined space rescue. Hazardous Materials Response Hazardous materials response vehicle equipped with Level A&B PPE, multi-gas and radiation monitors, spill containment supplies, spectrometer, and nonsparking tools All personnel trained to the operations level. 8 personnel per shift trained to the technician level in hazardous materials. Service Assets and Resources Fire Stations Fire stations play an integral role in the delivery of emergency services for a number of reasons. A station’s location will dictate, to a large degree, response times to emergencies. Fire stations also need to be designed to adequately house equipment and apparatus, as well as the firefighters and other personnel assigned to the station. Appendix D contains more detailed descriptions of each Salem fire station. 10 Standards s of Cover S Salem Fire De epartment, Orregon Station Location L an nd Deploym ment The SFD D delivers fire e and EMS response r fro om 11 city-ow wned fire sta ations locate ed throughou ut the city. The e following map m shows the city bou undaries, Sa alem Suburb ban Fire Disstrict bounda aries, and fire station s locatiions. Fig gure 4: Curre ent Facility D Deployment 11 Standards of Cover Salem Fire Department, Oregon Apparatus Other than the firefighters assigned to stations, response vehicles are probably the next most important resource of the emergency response system. SFD recently completed a replacement of nearly all its fleet. The following lists apparatus assigned to each of the stations. Figure 5: Apparatus Assigned to Salem Fire Stations Station Station 1 Station 2 Station 3 Station 4 Station 5 Station 6 Station 7 Station 8 Station 9 Station 10 Station 11 12 Apparatus Engine 1 Tender 1 Air 1 BC 1 Engine 14 Engine 2 Ladder 2 Medic 2 BC 2 Engine 3 Medic 13 Engine 4 Ladder 4 Rescue 4 BC 4 Engine 5 Engine 15 Medic 15 Boat 5/Tow Tender 5 Grass 5 Engine 6 Foam 6 Foam 16 Engine 7 Tender 7 Grass 7 MCI/Tow Engine 8 Engine 9 Medic 19 Engine 10 Engine 13 Deployment/Tow State USAR Trailer Engine 11 Hazmat 13 Decon 13/Tow Ladder 11 Year Built 2007 2008 2009 2000 2009 2007 2009 2002 2009 2010 2002 2007 2009 2005 2009 2007 2007 2002 2005/1992 2008 2008 2007 2007 1988 2007 2008 2008 2004/1992 2007 2007 2002 2007 2007 2004/1992 Unknown 2007 2010 2007 1992 Condition Excellent Excellent Excellent Good Excellent Excellent Excellent Good Excellent Excellent Good Excellent Excellent Good Excellent Excellent Excellent Good Good Excellent Excellent Excellent Excellent Good Excellent Excellent Excellent Good Excellent Excellent Good Excellent Excellent Good Good Excellent Excellent Excellent Good Standards s of Cover S Salem Fire De epartment, Orregon SFD use es several types t of ap pparatus as shown in the previou us table. S Some are fu urther described d as follows: • Engine E – Primary respon nse unit from m each stattion for mosst types of sservice requ uests. Each E is equipped with a 1,500-gallo on-per-minu ute pump an nd carries b between 500 0 and 750 gallons of o water. • cialized app paratus equ uipped with long ladde ers, salvage e and Ladder Truck – A spec overhaul equ uipment, and d rescue to ools. Used for structurre fires, resscues, and other se ervice reque ests. • Tender T – A trruck that carrries a large quantity of water for firrefighting purposes and used in n areas witho out fire hydra ants. • Grass G – Sma aller fire engine with a 10 00 gallon-pe r-minute pum mp and 250 gallons of w water. approaching Used U for wildland fires an nd for protec cting structurres from an a g wildland firre. • HazMat H – Sp pecialized response unit for containm ment and co ontrol of hazzardous mate erials re eleases. Itt is accomp panied by the t Decon unit, which h specializes in cleanu up of decontaminatted persons and equipm ment. • Air A – Incidentt support uniit with breath hing air bottl e refill capability. artment’s ap pparatus are e generally in very good d condition, properly eq quipped, and d well The depa maintaine ed. Staffing g Informa ation Fire and emergency y medical se ervice organizations mu st provide a adequate sta affing in four key mergency se ervices, adm ministration, risk r mitigatio on (preventio on), and sup pport. areas: em Organiza ational Stru ucture SFD is organized o in n the typical top-down hierarchy. h T The chain off command is identified d with common roles for a departmen nt of this size. s SFD h has 11 statiions that ho ouse emerg gency e resources.. The depa artment’s adm ministrative office is loccated at Fire e Station 1. The response departme ent’s multip ple facilities s and its three-shift, 24-hour-pe er-day, sevven-day-per-week operation nal schedule e create num merous internal commu unications an nd managem ment challen nges. The depa artment’s org ganizational chart is functional and p primary roles are well id dentified. 13 S Standards of Cov ver Salem Fire Department, Oreegon Figure 6: Orrganizational Strructure 1 14 Standards s of Cover S Salem Fire De epartment, Orregon Adminis stration and Support Sttaff One of the t primary responsibilities of a department’s d s administra ation and su upport staff is to ensure th hat the opera ational entitiies of the org ganization h have the abillity and mea ans to accom mplish their serrvice delivery responsibilities to the t public. Without su ufficient ove ersight, plan nning, documen ntation, training, and ma aintenance, the t operatio onal entities of a departm ment will stru uggle to perform m their dutie es well. Like e any other part p of a fire e departmentt, administra ation and support require appropriate a resources r to function pro operly. ved in delive ering service es to the com mbined Cityy of Salem/S Salem There arre 174 individuals involv Suburban Fire District service area. a The department’ss primary ma anagement team includ des a wo Deputy Ch hiefs, two Diivision Chieffs and two M Managementt Analysts. A Additional support Chief, tw personne el include office staff, training t offic cers, and de eputy fire m marshals. S SFD has 22 total administrration and su upport staff. Fiigure 7: Adm ministration and a Support Personnel b by Position Positio on Deputy Chief/Fire Ma arshal Deputy Chief/Training g-EMS EMS Coo ordinator Training Officers O Deputy Fiire Marshals s Emergenc cy Prepared dness Manag ger Managem ment Analystts Administrrative Analys st Administrrative Assista ants EMS Billin ng and Supp port Staff T Total Num mber 1 1 1 2 5 1 2 1 4 3 21 Statistica ally, the depa artment maintains a ratio of 12.1 pe ercent of adm ministration and supportt staff to total personnel (21 1 out of 174 total person nnel). Emergen ncy Service es Staff It takes an adequate e and well-ttrained stafff of emerge ncy respond ders to put the community’s emergen ncy apparatu us and equip pment to its best use in mitigating incidents. Insufficient sta affing at an ope erational sce ene decreas ses the effec ctiveness off the respon nse and incrreases the riisk of injury to all a individuals involved. 15 Standards of Cover Salem Fire Department, Oregon SFD uses career staffing to carry out its functions. All administrative, support, and response staff are career personnel. The following figure shows the distribution of emergency personnel by rank. Figure 8: Emergency Response Personnel by Rank Position Deputy Chiefs Division Chief Battalion Chief Fire Captain Fire Apparatus Operator Firefighter Total Number 1 1 6 39 39 67 153 As shown in the previous figure, SFD employs 153 emergency response personnel for EMS, rescue, and fire suppression activities. The estimated resident population of the Salem Fire Department service area (City of Salem and SSFD) is 164,460. SFD provides its service area with 0.93 career firefighters per 1,000 population. Including employment populations, this ratio drops to 0.81. Regardless of the raw numbers of personnel available to a department, what matters most is actual numbers of emergency responders the agency is able to produce at an emergency scene. This almost always relates to the actual number of emergency responders available for immediate deployment. SFD provides no less than 43 personnel on duty at full staffing. Methodology for Incident Staffing This document will provide an analysis of how well this department is doing at providing its own personnel for incidents within its primary service area. This data is important and can be an indicator for the department as to the effectiveness of its staffing efforts. It is also true that for larger incidents this fire department is typically acting together with one or more neighboring fire departments in providing fire and life protection through a coordinated regional response system of mutual and automatic aid agreements. This is particularly true for large structure fires, other high-risk incidents where staffing needs are high, and during periods of high incident activity. Therefore, the document will go on to provide an overall view of aggregate staffing in this department and the neighboring agencies. 16 Standards s of Cover S Salem Fire De epartment, Orregon The prom mpt arrival of o at least fo our personne el is critical for structure e fires. Oreg gon Occupattional Safety and Health Division D (OR R-OSHA) reg gulations req quire that personnel en ntering a building ups of two. Further, be efore person nnel can en nter a building to involved in fire must be in grou extinguis sh a fire, at least two personnel mus st be on sce ene and assigned to con nduct search h and rescue in n case the fire attack crrew become es trapped. T This is referrred to as the two-in, tw wo-out rule. There arre, however, some exce eptions to th his regulation n. If it is kno own that vicctims are tra apped inside the building, a rescue atttempt can be b performe ed without additional pe ersonnel ready to e outside the e structure. Further, the ere is no req uirement tha at all four arrrive on the ssame intervene response e vehicle. Many M departments rely on o more tha an one unit a arriving to in nitiate interio or fire attack. The T Salem Fire F Departm ment staffs fire f engines with three ffirefighters; tthus, it mustt wait for a sec cond unit to arrive befo ore it can iniitiate interio r fire attackk operations in a non-re escue incident. cidents (such as structure fires) requ uire more th han one resp ponse unit. The ability o of this Some inc departme ent and its automatic aid a neighbo ors to assem mble an efffective respo onse force for a multiple unit incidentt within the specific perriod of time, also known n as resourcce concentra ation, nalyzed in a later section n of this document. will be an stant at thre ee personne el per shift. Ladder trucck staffing vvaries SFD fire engine stafffing is cons between three and four f personn nel per shift. The follow wing table lissts each sta ation, staffed d unit, signed to ea ach. Cross-staffed mea ans that fireffighters assigned to an nother and the staffing ass e unit in the station s may transfer to the cross-sta affed unit as needed. response 17 Standards of Cover Salem Fire Department, Oregon Figure 9: Minimum Staffing Complement Station Station One Station Two Station Three Station Four Station Five Station Six Station Seven Station Eight Station Nine Station Ten Station Eleven Apparatus Engine 1 Air 1 (scene support) Engine 2 Ladder 2 Medic 12 Battalion Chief 2 Engine 3 Medic 13 Engine 4 Ladder 4 Battalion Chief 4 Rescue 4 Engine 5 Medic 15 Grass 5 Tender 5 Boat 5 Engine 6 Foam 6 Foam 16 Engine 7 Grass 7 Tender 7 Mass Casualty Incident Trailer Engine 8 Engine 9 Medic 19 Engine 10 USAR truck and trailer Engine 11 Haz Mat 13 Decon 13 Total Minimum Staffing 3 Cross-staffed 3 3-4 Cross-staffed 1 3 Cross-staffed 3 3-4 1 Cross-staffed 3 Cross-staffed Cross-staffed Cross-staffed Cross-staffed 3 Cross-staffed Cross-staffed 3 Cross-staffed Cross-staffed Cross-staffed 3 3 Cross-staffed 3 Cross-staffed 3 Cross-staffed Cross-staffed 41-43 The Salem Fire Department relies on regional mutual and automatic aid agreements for major structure fires and other higher risk incidents, as well as during periods of high incident activity. The following figure represents the apparatus and staffing for fire stations in reasonable proximity to the city and available for immediate dispatch. This is useful for reviewing the aggregate firefighter staffing capacity available in the immediate region. 18 Standards s of Cover S Salem Fire De epartment, Orregon Figure e 10: Immediiate Region A Automatic A Aid Engines E 8 Ladders L Trucks T 0 Keizer Fiire District 3 1 Turner Fire District 2 0 Jefferson n Fire Distric ct 4 0 Polk Cou unty Fire Dis strict 1 2 1 Department D t Marion County C Fire District D 1 Other Units R Rescue. Tend der, Brush u unit, Med dic unit R Rescue, Bru ush unit, Med dic unit, Re ehab unit R Rescue, Tender, Brush u unit Med dic unit R Rescue, Tend der, Brush u unit, Medic unit, Rescue boa at R Rescue, Tend der, Brush u unit, Med dic unit Tottal Availlable Stafffing 15 5 9 Varie es by availa ability es by Varie availa ability Varie es by availa ability There are e additional resources available a for the rare majjor fire emerrgency. The e State of Orregon Conflagra ation Act sys stem provide es resources s from aroun nd the State of Oregon a as requested d and available e. This can include one or more “strrike teams” ((groups of fivve similar re esources) or “task forces” (g groups of fiv ve dissimila ar resources) staffed an nd equipped for the spe ecific emerge ency. Wildland fires bring the t firefightin ng resources s of other co ooperating a agencies succh as the Orregon stry, Bureau u of Land Management M t, and United d States Fo orest Service e. In Department of Fores onsors a sta ate-wide Urb ban Search a and Rescue Team capab bility. addition, the State off Oregon spo Curren nt Service e Delivery y Objectiives em Fire Department ha as established respons e performan nce objectivves based o on its The Sale current capabilities c and a resource es. The obje ectives are: 1. The T first resp ponse unit ca apable of initiating effecttive incidentt intervention n shall arrive e at a priority emerg gency within n 6 minutes 18 secondss from receipt of the call at the disp patch ce enter, 85 pe ercent of the time. 2. For moderate e or high risk incidents s, the Sale m Fire Dep partment sh hall assemblle an Effective E Res sponse Forc ce (ERF) con nsisting of p ersonnel su ufficient to efffectively mittigate th he incident based b on ris sk within 12 minutes 22 2 seconds frrom receipt of the call a at the dispatch centter, 85 perce ent of the tim me. ober 2, 1995, based on a unanim mous recom mendation from the Fiire Service SubOn Octo Committe ee, the Sale em City Council adopte ed an emerrgency resp ponse time g goal. This goal, identified d for planning purposes, calls for arrrival at the sscene of a priority emerg gency by the e first response e unit capable of initiatin ng effective incident i inte ervention witthin 5 minute es 30 secon nds of the receipt of the call at the dispa atch center, at least 85 percent of th he time. Achievement o of this ubject to the e availability of funding fo or needed re esources. goal is su 19 Standards s of Cover S Salem Fire De epartment, Orregon Component C – Rev view of the Com mmunity Expecta ations and Perform mance G Goals The ultim mate goal off any emerg gency service delivery ssystem is to provide suffficient resou urces (personn nel, apparatu us, and equipment) to th he scene off an emerge ency in time to take effe ective action to o minimize the impac cts of the emergency. e This need d applies to fires, me edical emergen ncies, and any a other emergency e o which the e fire deparrtment respo onds. situation to Obtaining g and unde erstanding th he desires and a expecta ations of community sta akeholders is an important first step. SFD is com mmitted to inc corporating the needs a and expectattions of resid dents and polic cy makers in the service delivery pla anning proce ess. Stakeho older Input Processes P As reporrted earlier in this report, the Salem City Cou ncil has adopted a ressponse time goal calling fo or the arriva al calls at th he scene off an emerge ency by the first respon nse unit within 5 minutes 30 seconds of the receiipt of the call for help att the dispatcch center, att least 85 pe ercent me. This go oal was reco ommended by a Counccil-appointed d sub-committee made up of of the tim community representatives, inclu uding some City Councill members. Additiona al communitty outreach occurred o du uring 2004 a and 2005 thrrough a seriies of comm munity conversa ations regarding a pote ential genera al obligation n bond elecction. Thesse conversa ations included service expectations, fire station locations, a apparatus n needs, and level of service. onversations s affirmed the Council re esponse time e goal and p provided guid dance to the e final These co version of o the genera al obligation bond propo osal. C authorized place ement of the e bond issue e on the ballo ot. The mea asure Ultimately, the City Council w a 73 perrcent affirma ative vote. passed with Commun nity Outcom me Goals From the ese conversations general statemen nts of outco ome have be een develop ped regarding the community’s expecta ations of its fire f department. 21 Standards of Cover Salem Fire Department, Oregon Figure 11: Community Outcome Goals Service Fire Suppression Emergency Medical Services Vehicle Extrication High-Angle Rescue Trench and Collapse Rescue Swift-Water Rescue 22 Community Outcome Goal For all fire incidents, SFD shall arrive in a timely manner with sufficient resources to stop the escalation of the fire and keep the fire to the area of involvement. An effective concentration of resources shall arrive within time to be capable of containing the fire, rescuing at-risk victims, and performing salvage operations, while providing for the safety of the responders and general public For priority emergency medical incidents, SFD shall arrive in a timely manner with sufficient trained and equipped personnel to provide medical services that will stabilize the situation, provide care and support to the victim and reduce, reverse, or eliminate the conditions that have caused the emergency while providing for the safety of the responders. When warranted, timely transportation of victim(s) to appropriate medical facilities shall be accomplished by the private provider in an effective and efficient manner. For all vehicle accidents where rescue of victims is required, SFD shall arrive in a timely manner with sufficient resources to stabilize the situation and extricate the victim(s) from the emergency situation or location without causing further harm to the victim, responders, public, and the environment. For all high-angle rescue incidents, SFD shall arrive in a timely manner with sufficient resources to stabilize the situation and establish an action plan for the successful conclusion of the incident. Working in conjunction with additional specially trained and organized regional resources, SFD will perform the necessary rescue functions while providing for the safety and security of the responders, public, and the environment. For all trench or collapse rescue incidents, SFD shall arrive in a timely manner with sufficient resources to stabilize the situation and establish an action plan for the successful conclusion of the incident. Working in conjunction with additional specially trained and organized regional resources, SFD will perform the necessary rescue functions while providing for the safety and security of the responders, public, and the environment. For all swift-water rescue incidents, SFD shall arrive in a timely manner with sufficient resources to stabilize the situation and establish an action plan for the successful conclusion of the incident. Working in conjunction with additional specially trained and organized regional resources, SFD will perform the necessary rescue functions while providing for the safety and security of the responders, public, and the environment. Standards s of Cover Service Confined d Space Re escue Hazardo ous Materialls Respons se S Salem Fire De epartment, Orregon Comm munity Outc come Goal For F all confiined space rescue incid dents, SFD shall arrive e in a timely t manner with suffiicient resourrces to stabilize the situ uation and a establish h an action p plan for the successful conclusion o of the in ncident. Wo orking in con njunction witth additionall specially tra ained and a organiz zed regiona al resource es, SFD w will perform m the necessary n re escue functtions while p providing fo or the safetyy and security s of th he responde ers, public, an nd the envirronment. For F all haza ardous mate erials incide ents, SFD sshall arrive in a timely t manner with suffiicient resourrces to stabilize the situ uation and a establish h an action p plan for the successful conclusion o of the in ncident. Fo or those inccidents req quiring only operations-level containment c t, SFD will perform the e necessaryy functions while providing p forr the safetyy and securiity of the re esponders, p public and a the en nvironment. For those e incidents requiring more extensive e te echnician-le vel function ns, SFD w will call for and support s add ditional spe ecially traine ed and org ganized reg gional resources r to o perform th he necessarry containme ent, stabiliza ation, and/or a clean n-up functio ons while providing forr the safetyy and security s of th he responde ers, public, an nd the envirronment. 23 Standards s of Cover S Salem Fire De epartment, Orregon Com mponentt D – Overview of o Comm munity R Risk Ass sessmen nt This sec ction analyze es certain categorical riisks that are e present w within the Ciity of Salem m that potentially threaten the persons s and busin nesses with in the community and that can ccreate e workload for f the SFD. These risk ks are identiffied to assist the Salem Fire Departtment response in identiffying where e to locate response resources i n the typess and num mbers neede ed to effectivelly respond to o likely emerrgencies. Overa all Geosp patial Cha aracteristtics The fire service s asse esses the rellative risk of properties b based on a n number of fa actors. Prope erties with high h fire and life risk oftten require greater num mbers of p personnel and apparatu us to effectivelly mitigate a fire emergency. Staffin ng and deplloyment deccisions shou uld be made e with considera ation of the level of risk within geogrraphic sub-a areas of a co ommunity. mmunity’s ris sk assessm ment has be een develop ped based on current land use w within The com jurisdictio onal bounda aries. These e uses are found in th he area’s geographic p parcel data.. The following map transla ates land use to categorries of relativve fire and liffe risk. • Low risk–Are eas zoned and a used for f agricultu ral purpose es, open sp pace, low-de ensity re esidential, an nd other low w intensity us ses. • Moderate M ris sk–Areas zoned z for medium-de nsity single e family p properties, small co ommercial and a office uses, low-inte ensity retail sales, and equivalentlyy sized business activities. • High H risk–Hig gher-intensitty business districts, mi xed use are eas, high-de ensity reside ential, in ndustrial, wa arehousing, and a large me ercantile cen nters. • dings Maximum M risk – Primarily y the downtown area ch haracterized d by older high-rise build ty ypically witho out built-in fire protection n systems. 25 Standards s of Cover Salem Fire Department, Ore egon Figu ure 12: Comm munity Risk A Assessmentt This ma ap accurate ely depicts current development . The co olor-coding depicts cu urrent developm ment as follo ows: 26 • Green G - Open n space, parrks, golf courrses, etc. • Yellow Y - Single family neiighborhoods s, small officce, and small neighborho ood commerrcial • Red R - Large commerc cial propertties, larger multi-familyy buildings, and indu ustrial development • Purple P - Downtown mid and a high-rise e structures Standards s of Cover S Salem Fire De epartment, Orregon The downtown area is dominated d by mid and d high-rise sstructures. T The state ca apitol campus lies e end. Commercial C and light ind dustrial usess border the e downtown area on the downtown’s east mily and multti-family prop perties. along witth single fam velopment is largely single-family s y homes, m multi-family properties, and To the south, dev mercial cente ers. To the e extreme ssoutheast iss a yet largely undevelloped neighborrhood comm industrial site. To the north, singlle-family an nd multi-fam mily propert ies dominate. Along arterial strreets, mercial uses s and some e industrial uses are fo ound. neighborrhood comm The most signifficant industrial area in the city is loc cated to the e extreme n orth end be etween Sale em Parkwayy and Portland Road. alem, other than the arrea just wes st of the M Marion Stree et bridges, iss pre-domin nantly West Sa single-family neighbo orhoods. This T area is quite hilly, contributing to slower rresponse sp peeds al street interrconnectivity y, both of wh hich affect re esponse time e performance. and to less than idea Geograp phic and WeatherW -Related Risks Weatherr Risk Salem‘s climate is in nfluenced by y the currentts of the Pa cific Ocean,, producing cool, wet wiinters and warm m, dry summ mers. Rainfa all averages about 40 incches per year. In the w winter, Salem m can get light to t moderate e snowfall av veraging abo out five to ten n inches perr year. gh temperattures range from the low w 80s in the e summer tto about 40°° F in the w winter. Mean hig Extreme temperature es are rare.. 90° F or more tempe eratures occcur only five e to 15 times per mperatures below 0° F occur o only once every 25 5 years or so. year. Tem 27 Standards s of Cover Salem Fire Department, Ore egon Extreme weather, th hough rare, does d occur. Thundersttorms, high wind stormss, and signifficant nts happen infrequently. Recently a tornado pa assed throug gh the town of Aumsville e, just rain even to the ea ast of Salem m, causing significant damage. D During fall a and winter rrain events local streams can flood. The last significant flood event wa as in 1996, the result o of a tropical rain c a rap pid melt of th he Cascades s snowpack . system causing Figure 13 3: Flood Area a Map 28 Standards s of Cover S Salem Fire De epartment, Orregon Wildfire Risk Salem’s climate, ve egetation, an nd topograp phy make w wildland fire a rare but real risk to o the o the city ha ave homes interspersed d with large areas of na atural vegeta ation. community. Parts of Many of these homes are located at the top of moderate e to steep slo opes, increa asing the riskk. e w moving, w wildland firess on a regullar basis. W Warm small, slow Historically, Salem experiences summer temperature es and strong winds ca an carry willdland fires into homess. Howeverr, fuel types fou und in this re egion do nott support agg gressive fire e behavior. The followin ng map illusttrates higher risk areas in n and near the city. This T informa ation was d developed ffrom the Orregon stry wildfire risk r classifica ation data. Department of Fores Figure 14: Willdland Fire R Risk Areas 29 Standards of Cover Salem Fire Department, Oregon Geographic/Geological Risk Certain geographic and geologic risks create situations that threaten the community or are physical barriers to street connectivity for emergency service response. Steep slopes, water barriers such as rivers, and other geographic features can impede rapid response. Salem’s urban area is relatively flat and does not present unusual risk. However, areas in the city’s south and west do have moderate grades that can slow fire apparatus. The Willamette River traverses the city’s center from north to south. There is only one bridge crossing in each direction, complicating the river’s obstructive effect on emergency response. Of further concern is the limited seismic strength of the two Willamette River bridges. The Marion Street Bridge is reported by the Oregon Department of Transportation to be able to withstand up to a magnitude 6.0 earthquake. The Center Street Bridge is able to withstand up to a 5.0 earthquake. The Salem region is geologically active. Small to moderate earthquakes occur with regularity. Active fault lines exist in the near vicinity. The City of Salem has an active earthquake and disaster preparedness program. All city-owned fire stations have been seismically reinforced to current standards for emergency service facilities. relative seismic risk. 30 The following maps illustrate the city’s Standards s of Cover S Salem Fire De epartment, Orregon Figure e 15: Relative e Earthquake e Hazard Maps Transpo ortation R Risks dors provide e necessary y access an nd egress fo or the city. These take e the Transporrtation corrid forms off roads, airp ports, and railways. These T can also affect the respon nse capability of emergen ncy services.. Unless ele evated, limite ed access fre d rail lines ca an interrupt sstreet eeways and connectiv vity, forcing apparatus to negotiate e a circuitou us route to rreach an em mergency sccene. Street-lev vel rail lines can impede e traffic at cro ossings whe en the trainss traverse thrrough the citty. Roads Salem is located in the center off the Willame ette Valley. Situated jusst 60 miles e east of the P Pacific s west of the e Cascade Mountains, M S Salem enjoyys ready acccess to the e entire Ocean and 60 miles ast via Inters state Highwa ay 5 (I-5). The T Portland metropolita an area is loccated 47 milles to west coa the north h, close eno ough to crea ate employm ment opportu unities and ffacilitate inte ernational frreight shipmentt through the Port of Po ortland, Porttland Interna ational Airpo ort, and two o transcontin nental railroads. 31 Standards of Cover Salem Fire Department, Oregon The cities of Albany and Eugene are located 24 and 64 miles, respectively, to the south along I5. Highway 22 is the major east-west freeway through Salem and connects the Marion County side of the city to the Polk County side via two one-way bridges (Center Street and Marion Street). Roadways have played an important role in the growth and development of Salem. The two systems of most significance were the radial system of market roads connecting the city with farming areas, and the major highways that joined Salem with regional and national centers. The initial regional route through the area was U.S. Highway 99E. This highway was constructed more than 85 years ago and was the major north-south route between Seattle and California until 1956, when I-5 was completed through the Salem area. Radial market roads such as Commercial Street, Liberty Road, Wallace Road, and Silverton Road have become major arterials in the city. One challenge to SFD’s response performance lies with the transportation network throughout the city. In many parts of the city, this network is underdeveloped for population density and increasingly burdened by heavy traffic. Periods of “rush hour” congestion are steadily increasing in length, and in some areas, particularly Highway 22, Wallace Road, Commercial Street, Lancaster Drive, and Market Street, the traffic is heavy throughout daytime hours. Efforts to expand streets and improve traffic flow are limited by constraints on government finances, topography (Willamette River), and infrastructure (number of and width of current bridges, etc.), and the continued reliance of most of the working population on using private motor vehicles as the transportation mode of choice. Within the city’s suburban and rural areas, limited road networks; terrain; bridges that will not bear the weight of traditional fire apparatus; and long, narrow, winding private driveways further confound response performance efforts. The capacity and number of bridges connecting Salem with West Salem are of particular concern to the fire department. This is largely the reason a second fire station was recently constructed and staffed on the Polk County side of Salem. The next closest fire stations on the west side of the Willamette River are located at Zena Road and Highway 226 (three miles from the north city limits) and in Rickreall (a very distant 15 miles away). Both are staffed exclusively with volunteer firefighters. 32 Standards s of Cover S Salem Fire De epartment, Orregon Traffic siignals within n the service e area are equipped e w ith signal prre-emption e equipment. This provides a significan nt response e time perfo ormance advvantage as well as improved safe ety to s. motorists Rail The Unio on Pacific Railroad R operates on line es that trave erse the cityy north to south in the city’s eastern area. a The Willamette W an nd Pacific Ra ailroad operrates on a lin ne that also ttraverses the city north to south s in the city’s western area. Bo oth can causse delays in e emergency vehicle resp ponse when trains are pass sing through h. Neither lin ne is predom minately grade-separate ed throughou ut the city. Also of concern c with active rail lines is the amount a of h azardous ca argo carried by freight trrains. The Unio on Pacific Railroad, R forr example, carries c apprroximately 2 20,000 railca ars of hazarrdous materials s through the city each year. Thou ugh rare, raiilroad accide ents involvin ng the relea ase of hazardou us materials can occur. Figure 16: Railroad Sy ystem 33 Standards s of Cover Salem Fire Department, Ore egon Airport McNary Field is own ned and ope erated by the e City of Sallem. It lies in the centra al area of the e city s private an nd commerc cial flight acttivities. App proach and departure p paths and hostts numerous take aircraft over pop pulated area as. Aircraft crash rescu ue and fire efighting (ARFF) servicces are pro ovided by the Salem Fire f operations requirin ng standby A ARFF service Salem Department. When flight es are conducted, the S Fire Department also o provides th his service. Fire Station 6 is the ARFF station. Figure 17 7: McNary Aiirport 34 Standards s of Cover S Salem Fire De epartment, Orregon Bus Salem-Keizer Transit (Cherriots)) operates mass m transit services in tthe Salem re egion. Loca al bus a well as co ommuter se ervice between Salem a and elsewhe ere in the reg gion is available. service as More tha an five millio on passenge er trips are logged l by C Cherriots eacch year. Th he following map shows bu us routes in the Salem area. a Figure F 18: Sa alem Area Bu us Routes 35 Standards s of Cover Salem Fire Department, Ore egon Ph hysical Assets A Prrotected Governm ment Buildin ngs There is a variety off governmen nt buildings in Salem c onsidered im mportant to providing ccritical munity in tim mes of disastter. Salem is the Mario on County se eat and Oreg gon’s services to the comm gs such as city hall, fire e stations, ffederal, state e, and coun nty offices, p police capital city. Building e provide im mportant services to the e communityy. The follow wing map shows stations, and the like ernment build dings within the city. the locations of gove Figure F 19: Go overnment B Buildings 36 Standards s of Cover S Salem Fire De epartment, Orregon Congreg gational Numerou us buildings lie within Sa alem in whic ch large num mbers of peo ople gather fo or entertainm ment, worship, and such. A variety of o nightclubs, theaters, a and other en ntertainment venues exxist in the down ntown area. Facilities such as the Salem S Confe ference Center and othe ers regularlyy hold events th hat draw larg ge crowds off people. Otther events, such as Summer in the e City, The B Bite of Salem, Salem S Art Fa air, and the World W Beat Festival, F draw w large outd door crowds. These fa acilities pres sent addition nal risk, primarily for m mass casualty incidentss. Fire, criminal mischief,, and potentially terrorism could cau use a major medical em mergency req quiring signifficant emergen ncy service resources. The follow wing map sshows the locations o of congregattional facilities. Fiigure 20: Con ngregationall Facilities 37 Standards s of Cover Salem Fire Department, Ore egon Schools/Universitie es The Sale em-Keizer School Distric ct is the seco ond largest school distriict in Oregon n. It operate es 45 elementa ary schools,, 10 middle e schools, 8 high scho ools, 4 charrter schoolss, and 7 support facilities within the diistrict. Forty y of these sc chools are w within the Cityy of Salem. Total enrolllment w 40,638. as of Octtober 2010 was ols within the e SFD servicce area. Th hese schools offer educcation There arre also 51 prrivate schoo from kind dergarten thrrough the 12 2th grade. W University an nd Corban University U ha ave campusses in the C City of Salem m. A Lastly, Willamette number of o other colle eges and un niversities ha ave satellite campus in S Salem as we ell. The follo owing map show ws the locattions of mostt public and private scho ools in the S SFD service area. Figure F 21: Sa alem Area Sc chools, Colle eges, and Un niversities 38 Standards s of Cover S Salem Fire De epartment, Orregon Medical Facilities The city is home to a number of important medical care e facilities, iincluding the e Salem Hospital O State Hospital. Additional fa acilities inclu ude skilled n nursing facilities and other inand the Oregon patient care c facilitie es. The follo owing map shows the e location o of many of these impo ortant community resources s. Fig gure 22: Med dical and Carre Facilities 39 Standards of Cover Salem Fire Department, Oregon Other Critical Infrastructure In this section, other types of critical infrastructure to a community are discussed in general terms. Although Salem does not have any unusual critical community infrastructure, it is important the fire department plan for emergencies at these facilities. Water Distribution The most obvious element of this infrastructure of concern to the fire department is the reservoir, water main, and fire hydrant system. Providing sufficient storage, distribution, and access to this valuable firefighting resource through well-distributed fire hydrants is very important. Firefighting water service from fire hydrants is available to nearly every developed property within the city. Fire flows are generally acceptable for risks protected. Some areas in and around the downtown area have old, smaller diameter water mains. The Salem Public Works Department is addressing these deficiencies through its capital improvement planning process. The city’s primary water source is the Santiam River. A water treatment plant on the river cleans and distributes water through large mains to the city. Water is pumped into water reservoirs at a number of locations. Water service to distribution mains is nearly exclusively gravity fed. The city has a number of sub-surface wells that serve as an emergency reserve source. The last Insurance Services Office (ISO) review of the city’s water system was in 2003. At that time ISO gave the city’s water system a relative classification of “1” indicating that the system provides very good delivery of firefighting water supply. Communications Emergency communication centers and the transmitting and receiving equipment are essential facilities for emergency response. The Salem Police Department manages the Willamette Valley Communications Center (WVCC). This center provides for the receipt of 9-1-1 calls for help, dispatching of fire and other emergency responders, and important support to the incident management function. There are other communication facilities and equipment that are equally important to the community and government operations. These are the telephone company central offices and the transmission lines of local telephone providers. 40 Internet service Standards s of Cover providers s, along S Salem Fire De epartment, Orregon with w wirele ess cellular commun nication pro oviders, prrovide esse ential communication capa abilities for the t commun nity as well as emerge ency personnel through their facilities and equipment. Energy Previously discussed communitty services, from comm munications to traffic signals to no ormal operation ns, require the t use of energy. Whether W it is electricity g generation a and transmission systems,, fuel distribu ution and sto orage tanks, or natural g gas pipeline es and regulator stationss, the community is depend dent upon en nergy source es. pplied by en nergy sourc ces. The city is well sup The S SFD is managing a pro oject currently to s project, fu unded throug gh a federa al Departme ent of develop an Energy Assurance Plan. This g will catalogue c en nergy sourc ces, identifyy essential e energy need ds, and devvelop Energy grant, contingency plans in the event of the loss of energy sou rces. Bridges These sttructures pro ovide essential crossing gs and unim mpeded trave el across ph hysical and manmade ba arriers. In the event of an a emergenc cy, these are e crucial as evacuation routes as well as for aid su upplies to be brought in nto the area a. Given the e level of ea arthquake risk in this re egion, reinforce ement of brid dges is esse ential to pre eserve route es of transpo ortation for emergency relief supplies.. The Salem m communitty has nume erous bridge es mostly asssociated witth freeway, river, and rail line crossings. As menttioned earlie er in this report, the se eismic streng gth of bridg ges is of co oncern. The e two bridges crossing c the e Willamette e River are not sufficien ntly reinforcced to withsttand the levvel of earthqua ake possible e for this re egion. The e Oregon D Department of Transpo ortation (OD DOT), working with w the Ore egon Departtment of Geo ological and d Mineral Ind dustries (DO OGAMI), hass also identified d concerns with w freeway y overpasses s exposed to o the earthq quake magniitude possib ble for this regio on. Commerrcial Food & Cargo Dis stributors These su uppliers and d their storeh houses are critical not o only during an emergen ncy for aid b but to the every yday distribu ution of needed goods and a food pro oducts to su ustain a com mmunity. Salem’s proximity y to agricultu ural operatio ons makes iti an importa ant hub for services to this industrry. A 41 Standards of Cover Salem Fire Department, Oregon number of food processing facilities are located in Salem. Other food distribution facilities are located in and near the city. Structural The protection of property in most cases refers to a building and its contents. This has been the basic mission of the fire department since its inception. Certain buildings, their contents, functions, and size present a greater firefighting challenge and require special equipment, operations, and training. Hazardous Materials Buildings that have been identified as containing hazardous materials can create a dangerous environment during a spill, rupture, or fire to the community as well as the firefighters. Special equipment such as protective clothing and sensors, along with specialized training, is necessary to successfully mitigate a hazardous materials incident. The Salem Fire Department operates a hazardous materials response team capable of conducting “A” level intervention (typically the highest level of emergency response service). The following map shows the locations of facilities classified as using more than small quantities of hazardous materials along with other important facilities within the city. material site information comes from the Oregon State Fire Marshal’s data base. 42 The hazardous Standards s of Cover S Salem Fire De epartment, Orregon Figure e 23: Hazardo ous Material and Other Im mportant Fac cility Locatio ons 43 Standards s of Cover Salem Fire Department, Ore egon Multi-Sto oried Buildiings Buildings s that are mo ore than thre ee floors in height h pose a special rissk in an eme ergency. Fire on higher flo oors may req quire a ladder truck to be b able to de eliver water into a building that doe es not have standpipe syste ems. For victims trappe ed on higherr floors, a la adder truck m may be theirr only or escape. The following g map shows s the locatio ons for build dings more than three sttories option fo in height according to o the ISO da atabase. Mo ost are clust ered in the d downtown. Figure 24: Buildings – More Than Th hree Stories iin Height 44 Standards s of Cover S Salem Fire De epartment, Orregon Large Sq quare Foota age Building gs Large bu uildings, suc ch as wareh houses, malls, and larg ge ‘box’ sto ores typicallyy require grreater volumes of water fo or firefightin ng and requ uire more ffirefighters tto advance hose lines long distances s into the bu uilding. The following map shows th he locations for buildingss 100,000 sq quare feet and larger accorrding to the ISO I databas se. Figure 25: Buildings B – 100,000 1 Squa are Feet and d Larger 45 Standards s of Cover Salem Fire Department, Ore egon Needed Fire Flow The Insu urance Serv vices Office (ISO) insp pects buildin ngs within a communityy to develo op an estimate of “needed fire flow” (N NFF) or the amount of w water flow (in gallons p per minute [g gpm]) that a fire e departmen nt would nee ed to produce e in order to o suppress th he fire in a b building base ed on its heightt, square foo otage, constrruction mate erial, and roo of type, amo ong other facctors. hows the loc cations of bu uildings iden tified by the ISO as havving a neede ed fire The following map sh flow in ex xcess of 3,500 gallons per p minute. Figurre 26: Buildin ngs – NFF Greater G Than 3,500 Gallon ns Per Minute 46 Standards s of Cover S Salem Fire De epartment, Orregon Terrorism m Salem’s size and its role as Oregon’s capita al city raises the level off concern of possible terrrorist c to o other areas of the cou untry. Most of the previious categorrized risks in the activity compared community are poten ntial targets for such acttivity. The fiire departme ent needs to o be vigilant in its a prepare edness in th he event on ne or more coordinated d acts of terror occur in n the training and region. Hazard Vulnerabilit V y Analysis Based on the narra ative descrip ptions of the e various ha azards commonly found d throughou ut the ment’s prima ary response e area, a nu umerical ran nking of com mmunity hazzards Salem Fire Departm has been n developed d. Historical incident datta as well a n assessme ent of the co ommunity an nd its vulnerabilities was used u to num merically rate e each pote ential hazard d. Communiity hazards were ad categories s as follows:: segregatted into broa • Structure S Fire es • Non-Structure N e Fires • EMS-Medica E l Assist • Rescue R • Hazardous H Materials M • Natural N Haza ards • Technologica T al Hazards • Human H Haza ards oned catego ories, more specific hazzards were identified a and a Within each of the aforementio ng “Not App licable”) and d three (representing “H High”) probabilitty score bettween zero (representin was assigned to ea ach. A severrity score was w then devveloped for each of the sub-categ gories e same sca ale for impa act and a re everse scale e for preparredness and d response.. The using the overall scores were then used to t generate a relative rrisk score ba ased on what percentage of k applied to Salem. Com mplete docum mentation off categorical scoring can n be found iin the each risk appendix x of this docu ument. 47 Standards of Cover Salem Fire Department, Oregon Based on the completed hazard vulnerability analysis, the following representation of relative community risk was developed. Figure 27: Hazard Specific Relative Risk Relative Threat to Community Hazard Specific Relative Risk 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Structure Fires Non-Structure FiresEMS-Medical Assist Rescue Hazmat Natural Hazards Technological Hazards Human Hazards Hazardous materials incidents represent the highest level of relative risk within Salem, followed by EMS-medical assist and structure fires. 48 Standards s of Cover S Salem Fire De epartment, Orregon Development an nd Popula ation Gro owth Current Population Information Salem’s population has grown steadily, with an avera age annual growth rate e of 2.2 pe ercent etween 1.4 and a 2.0 perccent annuallyy from 1995 5 to present. The between 1990 and 1995, and be c populatio on (2010), according to the Portland d State Center for Popu ulation Studie current city es, is 157,460. A popula ation forecas st for the Sa alem area was w publishe ed in Septem mber 2008 b by the Population Research h Center, College C of Urban and Pu ublic Affairss, Portland S State Univerrsity. Population growth fo or Salem area is forec cast to rang ge between 0.8 percen nt and 2.2 p percent per year dependin ng on the grrowth scenario selected (low, mediu um, or high growth). Th he populatio on for Salem is s forecast to increase by y 49,900 pe eople betwee en 2008 and d 2030 unde er the most likely scenario (medium grrowth). The e chart below w illustratess all three grrowth scenarrios and includes alem Suburb ban Fire Dis strict’s popula ation4. both the city’s and Sa Figure e 28: Currentt and Projectted Populatio on Popula ation Foreca ast 240000 230000 220000 210000 200000 190000 180000 170000 Low Grow w th Scenario 160000 Medium Grrow th Scenario 150000 High Grow w th Scenario 140000 2 2009 4 2012 2015 2018 202 21 2024 2027 2 2030 Salem Suburban Fiire District has h been esttimated at 7 ,000 people for the entire period. population n growth is ex xpected but will w likely be offfset by annexxation of distrrict territory to o Salem. Some 49 Standards s of Cover Salem Fire Department, Ore egon The Sale em Area Com mprehensive e Plan predicts the area as of highestt growth to b be in west, ssouth, and souttheast Salem m. The more e developed d areas of th e city will increase in po opulation as in-fill developm ment occurs and housing g density inc creases. s the distribu ution of the population w egion, since e there is a d direct within the re It is usefful to assess correlatio on between population density and d service de emand. The e following m map displayys the populatio on density of the City of Salem based on Census 20 000 data (th he most cu urrent information available e). Figure 29: Pop pulation Den nsity - 2000 Higher concentration ns of popula ation are loc cated within downtown and east-ce entral areas,, with less dens se populatio on elsewhere e. 50 Standards s of Cover S Salem Fire De epartment, Orregon One of the factors that can in nfluence em mergency se ervice dema and, particu ularly emerg gency s the popula ation’s age. The followiing chart exxamines Sa alem’s population medical services, is segmented by age groups. Figu ure 30: Estim mated Popula ation by Age e Source: Ame erican Communitty Survey n the preced ding figure, 12.3 percen nt of the pop pulation is 6 65 years of age or older and Based on 7.7 perce ent of the po opulation is under u five ye ears of age.. This place es a total of 2 20 percent o of the area’s po opulation witthin the age e groups tha at are at high hest risk in residential ffire incidentss and account for some of the highestt use of eme ergency med dical service es. Senior ccitizens can have difficulty escaping frrom fire due e to physica al limitations . Seniors a also tend to o use emerg gency medical services s more frequently y than young ger persons . As the pop pulation age es, this will ccreate a signific cant increase e in service demand d for emergency medical servvices. The very y young also represent a vulnerable population, both in rega ard to their a ability to esca ape a structure e fire as we ell as their susceptibiliity to seriou us medical ailments ssuch as astthma, traumatic c events, cho oking, or veh hicular accid dents. 51 Standards s of Cover Salem Fire Department, Ore egon Determin ning where the t higher amounts a of these t targett risk popula ations tend to live within the region ca an help in th he deployme ent of appara atus, especi ally rescue units. This map is base ed on 2000 Census data. Figu ure 31: Pedia atric Populattion Density ediatric popu ulations resid de primarily the city’s no ortheast area a. The highest concentrations of pe e popu ulation on emergency e been extenssively medical serrvices has b The impact of the elderly studied. The high utilization rate r of eme ergency dep partments an nd the asso ociated nee ed for e elderly is in part due to challeng ges in the access to priimary ambulance transporttation by the ysicians by the t elderly at home an nd in nursing g homes. T The elderly can accoun nt for care phy approxim mately one-th hird of emerrgency ambu ulance use a and two-thirrds of non-urgent ambulance use. 52 Standards s of Cover S Salem Fire De epartment, Orregon The “Bab by-Boom” ge eneration inc cludes those e individuals born betwe een 1946 and d 1964. In 2 2009, the oldes st member was w 62 yea ars of age and a the youn ngest was 4 46 years of age. This is the largest se egment of th he populatio on in the Unitted States. The growth of the elderrly populatio on (65 years and older) is expected e to increase dra amatically ovver the next 30 years accross the cou untry. As this co ohort ages, the demand d on emergency medical services is expected to o increase e density of the elderly p opulation byy geographicc area. Thiss map The following map illustrates the is also ba ased on 200 00 Census data. Fig gure 32: Sen nior Populatio on Density Higher co oncentration ns of elderly populations reside in se everal areas of the city. 53 Standards of Cover Salem Fire Department, Oregon Future Geographic Growth Potential Annexation of unincorporated territory into the city limits occurs sporadically, usually when a property owner wishes to develop his or her land in a manner that requires urban services. The city’s electorate must approve all requests for annexation to Salem. The Salem Area Comprehensive Plan (SACP) was first adopted in 1973. Objectives of the SACP are to promote a desirable balance and location of land uses in the Salem community, and relate these uses to the location of public facilities and infrastructure. Additionally, the SACP identifies the geographical limits of future urban development within which basic urban services can be most efficiently and economically provided. The Urban Growth Boundary (UGB) is the outer limit of land that may ultimately be annexed into the city. The city and counties have agreed through their respective comprehensive plan policies that no new service districts will be created inside the UGB to provide sewer, water, or fire protection facilities and services. While some of the area inside the UGB is presently suburban with varying densities and some of it is rural in nature, the city has determined that it is prudent to assume this area will ultimately become part of the city, developed to urban densities and be a Salem Fire Department service responsibility. The following map illustrates area intended for future city growth. 54 Standards s of Cover S Salem Fire De epartment, Orregon Figure 33: Urban Growtth Area Risk Classificat C tion Areas off higher fire e risk requirre greater numbers n of personnel a and apparattus to effecctively mitigate emergencies. Areas witth a higher incident actiivity require additional rresponse un nits to ponse. Stafffing and deployment de ecisions for different re egions of the e city ensure reliable resp should be e made in co onsideration n of the level of risk. 55 Standards of Cover Salem Fire Department, Oregon Most communities contain areas with different population densities and property risk allowing the community’s policy makers to specify different response performance objectives by geographic area. The categories are identified as:5 • Metropolitan—Geography with populations of over 200,000 people in total and/or a population density of over 3,000 people per square mile. These areas are distinguished by mid-rise and high-rise buildings, often interspersed with smaller structures. • Urban—Geography with a population of over 30,000 people and/or a population density of over 2,000 people per square mile. • Suburban—Geography with a population of 10,000 to 29,999 and/or a population density of between 1,000 and 2,000 people per square mile. • Rural—Geography with a total population of less than 10,000 people or with a population density of less than 1,000 people per square mile. • Wilderness/Frontier/Undeveloped—Geography that is both rural and not readily accessible by a publicly or privately maintained road. The City of Salem currently contains urban and suburban areas. The fire department currently reports its response performance based on “Urban” areas. The community’s risk designation should influence how response resources are distributed now and in the future. Many resource distribution decisions have long-term implications. The Salem City Council, through its adoption of a single response performance goal, has determined that the entire city should be considered as one risk classification: urban. This is reasonable given that a significant portion of the city’s territory, based on population density, meets the urban definition. 5 CFAI Standards of Cover, 5th edition, pages 20-21. 56 Standards s of Cover S Salem Fire De epartment, Orregon Historic c System m Respon nse Workload Before a full response time ana alysis is con nducted, it iss important to first exam mine the levvel of eriences. H workload d (service de emand) thatt a fire depa artment expe Higher servicce demandss can strain the e resources s of a department and may result in a negative effect on response time performa ance. The follo owing chart shows resp ponse worklo oad for ten previous ca alendar years. These ttotals reflect inc cidents within the city an nd within the e Salem Sub burban Fire D District. se workload increased by b a total of 13 percent between Ja anuary 1, 20 001 (14,766 6 total Respons response es), and Dec cember 31, 2010 (16,68 84 total resp ponses), an n average off 1.3 percen nt per year. Figu ure 34: Worklload History,, 2001 – 2010 0 sponses dec creased overr the past tw wo years. E MS responsses have de eclined due tto the Total res implementation of prriority dispattch practices s reducing tthe number of incident ttypes requirring a artment res sponse. fire depa In addition, total t respon nses have decreased because of the discontin nuance of sc cheduled flig ght operations at McNa ary Field and d an overall reduction in fire incidents s. 57 Standards s of Cover Salem Fire Department, Ore egon The nex xt chart shows respons ses by type of incidentt for calend dar year 2010. Emerg gency medical responses r are a the most common at 72 percent of total resp ponses. Figurre 35: Respo onses by Typ pe of Inciden nt Tempora al Analysis A review of incidents s by time of occurrence also revealss when the g greatest resp ponse dema and is occurring g. The follow wing charts show how activity and d demand cchanges forr SFD base ed on various measures m off time. The following f ch hart shows rresponse acctivity for calendar year 2010 by month h. 58 Standards s of Cover S Salem Fire De epartment, Orregon Figure 36: Monthly Wo orkload he study perriod, there was w 29 perce ent more inccident activitty in the bussiest month, July, During th versus th he slowest month, m Febru uary. sponse work kload is com mpared by day d of week.. In this case there is 18 percent more Next, res incident activity a on th he busiest da ay, Monday,, versus the slowest dayy, Sunday. Figure 37 7: Daily Work kload 59 Standards of Cover Salem Fire Department, Oregon The time analysis that always shows significant variation is response activity by hour of day. Response workload directly correlates with the activity of people, with workload increasing during daytime hours and decreasing during nighttime hours as shown in the following chart. Incident activity is at its highest between 9:00 AM and 6:00 PM. Figure 38: Hourly Workload Responses by Hour of Day ‐ 2010 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Spatial Analysis In addition to the temporal analysis of the current service demand, it is useful to examine geographic distribution of service demand. The following map series indicates the distribution of emergency incidents in Salem during calendar year 2010. The first map displays the number of incidents per square mile within various parts of the city. The area of greatest service demand is around Fire Stations 1, 2, 3, and 4. 60 Standards s of Cover S Salem Fire De epartment, Orregon Figure 39: Serrvice Deman nd Density 61 Standards s of Cover Salem Fire Department, Ore egon The prec ceding map reflects all calls c served by SFD. S Service demand can varry by area b based on incide ent type. The T following g map displlays the loccation of structure fires during this time period. It illustrates that t actual structure s fire incidents arre also conccentrated in tthe more densely populated area of Sa alem. Figure 40 0: Structure Fires 62 Standards s of Cover S Salem Fire De epartment, Orregon Similarly, emergency y medical in ncidents also o occur in g greater conccentration in n areas of h higher on density. The followin ng map disp plays emerg gency mediccal incidentss during cale endar populatio year 2010. Figu ure 41: Emerrgency Medic cal Incidents s 63 Standards s of Cover Salem Fire Department, Ore egon Station n and Unit Worklo oad Analy ysis A review w of workloa ad by statio on and resp ponse unit can reveal much abou ut why resp ponse performa ance may be e as it is. Although fire stations and d response units may be distributed d in a manner to t provide quick q respon nse, that lev vel of perforrmance can only be ob btained when the response e unit is avaiilable in its primary p serviice area. If a response unit is already on an inccident and a co oncurrent req quest for se ervice is rece eived, a mo ore distant re esponse unit will need to be dispatche ed. This will increase re esponse time es. Fire Stattion Worklo oad As noted d earlier, response workload is not evenly e distrib buted acrosss the City of Salem. Are eas of higher po opulation typ pically prese ent a greaterr demand forr fire departm ment service es. The follo owing table lists s response activity a by firre station arrea during ca alendar yearr 2010. Workload in the e Fire Station 3 area is the highest at 2,666 2 calls fo or service. Figure 42 2: Response es by Fire Sta ation Area – 2010 Respons se Unit Worrkload The work kload on ind dividual resp ponse units during d calen ndar year 20 010 is shown n in the follo owing table. In ndividual res sponse unit workload ca an be greate er than the w workload in its home sttation area. Ma any incidents s, such as structure fires s, require mo ore than one e response u unit. 64 Standards s of Cover S Salem Fire De epartment, Orregon Figurre 43: Response Unit Wo orkload – 201 10 ount of time a given unit is committed d to an incid dent is also a an importantt workload fa actor. The amo The follo owing table illustrates th he average time each u unit was com mmitted to a an incident, from initial dispatch until itt cleared the e scene. Figure F 44: Av verage Time Committed tto an Inciden nt by Unit Unit BC2 BC4 E1 E E2 E E3 E E4 E E5 E E6 E E7 E E8 E E9 E E10 E E11 E L2 L L4 L Responses R 252 246 1,843 2,050 2,584 1,680 1,456 1,490 1,897 1,432 1,468 1,858 842 640 465 Average e Minutes pe er Respons se 33.1 30.6 19.4 21.4 20.9 19.9 21.1 21.0 21.4 23.2 24.2 21.0 20.2 25.8 26.8 65 Standards s of Cover Salem Fire Department, Ore egon Unit hourr utilization is an importa ant workload d indicator. It describess the amoun nt of time a u unit is not available for response since e it’s already y committed to an incide ent. The larger the num mber, d the less av vailable it is for assignment to an inccident. the greatter a unit’s utilization and Figure 45: Unit U Hour Utiilization Unit hour utilization is an importtant statistic c to monitor for those fire agenciess using perce entile erformance standards, s as a does SFD D. In Salem’’s case, whe ere performa ance is meassured based pe at the 85 5th percentile, unit hour utilization u gre eater than 0..15 means that the resp ponse unit will not be able to t provide on n-time respo onse to its 85 8 percent ta arget even iff response iss its only acctivity. None of SFD’s S respo onse units arre approaching a unit ho our utilization n of 0.15. Inc cident Wo orkload P Projection n The mos st significant predictor off future incid dent workloa ad is populattion; 100 percent of requests for emerrgency medical service are people e-driven. Th he National Fire Protecction Association reports th hat approxim mately 70 pe ercent of all fires are the e result of pe eople either doing some ething they should not have e (i.e., misuse of ignition source) o r not doing something tthey should have ure to mainta ain equipme ent). It is re easonable to o use future population growth to prredict (i.e., failu future fire e departmen nt response workload. w 66 Standards s of Cover S Salem Fire De epartment, Orregon Earlier in n this report three growtth scenarios s, developed d by Portland d State Univversity Cente er for Populatio on Studies, were presen nted. The following f cha art forecast response w workload for each scenario. The charrt uses chan nges in fire departmentt service ussage rates to o forecast ffuture response e activity bas sed on popu ulation grow wth. The cu rrent utilizattion rate is 1 101 incidentts per 1,000 po opulation. Uttilization is expected e to grow g at a ratte of 1 perce ent per year.. . Figure 46: Response R Fo orecast Respo onse Forecasst 35000 Responses 30000 25000 20000 Low growth 15000 Medium grow wth High growth 10000 2010 2015 2020 202 25 2030 67 Standards s of Cover S Salem Fire De epartment, Orregon Componen nt E – Crritical Ta asking a and Alarrm Assig gnments s The SFD D service are ea has a de ensely populated urban environmen nt and, as ssuch, contain ns an elevated number, de ensity, and distribution d of risk. Furth her, its suburban and rural areas pre esent c such s as wild dland fires. unique challenges The fire d department should havve the resou urces needed to t effectively y mitigate th he incidents that have th he highest p potential to n negatively im mpact the community. As the actual or potential risk increa ases, the n need for hig gher numbe ers of el and appa aratus also increases. i With W each tyype of incid dent and corresponding risk, personne specific critical c tasks s need to be b accomplis shed and ce ertain numb bers and typ pes of appa aratus should be dispatched d. This sectiion considerrs the comm munity’s identified risks a and illustrate es the o personnell that are necessary to accomplish a t he critical ta asks at an em mergency. number of at must be performed p att a fire can be b broken do own into two o key compo onents: life ssafety Tasks tha and fire flow. Life safety s tasks s are based d on the nu umber of bu uilding occu upants, and their location, status, and ability to take self-preservation acttion. Life saffety related tasks involvve the search, rescue, r and evacuation of victims. The T fire flow component involves de elivering suffficient water to extinguish the t fire and create an environment e t within the building tha at allows enttry by firefighters. mber and type es of tasks needing n simultaneous a ction will dicctate the min nimum numb ber of The num firefighters required to combat different d type es of fires. In n the absence of adequ uate personn nel to c action, a the command c offficer must p rioritize the tasks and ccomplete som me in perform concurrent chronological order, rather than concurrently c y. These taskks include: • Command C • ply Water supp • Scene S safety • Pump operration • Search S and re escue • Ventilation • Fire attack • Backup/rap pid intervention Critical task analysis s also applies to non-ffire type em mergencies including m medical, tech hnical dous materials emerge encies. rescue, and hazard ed to effectively controll an emerge ency. complete Nu umerous sim multaneous tasks musst be The departmentt’s ability to o muster ne eeded numbers of trained personnel quickly enough to makke a difference is criticcal to succe essful incident outcomes. o 69 Standards of Cover Salem Fire Department, Oregon The following chart illustrates the emergency incident staffing recommendations of the Commission on Fire Accreditation, International. The following definitions apply to the chart: Low Risk – Minor incidents involving small fires (fire flow less than 250 gallons per minute), single patient non-life threatening medical incidents, minor rescues, small fuel spills, and small wildland fires without unusual weather or fire behavior. Moderate Risk – Moderate risk incidents involving fires in single-family dwellings and equivalently sized commercial office properties (fire flow between 250 gallons per minute to 1,000 gallons per minute), life threatening medical emergencies, hazardous materials emergencies requiring specialized skills and equipment, rescues involving specialized skills and equipment, and larger wildland fires. High Risk – High risk incidents involving fires in larger commercial properties with sustained attack (fire flows more than 1,000 gallons per minute), multiple patient medical incidents, major releases of hazardous materials, high risk rescues, and wildland fires with extreme weather or fire behavior. Figure 47: Staffing Recommendations Based on Risk Incident Type Structure Fire Emergency Medical Service Rescue Hazardous Materials Wildland Fire High Risk 29 12 15 39 41 (Red Flag level) Moderate Risk 15 4 8 20 20 Low Risk 6 2 3 3 7 The Salem Fire Department has developed the following Critical Task analyses for various incident types. Further it has defined, based on current unit staffing levels, the number and type of apparatus needed to deliver sufficient numbers of personnel to meet the critical tasking identified. ESCI’s analysis of the Critical Task analysis is that all are in keeping with industry standards and provide the minimum number of personnel needed for effective incident operations. 70 Standards s of Cover S Salem Fire De epartment, Orregon Critic cal Taskin ng Critical ta asks are tho ose activities s that must be conductted in a time ely manner by firefighte ers at emergen ncy incidents s in order to o control the e situation. The fire de epartment iss responsible for assuring that respon nding compa anies are ca apable of pe erforming alll of the described taskss in a e and d safe manner. prompt, efficient, Fires – Critical tasking for fire operations is the minimu um number of personn nel to t require ed to effectively control a fire in the e listed risk category. M Major perform the tasks firres (beyond first alarm) will require additional a pe ersonnel and d apparatus. Emergency E C taskin ng for emerg gency mediccal incidentss is the miniimum Medical – Critical number of personnel to perform the tasks req quired to support the id dentified stra ategy based on the departmentt’s adopted medical m prottocol. Structurre Fire (Hydranted) Tota al Number of Person nnel 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 1 14 Tota al Number of Person nnel 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 2 15 Task T Comman nd/Safety Pump Op perations Attack Line Back-up Line Search and a Rescue Ventilatio on RIT Other (hy ydrant) d) Structurre Fire (Non-Hydranted Task T Comman nd/Safety Pump Op perations Attack Line Back-up Line Search and a Rescue Ventilatio on RIT Tender Operator O 71 Standards of Cover Salem Fire Department, Oregon Wildland Interface High Risk (Hydranted) Task Command/Safety Pump Operations/Lookout Attack Line Exposure Lines Structure Protection Water Supply Total Number of Personnel 1 1 2 2 3 1 10 Wildland Interface High Risk (Non-Hydranted) Task Command/Safety Pump Operations/Lookout Attack Line Exposure Lines Structure Protection Tender Operator Total Number of Personnel 1 1 2 2 3 2 11 Non-Structure Fire High Risk (Hydranted) Task Command/Safety Pump Operations/Lookout Attack Line Back-up Line Hydrant-Water Supply Structure Protection Other Total Number of Personnel 1 1 2 2 1 3 1 11 Non-Structure Fire High Risk (Non-Hydranted) Task Command/Safety Pump Operations/Lookout Attack Line Back-up Line Tender Operator Structure Protection Other Total 72 Number of Personnel 1 1 2 2 2 3 1 12 Standards s of Cover S Salem Fire De epartment, Orregon Aircraft Alert A II and III Task T Comman nd/Safety Aircraft Fire F Suppres ssion Pump Op perations Attack Line Back-up Line Rescue Emergen ncy Medical Care Water Su upply Tota al Numbe er of Personn nel 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 14 Non-Stru ucture Fire Low Risk (H Hydranted & Non-Hydrranted) Task T Tota al nnel Number of Person 1 1 1 3 Tota al Number of Person nnel 1 1 2 2 6 Tota al Number of Person nnel 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 1 14 Comman nd/Safety Pump Op perations Attack Line Odor of Smoke Task T Comman nd/Safety Pump Op perations Interior In nvestigation Ventilatio on e (Hydranted d) Smoke In Structure Task T Comman nd/Safety Pump Op perations Attack Line-Interior In nvestigation Back-up Line Search and a Rescue Ventilatio on RIT Other (hy ydrant) 73 Standards of Cover Salem Fire Department, Oregon Smoke In Structure (Non-Hydranted) Task Command/Safety Pump Operations Attack Line-Interior Investigation Back-up Line Search and Rescue Ventilation RIT Tender Operator Total Number of Personnel 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 2 15 Outdoor Smoke Investigation (Hydranted & Non-Hydranted) Task Command/Safety Pumper Operator Investigation Total Number of Personnel 1 1 1 3 Hazardous Materials- Level III Task Command Liaison Decontamination Research Support Team leader, safety, entry team, and backup team provided by OFSM Haz Mat Response Team (not subject to response time performance objective) Total Number of Personnel 1 1 3 2 6 13 Hazardous Materials- Level II Task Command Liaison Decontamination Research/Support Entry team, and backup team provided by OFSM Haz Mat Response Team (not subject to response time performance objective) Total 74 Number of Personnel 1 1 3 2 6 13 Standards s of Cover S Salem Fire De epartment, Orregon Hazardo ous Materialls- Level I Task T Comman nd Liaison Decontam mination Research h/Support Entry tea am, and back kup team provided by OFSM Haz Mat Resp ponse Team m (not subjec ct to respon nse time perrformance ob bjective) Tota al Number of Person nnel 1 1 3 2 6 13 ncy Medical Aid Emergen Task T Patient Management M t Patient Care C Documen ntation Tota al Number of Person nnel 1 1 1 3 asualty Incid dent (10+ Patients) P Mass Ca Task T Incident Command/S C Safety Triage Treatmen nt Manager Patient Care C Transporrtation Mana ager Documen ntation Tota al Number of Person nnel 1 1 1 9 1 1 14 ehicle Accid dent (Non Trapped) T Motor Ve Task T Scene Management/ M /Documenta ation Patient Care/Extricat C tion Tota al Number of Person nnel 1 2 3 Tota al Number of Person nnel 1 1 2 4 2 3 13 Motor Ve ehicle Accid dent (Trapp ped) Task T Comman nd/Safety Scene Management M Patient Care C Extricatio on Pump Op perator/Supp pression Line Extricatio on/Vehicle Stabilization S 75 Standards of Cover Salem Fire Department, Oregon Technical Rescue – Water Task Total Number of Personnel 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 12 Total Number of Personnel 1 2 2 2 1 1 4 1 14 Total Number of Personnel 1 2 2 2 1 1 4 13 Total Number of Personnel 1 2 2 3 5 13 Command/Safety Rescue Team Backup Team Patient Care Rope Tender Upstream Spotter Downstream Safety Boat Operator Technical Rescue – Rope Task Command/Safety Rescue Team Backup/Support Team Patient Care Rigger Attendant Ground Support Edge Person Technical Rescue – Confined Space Task Command/Safety Rescue Team Backup/Support Team Patient Care Attendant Rigger Ground Support Technical Rescue – Trench Task Command/Safety Rescue Team Backup/Support Team Patient Care Shoring 76 Standards s of Cover S Salem Fire De epartment, Orregon Alarm Assignm A ents In order to t ensure su ufficient pers sonnel and apparatus a arre dispatched to an eme ergency even nt the following first alarm response as ssignments have been established. “Total Sta affing Neede ed” is ber identified d in the Critic cal Tasking analysis abo ove. the numb Structurre Fire (Hydranted) ype Unit Ty Engine Ladder Truck T Battalion Chief Total Sta affing Proviided Total Sta affing Needed Number of Units 3 1 1 Total Personnel 9 4 1 14 14 Number of Units 4 2 1 1 Total Personnel 10 2 4 1 17 15 Number of Units 3 2 1 Total Personnel 5 4 1 10 10 d) Structurre Fire (Non-Hydranted Unit Ty ype Engine Tender Ladder Truck T Battalion Chief Total Sta affing Proviided Total Sta affing Needed d Interface High H Risk (H Hydranted) Wildland Unit Ty ype Engine Grass Un nit Battalion Chief Total Sta affing Proviided Total Sta affing Needed Wildland d Interface High H Risk (N Non-Hydran nted) Unit Ty ype Engine Grass Un nit Tender Battalion Chief Total Sta affing Proviided Total Sta affing Needed Number of Units 4 2 2 1 Total Personnel 6 4 2 1 13 11 77 Standards of Cover Salem Fire Department, Oregon Non-Structure Fire High Risk (Hydranted) Unit Type Engine Ladder Truck Battalion Chief Total Staffing Provided Total Staffing Needed Number of Units 2 1 1 Total Personnel 6 4 1 11 11 Non-Structure Fire High Risk (Non-Hydranted) Unit Type Engine Tender Grass Unit Battalion Chief Total Staffing Provided Total Staffing Needed Number of Units 4 2 1 1 Total Personnel 8 2 2 1 13 12 Number of Units 3 1 2 1 Total Personnel 3 4 6 1 14 14 Aircraft Alert II and III Unit Type Engine Ladder Truck ARRF Battalion Chief Total Staffing Provided Total Staffing Needed Non-Structure Fire Low Risk (Hydranted & Non-Hydranted) Unit Type Engine Total Staffing Provided Total Staffing Needed Number of Units 1 Total Personnel 3 3 3 Number of Units 1 1 Total Personnel 3 4 7 6 Odor of Smoke Unit Type Engine Ladder Truck Total Staffing Provided Total Staffing Needed 78 Standards s of Cover S Salem Fire De epartment, Orregon Smoke In Structure e (Hydranted d) Unit Ty ype Engine Ladder Truck T Battalion Chief Total Sta affing Proviided Total Sta affing Needed Number of Units 3 1 1 Total Personnel 9 4 1 14 14 Number of Units 4 1 2 1 Total Personnel 10 4 2 1 17 15 Smoke In Structure e (Non-Hydrranted) Unit Ty ype Engine Ladder Truck T Tender Battalion Chief Total Sta affing Proviided Total Sta affing Needed vestigation (Hydranted & Non-Hyd dranted) Outdoorr Smoke Inv Unit Ty ype Engine Total Sta affing Proviided Total Sta affing Needed Number of Units 1 Total Personnel 3 3 3 Number of Units 3 1 1 1 Total Personnel 6 4 1 3 14 13 Number of Units 3 1 1 1 Total Personnel 6 4 1 3 14 13 ous Materialls – Level III Hazardo Unit Ty ype Engine Ladder Truck T Battalion Chief Hazardous Materials s Unit Total Sta affing Proviided Total Sta affing Needed Hazardo ous Materialls – Level II Unit Ty ype Engine Ladder Truck T Battalion Chief Hazardous Materials s Unit Total Sta affing Proviided Total Sta affing Needed 79 Standards of Cover Salem Fire Department, Oregon Hazardous Materials – Level I Unit Type Engine Ladder Truck Battalion Chief Hazardous Materials Unit Total Staffing Provided Total Staffing Needed Number of Units 3 1 1 1 Total Personnel 6 4 1 3 14 13 Emergency Medical Aid Unit Type Engine or Ladder Truck Total Staffing Provided Total Staffing Needed Number of Units 1 Total Personnel 3-4 3-4 3 Number of Units 3 1 1 1 Total Personnel 6 4 3 1 14 14 Number of Units 1 Total Personnel 3-4 3-4 3 Number of Units 3 1 1 Total Personnel 9 4 1 14 13 Mass Casualty Incident (10+ Patients) Unit Type Engine Ladder Truck MCI Trailer Battalion Chief Total Staffing Provided Total Staffing Needed Motor Vehicle Accident (Non-Trapped) Unit Type Engine or Ladder Truck Total Staffing Provided Total Staffing Needed Motor Vehicle Accident (Trapped) Unit Type Engine Ladder Truck Battalion Chief Total Staffing Provided Total Staffing Needed 80 Standards s of Cover S Salem Fire De epartment, Orregon Technica al Rescue – Water Unit Ty ype Engine w/ w Boat Ladder Truck T Battalion Chief Total Sta affing Proviided Total Sta affing Needed Number of Units 3 1 1 Total P Personnel 9 4 1 14 12 Number of Units 3 1 1 1 Total P Personnel 6 4 3 1 14 14 Number of Units 3 1 1 1 Total P Personnel 6 4 3 1 14 13 Number of Units 3 1 1 1 Total P Personnel 6 4 3 1 14 13 Technica al Rescue – Rope Unit Ty ype Engine Ladder Truck T Heavy Rescue Battalion Chief Total Sta affing Proviided Total Sta affing Needed al Rescue – Confined Space S Technica Unit Ty ype Engine Ladder Truck T Heavy Rescue Battalion Chief Total Sta affing Proviided Total Sta affing Needed al Rescue – Trench Technica Unit Ty ype Engine Ladder Truck T Heavy Rescue Battalion Chief Total Sta affing Proviided Total Sta affing Needed 81 Standards s of Cover S Salem Fire De epartment, Orregon Com mponentt F – Review of Historic cal Syste em Perfformanc ce Incident data for the e calendar year y 2010 was w evaluate ed in detail to determin ne SFD’s cu urrent ance. Data was obtaine ed from dep partment inccident report rts and the d dispatch cen nter’s performa computer-aided dispatch system m. Each ph hase of the incident response sequence was evalua ated to de etermine cu urrent performa ance. This allows a an ana alysis of eac ch individual phase to de etermine wh here opportunities might exist for improv vement. sponse time continuum consists of sseveral step ps, beginning g with initiatiion of The total incident res the incide ent and conc cluding with the approprriate mitigatiion of the inccident. The time require ed for each of the compon nents varies s. The policies and p practices of the fire dep partment directly e some of the e steps. influence Detectio on The dete ection of a fiire (or medic cal incident)) may occurr immediately if someon ne happens to be present or if an au utomatic sys stem is fun nctioning. O Otherwise, detection m may be dela ayed, es for a cons siderable pe eriod. The time period fo or this phase e begins with h the inceptiion of sometime the emerrgency and ends e when the emergen ncy is detecte ed. It is larg gely outside the control o of the fire department and not n a part off the event sequence tha at is reliably measurable e. Call Proc cessing Today most m emerge ency inciden nts are reported by tele ephone to th he 9-1-1 cen nter. Call ta akers must quickly elicit accurate a infformation ab bout the na ature and lo ocation of th he incident from pt to be exc cited. A citiz zen well-tra ined in how w to report e emergenciess can persons who are ap reduce th he time requ uired for this phase. The e dispatcherr must identiify the correcct units base ed on incident type t and loc cation, dispa atch them to the emerge ency, and co ontinue to up pdate inform mation about the e emergency y while the units u respond d. This phase typically begins when n the 9-1-1 ccall is answered d at the diispatch center and ends when re esponse pe ersonnel are e notified o of the emergen ncy. owing chart lists the call processing g time for a all incidents as well as specific inccident The follo types. Overall, O the tiime from firs st notification n to the disp patch center until notifica ation of resp ponse personne el is within 34 seconds, 85 8 percent of o the time. 83 Standards s of Cover Salem Fire Department, Ore egon Figu ure 48: Call Processing P P Performance e Activity le evels at the dispatch cen nter can affe ect the time it takes to re eceive, proccess and disp patch a reques st for service. The follo owing chartt shows calll processing g time by ho our of day. Call processin ng time is shorter s during the early y morning ttimes and longer durin ng the day w when incident activity a incre eases. Figure 49: 4 Call Proc cessing Time e by Hour of Day Call Processsing Time byy Hour 45 5 40 0 Seconds 35 5 30 0 25 5 20 0 15 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 1 19 20 21 22 23 2 Hour 84 Standards s of Cover S Salem Fire De epartment, Orregon Turnout Time Turnout time t is the first of the re esponse pha ases controll able by the fire departm ment. This p phase begins at a notification of an em mergency in progress b by the dispa atch center and ends w when personne el and apparatus begin movement towards the e incident loccation. Perrsonnel must don appropria ate equipme ent, assemb ble on the response r ve ehicle, and begin travell to the inciident. Good training and prroper fire sta ation design can minimizze the time rrequired for tthis step. The follo owing chart lists turnout time for all incidents ass well as spe ecific inciden nt types. Ovverall, turnout time for all incidents is within 64 seco onds, 85 perrcent of the ttime. Fig gure 50: Turn nout Time Pe erformance t can vary by hour of o day. In th his case turn nout time va aries by one e minute betw ween Turnout time the early morning ho ours and day ytime hours. 85 Standards of Cover Salem Fire Department, Oregon Figure 51: Turnout Time by Hour of Day Turnout Time by Hour 120 100 Seconds 80 60 40 20 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Hour These turnout times include both Salem Fire Department units and Rural Metro Ambulance (RMA) units. SFD and RMA work in a partnership in the delivery of emergency medical services. RMA turnout times are expectedly short at within 69 seconds, 85 percent of the time due to its deployment configuration. RMA personnel are typically in their response units on standby at the time of incident dispatch. Salem Fire Department unit turnout times are longer at within 101 seconds, 85 percent of the time. Distribution and Initial Arriving Unit Travel Time Travel time is potentially the longest of the response phases. The distance between the fire station and the location of the emergency influences total response time the most. The quality and connectivity of streets, traffic, driver training, geography, and environmental conditions are also factors. This phase begins with initial apparatus movement towards the incident location and ends when response personnel and apparatus arrive at the emergency’s location. The following map illustrates the area that can be reached from all Salem fire stations in four minutes of travel time. It assumes an average travel speed for responding apparatus of 30 miles per hour. Though apparatus travel faster than 30 mile per hour during the response, this average speed compensates slowing at intersections, slowing for turns, and the like. Four 86 Standards s of Cover S Salem Fire De epartment, Orregon minutes was selecte ed for the following anallysis becausse it is the ttime allowed d for travel w within C adop pted first uniit response time t goal. the City Council Figure e 52: Initial Unit U Travel Tiime Capabiliity 87 Standards s of Cover Salem Fire Department, Ore egon The follo owing chart lists travel time for all in ncidents as well as spe ecific inciden nt types. Ovverall, travel tim me for all incidents is with hin 5 minutes 8 secondss, 85 percent of the time e. Figu ure 53: Overa all Travel Tim me Performa ance – First A Arriving Unitt Travel tim me can, in some s situatio ons, vary co onsiderably b by time of day. Heavy ttraffic at mo orning and even ning rush ho our can slow w fire deparrtment respo onse. Travvel time varie es by aboutt one minute during the course of the day. d Figurre 54: Overall Travel Tim me by Hour off Day – First Arriving Uniit Travell Time by Hou ur 7 Minutes 6 5 4 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 8 19 20 21 22 23 2 Hour 88 Standards s of Cover S Salem Fire De epartment, Orregon GIS anallysis was co ompleted to determine how h much off the city’s sstreet system m was within n four minutes of o fire station ns. The follo owing table shows the re esult of this analysis. Figure 55: 5 Street Mille Coverage by Fire Statiions 656 Percen nt of Tota al 100.0 0% 555 84.6% % Total Total strreet miles in city Total strreet miles within four trav vel minutes of a fire stattion Current fire f stations can provide a response of four trave el minutes to o 84.6 perce ent of the ex xisting city stree et system, assuming the e fire engine e is in its sta ation at the ttime of the a alarm. Thiss also assumes s that street congestion, c weather, an nd other facto ors do not im mpede respo onse. ompared co overage of incidents tha at occurred during 2010 0. The follo owing The nextt analysis co table sho ows the resu ults of this an nalysis. The e vast majorrity of actuall responses occur within n four travel minutes of fire stations. Figure 56: In ncidents With hin Four-Tra avel Minute C Coverage Total T inciden nts Total T inciden nts inside sta ation four-travel f minute m coverrage T Total 1 6,266 Percent o of Total 100.0 0% 1 4,956 91.9% % First Arrriving Unit Total T Respo onse Time Respons se time is defined as th hat period between b no tification of response p personnel byy the dispatch center that an emerg gency is in progress u until arrival of the first fire departtment e unit at th he emergency. response This is the time period of the responsse phases most controllable by the firre department. owing chart lists response time fo or all incide ents as well as specificc incident tyypes. The follo Overall, response r tim me for all inc cidents is within 6 minute es 43 second ds, 85 perce ent of the tim me. 89 Standards s of Cover Salem Fire Department, Ore egon Fiigure 57: Res sponse Time e Performanc ce – First Arrriving Unit ws response time by hou ur of day for all incidentss. Responsse time is slo owest The nextt chart show during the night-time e hours and fastest f durin ng the day. SFD’s best response tim mes occur d during the perio od of the day y when respo onse activity y is at its high hest. Figure 58: 5 Hourly Response R Tim me Performa ance 1200 Ressponse Time and Responsses by Hour 8 7 1000 Responses 5 4 600 400 200 3 Responsses Responsse Time 1 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Hour 90 2 Minutes 6 800 Standards s of Cover S Salem Fire De epartment, Orregon Received d to Arrived d Time From the e customers s’ standpointt, time begin ns when the e emergencyy occurs. T Their first co ontact with eme ergency serrvices is wh hen they calll for help, usually by d dialing 9-1-1. “Receive ed to arrived” time is also o the City Council’s C ad dopted perfo formance go oal. The n next chart shows e time perforrmance at th he 85th perc centile from tthe time the e phone rings at the disp patch response center un ntil the first unit arrives at the incid dent location n. This is a combinatio on of all the e time phases discussed d in this section n of the repo ort. Overall, received to o arrived time e for all incid dents is within 6 minutes 18 seconds, 85 8 percent of o the time. Figure 59: Rec ceived to Arrrived Time The nextt chart show ws received to arrived performance p e by time off day. Again n, total resp ponse time, from m the custo omer’s stand dpoint is quickest durin g the day a and slowest during the early morning hours. 91 Standards of Cover Salem Fire Department, Oregon Figure 60: Received to Arrived Performance by Hour of Day Received to Arrived Time by Hour 8 Minutes 7 6 5 4 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Hour Received to Arrived Time Performance by Region Received to arrived time performance by region is highly variable. This is influenced by a number of factors, including individual station area workload and the number of times a station must cover another station’s area. Additional factors include the size of the station area and the street system serving it. More highly connected, grid patterned street systems contribute to faster response times than do areas with meandering streets with numerous dead-ends. The following map shows the percentage of priority incidents meeting the City Council’s received to arrived goal of within 5 minutes 30 seconds, 85 percent of the time by sub-areas of the city. 92 Standards s of Cover S Salem Fire De epartment, Orregon Figure F 61: Re eceived to Arrived Time P Performance e by Area Concenttration and Current Efffective Resp ponse Forc ce Capability y Analysis Effective Response Force (ERF F) is the nu umber of pe ersonnel an nd apparatuss required tto be present on o the scene e of an emergency incid dent to perfo orm the criticcal tasks in ssuch a mann ner to effectivelly mitigate the t incident without unn necessary lo oss of life a and/or prope erty. The ER RF is 93 Standards of Cover Salem Fire Department, Oregon specific to each individual type of incident, as are the critical tasks that must be performed. Moderate risk structural fires are used as the primary risk category for this analysis as these present the most frequent type of incident requiring four or more response units. The concentration analysis begins with a review of the physical capability of SFD’s resources to achieve a target ERF response time to the city. Then analysis will determine whether or not SFD’s actual ERF assembly performance matches this physical concentration capability. The SFD objective for ERF response time is “for moderate or high risk incidents, the Salem Fire Department shall assemble an Effective Response Force (ERF) consisting of personnel sufficient to effectively mitigate the incident based on risk within 12 minutes 22 seconds from receipt of the call at the dispatch center, 85 percent of the time. This is the department’s adopted performance objective since one has not been established by City Council. The department would like to improve this performance to provide an ERF within 10 minutes from receipt of the call at the dispatch center, 85 percent of the time. Historically, call processing times for structure fires is 42 seconds. Structure fire turnout time is 1 minutes 11 seconds. Thus to achieve a ten-minute ERF response time, eight minutes of travel time is available. The following maps depict the physical capability of SFD to assemble various concentrations of apparatus and firefighters within eight minutes of travel time. The modeled analysis shown assumes that all response units are available. Finally, for the purpose of this analysis, a full effective response force to a moderate risk structure fire is three fire engines, one ladder truck and one battalion chief, with a total complement of 14 firefighters. The following map shows the city and areas that can be reached by the apparatus that make up the target ERF. The requirement for a ladder truck and battalion chief to achieve ERF is the most significant limiter, since only two of each are available citywide. 94 Standards s of Cover S Salem Fire De epartment, Orregon Figure 62: Effe ective Respo onse Force – Apparatus R Resources vious figure illustrates th hat the city is s well resou urced with firre apparatuss within the city’s The prev central area but not as a well in the e outer perim meter. Equally important is the numberr of firefighte ers that can n arrive on tthe firegroun nd to make rapid his equipment. The following map illustrates th he potential concentratiion of firefig ghters use of th that coulld be achiev ved with the e arrival of this appara atus, based upon normal staffing levels 95 Standards s of Cover assigned d to each unit. u Salem Fire Department, Ore egon This map assum mes that bo oth ladder ttrucks are sstaffed with four personne el each. Figure 63 3: Effective Firefighting F Force F – Stafffing Resourc ces, Fully Sta affed The nextt map illustrrates the potential concentration of firefighters that could b be achieved d with the arriva al of this ap pparatus, based upon minimum m stafffing levels assigned to o each unit. This map assumes that bo oth ladder trrucks are sta affed with thrree personn nel each. 96 Standards s of Cover S Salem Fire De epartment, Orregon Figu ure 64: Effecttive Firefightting Force – Staffing S Res sources, Thre ee-Person La adder Trucks s wo maps sho ow that an adequate a force of on-du uty firefighte ers can be m mustered witthin a These tw reasonab ble timeframe in the cen ntral region but b not to the e city’s perim meter. The im mpact of red duced ladder tru uck staffing can be see en in the city y’s perimete er as well. T The analysiss in the previous maps as ssumes all apparatus are a in service and ava ailable for d dispatch. D During period ds of concurre ent calls, when some ap pparatus are e already co mmitted to o other incide ents, the abillity to achieve this t concentration of app paratus and firefighters w would be afffected. 97 Standards s of Cover Salem Fire Department, Ore egon Salem Fire F Departm ment’s actua al full effectiive responsse force perrformance fo or calendar year 2010 was s within 10 minutes, m 68 percent of th he time. The nextt map show ws all structu ure fires to which w an efffective respo onse force a arrived on sscene during th his time perio od. The ma arkers in gre een are thos e for which the 11-minu ute objective e was achieved d. The red markers m are those t structu ure fires whe ere the objective was no ot achieved. Figure F 65: Structure Fires s Meeting an nd Not Meetin ng Target 98 Standards s of Cover S Salem Fire De epartment, Orregon Second Unit Arrival Time The same group of structure s fire es was review wed to dete rmine the tim me the seco ond response e unit arrived on o the scene e. According g to the data a the second d unit arrive ed on scene within 7 min nutes 25 secon nds, 85 perc cent of the time, only 1 minute 26 sseconds, 85 percent of tthe time afte er the first unit’s s arrival. Call Con ncurrency, Reliability R and a Cancelled Respons ses When ev valuating the e effectivene ess of any re esource dep loyment plan n, it is necesssary to eva aluate the work kload of the e individual companies to determi ne to whatt extent the eir availabilitty for dispatch is affecting g the respon nse time pe erformance. In simplest terms, an engine com mpany m it to an a incident across the street from its own sta ation in four minutes iff it is cannot make unavailab ble to be dis spatched to that t incident because it iis committed d to another call. Concurre ency One way y to look at resource r wo orkload is to examine the e number off times multiple calls ha appen within the same time frame on the same day in each h station are ea. Calls du uring 2010, were d to determ mine the pe ercentage of o times mu ultiple calls occurred w within a station’s examined response e area at one time. This s is importan nt because m more calls o occurring sim multaneouslyy can stretch available a res sources and extend res sponse time s by causin ng the comm munity to re ely on more distant respond ding apparattus. Figure F 66: Ca all Concurren ncy Rates 99 Standards s of Cover Salem Fire Department, Ore egon Note thatt in most cas ses station areas a with th he highest w workload typically have th he highest ra ate of concurre ent calls. When W the reliability of a station to rrespond with hin its presccribed territo ory is lower, re esponse time performan nce for the back-up sta ation/appara atus can alsso be nega atively affected. Reliability y The ability of a fire e station’s first-due unitt(s) to resp pond to an incident witthin its assiigned e area is kn nown as unit reliability. The reliabiility analysiss is done by measuring g the response number of times res sponse unit(s) assigned d to a given n fire station in the Citty of Salem m was available e to respond to a requestt for service within that ffire station’s primary serrvice area. owing table illustrates the t number of times th he “home sttation” had a response e unit The follo available e to respond to an incide ent in its prim mary service area. y ranges from a low of 79 7 percent to o a high of 9 92 percent. Shorter travvel times result as Reliability reliability y increases. Figure F 67: Sta ation Reliabiility Rates 100 Standards s of Cover S Salem Fire De epartment, Orregon Cancelle ed Response es Sometim mes response e units are cancelled prrior to arriva al at the inccident. This can occur w when the perso on reporting g the emerge ency calls back b to the dispatch center that no o real emerg gency existed. More often n it’s when another re esponse unitt arrives an nd determines no addittional e units are needed. While cancelled d responses are unavoid dable, minim mizing them helps response improve unit reliabilitty. An unne ecessary res sponse makkes the unit unavailable for a concu urrent f service. request for ment units re espond frequ uently to ca lls for servicce that end up as canccelled Salem Fire Departm es. response Figure e 68: Unit Re esponses and d the Numbe er Cancelled Before Arriv val 101 Standards s of Cover S Salem Fire De epartment, Orregon Com mponentt G – Performan nce Obje ectives a and Perfformanc ce Me easures Dyn namics of Fire in B Buildings s Most fire es within buildings dev velop in a predictable e fashion, u unless influe enced by h highly flammable material. Ignition, orr the beginn ning of a fire e, starts the sequence o of events. Itt may veral minute es or even hours from the time o of ignition u until a flame e is visible. This take sev smoldering stage is very dange erous, espec cially during times when n people are e sleeping, since large amounts of highly toxic smoke may be generated d during this p phase. pear, the seq quence conttinues rapid ly. Combusttible materia al adjacent tto the Once flames do app eat and igniite, which in n turn heats s and ignite es other adjjacent mate erials if suffficient flame he oxygen is present. As A the objec cts burn, he eated gases accumulate e at the ceiling of the rroom. a flammablle and highly y toxic. Some of the gases are ead of the fire from this point p continu ues quickly. Soon the fla ammable gases at the cceiling The spre as well as a other com mbustible material in the e room of o origin reach ignition tem mperature. A At that point, an n event term med “flashov ver” occurs; the gases and other m material ignite, which in n turn ignites ev verything in the room. Once O flasho over occurs, damage caused by the fire is signifficant and the environment e t within the room can no longer supp port human llife. Flashove er usually oc ccurs about five to eight minutes fro rom the appearance of flame in typ pically furnished d and ventillated buildin ngs. Since e flashover has such a dramatic influence on n the outcome of a fire ev vent, the goa al of any fire e agency is to apply wa ater to a fire before flash hover occurs. e infrequentt, today’s energyAlthough h modern cod des tend to make fires in newer stru uctures more efficient construction c n (designed to t hold heatt during the winter) also o tends to co onfine the he eat of a hostile fire. In ad ddition, resea arch has sh hown that m modern furnisshings gene erally burn h hotter s (due to synthetics). 970s, scientists at the Na ational Instittute of Stand dards and T Technology ffound that after a In the 19 fire broke e out, building occupan nts had abou ut 17 minute es to escape e before being overcom me by 103 Standards of Cover Salem Fire Department, Oregon heat and smoke. Today, that estimate is as short as three minutes.6 The necessity of effective early warning (smoke alarms), early suppression (fire sprinklers), and firefighters arriving on the scene of a fire in the shortest span of time is more critical now than ever. Perhaps as important as preventing flashover is the need to control a fire before it does damage to the structural framing of a building. Materials used to construct buildings today are often less fire resistive than the heavy structural skeletons of older frame buildings. Roof trusses and floor joists are commonly made with lighter materials that are more easily weakened by the effects of fire. “Light weight” roof trusses fail after five to seven minutes of direct flame impingement. Plywood I-beam joists can fail after as little as three minutes of flame contact. This creates a dangerous environment for firefighters. In addition, the contents of buildings today have a much greater potential for heat production than in the past. The widespread use of plastics in furnishings and other building contents rapidly accelerate fire spread and increase the amount of water needed to effectively control a fire. All of these factors make the need for early application of water essential to a successful fire outcome. A number of events must take place quickly to make it possible to achieve fire suppression prior to flashover. Figure 69 illustrates the sequence of events. Figure 69: Fire Growth vs. Reflex Time 1,500 F 10 Minutes Detect Report Dispatch Turnout Respond Setup Reflex Time 6 National Institute of Standards and Technology, Performance of Home Smoke Alarms, Analysis of the Response of Several Available Technologies in Residential Fire Settings, Bukowski, Richard, et al. 104 Standards s of Cover S Salem Fire De epartment, Orregon As is apparent by th his descriptiion of the sequence s off events, ap pplication of water in tim me to prevent flashover f is a serious ch hallenge for any fire dep partment. It is critical, th hough, as studies of historic cal fire losse es can demo onstrate. P Association A found that fires conta ained to the e room of o origin The Nattional Fire Protection (typically y extinguishe ed prior to orr immediately following fflashover) ha ad significan ntly lower rattes of death, in njury, and property p loss s when com mpared to fiires that ha ad an opporrtunity to sp pread beyond the t room of origin (typica ally extinguished post-fl ashover). A As evidenced d in the follo owing table, firre losses, casualties, c s rise signifficantly as the extent of fire dam mage and deaths increases s. Figure 70 0: Fire Extens sion in Resid dential Struc ctures Consequ uence of Firre Extension n In Reside ntial Structtures 2003 - 2007 Rates perr 1,000 Fires s Average Dollar Extens sion Civ vilian Death hs Civilian n Injuries Loss Per Fire Confined d to room of origin or smaller 2.44 25 5.67 $5,317 7 Confined d to floor of origin o 16.18 72 2.79 $34,852 2 Confined d to building of origin or larger l 27.54 54 4.26 $60,064 4 Source: Na ational Fire Pro otection Association “Home Structure Fires”,, March 2010 Emerge ency Med dical Eve ent Seque ence nificant life-tthreatening medical evvent in emergency med dicine Cardiac arrest is the most sign ardiac arrest has mere minutes m in w which to rece eive lifesavin ng care if the ere is today. A victim of ca y hope for re esuscitation. to be any erican Heart Association n (AHA) issued a set of ccardiopulmo onary resusccitation guide elines The Ame designed d to streamlline emerge ency procedures for he eart attack vvictims, and to increase e the likelihood d of survival. The AH HA guidelines include goals for the applica ation of ca ardiac defibrillattion to cardia ac arrest vic ctims. val chances fall by 7 to 10 percent for every m minute betwe een collapse e and Cardiac arrest surviv equently, the e AHA recom mmends ca rdiac defibriillation within n five minuttes of defibrillattion. Conse cardiac arrest. a 105 Standards of Cover Salem Fire Department, Oregon As with fires, the sequence of events that lead to emergency cardiac care can be graphically illustrated, as in the following figure. Figure 71: Cardiac Arrest Event Sequence De te ct Re p o r t Dis p atch 100% Turnout Re s p o n d Se tu p 95% 88% Survival Percentage 80% 75% 60% 50% 40% 25% 20% 12% 6% 2% 0% 8 9 0% 1 2 3 4 5 M inute s 6 7 The percentage of opportunity for recovery from cardiac arrest drops quickly as time progresses. The stages of medical response are very similar to the components described for a fire response. Recent research stresses the importance of rapid cardiac defibrillation and administration of certain medications as a means of improving the opportunity for successful resuscitation and survival. People, Tools, and Time Time matters a great deal in the achievement of an effective outcome to an emergency event. Time, however, is not the only factor. Delivering sufficient numbers of properly trained, appropriately equipped personnel within the critical time period completes the equation. For medical emergencies this can vary based on the nature of the emergency. Many medical emergencies are not time critical. However, for serious trauma, cardiac arrest, or conditions that may lead to cardiac arrest, a rapid response is essential. Equally critical is delivering enough personnel to the scene to perform all of the concurrent tasks required to deliver quality emergency care. For a cardiac arrest, this can be up to six personnel; 106 Standards s of Cover S Salem Fire De epartment, Orregon two to pe erform CPR,, two to set up u and operrate advance ed medical e equipment, o one to recorrd the actions ta aken by eme ergency care e workers, and a one to diirect patient care. Thus, forr a medical emergency, the real tes st of perform mance is the e time it take es to provide the personne el and equip pment neede ed to deal efffectively wit h the patien nt’s condition n, not necessarily the time it takes for the first person to arrive. Fire eme ergencies arre even morre resource critical. Ag gain, the true e test of pe erformance is the time it ta akes to deliv ver sufficientt personnel to initiate ap pplication off water to a fire. This iis the only prac ctical metho od to reverse e the contin nuing interna al temperatu ure increase es and ultim mately prevent flashover. The arrivall of one pe erson with a portable radio does not provide e fire unted as “arrrival” by the fire departm ment. intervention capabilitty and should not be cou Perforrmance Statemen S nt and Go oals owing section describ bes the em mergency re esponse pe erformance levels thatt are The follo reasonab ble and achiievable for the t City of Salem. S Whe ere desired performance e is not currrently met, actu ual current performance p is described d. A commu unity’s desirred level of service is a uniquely in ndividual deccision. No ttwo communities are exac ctly alike. ce goals mu ust be tailorred to matcch commun nity expectattions, Performanc community condition ns, and the ability a to pay for the ressources neccessary to a attain the de esired level of service. s o service an nd resource allocation decisions d arre the respo onsibility of the elected d City Levels of Council. The policy y making bo ody must ca arefully bala ance the ne eeds and exxpectations of its citizenry when deciding how muc ch money to o allocate to all of the se ervices the ccity provides. For Salem th his is further complicated d by current economic co onditions. s in mind, the following g are recom mmended ass the City o of Salem fire e and life ssafety With this response e performan nce goals. These arre not leve els of servicce that mu ust be achieved immediattely but insttead are tarrgets for ach hievement w when resourrces are avvailable to do so. Later in this t report arre recommendations tha at will help to o accomplish h these goalls. 107 Standards of Cover Salem Fire Department, Oregon Overall Performance Statement Protecting lives, property, and the environment placing safety and service above all. Call-Processing Performance Goal In many areas of the country, call handling or call processing are not functions under direct control of the fire department. This is the case in Salem. SFD is provided communications and dispatch services by the Willamette Valley Communications Center, managed by the Salem Police Department (WVCC). The dispatch center is the primary Public Safety Answering Point and dispatch center for Salem fire and police, Rural Metro Ambulance, the Marion County Sheriff's Office, and the Polk County Sheriff’s Office, along with several other fire agencies in Marion and Polk counties. WVCC is managed by a communications manager, along with shift supervisors who are on duty with each shift in the center. The center uses cross-trained dispatcher/call-taker positions and dedicates at least one communications position to the dispatch function for fire and EMS. WVCC has established the following performance objectives: 1. 9-1-1 calls will be answered within 12 second, 85 percent of the time. 2. Calls will be dispatched within 30 seconds, 85 percent of the time. WVCC is meeting its dispatch time performance objective for the SFD 80 percent of the time. Turnout Time Performance Goal Turnout time is one area that the fire department has total control over and is not affected by outside influences. Turnout time, or the time between when the call is received by the response units (dispatched) and when the unit is actually en route to the scene (responding), can have dramatic effects on overall response times. Reducing this single response time component reduces total response time. A national standard7 recommends turnout time performance objectives of 80 seconds or less for structure fire response and 60 seconds or less for all other priority responses. SFD is meeting the turnout time objective for structure fires but not for other incidents. Given that turnout time is 7 National Fire Protection Association Standard 1710. 108 Standards s of Cover S Salem Fire De epartment, Orregon one area a in which fie eld personne el can improve overall re esponse time, an aggressive objecttive is recomme ended. With this in mind, the e following Turnout T Time e Performancce Objective e is recommended: 1. For F 85 perce ent of all prio ority respons ses, the Sallem Fire De epartment w will be en rou ute to th he incident in n 60 second ds or less, re egardless of incident riskk type. Distributtion Perform mance State ement (Firs st-Due Unit A Arrival) A fire de epartment’s distribution n is essentia ally the loca ation of ressources to assure an initial intervention within th he specific tim me frame identified in th he community’s perform mance goals. The ponse perfo ormance pro ovides the ffirst unit on scene with hin 6 minute es 18 SFD’s firrst due resp seconds,, 85 percent of the time. ness of firstt unit arrival will provide e clear bene efits. The fo ollowing first due Improving the timelin ance goal is recommend ded and is in accordan nce with the goal adopte ed by the S Salem performa City Council. 1. The T first resp ponse unit ca apable of iniitiating effec tive incidentt intervention n shall arrive e at a priority emerg gency within n 5 minutes 30 secondss from receip ipt of the ca all at the disp patch ce enter, 85 pe ercent of the time. Achieving g this first du ue response e goal will require a sign ificant infusion of resourrces not currrently available e and/or expe ected in the near term. Concenttration Perfo ormance Goal A fire department’s concentratio c n is the spacing of mult iple resourcces close enough togeth her so nitial “Effective Respons se Force” (ERF) for a givven risk can n be assemb bled on the sscene that an in of an em mergency witthin the spec cific time frame identifie d in the com mmunity’s pe erformance g goals for that riisk type. An initial effecttive response force is de efined as tha at which will be most like ely to stop the escalation of o the emergency. F for modera ate risk structure fires in Salem is ide entified as th he arrival of at least thre ee fire The ERF engines, one ladder truck, and one battalio on chief (14 firefighters total). This initial ERF does not nece essarily reprresent the entire e alarm assignmen t, as additio onal units m may be assiigned based on long-term m incident needs n and risks. Add ditional engiines, ladderr truck, or other 109 Standards of Cover Salem Fire Department, Oregon specialty companies are assigned to higher risk responses in order to accomplish additional critical tasks that are necessary beyond the initial attack and containment. Current performance provides this initial ERF within 12 minutes 22 seconds, 85 percent of the time. Improving the timeliness of the ERF response is very desirable given structure fire growth rates and the consequences of significant fires. The following Concentration Performance Goal is recommended. 1. For moderate or high risk incidents, the Salem Fire Department shall assemble an Effective Response Force (ERF) consisting of personnel sufficient to effectively mitigate the incident based on risk within 10 minutes from receipt of the call at the dispatch center, 85 percent of the time. 110 Standards s of Cover S Salem Fire De epartment, Orregon Co ompone ent H – Overview O w of Com mpliance e Metho odology The prec ceding sectio ons of this re eport provide e a detailed analysis of the historica al performan nce of the Salem m Fire Depa artment. In order o for this s analysis to o prove bene eficial to dep partment and d city policy ma akers, contin nued analysis should be e performed on a routine e basis. The data provid ded to the proje ect team forr analysis proved p to be e difficult to o analyze frrom the standpoint of b being consisten nt and comp plete. Future e efforts to measure m perrformance w will also be hindered by tthese issues without significant improv vement in the e data collecction processs. t a continual process s of analyzi ng and eva aluating acttual perform mance SFD is committed to o cover and will enhancce the data ccollection prrocedures off field against the adopted standards of ns personne el. Periodic review r of the e departmen nt’s records managemen nt system re eports operation will be ne ecessary to ensure e compliance and reliability off data. ance Model Complia Complian nce is best achieved through t a systematic s a approach. S Salem Fire Departmentt has identified d the followin ng six-step compliance c model. m Figure 72: Maintenanc ce of Effort C Compliance M Model Establish h/Review Perform mance Meas sure Evaluate E Perrformance Develop p Complian nce Strategie es Commu unicate Expecta ations to Organiization Validate V Co ompliance Make Adjustmen nts/ R Repeat Process 111 Standards of Cover Salem Fire Department, Oregon Step 1: Establish/Review Performance Measures Complete the initial Standards of Cover process. Conduct a full review of the performance measures every five years. This process is risk-based and evaluates whether: • Services provided are identified • Levels of service are defined • Levels of risk are categorized • Performance Objectives and Measures developed: o Distribution Measures o Concentration Measures Step 2: Evaluate Performance Performance measures are applied to actual services provided: • System level • First Due Area level • Unit level Step 3: Develop Compliance Strategies Determine issues and opportunities: • Determine what needs to be done to close identified gaps • Determine if resources can or should be reallocated • Seek alternative methods to provide service at desired levels • Develop budget estimates as necessary • Seek additional funding commitment as necessary Step 4: Communicate Expectations to Organization and Stakeholders Communicate expectations: • Explain method of measuring compliance to personnel who are expected to perform the services • Provide feedback mechanisms • Define consequences of noncompliance Train Personnel: 112 • Provide appropriate levels of training/direction for all affected personnel • Communicate consequences of noncompliance Standards s of Cover • S Salem Fire De epartment, Orregon Modify (remediate) ( internal processes, p infrastructture as nece essary to com mply application n systems, and tech hnical V Compliance Step 5: Validate Deve elop and dep ploy verificattion tools and/or techniq ques that can n be used b by divisions o of the organ nization on an a ongoing basis b to veriffy that they a are meeting the requirem ments: • • Monthly evaluation: e o Pe erformance by b Unit o Ov verall Perforrmance o Re eview of perrformance by y Division Quarterly evaluation: o Pe erformance by b Unit o Pe erformance by b First Due e o Ov verall Perforrmance o Re eview of perrformance by y Executive Managemen nt ndent valida ation and vverification ttechniques will be use ed to Deterrmine whether indepen meas sure the perfformance, and solicit extternal assisttance as neccessary. M Adjus stments/Rep peat Proces ss Step 6: Make Revie ew changes to ensure that t service levels have been mainttained or im mproved. Devvelop and implement a review prog gram to ensu ure ongoing compliance: • • Annual Review and Evaluation E o Pe erformance by b Unit o Pe erformance by b First Due e o Ov verall Perforrmance o Re eview of perrformance by y Governing Body o Ad djustment off performanc ce standardss by Governiing Body as necessary Five-Yearr Update of Standards S o Pe erformance by b Unit o Pe erformance by b First Due e o Ov verall Perforrmance o Ad doption of pe erformance measures byy Governing g Body Estab blish management proce esses to dea al with future e changes in n the SFD se ervice area. 113 Standards s of Cover S Salem Fire De epartment, Orregon Compon C ent I – Overall O Evaluati E on, Con nclusion ns, and Recom mmendattions Overalll Evaluattion The stan ndards of cov ver process based on th he CFAI Sta andards of C Cover 5th Ed dition require ed the completio on of an inte ensive analysis on all as spects of the e SFD deployyment policies. The ana alysis used varrious tools to o review historical perfo ormance, eva aluate risk, validate ressponse cove erage, and defin ne critical ta asking. The e analysis relied r on th e experiencce of staff o officers and their historicall perspective combined d with historical inciden nt data cap ptured by bo oth the disp patch center an nd the deparrtment’s in-h house record ds managem ment system.. C Served S section provided d a general o overview of the organiza ation, The Description of Community including g governance e, lines of authority, a fina ance, and ccapital and h human resou urces, as we ell as an overv view of the service s area a including population a and geograp phy served. The Revie ew of Services Provided section s deta ailed a brie ef overview of the core e services the organizzation g reso ource/asset capability a nd basic sta affing complements. D During provides based on general ectations an nd Performa ance Goals, it was dete ermined tha at the the Review of Community Expe h expectation ns of the de epartment, fe felt generallyy positive ab bout its servvices, community had high c partticularly as it has to d do with emergency me edical and shared certain areas of concern services.. An overv view of comm munity risk was w provided d to form the e basis for th he department’s develop pment of mitiga ation plans. Geospatial characteristtics, topogra aphic and w weather riskks, transporttation network risks, physic cal assets, and critical infrastructurre were revviewed and d developed into a v nt that identified medica al incident n non-structure fires, stru ucture hazard vulnerability assessmen fires, and d rescues as a the prima ary risks within the com mmunity. As a factor off risk, comm munity populatio ons and dem mographics are evaluatted against historic and d projected service dem mand. Except fo or the past two t years, population p has increase ed. Service demand has increased over time. Evaluatin ng risk using g advanced geographic c information n systems ((GIS) provid ded an incre eased understanding of com mmunity risk k factors, which can lead d to an impro oved deployment policy.. 115 Standards of Cover Salem Fire Department, Oregon During the analysis of service level objectives, critical tasking assignments were completed for incident types ranging from a basic medical emergency to a high risk structure fire. Critical tasking required a review of on-scene staffing capability to mitigate the effects of an emergency. These tasks ultimately determine the resource allocation necessary to achieve a successful operation. The results of the analysis indicate that a moderate risk structure fire required 14 personnel, including command and assistants. The Review of Historical System Performance evaluated each component of the emergency incident sequence. Total response time included a number of components such as call processing, turnout, and travel. Beyond the response time of the initial arriving units, the additional components of concentration and effective response force, reliability, call concurrency, and resource drawdown were evaluated. Call processing time at 34 seconds, 85 percent of the time is excellent. Turnout time is good at within 64 seconds, 85 percent of the time. Decreasing nighttime turnout times is an opportunity to reduce overall incident time. Travel times to actual incidents are currently within 5 minutes 8 seconds, 85 percent of the time. Distance from existing fire stations is not the issue impeding performance. Other factors are in play, keeping response units from providing timely response such as unit availability, traffic, and units being away from their home areas. Travel time modeling was conducted, using computer modeling, to evaluate engine and truck responses using four minutes as the maximum travel time for the first arriving engine. The modeling indicated that the station locations regularly staffed provide coverage of 91.9 percent of requests for service within a four-minute travel time. Overall response time (received to arrival) at the 85th percentile is within 6 minutes 43 seconds, 85 percent of the time. This exceeds the department’s performance goal of within 5 minutes 30 seconds, 85 percent of the time. Concentration is measured by the ability of the department to assemble a certain number of apparatus and personnel within a pre-determined amount of time. Historical data indicate that 116 Standards s of Cover S Salem Fire De epartment, Orregon the depa artment has been able to t assemble e three engin nes, one lad dder truck, a and one batttalion chief (14 firefighters)) within 12 minutes m 22 se econds, 85 p percent of th he time. Historical reliability is defined as the probability thatt the requirred amountt of staffing g and apparatu us will be ava ailable when n an emerge ency call is rreceived. An nalysis indica ates that as calls for service increase e, overlapping calls be ecome incre easingly freq quent. The SFD is alrready ous concurre ent response es. experiencing numero 117 Standards of Cover Salem Fire Department, Oregon Recommendations During the course of this study a number of issues, concerns, and opportunities were identified. The following recommendations are intended to accomplish two primary objectives: 1. Improve service delivery with no or minimal expenditure of funds. 2. Identify service level improvement opportunities that can be implemented as funding becomes available. The recommendations are described as performance improvement goals and should be implemented as funding allows. Each will improve the Salem Fire Department’s ability to provide effective service to the community. Performance Improvement Goal A Improve turnout times so that initiation of response occurs within 1 minute 30 seconds from time of dispatch, 85 percent of the time. National guidance sets a target of within 60 seconds or less, 90 percent of the time to initiate response (turnout time). This is the time period between when dispatchers notify response personnel of the incident and when response crews begin travel towards the location. SFD’s current turnout time performance is 52 seconds longer. The SFD should explore opportunities to shorten turnout times. This could include station layout modifications, training, and others. Response personnel performance must also be addressed. Fire department management should regularly prepare information indicating current performance by response crews. Performance expectations should be reinforced and periodic monitoring conducted to determine if improvements are being made and sustained. Response personnel must make serious efforts to improve their turnout time performance for the benefit of the community. 118 Standards s of Cover S Salem Fire De epartment, Orregon Performance Impro ovement Go oal B Reduce incident tra avel time There arre several opportunities to improv ve travel tim mes, the lo ongest phasse of the ovverall response e continuum. Implemen ntation will no ot be easy b but should b be given stro ong considerration as a serv vice delivery improvement opportuniity. Respons ses Cancelle ed En Route Salem Fire F Departm ment respon nse units ex xperience a an high num mber of ressponses tha at are cancelled d prior to th he response e unit’s arrival. While some leve el of cancelled responsses is expected d, the numbe er experienc ced by SFD is contributin ng to reduce ed unit reliab bility. r un nit is assigne ed to an inciident it is no ot available ffor a subseq quent reque est for Once a response service. If the first in ncident resu ults in a cancelled respo onse, the se econd incide ent experiencces a longer than necessary travel time e from a more distant sttation. A complete review of cancelled d response history sho ould be und dertaken to determine if the o cancelled responses can c be reduced. number of Closest Unit U Dispatch h Technolog gy osest Many de epartments across a the country c have e implementted technolo ogy that enssures the clo available e response unit is sen nt to an emergency. e This tech hnology inco orporates g global positionin ng systems on fire apparatus linked to the disspatch cente er’s compute er-aided disp patch system. When a call c is receiv ved at the dispatch d ce nter, the incident’s location is insttantly n of every available ressponse unit. Travel times are com mputer compared to the acttual location calculate ed and the closest unit se elected for dispatch. d Im mplementatio on of this sysstem require es: • Dispatch D center compute er software capable c of th his function. • Street S inform mation for us se in the sys stem that in ncludes data a points req quired to con nduct “c closest unit analysis”. a • Global G positio oning equipm ment installe ed on fire ap pparatus (SF FD has already installed d this equipment). nities that ha ave impleme ented this te echnology ha ave realized d significant improvemen nts in Commun response e times and d emergenc cy event ou utcomes. Shift comm manders are e able to b better 119 Standards of Cover Salem Fire Department, Oregon redistribute response resources to ensure effective city-wide response coverage. The Salem Fire Department is working to implement this technology. Performance Improvement Goal C Plan for future fire station locations to accommodate the city’s growth and development. As noted in previous sections, response workload will continue to increase within the current service area boundaries. To compound the issue, the city’s boundaries are intended to change in the coming years. This will increase the geographic size of the fire department’s service area and the number of people it serves. This will also mean an increase in response workload. SFD has recently built and opened two new fire stations, Station 10 and Station 11. These additions provided significant improvement to response coverage in both the West Salem area and east Salem. With the addition of Station 10, the SFD is well positioned to serve urban growth area along the city’s eastern boundary. However, two other areas deserve consideration for new fire stations at some point in the future. Fire Station 12 The Mill Creek Employment Center (north and south of Aumsville Highway east of Cordon Rd.) is a cooperative venture between the City of Salem and the State of Oregon. This area is slated for significant industrial development, including warehousing, manufacturing, and miscellaneous supporting uses. Infrastructure to support this level of development is largely in place and the land is being actively marketed to prospective developers. Surrounding the Mill Creek area is a significant inventory of vacant land zoned for residential and commercial use. The following map shows the proposed location for the Cordon Road/Aumsville Highway station (Station 12), adjacent stations, incident locations during 2010 and four-minute travel coverage from the proposed location. 120 Standards s of Cover S Salem Fire De epartment, Orregon 2 there were w 947 incidents with hin the Statiion 12 cove erage area. The numb ber of During 2006 response es by type is s shown in th he following table. Figure 73: Incidents s by Type – S Station 12 A Area Incident Ty ype Emerg gency medic cal Structu ure fire Other fire Other incident Total 2010 678 9 19 241 947 121 Standards of Cover Salem Fire Department, Oregon Response time performance to priority incidents was calculated and is shown in the following table. Responses times are significantly longer than the City Council defined response time goal Figure 74: Response Time by Incident Type – Station 12 Area Incident Type Emergency medical Structure fire Response Time at 85th percentile 8 min 45 sec 9 min 55 sec Percentage of Incidents Meeting Council Goal 35% 8% The exact scope and scale of ultimate development is not certain nor is the expected service population easily defined. Three properties have developed in this area the past couple of years. Sanyo constructed and is operating a silicone slug manufacturing facility, FedEx has built a freight facility, and Home Depot constructed a 500,000-square foot distribution center. The specific development that occurs in the future will determine the nature and number of emergency responses. However, it is reasonable to anticipate that future workload will increase significantly. Predictable response increases, combined with this location’s ability to provide second due support to the Fire Station 6, 9, and 10 response areas, will make this station and response company a valuable addition to the SFD deployment system. Fire Station 13 The following map shows the proposed location for the River Road/Homestead Road station (Station 13), adjacent stations, incident locations during 2010, and the four-minute travel coverage area for Station 13. 122 Standards s of Cover S Salem Fire De epartment, Orregon The population within the statio on’s service e area is ap pproximatelyy 1,762, bassed on the 2000 Census. Responses s during 2010 within the River Roa ad station se ervice area are summa arized below. Figure 75: Incidents s by Type – S Station 13 A Area Incident Ty ype Emerg gency medic cal Structu ure fire Other fire Other incident Total 2010 173 4 2 88 267 123 Standards of Cover Salem Fire Department, Oregon Emergency incident response times to this area rarely meet the Council’s response time goal. The table below summarizes response time for priority incidents for 2010. Figure 76: Response Time by Incident Type – Station 13 Area Incident Type Emergency medical Structure fire Response Time at 85th Percentile 8 min 54 sec 7 min 48 sec Response activity and workload is closely tied to population. Percentage of Incidents Meeting Council Goal 49% 13% South Salem is expected to experience significant development activity and corresponding population growth in the coming years. Some of this development will occur within the River Road station “first-due” service area. The development potential within the station’s service area is shown in the following table. The area’s zoning is a mix of rural/agricultural (RA), single-family residential (RS), and public amusement (PA). Figure 77: Land Inventory – Station 13 Area Land Type Total acreage within station service area Less: Acreage within designated flood area Less: Area zoned as Public Amusement Less: 50% of area with slopes in excess of 25%8 Less: Street right-of-way Less: Land already developed Net Developable Land Acres 3,200 1,342 218 113 174 329 1,024 Potential development density and how population growth would affect emergency response workload are shown in the next table. The analysis assumes all 1,024 developable acres would be developed at the densities listed. 8 Only a portion of land with slopes greater than 25% will be developable. It is assumed that 50% could be developed through re-grading and retention 124 Standards s of Cover S Salem Fire De epartment, Orregon Figure 78 8: Developme ent Potential – Station 13 3 Area Units s perr acre e 5 4 3 2 Potential dwelling units 5,120 4,0 096 3,0 072 2,0 048 Ne ew population at a 2.5 persons per p househo old 12,800 10,240 7,680 5,120 Exis sting T Total popu lation pop pulation 1 ,762 1 14,562 1 ,762 1 12,002 1 ,762 9,442 1 ,762 6,882 T Total potential responses s 1,238 1,020 803 585 u that development densities of five units per acre wo ould be achieved given sslope It’s very unlikely and othe er constraints s. A more re easonable assumption iss three unitss per acre. sponse activ vity at three e units per acre a is estim mated at 80 03 incidentss per year. This Total res quantity of responses, by itself, would w not ju ustify the add dition of a firre station, sttaffing, and other ed costs. However, H response time es will not i mprove unle ess responsse resourcess are associate located more m closely y to the area. e at which de evelopment of this area will occur c annot be acccurately pre edicted. A va ariety The pace of influen nces, such as a the overa all health off the econom my, will imp pact growth. The population growth projection used for the Salem S Transp portation Syystem Maste er Plan for so outh Salem is 58 percent between b the years 1993 3 and 2015, and a 40 perccent for the ccity as a who ole. Applyin ng the 58 perce ent figure to the existing g figures pro ojects that p opulation w within the Sta ation 13 area will increase to 2,784 by y the year 20 015. Respo onse activity for this pop pulation is fo orecast to be e 237 s. incidents usion, it’s un nlikely that re esponse wo orkload crea ated by futurre developm ment will drivve the In conclu addition of the River Road statio on. Addressing the curre ently existing g response time problem m will p motivation for a future inv vestment in fire station facility, app paratus, and d the be the primary ongoing cost of staffiing. 125 Standards s of Cover S Salem Fire De epartment, Orregon Co omponen nt J – Ap ppendic ces, Exh hibits, an nd Attac chments s Appendix A – Haza ard Vulnerability A Analysis STRU UCTURE FIRES SEVERITY Y = (MAGNITUDE - MITIGATION) PROBABIL LITY HUMAN IMPACT PROPERTY IMPACT BU USINESS I IMPACT AREDPREPA NES SS L INTERNAL RESPONSE E EXTERNAL RESPONSE Lik elihood this ur will occu Possibility of death or injury Physical losses and damages Intteruption of services nning Preplan Time, effectivness, resouces Community/ Mutual Aid staff and supplies Relative threat* 0 = N/A 1 = Low ate 2 = Modera 3 = High 0 = N/A 1= Low 2 = Moderate 3 = High 0 = N/A 1 = Low 2 = Moderate 3 = High 0 = N/A 1 = Low 2 = Moderate 3 = High N 0 = N/A 1 = Hig gh 2 = Mod derate 3 = Low or o none 0 = N/A 1 = High 2 = Moderate 3 = Low or none e 0 = N/A 1= High 2 = Moderate 3 = Low or none 0 - 100% EVE ENT SCO ORE RISK Moderate Risk R Urban 1 3 2 3 1 1 1 20% High Riskk Urban 1 3 3 3 1 1 1 22% Moderatte Risk Suburrban 2 3 2 2 1 1 1 37% High Risk Suburban S 1 3 2 2 1 1 1 19% Moderate Risk R Rural 2 3 3 2 1 2 2 48% High Ris k Rural 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0% Low Ris k Rural 1 3 2 1 1 2 2 20% AVERAGE E SCORE 1.14 2.57 2.00 1.86 0.8 86 1.14 1.14 20% NON-ST TRUCTURE FIR RES SEVER RITY = (MAGNITUD DE - MITIGATION) PROB BABILITY HUMAN N IMPACT T PROPERTY IMPACT BUSINESS IMPACT PRE EPAREDN NESS INTERN NAL RESPON NSE EXTERNAL RESPONSE Lik eliihood this willl occur Possibility of death or inju ury Physical losses and damages Interuption of services Pre eplanning Time,, effectivne ess, resouce es Community/ Mutual Aid stafff and supplies Relative threat* 0 = N/A N 1= L ow 2 = Moderate M 3 = High H 0 = N/A 1= Low 2 = Modera ate 3 = High 0 = N/A 1= Low 2 = Moderate 3 = High 0 = N/A 1 = Low 2 = Moderate 3 = High 0 = N/A 1= High 2 = Moderate M 3 = Lo ow or none 0 = N/A A 1= High h 2 = Moderrate 3 = Low or none n 0 = N/A 1 = High 2 = Moderate 3 = Low or none 0 - 100% High Ris k Urban 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11% Moderate e Risk Urban 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11% Low Risk k Urban 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11% Urban/W Wildland Interface e 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11% 1 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 11% EV VENT SC CORE AVERAG GE SCORE RISK 127 Standards of Cover Salem Fire Department, Oregon EMS-MEDICAL ASSISTS SEVERITY = (MAGNITUDE - MITIGATION) PROBABILITY EVENT Lik elihood this will occur HUMAN IMPACT RISK PROPERTY IMPACT BUSINESS IMPACT PREPAREDNESS INTERNAL RESPONSE EXTERNAL RESPONSE Possibility of Physical losses death or injury and damages Interuption of services Preplanning Time, effectivness, resouces Community/ Mutual Aid staff and supplies Relative threat* 0 = N/A 1 = Low 2 = Moderate 3 = High 0 = N/A 1 = High 2 = Moderate 3 = Low or none 0 = N/A 1 = High 2 = Moderate 3 = Low or none 0 = N/A 1= High 2 = Moderate 3 = Low or none 0 - 100% 0 = N/A 1= Low 2 = Moderate 3 = High 0 = N/A 1 = Low 2 = Moderate 3 = High 0 = N/A 1 = Low 2 = Moderate 3 = High High Risk 1 3 0 0 1 1 1 11% Moderate Risk 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 30% Low Risk 3 1 0 0 1 1 1 22% RISK SCORE RESCUE SEVERITY = (MAGNITUDE - MITIGATION) PROBABILITY EVENT Lik elihood this will occur PROPERTY IMPACT BUSINESS IMPACT PREPAREDNESS INTERNAL RESPONSE EXTERNAL RESPONSE Possibility of Physical losses death or injury and damages Interuption of services Preplanning Time, effectivness, resouces Community/ Mutual Aid staff and supplies Relative threat* 0 = N/A 1 = Low 2 = Moderate 3 = High 0 = N/A 1 = High 2 = Moderate 3 = Low or none 0 = N/A 1 = High 2 = Moderate 3 = Low or none 0 = N/A 1= High 2 = Moderate 3 = Low or none 0 - 100% 0 = N/A 1= Low 2 = Moderate 3 = High 0 = N/A 1 = Low 2 = Moderate 3 = High 0 = N/A 1 = Low 2 = Moderate 3 = High Rescue - MVA 3 3 1 0 1 1 1 39% Rescue - Structural Collapse 1 3 3 3 1 1 1 22% Rescue - Trench 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 15% Rescue - Low/High Angle 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 15% Rescue - Confined Space 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 15% Rescue - Swiftwater 2 3 0 0 1 1 1 22% Rescue - Stillwater 2 3 0 0 1 1 1 22% Rescue - Ice 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0% SCORE Rescue - Other AVERAGE 128 HUMAN IMPACT 1 2 0 0 2 2 2 15% 1.33 2.56 0.78 0.67 1.00 1.00 1.00 17% Standards s of Cover S Salem Fire De epartment, Orregon HAZARD DOUS MATERIA ALS SEVER RITY = (MAGNITUD DE - MITIGATION) PROB BABILITY HUMAN IMPACT PROPERTY IMPACT BUSINESS IMPACT PRE EPAREDN NESS INTERN NAL RESPON NSE EXTERNAL RESPONSE Lik elih hood this will occur Possibility of o death or injurry Physical losses and damages Interuption of services Pre eplanning Time, effectivne ess, resouce es Community/ Mutual Aid stafff and supplies Relative threat* 0 = N/A /A 1= Lo ow 2 = Moderate M 3 = Hiigh 0 = N/A 1= Low 2 = Moderate e 3 = High 0 = N/A 1= Low 2 = Moderate 3 = High 0 = N/A 1= High 2 = Moderate M 3 = Lo ow or none 0 = N/A 1= High h 2 = Moderrate 3 = Low or none n 0 = N/A 1= High 2 = Moderate 3 = Low or none 0 - 100% High Risk k Hazmat Urban 1 3 3 3 1 1 1 22% Moderate e Risk Hazmat - Urban 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 33% k Hazmat Low Risk Urban 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 33% k Hazmat High Risk Suburban n 1 3 3 3 1 1 1 22% Moderate e Risk Hazmat - Suburba an 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 33% Low Risk k Hazmat Suburban n 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 22% High Risk k Hazmat Rural 1 3 3 3 1 1 1 22% Moderate e Risk Hazmat - Rural 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 17% k Hazmat Low Risk Rural 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 9% 1.44 2.11 2.11 2.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 25% EV VENT SC CORE AVE ERAGE 0 = N/A 1= Low 2 = Moderate 3 = High RISK NATURALLY Y OCCURRING EVENTS E SEVERITY Y = (MAGNITUDE - MITIGATION) PROBABILITY HUMAN IMPACT PROPERTY IMPACT BUSINESS I IMPACT PREPA AREDNES SS INTERNAL L RESPONSE E EXTERNAL RESPONSE Lik elihood this will occu ur Possibility of death or injury Physical losses and damages Interuption of services Preplan nning Time, effectivness, resouces Community/ Mutual Aid staff and supplies Relative threat* 0 = N/A 1= Low 2 = Modera ate 3 = High 0 = N/A 1 = Low 2 = Moderate 3 = High 0 = N/A 1= Low 2 = Moderate 3 = High 0 = N/A 1= Low 2 = Moderate 3 = High 0 = N/A N 1= Hig gh 2 = Mod derate 3 = Low or o none 0 = N/A 1 = High 2 = Moderate 3 = Low or none e 0 = N/A 1= High 2 = Moderate 3 = Low or none 0 - 100% EVE ENT SCO ORE RISK Hurriccane 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0% Torn nado 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 20% Sevvere Thunde erstorm 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 33% Snow w Fall 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 17% Blizzzard 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 17% Ice Storm 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 17% quake Earthq 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 44% Tidal Wave W 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0% Tempe erature Extre emes 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 17% Drou ught 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 17% Flood, External E 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 41% Wild Fire 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 17% Landslide 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 17% undation Dam Inu 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 17% Volccano 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 17% Epide emic 1 2 0 2 2 2 2 19% AVERAGE E SCORE 1.06 1.00 1.00 1.13 75 1.7 1.75 1.75 16% 129 Standards of Cover Salem Fire Department, Oregon TECHNOLOGIC EVENTS SEVERITY = (MAGNITUDE - MITIGATION) PROBABILITY HUMAN IMPACT PROPERTY IMPACT BUSINESS IMPACT PREPAREDNESS INTERNAL RESPONSE EXTERNAL RESPONSE Lik elihood this will occur Possibility of death or injury Physical losses and damages Interuption of services Preplanning Time, effectivness, resouces Community/ Mutual Aid staff and supplies Relative threat* 0 = N/A 1= Low 2 = Moderate 3 = High 0 = N/A 1= Low 2 = Moderate 3 = High 0 = N/A 1= Low 2 = Moderate 3 = High 0 = N/A 1 = Low 2 = Moderate 3 = High 0 = N/A 1= High 2 = Moderate 3 = Low or none 0 = N/A 1= High 2 = Moderate 3 = Low or none 0 = N/A 1 = High 2 = Moderate 3 = Low or none 0 - 100% Electrical Failure Generator Failure 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 17% 17% Transportation Failure 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 17% Fuel Shortage Natural Gas Failure 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 17% 17% EVENT SCORE RISK Water Failure 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 17% Sewer Failure 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 17% Steam Failure 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 19% Fire Alarm Failure Communications Failure 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 17% 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 17% Medical Gas Failure 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 17% 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 17% 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 17% 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 17% 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 17% Flood, Internal 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 17% Hazmat Exposure, Internal 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 17% Supply Shortage 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 17% Structural Damage 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 17% 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.05 2.00 2.00 2.00 17% Medical Vacuum Failure HVAC Failure Information Systems Failure Fire, Internal AVERAGE SCORE HUMAN RELATED EVENTS SEVERITY = (MAGNITUDE - MITIGATION) PROBABILITY EVENT Lik elihood this will occur RISK PROPERTY IMPACT BUSINESS IMPACT PREPAREDNESS INTERNAL RESPONSE EXTERNAL RESPONSE Possibility of Physical losses death or injury and damages Interuption of services Preplanning Time, effectivness, resouces Community/ Mutual Aid staff and supplies Relative threat* 0 = N/A 1 = Low 2 = Moderate 3 = High 0 = N/A 1 = High 2 = Moderate 3 = Low or none 0 = N/A 1 = High 2 = Moderate 3 = Low or none 0 = N/A 1= High 2 = Moderate 3 = Low or none 0 - 100% 0 = N/A 1= Low 2 = Moderate 3 = High 0 = N/A 1 = Low 2 = Moderate 3 = High 0 = N/A 1 = Low 2 = Moderate 3 = High Mass Casualty Incident (trauma) 1 3 3 3 1 1 1 22% Mass Casualty Incident (medical/infectious) 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 15% Terrorism 1 3 3 3 2 2 2 28% VIP Situation 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 17% Infant Abduction 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 17% Hostage Situation 1 3 1 1 2 2 2 20% Civil Disturbance 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 20% Labor Action 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 19% Forensic Admission 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 17% Bomb Threat 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 17% 1.00 1.70 1.60 1.60 1.80 1.80 1.80 19% SCORE AVERAGE 130 HUMAN IMPACT Standards s of Cover S Salem Fire De epartment, Orregon Appendix A x B – Sale em Fire Departme D ent Comp pared to O Others The follo owing charts s provide a comparison of the Sale em Fire Dep partment to other simila ar fire service agencies. a Comparable e informatio on is derive ed from sevveral source es including g the National Fire Protecttion Associattion and the U. S. Censu us Bureau. Comparrison of Firres per 1,0 000 Population 20.0 14.7 15.0 10.0 5.3 4.4 5.0 2.5 2 2.3 2.1 0.0 Comparison Off Fire Loss Per Capita a $40 $35 $30 $33 $34 $25 $28 $20 $15 $10 $5 $0 age Regional Avera Na ational Avera age Salem 131 Standards of Cover Salem Fire Department, Oregon Comparison of Incidents per 1,000 Population 200.000 160.606 150.000 105.957 98.113 100.000 63.889 63.636 46.429 50.000 0.000 Comparison of Fire Protection Spending per Capita $175.00 $160.55 $150.00 $143.82 $125.00 Oregon Average Salem Source: U.S. Census Bureau Local Government Spending by Function. The local government data are from a sample of local governments and, as such, are subject to sampling variability. 132 Standards s of Cover S Salem Fire De epartment, Orregon Comparison n of Paid Fiirefighters per p 1,000 Po opulation 1.4 1.29 1.2 1 0.93 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 Regional Med ian N National Media an Salem Comparison of Fix xed and Mo obile Reso ources 14 12 12 12 1 11 11 10 8 6 4 3 2 2 0 Station ns Figures aree derived from n national median resource rrates per thousaand population Pumpers s National Median M Aerials Salem m 133 Standards s of Cover Salem Fire Department, Ore egon Appendix C – Firre Station n Descrip ptions em Fire Dep partment Sttation 1 Sale 370 Trade Street SE Builtt in 1971, this two-story 12,204 squ are foot hea adquarters fire station con sists of eigh ht drive-throu ugh bays. Thiss fire station has recently been com mpletely remodeled and is located in n the downtown ccore. This building is loca ated on the C City Hall pro operty. 134 De esign: Modern fire sttation with a bove averag ge amenitiess for staff an nd operation ns. Co onstruction n: Ty ype I, cast in n place conccrete constru uction with a flat built up membrane roof reported tto be in good d condition. Recent re emodel includes seismicc accomodattions to withsstand a 7.0 magnitude ea arthquake. S Station also has emerge ency ge enerator pow wer with eno ough power ffor the entire e station. Sa afety: Bu uilding is loc cally monitorred for smokke. En nvironmentt: No o issues notted. Co ode Compliiance: No o issues notted. Sttaff Facilitie es: Ad dequate spa ace for workiing on or aro ound appara atus and ad dequate spa ace provided d for living, eating, and hygiene. Effficiency: No o issues notted. Standards s of Cover S Salem Fire De epartment, Orregon Sale em Fire Dep partment Sttation 2 875 Madison S Street SE Builtt in 1977, this single sto ory, 6,378 squ are foot fire station conssists of four drivve four drive--through and d one back in a apparatus ba ay. This facility has rece ently been re emodeled fo or modern eartthquake stan ndards and is located in a re esidential are ea. De esign: Medium aged d fire station with average amenities for staff and d op perations. Co onstruction n: Ty ype III, brick k constructio n with modiffied gable ro oof and co omposition shingles. s Re ecent remod del includes sseismic ac ccomodation ns to withsta and a 7.0 ma agnitude earrthquake. Sttation also has h emergen ncy generato or power with h enough po ower for the entire statio on. Sa afety: Bu uilding is loc cally monitorred for heat a and smoke. En nvironmentt: No o issues notted. Co ode Compliiance: No o issues notted. Sttaff Facilitie es: Ad dequate spa ace for workiing on or aro ound appara atus and ad dequate spa ace provided d for living, eating, and hygiene. Effficiency: No o issues notted. 135 Standards s of Cover Salem Fire Department, Ore egon Sale em Fire Dep partment Sttation 3 1884 4 Lansing A Avenue NE ory, 4,887 Builtt in 1970, this single sto squ are foot fire station conssists of four drivve-through apparatus ba ays. This faci lity has rece ently been re emodeled for mod dern earthqu uake standards and is loca ated in a ressidential area a. 136 De esign: Medium aged d fire station with average amenities for staff and d op perations. Co onstruction n: Ty ype III, wood d framed con nstruction w with a gable rroof that hass co omposition shingles. s Re ecent remod del includes sseismic ac ccomodation ns to withsta and a 7.0 ma agnitude earrthquake. Sttation also has h emergen ncy generato or power with h enough po ower for the entire statio on. Sa afety: Bu uilding is loc cally monitorred for smokke. En nvironmentt: No o issues notted. Co ode Compliiance: No o issues notted. Sttaff Facilitie es: Ad dequate spa ace for workiing on or aro ound appara atus and ad dequate spa ace provided d for living, eating, and hygiene. Effficiency: No o issues notted. Standards s of Cover S Salem Fire De epartment, Orregon Sale em Fire Dep partment Sttation 4 200 Alice Stree et SE Builtt in 1974, this single sto ory, 6778 squ are foot fire station conssists of four drivve-through and one backk in double dee ep apparatuss bay. This ffacility has rece ently been re emodeled fo or modern eartthquake stan ndards and is located in a re esidential are ea. De esign: Medium aged d fire station with average amenities for staff and d op perations. Co onstruction n: Ty ype III, brick k constructio n with modiffied gable ro oof and co omposition shingles. s Re ecent remod del includes sseismic ac ccomodation ns to withsta and a 7.0 ma agnitude earrthquake. Sttation also has h emergen ncy generato or power with h enough po ower for the entire statio on. Sa afety: Bu uilding is loc cally monitorred for heat a and smoke. En nvironmentt: No o issues notted. Co ode Compliiance: at is being ussed as a bed droom doesn n’t have a One room tha se econdary me eans of egre ess. This roo om was added on during g a building rem model in 199 6. This issu ue will be addressed du uring the 201 11/2012 bud dget year. Sttaff Facilitie es: Ad dequate spa ace for workiing on or aro ound appara atus and ad dequate spa ace provided d for living, eating, and hygiene. Effficiency: No o issues notted. 137 Standards s of Cover Salem Fire Department, Ore egon Sale em Fire Dep partment Sttation 5 152 0 Glen Cree ek Road NW W Builtt in 2008, this single sto ory 10,481 squ are foot fire station conssists of eightt drivve-through apparatus ba ays. This buil ding is locatted in a resid dential area.. 138 De esign: Brrand new fire e station witth above ave erage ameniities for stafff an nd operation ns. Co onstruction n: Ty ype V, wood d framed con nstruction wiith a gable ro oof and co omposition shinges. s Inccludes seism mic accomodations to withstand a 7.0 magnitude e earthquakke. Station a also has em mergency ge enerator pow wer with eno ough power ffor the entire e sttation. Sa afety: Bu uilding is 100% sprinkle red and mon nitored exterrnally for he eat and smo oke. En nvironmentt: No o issues notted. Co ode Compliiance: No o issues notted. Sttaff Facilitie es: Ad dequate spa ace for workiing on or aro ound appara atus and ad dequate spa ace provided d for living, eating, and hygiene. Effficiency: No o issues notted. Standards s of Cover S Salem Fire De epartment, Orregon Sale em Fire Dep partment Sttation 6 274 0 25th Stree et SE Builtt in 1966, this single sto ory, 4087 squ are foot fire station conssists of three e drivve-through apparatus ba ays. This fire e stattion is locate ed on the gro ounds of the e Sale em Airport a and is an ind dustrial area.. Thiss location alsso houses th he Training and d EMS divisio ons in a adjo oining buil ding along w with the Fire Training Tow wer. This fire e station hass recently bee en completely remodeled d. De esign: Medium aged d fire station with average amenities for staff and d op perations. Co onstruction n: ype III, maso onary block construction n, flat roof with built up Ty membrane. Recent R remo odel includess seismic ac ccomodation ns to withsta and a 7.0 ma agnitude earrthquake. Sttation also has h emergen ncy generato or power with h enough po ower for the entire statio on. Sa afety: Bu uilding is loc cally monitorred for smokke. En nvironmentt: No o issues notted. Co ode Compliiance: No o issues notted. Sttaff Facilitie es: Ad dequate spa ace for workiing on or aro ound appara atus and ad dequate spa ace provided d for living, eating, and hygiene. Effficiency: No o issues notted. 139 Standards s of Cover Salem Fire Department, Ore egon Sale em Fire Dep partment Sttation 7 502 1 Liberty Ro oad S Builtt in 2008, this single sto ory 10,481 squ are foot fire station conssists of eightt drivve-through apparatus ba ays. This buil ding is locatted in a resid dential area.. 140 De esign: Brrand new fire e station witth above ave erage ameniities for stafff an nd operation ns. Co onstruction n: Ty ype V, wood d framed con nstruction wiith a gable ro oof and co omposition shinges. s Inccludes seism mic accomodations to withstand a 7.0 magnitude e earthquakke. Station a also has em mergency ge enerator pow wer with eno ough power ffor the entire e sttation. Sa afety: Bu uilding is 100% sprinkle red and mon nitored exterrnally for he eat and smo oke. En nvironmentt: No o issues notted. Co ode Compliiance: No o issues notted. Sttaff Facilitie es: Ad dequate spa ace for workiing on or aro ound appara atus and ad dequate spa ace provided d for living, eating, and hygiene. Effficiency: No o issues notted. Standards s of Cover S Salem Fire De epartment, Orregon Sale em Fire Dep partment Sttation 8 400 0 Lancaster Drive NE Builtt in 1977, this single sto ory, 10,289 squ are foot fire station conssists of four drivve-through apparatus ba ays. Salem Fire e Departmen nt occupies 1 1,585 square e feett of space an nd shares an nother 1,282 2 squ are feet of liiving space. This buil ding is home e to two diffe erent fire eng gines from diifferent fire d departmentss and d the main ho ome of the ffire prottection progrram of the lo ocal com mmunity colle ege. De esign: Medium aged d fire station with average amenities for staff and d op perations. Co onstruction n: ype III, brick k constructio n with a flat roof with a b built up Ty membrane. Sa afety: Bu uilding is 100% sprinkle red and mon nitored exterrnally for he eat and smo oke. En nvironmentt: No o issues notted. Co ode Compliiance: No o issues notted. Sttaff Facilitie es: Ad dequate spa ace for workiing on or aro ound appara atus and ad dequate spa ace provided d for living, eating, and hygiene. Effficiency: No o issues notted. 141 Standards s of Cover Salem Fire Department, Ore egon Sale em Fire Dep partment Sttation 9 508 0 Battlecree ek Road SE E Builtt in 1982, this two-story,, 4,000 squ are foot fire station conssists of three e bacck in apparattus bays. Th his facility hass recently be een remodele ed for mod dern earthqu uake standards and is loca ated in a ressidential area a. 142 De esign: Medium aged d fire station with average amenities for staff and d op perations. Co onstruction n: ype V, wood d framed with h gable rooff and composition Ty sh hingles. Inclludes seism ic accomoda ations to withstand a 7.0 0 magnitude ea arthquake. S Station also has emerge ency ge enerator pow wer with eno ough power ffor the entire e station. Sa afety: Bu uilding is 100% sprinkle red and mon nitored exterrnally for he eat and smo oke. En nvironmentt: No o issues notted. Co ode Compliiance: No o issues notted. Sttaff Facilitie es: Ad dequate spa ace for workiing on or aro ound appara atus and ad dequate spa ace provided d for living, eating, and hygiene. Effficiency: No o issues notted. Standards s of Cover S Salem Fire De epartment, Orregon Sale em Fire Dep partment Sttation 10 361 1 State Stre eet Builtt in 2008, this single sto ory 10481 squ are foot fire station conssists of eightt drivve-through apparatus ba ays. This buil ding is locatted in a resid dential area.. De esign: Brrand new fire e station witth above ave erage ameniities for stafff an nd operation ns. Co onstruction n: ype V, wood d framed con nstruction wiith a gable ro oof and Ty co omposition shinges. s Inccludes seism mic accomodations to withstand a 7.0 magnitude e earthquakke. Station a also has mergency ge enerator pow wer with eno ough power ffor the entire e em sttation. Sa afety: Bu uilding is 100% sprinkle red and mon nitored exterrnally for he eat and smo oke. En nvironmentt: No o issues notted. Co ode Compliiance: No o issues notted. Sttaff Facilitie es: Ad dequate spa ace for workiing on or aro ound appara atus and ad dequate spa ace provided d for living, eating, and hygiene. Effficiency: No o issues notted. 143 Standards s of Cover Salem Fire Department, Ore egon Sale em Fire Dep partment Sttation 11 197 0 Orchard H Heights Roa ad NW Builtt in 2008, this single sto ory 10,481 squ are foot fire station conssists of eightt drivve-through apparatus ba ays. This buil ding is locatted in a resid dential area.. 144 De esign: Brrand new fire e station witth above ave erage ameniities for stafff an nd operation ns. Co onstruction n: Ty ype V, wood d framed con nstruction wiith a gable ro oof and co omposition shinges. s Inccludes seism mic accomodations to withstand a 7.0 magnitude e earthquakke. Station a also has em mergency ge enerator pow wer with eno ough power ffor the entire e sttation. Sa afety: Bu uilding is 100% sprinkle red and mon nitored exterrnally for he eat and smo oke. En nvironmentt: No o issues notted. Co ode Compliiance: No o issues notted. Sttaff Facilitie es: Ad dequate spa ace for workiing on or aro ound appara atus and ad dequate spa ace provided d for living, eating, and hygiene. Effficiency: No o issues notted. Standards s of Cover S Salem Fire De epartment, Orregon Append dix D – Re esponse Performa ance by U Unit and Shift The follo owing is an analysis a of re esponse performance b by unit and sshift for all p priority respo onses during 20 010. This is s useful to review both actual achiievement off response o objectives and to evaluate individual crew perform mance. Reac ction Time 85th 8 Percentile in Seconds Average A Rea action Time e Drive T Time 85th P Percentile E1 A Shifft 60 Sec conds or below Over 60 6 Seconds B Shifft 60 Sec conds or below Over 60 6 Seconds C Shifft 60 Sec conds or below Over 60 6 Seconds 96.5 51.61% 48.39% 110 27.17% 72.83% 125.5 26.51% 73.49% 64.5 56 4 m, 12 s 75.7 79 4 m, 55 s 86.7 74 4 m, 30 s A Shifft 60 Sec conds or below Over 60 6 Seconds B Shifft 60 Sec conds or below Over 60 6 Seconds C Shifft 60 Sec conds or below Over 60 6 Seconds 91 67.02% 32.98% 90.5 64.30% 35.70% 103 61.76% 38.24% 54.8 87 4 m, 16 s 53.2 21 5 m, 12 s 59.7 70 4 m, 57 s A Shifft 60 Sec conds or below Over 60 6 Seconds B Shifft 60 Sec conds or below Over 60 6 Seconds C Shifft 60 Sec conds or below Over 60 6 Seconds 91 53.72% 46.28% 96.5 59.66% 40.34% 82 66.67% 33.33% 61.11 4 m, 49 s 60.13 4 m, 43 s 53.0 00 4 m, 48 s E2 E3 145 Standards of Cover Reaction Time 85th Percentile in Seconds Salem Fire Department, Oregon Average Reaction Time Drive Time 85th Percentile E4 A Shift 60 Seconds or below Over 60 Seconds B Shift 60 Seconds or below Over 60 Seconds C Shift 60 Seconds or below Over 60 Seconds 104.5 52.60% 47.40% 96.5 51.45% 48.55% 94.5 57.59% 42.41% 66.87 5 m, 45 s 64.04 5 m, 38 s 61.85 5 m, 7 s A Shift 60 Seconds or below Over 60 Seconds B Shift 60 Seconds or below Over 60 Seconds C Shift 60 Seconds or below Over 60 Seconds 81 66.55% 33.45% 105 52.52% 47.48% 105.5 55.84% 44.16% 52.43 5 m, 14 s 65.70 5 m, 30 s 63.70 5 m, 9 s A Shift 60 Seconds or below Over 60 Seconds B Shift 60 Seconds or below Over 60 Seconds C Shift 60 Seconds or below Over 60 Seconds 116.5 47.66% 52.34% 105.5 35.83% 64.17% 99.5 36.44% 63.56% 70.79 5 m, 53 s 74.08 4 m, 56 s 71.34 5 m, 26 s E5 E6 146 Standards s of Cover Reac ction Time 85th 8 Percentile in Seconds S Salem Fire De epartment, Orregon Average A Rea action Time e Drive T Time 85th P Percentile E7 A Shifft 60 Sec conds or below Over 60 6 Seconds B Shifft 60 Sec conds or below Over 60 6 Seconds C Shifft 60 Sec conds or below Over 60 6 Seconds 106 41.40% 58.60% 93 61.01% 38.99% 116 37.10% 62.90% 70.6 65 5 m, 11 s 56.7 75 6 m, 3 s 77.4 41 5 m, 41 s A Shifft 60 Sec conds or below Over 60 6 Seconds B Shifft 60 Sec conds or below Over 60 6 Seconds C Shifft 60 Sec conds or below Over 60 6 Seconds 84 68.14% 31.86% 96 51.57% 48.43% 105 52.94% 47.06% 50.6 67 6 m, 7 s 65.7 74 5 m, 35 s 66.6 69 6 m, 6 s A Shifft 60 Sec conds or below Over 60 6 Seconds B Shifft 60 Sec conds or below Over 60 6 Seconds C Shifft 60 Sec conds or below Over 60 6 Seconds 102 47.59% 52.41% 106.5 48.10% 51.90% 101.5 47.86% 52.14% 67.5 59 6 m, 47 s 69.0 08 6 m, 9 s 66.8 85 6 m, 32 s E8 E9 147 Standards of Cover Reaction Time 85th Percentile in Seconds Salem Fire Department, Oregon Average Reaction Time Drive Time 85th Percentile E10 A Shift 60 Seconds or below Over 60 Seconds B Shift 60 Seconds or below Over 60 Seconds C Shift 60 Seconds or below Over 60 Seconds 83 64.63% 35.37% 106 46.46% 53.54% 116.5 37.12% 62.88% A Shift 60 Seconds or below Over 60 Seconds B Shift 60 Seconds or below Over 60 Seconds C Shift 60 Seconds or below Over 60 Seconds 92.5 52.15% 47.85% 104 57.14% 42.86% 76.5 70.95% 29.05% A Shift 60 Seconds or below Over 60 Seconds B Shift 60 Seconds or below Over 60 Seconds C Shift 60 Seconds or below Over 60 Seconds 93.5 46.59% 53.41% 90 51.90% 48.10% 121.5 35.62% 64.38% 54.06 5 m, 60 s 70.01 5 m, 34 s 77.48 6 m, 17 s 59.31 5 m, 57 s 62.98 6 m, 23 s 50.21 5 m, 47 s 68.11 6 m, 28 s 55.10 7 m, 23 s 75.03 9 m, 10 s E11 L2 148 Standards s of Cover Reac ction Time 85th 8 Percentile in Seconds S Salem Fire De epartment, Orregon Average A Rea action Time e Drive T Time 85th P Percentile L4 A Shifft 60 Sec conds or below Over 60 6 Seconds B Shifft 60 Sec conds or below Over 60 6 Seconds C Shifft 60 Sec conds or below Over 60 6 Seconds 111 32.08% 67.92% 107.5 30.77% 69.23% 124.5 36.54% 63.46% 77.9 98 8 m, 41 s 76.18 8 m, 27 s 77.4 48 6 m, 54 s 149 Corporate Offices 25200 SW Parkway Avenue, Suite 3 Wilsonville, Oregon 97070 800.757.3724 Eastern Region Office 249 Normandy Road Mooresville, North Carolina 28117 704.660.8027 © Copyright 2011. 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