Occupational mortality in England and Wales, 1991–2000 David Coggon E Clare Harris

Occupational mortality in England
and Wales, 1991–2000
David Coggon1
E Clare Harris1
Terry Brown2
Simon Rice2
Keith T Palmer1
MRC Epidemiology Resource Centre, University of Southampton, UK
Mathematical Sciences Unit, Health and Safety Laboratory, Buxton, UK
1
2
ISBN 978-1-85774-696-9
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© Crown copyright 2009
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Contents
Occupational Mortality in England and Wales, 1991–2000
Contents
Page
Introduction
6
Methods
6
Limitations
7
Commentary on main findings
9
Diseases that are largely or totally specific to occupational exposures
10
Infectious diseases
11
Disorders related to alcohol and drugs
11
Other cancers
12
Metabolic disorders
14
Degenerative neurological disorders
14
Cardiovascular disease
14
Respiratory disease
15
Gastrointestinal disease
15
Renal disease
16
Injury and poisoning
16
References 17
Tables (all relate to England and Wales,
1991–2000)
19
Table 1: Job groups with potential exposure to asbestos and PMRs in excess of
Table 1: 100 for cancer of the pleura, cancer of the peritoneum or asbestosis –
Table 1: men aged 16–74
20
Table 2: Job groups with potential exposure to asbestos and PMRs in excess of
able 1: 100 for cancer of the pleura or peritoneum – women aged 16–74
21
Table 3: Job groups with high mortality from coal workers’ pneumoconiosis,
Table 1: silicosis and other pneumoconiosis – men aged 16–74
21
Table 4: Job groups with mortality from byssinosis – men and women aged
16–74
21
Table 5: Job groups with high mortality from viral hepatitis or HIV/AIDS/
Table 1: immunodeficiency – men aged 16–74
22
Table 6: Job groups with high mortality from viral hepatitis or HIV/AIDS/
Table 1: immunodeficiency – women aged 16–74
22
Table 7: Job groups with high mortality from tuberculosis –
Table 1: men and women aged 16–74
22
3
Contents
Occupational Mortality in England and Wales, 1991–2000
Page
Table 8: Job groups with high mortality from diseases caused by
Table 1: alcohol – men and women aged 16–74
23
Table 9: Job groups with high mortality from drug dependence and accidental
Table 1: poisoning by drugs – men aged 16–74
24
Table 10: Mortality from cancer of the stomach in coal miners and rubber
Table 1:0 manufacturers – men aged 16–74
24
Table 11: Mortality from cancer of the nose and nasal sinuses in
Table 1:0 leather, textile and wood workers and electroplaters – men
Table 1:0 and women aged 16–74
24
Table 12: Mortality from cancer of the bronchus in occupations with high
Table 1:0 mortality from asbestos–related diseases or
Table 1:0 silicosis – men aged 16–74
25
Table 13: Occupations with high mortality from melanoma of the skin –
Table 1:0 men and women aged 16–74
25
Table 14: Occupations with high mortality from non–melanoma cancer of the
Table 1:0 skin – men aged 16–74
26
Table 15: Mortality from cancers of the breast, cervix, body of uterus and
Table 1:0 ovary – women aged 16–74
26
Table 16: Job groups with high mortality from cancer of the renal
Table 1:0 parenchyma – men aged 16–74
26
Table 17: Mortality from cancer of the brain in electrical occupations –
Table 1:0 men aged 16–74
27
Table 18: Mortality from lymphatic and haematopoietic cancer,
Table 1:0 aplastic anaemia and agranulocytosis in teachers –
Table 1:0 men and women aged 16–74
27
Table 19: Mortality from diabetes in textile workers and occupations
Table 1:0 concerned with the manufacture and repair of clothing –
Table 1:0 men and women aged 16–74
27
Table 20: Mortality from degenerative neurological disease in teachers –
Table 1:0 men and women aged 16–74
28
Table 21: Mortality from motor neuron disease in occupations with
Table 1:0 high death rates from injury by electric current – men aged 16–74
28
Table 22: Job groups with the highest PMRs for Ischaemic heart disease –
Table 1:0 men and women aged 16–74 (PMRs ≥113)
28
Table 23: Mortality from ischaemic heart disease in textile workers and
Table 1:0 occupations concerned with the manufacture and repair of
Table 1:0 clothing – men and women aged 16–74
29
Table 24: Mortality from pneumonia in occupations entailing exposure
Table 1:0 to metal fume – men aged 16–64 and 65–74
29
Table 25: Mortality from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and
Table 1:0 cancer of the bronchus in occupations exposed to coal mine
Table 1:0 dust, silica dust and metal fume – men aged 16–74
30
Table 26: Mortality from asthma in bakers and electrical or electronic
Table 1:0 assemblers – men and women aged 16–74
30
Table 27: Mortality from hernia, volvulus and diverticular disease
Table 1:0 in farmers – men and women aged 16–74
4
30
Occupational Mortality in England and Wales, 1991–2000
Contents
Page
Table 28: Mortality from glomerulonephritis and renal failure in occupations
Table 1:0 involving exposure to silica – men aged 16–74
30
Table 29: Mortality from accidents related to work – men aged 16–64
31
Table 30: Mortality from accidents related to work – women aged 16–59
35
Table 31: Job groups with high mortality from suicide – men and
Table 1:0 women aged 16–74
36
Table 32: Job groups with high mortality from homicide –
Table 1:0 men and women aged 16–74
36
Appendix 1: Grouping of causes of death
37
Appendix 2: Definition of job groups
43
Appendix 3: Differences in classification
Appendix 3: of job groups from last
Appendix 3: Decennial Supplement
51
5
Introduction
Introduction
Occupational Mortality in England and Wales, 1991–2000
This Report describes an analysis of mortality by occupation in England and Wales
during 1991–2000. It follows on from previous analyses of occupational mortality
that have been published periodically for more than 150 years, initially in Registrar
General’s Decennial Supplements, and most recently (for the period 1979–90) jointly
by the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys and the Health and Safety
Executive1.
The report sets out the sources of data that were used, the methods of analysis, and
the limitations that must be taken into account when interpreting the results of the
analysis.
It then describes the most salient findings. Supplementary tables showing the number
of deaths by cause in all occupation groups for men and women are available on the
Office for National Statistics Website:
www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/product.asp?vlnk=1624
Methods
Sources of data
Analysis was based on all deaths in England and Wales during 1991–2000 at ages
16–74 years. For each death, information was extracted from the death certificate on
the sex, age at death, underlying cause of death and last full-time occupation of the
deceased. Causes of death were coded to the ninth revision of the International
Classification of Diseases (ICD), and occupations to the Standard Occupational
Classification 1990 (SOC 90)2. Social class, classified to nine categories, was derived
from the last full-time job according to a standard algorithm3.
Grouping of causes of death
For the purpose of this analysis, underlying causes of death were grouped into 226
categories (Appendix 1). These diagnostic categories were chosen according to their
known or potential relevance to occupational causation, and were identical to those
analysed in the 1979–90 Decennial Supplement1, except that a) cancer of the scrotum
was defined as an additional category and b) account was taken of the introduction
in 1993 of a new diagnostic code for HIV/AIDS. Previously, HIV/AIDS had been coded
under the heading of immunodeficiency (ICD 279.1). A new diagnostic category was
therefore defined as HIV/AIDS/immunodeficiency.
Grouping of occupations
Occupational codes were aggregated into 181 job groups (Appendix 2), in a way that
aimed to distinguish occupations that might differ importantly from each other in
their exposures to work-related causes of mortality. Thus discrimination between
manual occupations was more detailed than for office jobs, many of which were
combined to form larger categories. The job groups defined were very similar to those
examined in the 1979–90 Decennial Supplement, but modifications were required
where the SOC 90 classification amalgamated some occupations that previously had
been coded separately. For example, previously there had been a separate code for
masons, but in SOC 90, masons were included in a larger occupational category in
6
Occupational Mortality in England and Wales, 1991–2000
Introduction
combination with bricklayers. Appendix 3 gives further detail of the main differences
between the job groups examined in the current analysis and those analysed in
1979–90. Deaths for which no occupation was recorded or the job reported was
inadequately described were excluded from further analysis. This left a total of
1,202,888 deaths in men and 408,152 deaths in women that were used to examine
the relation of occupation to cause of death.
Association of occupation with cause of death
Associations of cause of death with occupation were characterised by proportional
mortality ratios (PMRs) with associated 95 per cent confidence intervals (95%CIs). All
PMRs were standardised for age in five-year bands, and most were standardised also
for social class. Each PMR was calculated as a ratio (expressed as a percentage) of total
observed to expected numbers of deaths for the cause of death and job group of
interest, where the expected number of deaths was derived as follows. For each
stratum of the variable(s) of adjustment, the total number of deaths in the job group
was multiplied by the proportion of all deaths that were from the relevant cause in all
job groups combined, to give a stratum-specific expected number of deaths. These
stratum-specific expected numbers were then summed across all strata to give the
total number of expected deaths.
Confidence intervals for PMRs were based on the Poisson distribution, and PMRs for
which the 95 per cent confidence interval excluded 100 were deemed statistically
significant.
Unless otherwise stated, the PMRs presented in this report are for ages 16–74 years
and are adjusted for social class as well as for age. This is to reduce confounding by
effects of non-occupational risk factors, not only on the cause of death under analysis,
but also on mortality from all causes combined (which provided the denominator for
the PMR). An exception was made for the armed forces, which formed a separate
social class category made up of just this job group, and for which standardisation by
social class would be meaningless. PMRs for the armed forces were adjusted only for
age. Other exceptions were made for causes of death for which any impact of
occupation was likely to be fairly immediate (for example, injuries). For these causes,
PMRs are presented for deaths at normal working ages (16–64 years in men and
Limitations
16–59 years in women).
The methods used had a number of important limitations that must be taken into
account when results are interpreted.
Data on cause of death
Analysis was based on the underlying cause of death as recorded on the death
certificate. It was therefore able to provide little information about diseases that are
rarely fatal. Moreover, where associations were found with diseases that do not
consistently lead to death, the possibility must be considered that occupation was
related not to development of the disease, but to whether the disease was fatal when
it occurred. A further problem is that diagnoses as recorded on death certificates are
not always accurate. Usually, errors in diagnosis would be expected to obscure true
differences between occupations, but if, for example, diagnostic misclassification were
geographically heterogeneous (perhaps because of the practice of a local coroner), it
7
Introduction
Occupational Mortality in England and Wales, 1991–2000
could give rise to spurious associations with occupations that were more common in
those parts of the country where the diagnosis was more likely to be made.
Data on occupation
The occupational information that was used related to the deceased person’s last
full-time job. However, for deaths from chronic diseases, other jobs undertaken earlier
in the decedent’s career may sometimes have been more relevant. Thus, for example,
four of the 36 deaths from farmers’ lung disease were in job groups other than
farmers, presumably because the individuals concerned had moved from farming to
other work after the onset of their illness. In addition, it has long been recognised that
inaccuracies occur in the reporting of occupation on death certificates4. Sometimes the
relative who registers the death does not give a sufficiently specific description of the
job (for example, referring to a toolmaker as an engineer), and sometimes the status of
the deceased person’s job is inflated (such as a self-employed shopkeeper being
reported as a company director). In a PMR analysis, misclassification of this kind would
normally tend to obscure true effects of occupation rather than to generate spurious
associations.
Use of PMRs
Analysis was based on PMRs because no satisfactory data were available on the
occupational populations at risk over the course of the study period, and therefore
death rates by occupation could not be calculated. A disadvantage of the method used
is that the PMR of a job group for a specific cause depends not only on its death rate
from the cause in question, but also on its death rate from all causes combined. Thus,
for example, teachers might have a high proportion of deaths from multiple sclerosis
not because they are unusually susceptible to the disease, but because they do not die
so frequently as other occupations from other causes of death. Spurious effects on
PMRs of this type are particularly liable to occur where a job group differs importantly
from the average in its mortality from the most common causes of death.
In the current analysis, the most common causes of death in men were ischaemic
heart disease (29.1% of all deaths), cancer of the bronchus (10.0%) and other
cerebrovascular disease (5.4%). For these three causes of death combined, PMRs by
job group varied from 52 to 119, suggesting that PMRs from other causes could be
influenced quite importantly by total death rates in certain occupations. In women the
most common causes of death were ischaemic heart disease (16.7%), cancer of the
breast (10.2%) and cancer of the bronchus (8.3%), and PMRs for these three causes
combined ranged from 0 to 275.
Chance findings
To assist the reader, all PMRs based on more than one observed death, with a 95 per
cent confidence interval that excluded 100 are highlighted in the tabulated results.
However, the analysis examined more than 40,000 combinations of cause of death
and job group, and even if there were no underlying differences in mortality by
occupation, many associations would be expected to achieve statistical significance
simply by chance. Thus, when interpreting findings, it is important to consider the
plausibility of associations in the context of what is known from earlier analyses and
from other sources. Most statistically significant associations that were found
unexpectedly are likely to have occurred by chance.
8
Commentary on Main Findings
Commentary on
Main Findings
Commentary on Main Findings
Occupational Mortality in England and Wales, 1991–2000
Diseases that are largely or totally
specific to occupational exposures
Pneumoconioses other than asbestosis
Diseases caused by asbestos
relevant dusts and high mortality from coal workers’
Cancers of the pleura and peritoneum (mesotheliomas) are
be expected, most cases of coal workers’ pneumoconiosis
strongly related to asbestos exposure, and the large majority of
occurred in face-trained coal miners (28 cases) and other coal
cases are attributable to exposures in the workplace.
miners (423), but a further 47 deaths were in other job groups.
Asbestosis, by definition, is always caused by asbestos, and
These additional cases are likely to have occurred in men who
results from exposures of a magnitude that normally occurs
moved from underground coal mining to other occupations
only occupationally. Table 1 shows findings for male job groups
after the onset of their disease.
with potential exposure to asbestos in which the PMR for at
least one of the three diseases shown was greater than 100.
Together, these occupations accounted for 175 (47%) of the
total of 365 deaths from peritoneal cancer that were recorded
over the study period, 1645 (57%) of all deaths from pleural
Table 3 gives findings for male job groups with exposure to
pneumoconiosis, silicosis or other pneumoconiosis. As would
Death from silicosis was much less common than from coal
workers’ pneumoconiosis, with a total of 50 deaths, of which
27 (54%) were in the job groups listed in Table 3. The job
group with the largest excess of cases was mine (excluding
cancer and 201 (61%) of all asbestosis deaths. The occurrence
coal) and quarry workers (13 deaths v 0.2 expected).
of cases in other job groups may be explained by occasional
A total of 98 deaths in men were ascribed to other
exposure to asbestos in occupations other than those listed,
pneumoconiosis. However, the highest PMRs for this cause of
changes of occupation during the interval between exposure to
death were in occupations that also had high mortality from
asbestos and death, and, in the case of mesotheliomas, disease
coal workers’ pneumoconiosis or silicosis, suggesting diagnostic
unrelated to asbestos or caused by non-occupational exposures
misclassification, perhaps because the specific type of
to the mineral.
pneumoconiosis was not recorded on the death certificate.
The job groups accounting for the largest numbers of deaths
Only two deaths from pneumoconioses other than asbestosis
from asbestos-related disease were carpenters, production
were observed in women. Both were in ceramics casters (one
fitters, electricians, plumbers and gas fitters, and construction
from silicosis and the other from other pneumoconiosis).
workers not elsewhere classified (nec). However, as during
1979–901, the relative frequency of the three diseases differed
by occupation with, for example, PMRs for peritoneal cancer,
pleural cancer and asbestosis of 568, 157 and 450 in
construction workers nec as compared with 178, 262 and 219
in carpenters. These differences, which cannot plausibly be
attributed to chance, may be explained by differences in
exposure-response relationships for the diseases, in
combination with differences in the proportions of the job
groups exposed at different levels5.
Table 2 shows female job groups with potential exposure to
asbestos in which the PMR for either cancer of the peritoneum
Extrinsic allergic alveolitis
Of 34 deaths from farmers’ lung disease among men, 31 (91%)
were in farmers and three in other job groups (presumably
because of changes in occupation following development of
the disease). Farmers also had excess mortality from other and
unspecified extrinsic allergic alveolitis (three deaths, PMR 289,
95% CI 60–844), perhaps because a diagnosis of farmers’ lung
disease was not always fully specified on the death certificate.
The only two deaths from farmers’ lung disease in women
were in farmers.
or cancer of the pleura was greater than 100. Together, these
Byssinosis
occupations accounted for 12 (8%) of all deaths from
Byssinosis is a chronic, asthma-like narrowing of the airways,
peritoneal cancer and 38 (13%) of all deaths from pleural
caused by inhalation of dust formed by cotton, flax, hemp, or
cancer in women. The lower proportions of deaths in exposed
jute.
jobs than among men reflects a lower frequency of exposure
to asbestos in the types of job that women have most
commonly undertaken. There were only eight deaths from
asbestosis in women (four in other labourers and one each in
laboratory technicians, machine tool operators, construction
workers nec, and other transport and machinery operatives).
10
Deaths from byssinosis occurred only in job groups related to
textile manufacture (the job group, "other labourers", includes
unskilled workers in the textile industry) (Table 4). The number
of deaths from byssinosis was substantially lower than for the
period 1979-901.
Occupational Mortality in England and Wales, 1991–2000
Commentary on Main Findings
Infectious diseases
explained by hazards in the workplace. In some cases (for
Blood-borne and sexually transmitted infections
excess mortality may reflect differences in nutrition and lifestyle
example, caterers, cooks and kitchen porters), the observed
Table 5 shows mortality from viral hepatitis and HIV/AIDS/
or a relatively high prevalence of migrant workers from
immunodeficiency in male occupations in which the PMR for
countries in which tuberculosis is more common than in the
one or both of these causes of death was significantly elevated.
UK. In others, the excesses may have occurred by chance. It is
There was substantial variation in mortality from HIV/AIDS/
notable that mortality was not significantly increased in health
immunodeficiency by occupation, with particularly high PMRs
care workers such as doctors and nurses, who may be exposed
in hairdressers (71 deaths, PMR 918, 95%CI 717–1160) and
to sources of tuberculosis in the course of their work.
tailors and dressmakers (7 deaths, PMR 918, 95%CI 369–
1890). Several of the job groups with increased mortality from
HIV/AIDS/immunodeficiency also had high PMRs for viral
hepatitis, most notably literary and artistic occupations (27
deaths, PMR 249, 95%CI 164–362), caterers (23 deaths, PMR
Disorders related to alcohol and
drugs
Alcohol-related causes of death
387, 95%CI 245–580) and cooks and kitchen porters (24
Table 8 shows findings for eight categories of disease that are
deaths, PMR 511, 95%CI 327–760). Two job groups (doctors
known to be caused by consumption of alcohol, and also for
and aircraft flight deck officers) had significantly elevated
deaths from falls on the stairs, which in the last decennial
mortality from viral hepatitis but not from HIV/AIDS/
analysis of occupational mortality was noted to be more
immunodeficiency.
frequent in occupations with high PMRs for alcohol-related
Table 6 summarises the corresponding findings for women.
Increased mortality from HIV/AIDS/immunodeficiency was
again seen in literary and artistic occupations (10 deaths, PMR
281, 95%CI 135–517) and tailors and dressmakers (4 deaths,
PMR 804, 95%CI 219–2060), and there was also an excess of
deaths in hospital porters and ward orderlies that fell just short
of statistical significance (15 deaths, PMR 177, 95%CI 99–291).
However, there was a deficit of deaths among female
hairdressers (3 observed v 4.8 expected). Nor was there any
clear excess of deaths from viral hepatitis among female
doctors (1 death observed v 0.6 expected).
diseases1. Job groups are included in the table if they had
significantly elevated PMRs for at least three of the eight
disease categories. As in 1979–901, there was increased
mortality from almost all of the causes of death examined in
male seafarers, publicans and bar staff, caterers, and cooks and
kitchen porters, and also in female publicans and bar staff.
Several factors are likely to have contributed to the high rates
of alcohol-related mortality in these occupations. Jobs in the
catering industry may selectively attract higher consumers of
alcohol, as well as providing easy access to alcoholic drinks.
Some jobs may expose workers to a culture of drinking when
they are off-duty, as is probably the case with seafarers. In
Blood-borne infectious diseases are an occupational hazard in
addition, publicans and bar staff may be directly encouraged to
certain jobs, especially in health care. However, most of the
drink alcohol while at work (for example, to be sociable with
marked variation in mortality between job groups is likely to
customers who offer to buy them drinks). Some of the
have been driven by non-occupational factors. While the excess
diseases, especially cancers of the oral cavity, pharynx and
mortality from viral hepatitis in male doctors could be a
larynx, are also caused by smoking, and the high PMRs for
consequence of occupationally acquired infection, another
these disorders may have been influenced by higher than
possibility is that it reflects infections acquired early in life
average use of tobacco as well as alcohol. Interestingly,
among doctors who have migrated to the UK from countries
associations were less clear and consistent for cancer of the
where hepatitis infection is more prevalent.
oesophagus and pancreatitis than for the other causes of
death, suggesting that at a population level, the fractions of
Tuberculosis
these diseases attributable to alcohol are smaller.
Table 7 shows occupations in which PMRs for tuberculosis were
significantly elevated in either men or women. A higher than
Abuse of drugs
expected mortality from tuberculosis in male mine (not coal)
Table 9 lists male job groups with significantly elevated PMRs
and quarry workers was also observed during 1979-90 , and is
for both drug dependence and accidental poisoning by drugs
probably a consequence of occupational exposure to silica. The
(no female job group had significantly elevated mortality for
PMR for silicosis was markedly elevated in this job group
both of these causes of death). The high PMR for drug-related
(Table 3), and tuberculosis is a recognised complication of
deaths in literary and artistic occupations possibly reflects a
silicosis. The other associations in Table 7 are unlikely to be
culture of drug abuse in some sections of the job group. The
1
11
Commentary on Main Findings
Occupational Mortality in England and Wales, 1991–2000
high PMRs among labourers and several trades in the
problem is illustrated by Table 12, which shows PMRs for
construction industry may be more a consequence of selective
bronchial cancer in male job groups with high mortality from
recruitment into these occupations, with men who abuse drugs
asbestos-related diseases (a significantly elevated PMR for at
tending to take casual employment.
least two of cancer of the peritoneum, cancer of the pleura
Other cancers
Cancer of the stomach
and asbestosis), and for miners (not coal) and quarry workers,
who had by far the highest mortality from silicosis (PMR 7720
based on 13 deaths). While four of the job groups (metal plate
workers, scaffolders, welders and construction workers nec)
There are no well-established occupational causes of stomach
had significantly high PMRs for cancer of the bronchus, PMRs
cancer, but high rates of the disease have previously been
were significantly lower than expected in two others
reported in coal miners and rubber manufacturers. In the
(carpenters and electricians). Because of this, it is not possible
current analysis, there was no increased mortality from
to draw any strong conclusions from the data that were
stomach cancer in rubber workers, but PMRs were moderately
analysed about the impact of occupational carcinogens on
elevated in coal miners (Table 10).
rates of bronchial carcinoma.
Cancer of the nose and nasal sinuses
Melanoma of skin
Sino-nasal cancer is a recognised hazard of occupational
Skin melanoma is related to sunlight exposure, with rates
exposure to wood dust (especially dust from hardwoods used
among white-skinned people highest at lower latitudes.
in the manufacture of furniture), dust from vegetable tanned
However, previous research has not found consistently elevated
leather (used to make the soles and heels of welted boots and
rates of melanoma in outdoor as compared with indoor
shoes), and some nickel compounds. In addition a link has
occupations, and it has been hypothesised that exposures early
been proposed previously with inhalation of textile dust6,7.
in life and/or intermittent high intensity exposures may be more
Table 11 shows mortality from the disease in occupations in
relevant to risk than lifetime cumulative exposure. Table 13
which these exposures are most likely to occur. Elevated PMRs
shows job groups with significantly elevated PMRs for skin
were observed in carpenters, and especially in cabinet makers
melanoma in men and women. As expected, outdoor
(who tend to work more with hardwoods than carpenters).
occupations are not unusually prominent, but it is notable that
There was also a significantly elevated PMR in female spinners
aircraft flight deck officers, who had significantly elevated
and winders, but not in other textile jobs either in men or
mortality from melanoma in 1979–90 (8 deaths, PMR 384,
women. No clear excesses of mortality were apparent in
95%CI 166–757), again had high mortality from the disease
leather and shoe workers, electroplaters or welders.
(12 deaths, PMR 245, 95%CI 127–429). High rates of
Cancer of the bronchus
melanoma in pilots and aircrew have been reported in several
other studies8-10, and it has been suggested that their exposure
Various occupational exposures have been shown to cause
to cosmic radiation could be a contributing factor. Otherwise,
bronchial carcinoma, including asbestos, polycyclic aromatic
the findings for skin melanoma do not point to occupational
hydrocarbons, silica, chrome pigments, various nickel
hazards.
compounds and bischloromethyl ether (BCME). However, most
exposure to these agents has been at relatively low levels (with
Non-melanoma skin cancer
correspondingly low relative risks). Where higher exposures
Non-melanoma skin cancer is only rarely fatal, and this limits
have occurred, they have been limited to only a small
the information about its incidence and causes that can be
proportion of workers in any one job group, causing associated
obtained from analyses of occupational mortality. Like
increases in risk to be diluted. For example, some laggers have
melanoma, it is caused by exposure to sunlight. However, the
had high exposure to asbestos, but these individuals make up
four male job groups with significantly elevated PMRs for
only a small part of the job group, construction workers nec.
non-melanoma skin cancer (Table 14) were all predominantly
Because cancer of the bronchus is a relatively common cause of
death, even a small increase in relative risk (a PMR of 110, say),
if caused by an occupational exposure, could represent a
substantial attributable burden of disease. However, such small
increases in relative risk may be obscured by other differences
between job groups, for example in smoking habits. The
12
indoor occupations. Two of them (literary and artistic
occupations and caterers) also had elevated mortality from HIV/
AIDS/immunodeficiency, and it is possible that their high PMRs
for non-melanoma skin cancer can be explained by skin
tumours secondary to HIV infection. No female job groups had
significantly elevated PMRs for the disease.
Occupational Mortality in England and Wales, 1991–2000
Female reproductive cancers
Commentary on Main Findings
years. This suggests that despite the substitution of harmful oils
Table 15 shows job groups in which PMRs were significantly
high or low for at least two of cancers of the breast, cervix,
uterine body and ovary. In general, among the occupations
listed, mortality from breast cancer correlated positively with
that from cancers of the uterine body and ovary, and inversely
with that from cancer of the cervix, but there were a few
exceptions. Thus, nurses had low PMRs for all four diseases,
and in tailors and dressmakers, the PMR for cancer of the
uterine body was significantly less than 100 while those for
breast and ovarian cancers were significantly elevated. For the
most part, these patterns of mortality are likely to reflect
differences in lifestyle. In particular, both breast and ovarian
cancer are associated with later age at first pregnancy11–12,
while cervical cancer is associated with earlier age at first sexual
activity13. Some studies have suggested an increased risk of
breast cancer from shift work, but the low PMR for breast
cancer in nurses gives no support to a hazard of this sort.
In the last decennial supplement, it was noted that female
farmers had a significantly low PMR for breast cancer but a
significantly high PMR for ovarian cancer . In the current
1
analysis, this unusual pattern was repeated, although it was not
quite so marked. The PMR for breast cancer was 92 (95%CI
82–103) based on 318 deaths, while that for ovarian cancer
was 110 (95%CI 93–130) based on 141 deaths. The reasons for
this apparent anomaly are unclear.
by non-carcinogenic alternatives, a few cases of the disease
continue to occur as a consequence of earlier exposures.
Urothelial cancer
In the past, there was a high risk of urothelial cancer from
occupational exposure to carcinogenic aromatic amines in the
dyestuffs industry and in rubber manufacture. When the
hazard was demonstrated in the 1950s, the compounds that
were most clearly implicated were prohibited, but there has
been continuing concern about several other aromatic amines
that have remained in use in the chemical industry. In the
current analysis, mortality from urothelial cancer in rubber
workers was unremarkable (27 deaths, PMR 106, 95%CI
70-154), but in chemical workers it was somewhat elevated
(123 deaths, PMR 124, 95%CI 103-148).
Cancer of the renal parenchyma
Although not firmly established, a link has been suggested
between renal cancer and organic solvents such as
trichloroethylene16. Table 16 shows male job groups with
significantly elevated PMRs for cancer of the renal parenchyma.
They include several engineering occupations that entail
exposure to machine oils, and possibly also to solvents. Among
other occupations with high exposure to organic solvents,
printers had relatively high mortality (80 deaths, PMR 123,
95%CI 98–153), but painters had fewer deaths than expected
from the disease (156 deaths, PMR 90, 95%CI 77–106).
Cancer of the prostate
There are no established occupational causes of prostatic
Cancer of the eye
cancer, but a number of studies have indicated unusually high
In the last decennial supplement, high mortality from cancer of
rates in farmers, and suggested a possible association with
the eye was noted in cabinet makers and carpenters1. However,
exposure to one or more pesticides . The PMR for prostate
there was no excess of deaths from cancer of the eye among
cancer in farmers in the current analysis was 114 (95%CI
woodworkers in the current analysis, suggesting that the earlier
108–121) based on 1177 deaths.
finding may have arisen by chance.
Cancer of the scrotum
Cancer of the brain
Historically, cancer of the scrotum has been a recognised
Cancer of the brain has been noted previously to occur more
hazard in a number of occupations involving cutaneous
frequently in professional occupations1, but there is no
exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Most of these
indication that this increased risk is attributable to exposures in
problems (for example, from soot in chimney sweeps and shale
the workplace. There are no firmly established occupational
oil in cotton mule spinners) have long been eliminated, but
causes of the disease, but some studies have suggested a
during 1979–90, there was still increased mortality from scrotal
hazard from exposure to magnetic fields, especially in electrical
cancer in engineering jobs that were likely in the past to have
workers17. Table 17 shows PMRs for brain cancer in male
involved work with oils containing polycyclic aromatic
electrical occupations (there were only five deaths in total from
hydrocarbons15. In the current analysis there were a total of 29
brain cancer among women with these occupations). Three of
deaths from scrotal cancer, including three each in machine
the listed job groups (telephone fitters, other electronic
tool setter operators (PMR, 1600, 95%CI 329–4670) and
maintenance engineers and electrical engineers (so described))
machine tool operators (PMR 301, 95%CI 62–878). All but one
had significantly raised PMRs, and overall, mortality from brain
of these six deaths in metal machinists were at ages 65–74
tumours tended to be somewhat higher than expected.
14
13
Commentary on Main Findings
Occupational Mortality in England and Wales, 1991–2000
Lymphatic and haematopoietic cancer, aplastic
anaemia and agranulocytosis
Ionising radiation is a known cause of acute leukaemia and
chronic myeloid leukaemia18, and benzene is a proven cause of
aplastic anaemia19, acute myeloid leukaemia and possibly other
leukaemias and myeloma18,20. However, in recent decades,
occupational exposures to these agents in the UK have been
relatively low. Moreover, job title, as classified in this analysis, is
a non-specific marker for such exposures. Therefore, their
Degenerative neurological diseases
Dementia, Parkinson’s disease, motor neuron
disease and multiple sclerosis
Research over recent years has pointed to an increased risk of
Parkinson’s disease in farmers and others who have worked
with pesticides, although findings to date do not clearly
incriminate any single pesticide or class of pesticides, and the
possibility of confounding by other concomitant exposures
effects would not be expected to be apparent.
cannot be ruled out23. In the current analysis, there were 145
The last decennial analysis of occupational mortality drew
95%CI 99–138), and 15 deaths in female farmers (PMR166,
attention to high PMRs from lymphatic and haematopoietic
95%CI 93–273).
cancer in teachers, both in higher education and in schools1.
However, a subsequent systematic review of the relevant
published literature did not provide clear support for an
occupational hazard21. During 1991–2000, PMRs were again
elevated for most of the more common lymphatic and
haematopoietic cancers in teachers, the largest and most
consistent excesses of mortality being for non-Hodgkin
lymphoma and myeloma (Table 18). However, this may, at least
in part, be a spurious consequence of relatively low death rates
deaths from Parkinson’s disease among male farmers (PMR 117,
The last decennial supplement drew attention to high PMRs for
Parkinson’s disease and other degenerative neurological
diseases in schoolteachers and teachers in higher education1.
During 1991–2000, this was again apparent (Table 20). There is
nothing obvious in the working environment of teachers that
would account for an increased risk of all four of these
diseases, and the high PMRs seem more likely to be a
consequence of relatively low all-cause death rates among
among teachers from common causes such as coronary heart
teachers than an indication of an occupational hazard.
disease and lung cancer.
Motor neuron disease (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) has been
Farmers have previously been reported to have unusually high
reported to occur more frequently in electrical occupations24,
rates of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, perhaps because of exposure
to phenoxy herbicides or some other unidentified occupational
hazard22. In the current analysis, there were 487 deaths from
non-Hodgkin lymphoma in male farmers (PMR 112, 95%CI
prompting the hypothesis that it could in some circumstances
be caused by injury from electric shocks. Table 21 shows
mortality from motor neuron disease in male job groups that
had significantly elevated PMRs (at ages 16–64 years) for death
102-123), and 54 in female farmers (PMR 119, 95%CI 90-156).
from electric shock. Mortality from motor neuron disease was
Metabolic disorders
job groups.
Diabetes
Epilepsy
In the last decennial supplement, it was noted that among men
As in 1979–901, the PMR for epilepsy was elevated in male
but not women, three job groups concerned with the
farmers (171 deaths, PMR 179, 95%CI 153–208). It is possible
manufacture or repair of clothing had among the highest PMRs
that epilepsy is unusually common among men who choose to
for diabetes, and it was hypothesised that this might be
work in farming, or perhaps that epileptic fits are more likely to
because a high proportion of the workers in these jobs were
lead to death by injury if they occur during agricultural work
immigrants from the Indian subcontinent, where the
(farmers have high mortality from several categories of
prevalence of diabetes is unusually high . Table 19 shows PMRs
accidental injury – see below). There was no excess mortality
for diabetes in the current analysis for textile workers and job
from epilepsy among female farmers (5 deaths, PMR 66,
groups concerned with the manufacture and repair of clothing.
95%CI 21–154).
1
Again, there was a striking elevation of mortality among men
from these occupations that was not paralleled in women. The
discordance between the sexes makes it less likely that the high
significantly elevated in electricians, but not in the other three
Cardiovascular disease
PMRs in men reflect an occupational hazard, but the
Ischaemic heart disease
persistence of the mortality pattern across two successive
Ischaemic heart disease, which was the most common cause of
analyses is an indication for further more detailed investigation.
death analysed, accounted for 29.1 per cent of all deaths in
men, and 16.7 per cent of all deaths in women. As a
14
Occupational Mortality in England and Wales, 1991–2000
Commentary on Main Findings
consequence, chance variation in PMRs by occupation was
addition to coal-mine dust. However, as indicated in Table 25,
relatively low.
these job groups also had consistently elevated mortality from
Several aspects of work have been suspected of contributing to
the occurrence of ischaemic heart disease, including shift
cancer of the bronchus, and it is therefore possible that their
high PMRs for COPD merely reflect a higher than average
prevalence of smoking.
work25 and work-related psychological stress26. However,
Asthma
neither of these exposures maps very specifically to the job
groups that were analysed, and the findings for ischaemic
Asthma can be caused by various sensitising agents
heart disease did not suggest any occupational hazards
(Table 22). As for diabetes, however, PMRs for ischaemic heart
disease tended to be high in male textile and clothing workers
(Table 23). Again, this might be explained if these job groups
included an unusually high proportion of immigrants from the
Indian subcontinent, among whom ischaemic heart disease
encountered in the workplace, but the disease is rarely fatal,
and most asthma is not occupational in origin. Furthermore,
job title, as classified in the current analysis, is largely a
non-specific marker for relevant exposures. For example, work
with laboratory animals is a major cause of occupational
asthma, but only small proportions of biological scientists and
tends to be more common27.
laboratory technicians will have worked with laboratory
Respiratory disease
animals. Mortality statistics are therefore of limited value in the
Pneumonia
for two job groups in which relatively high proportions of
The last decennial supplement highlighted unusually high
workers are exposed to sensitising agents – bakers (flour) and
assessment of occupational asthma. Table 26 shows findings
mortality from pneumococcal and unspecified pneumonia, and
to a lesser extent from other categories of pneumonia
Their mortality from asthma was generally somewhat higher
than expected, but it is unclear whether this reflects
excepting bronchopneumonia, among welders and several
other job groups with occupational exposure to metal fume .
1
The excess of deaths was confined to men of working age,
suggesting that inhalation of metal fume caused a short-term
reversible increase in susceptibility to pneumonic infection.
Subsequently, it was found that a similar pattern was apparent
in decennial analyses of occupational mortality going back to
the 1930s28. Moreover, a case-control study of pneumonia
treated in hospital indicated that the risk from metal fume
applied also to incident cases, and was not simply an effect on
fatality29. Table 24 summarises findings from the current
analysis on mortality from different categories of pneumonia in
male job groups with exposure to metal fume. Again there
were elevated PMRs at ages 16–64 years for pneumococcal
and unspecified lobar pneumonia and (for welders) ‘other
pneumonia’. However, there was no clear excess of deaths at
ages 65–74 years, or from bronchopneumonia.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
It is now well established that underground coal miners are at
increased risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD),
and the hazard is suspected of extending to work involving
inhalation of other aerosols such as silica and metal fume. Table
25 shows PMRs for COPD in coal-mining occupations, in job
groups with high mortality from silicosis, and in occupations
entailing exposure to metal fume. The highest PMR (138) was
in other coal miners, but PMRs were elevated to a lesser extent
in all but one of the job groups listed. This would be consistent
with an occupational hazard from other dusts and fumes in
electrical, electronic assemblers (colophony in soldering flux).
occupational disease.
Gastrointestinal disease
Hernia
The last decennial supplement noted high PMRs for inguinal
and other hernia in male farmers1. Hernias are rarely fatal, and
where deaths do occur, they are likely to result from
complications of the disease itself (for example, strangulation
of the hernia) or of its surgical treatment. Table 27 shows the
findings for hernia in the current analysis, and also for two
other abdominal disorders, volvulus and diverticular disease,
that cause a similar number of deaths and that may also require
surgical treatment. PMRs for inguinal and other hernia were
again significantly elevated in male farmers, but not in female
farmers. However, PMRs for volvulus and diverticular disease
were not increased to the same extent. This pattern suggests
that the high PMRs for hernia were not simply an artefact of
low all-cause mortality in farmers, and also that they are
unlikely to be explained by an unusually high vulnerability to
the complications of surgery. An alternative explanation is that
hernia, and particularly inguinal hernia, is a true occupational
hazard of agricultural work, attributable to increases in
intra-abdominal pressure associated with heavy lifting. Another
possibility is that when they have hernias, farmers opt for
surgical repair more frequently than other occupations,
because of the adverse impacts on their work, and that they
therefore expose themselves more to the risks of surgery.
15
Commentary on Main Findings
Occupational Mortality in England and Wales, 1991–2000
Renal disease
Among men, an estimated excess of approximately 1300
Glomerulonephritis and chronic renal failure
attributed to work, the largest contributing categories of
deaths were associated with accidents that could reasonably be
It has been suggested that glomerulonephritis (a family of
accident being motor vehicle accidents (500 excess deaths),
diseases affecting the kidney) may sometimes occur as a
injury by machinery (117) and falls from buildings (96). Of
consequence of occupational exposure to silica30. Table 28
particular note was the high PMR for deaths from motor
shows PMRs for glomerulonephritis in job groups with high
vehicle accidents in lorry drivers (PMR 173, 95%CI 162-185),
mortality from silicosis, and also gives their PMRs for renal
and the high proportion of excess deaths from air transport
failure. The latter are included because some deaths from renal
accidents in aircraft flight deck officers (>10% of all deaths at
failure may be a consequence of undiagnosed
ages 16–64 years).
glomerulonephritis. Mortality from both causes of death was
Among women, the excess mortality from injuries that were
increased among ceramics casters, but not in the other job
groups examined.
likely to be occupational was much smaller (52), the main
contributions being from motor vehicle accidents (29 excess
Injury and poisoning
deaths) and animal transport accidents (10). It was notable,
Occupational accidents
had markedly elevated mortality from motor vehicle accidents
Tables 29 and 30 show the frequency of fatal accidents that
could reasonably be attributed to work on the basis of job title
and cause of death as recorded on death certificates. As
explained earlier, this analysis was based on deaths in men and
women of working age (16–64 in men and 16–59 in women).
Assessment of occupational accidents by this method is less
reliable than ascertainment through reporting schemes such as
under the Reporting of Injuries, Deaths and Dangerous
Occurrences Regulations (RIDDOR )31. Some accidents may have
been non-occupational even though they occurred in a job
group in which they were a plausible hazard. For example, a
scaffolder could fall from a ladder while doing a DIY task at
home. More importantly, a substantial number of true
occupational accidents are likely to have been missed because
their relation to work was not obvious from job title. For
example, occupational death from injury by fire could occur in
any occupation, but from the information available for this
analysis, there was no way of establishing whether deaths from
injury by fire occurred at work or elsewhere. Only in firemen
however, that female lorry drivers, like their male counterparts,
(PMR 276, 95%CI 151–463) as did female other motor drivers
(PMR 613, 95%CI 294–1130). In these two occupations, the
excesses of deaths from motor vehicle accidents accounted for
more than 4 per cent of all deaths at ages 16–59 years.
Suicide
Table 31 shows job groups with statistically significant PMRs
higher than 120 for suicide. Among both men and women, the
occupations with highest mortality from suicide were in
health-related occupations such as doctors, dentists, nurses
and veterinarians. This pattern has been observed before1, and
may reflect, at least in part, their access to effective means of
suicide and their knowledge of how to ensure that suicide
attempts are successful. As in the last decennial supplement1,
male farmers also had significantly elevated mortality from
suicide (PMR 137, 95%CI 129–147). Again this could be a
consequence of ready access to effective means of suicide.
Homicide
did it seem reasonable to attribute excess mortality from injury
Table 32 lists job groups with PMRs for homicide that were
by fire to work. The extent of this problem will vary according
higher than 120 and statistically significant. In both sexes, there
to the type of accident. Despite these limitations, the findings
were high PMRs for homicide in publicans and bar staff and in
in Tables 29 and 30 provide a useful indication of mortality for
caterers, which might in part result from deaths that occurred
many categories of occupational accident, and also point to
in the course of their work. High PMRs for homicide were also
some occupations in which the risk of accidental death is
observed in several male job groups in the construction
particularly high.
industry, but it seems likely that these were related to
circumstances outside work.
16
References
References
References
Occupational Mortality in England and Wales, 1991–2000
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14.Van Der Gulden JW, Vogelzang PF (1996). Farmers at risk for
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18
17.Savitz DA (1995). Overview of occupational exposure to electric and
magnetic fields and cancer: advancements in exposure assessment.
Environ Health Perspect; 103 suppl 2;69–74.
18.Descatha A, Jenabian A, Conso F, Ameille J (2005). Occupational
exposures and haematological malignancies: overview on human
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19.Smith MT (1996). Overview of benzene-induced aplastic anaemia.
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20.P yatt D (2004). Benzene and hematopoietic malignancies. Clin
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22.Pearce N, McLean D (2005). Agricultural exposures and nonHodgkin’s lymphoma. Scand J Work Environ Health; 31 Suppl
1:18–25.
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Tables
Tables
Tables
Occupational Mortality in England and Wales, 1991–2000
Table 1
Job groups with potential exposure to asbestos and PMRs in excess of 100 for cancer of
the pleura, cancer of the peritoneum or asbestosis – men aged 16–74, England and
Wales, 1991–2000
Job Group
007
012
027
030
031
032
033
037
038
039
050
069
070
075
101
104
105
106
108
114
120
124
132
136
137
140
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
153
160
167
168
169
174
191
194
Government inspectors Vocational trainers, social scientists etc
Chemical engineers and scientists
Professional engineers nec
Draughtspersons
Laboratory technicians
Architects and surveyors
Technicians nec
Production and maintenance managers
Managers in construction
Fire service personnel
Preparatory fibre processors
Spinners and winders
Chemical workers
Upholsterers
Carpenters
Cabinet makers
Case and box makers
Woodworking machinists
Smiths and forge workers
Other metal manufacturers
Machine tool operators
Production fitters
Electrical and electronic production fitters
Electricians
Electric cable and line workers
Electrical engineers (so described)
Plumbers and gas fitters
Sheet metal workers
Metal plate workers
Steel erectors
Scaffolders
Welders
Vehicle body builders
Painters and decorators nec
Plasterers
Roofers and glaziers
Builders etc.
Construction workers nec
Dockers and goods porters
Boiler operators
Statistically significantly raised PMRs shown in bold
20
Cancer of the peritoneum
(ICD 158.8, 158.9)
Deaths PMR
0
0
1
4
0
1
3
2
2
2
0
0
0
3
0
12
0
0
0
0
1
13
17
1
9
0
1
11
5
8
3
2
2
8
2
1
0
4
52
3
2
0
0
156
92
0
121
170
122
36
134
0
0
0
100
0
178
0
0
0
0
59
120
154
382
169
0
54
8
374
695
273
146
65
2160
31
75
0
69
568
95
138
95% CI
0 – 1100
0 – 375
4 – 872
25 – 235
0 – 284
3 – 674
35 – 497
15 – 440
4 – 129
16 – 482
0 – 536
0 – 3400
0 – 1940
21 – 292
0 – 831
92 – 311
0 – 589
0 – 2960
0 – 484
0 – 881
1 – 328
64 – 206
90 – 247
10 – 2130
77 – 321
0 – 953
1 – 302
119 – 427
122 – 874
301 – 1370
56 – 798
18 – 526
8 – 233
934 – 4260
4 – 113
2 – 420
0 – 234
19 – 176
424 – 745
19 – 276
17 – 500
Cancer of the pleura
(ICD 163)
Deaths
PMR
95% CI
4
7
14
75
17
13
17
29
54
26
9
1
1
12
10
197
14
4
14
2
9
104
212
5
118
2
28
154
27
44
21
14
49
19
86
16
11
64
84
37
21
171
46 – 437
91
36 – 187
190 104 – 319
151 119 – 189
233 136 – 373
222 118 – 380
95
55 – 152
249 167 – 358
138 104 – 181
256 167 – 376
223 102 – 423
152
4 – 849
92
2 – 515
65
34 – 114
194
93 – 357
262 227 – 302
199 109 – 335
280
76 – 718
157
86 – 264
38
5 – 138
71
32 – 134
168 137 – 204
164 143 – 188
165
54 – 386
198 164 – 237
44
5 – 158
132
88 – 190
299 254 – 351
170 112 – 248
314 228 – 421
168 104 – 256
195 107 – 328
140 104 – 186
432 260 – 675
120
96 – 148
112
64 – 182
146
73 – 262
101
78 – 129
157 125 – 194
206 145 – 284
243 150 – 371
Asbestosis
(ICD 501)
Deaths PMR
1
2
0
2
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
4
0
15
0
0
0
1
6
11
18
0
11
2
0
14
6
8
2
7
9
1
2
2
0
6
51
7
7
919
738
0
273
231
403
0
210
58
0
0
769
460
119
0
219
0
0
0
172
224
88
140
0
201
432
0
304
368
541
168
568
276
223
30
166
0
111
450
135
363
95% CI
23 – 5120
89 – 2670
0 – 3320
33 – 987
6 – 1290
10 – 2240
0 – 1100
5 – 1170
1 – 322
0 – 815
0 – 1850
19 – 4290
12 – 2560
32 – 304
0 – 7334
123 – 362
0 – 555
0 – 2720
0 – 419
4 – 956
82 – 488
44 – 157
83 – 221
0 – 1240
100 – 360
52 – 1560
0 – 174
166 – 509
135 – 801
233 – 1070
20 – 607
229 – 1170
126 – 524
6 – 1240
4 – 109
20 – 598
0 – 328
41 – 241
335 – 592
54 – 278
146 – 748
Tables
Occupational Mortality in England and Wales, 1991–2000
Table 2
Job groups with potential exposure to asbestos and PMRs in excess of 100 for cancer of
the pleura or peritoneum – women aged 16–74, England and Wales, 1991–2000
Cancer of the peritoneum
(ICD 158.8, 158.9)
Job Group
Deaths
PMR
95% CI
1
0
0
1
0
2
2
0
0
1
0
5
105
0
0
969
0
675
582
0
0
388
0
230
3 – 583
0 – 3020
0 – 1020
25 – 5400
0 – 546
82 – 2440
71 – 2100
0 – 730
0 – 1419
10 – 2160
0 – 354
75 – 537
012
031
032
033
037
040
070
071
074
075
098
198
Vocational trainers, social scientists etc
Draughtspersons
Laboratory technicians
Architects and surveyors
Technicians nec
Managers in transport, utilities and mining
Spinners and winders
Weavers
Other textile workers
Chemical workers
Tailors and dressmakers
Other labourers
Cancer of the pleura
(ICD 163)
Deaths
4
1
2
0
4
0
2
3
2
1
3
16
PMR
95% CI
363 99 – 930
424 11 – 2360
402 49 – 1450
0 0 – 4830
437119 – 1120
0
0 – 952
203 25 – 733
328 68 – 960
280 34 – 1010
150
4 – 837
162 33 – 473
198 113 – 322
Statistically significantly raised PMRs shown in bold
Table 3
Job groups with high mortality from coal workers’ pneumoconiosis, silicosis and other
pneumoconiosis – men aged 16–74, England and Wales, 1991–2000
Job groups are listed where they entail exposure to relevant dusts and had a PMR in excess of 100 for at least one of
the cause of death categories.
Coal workers' pneumoconiosis
(ICD 500)
Job Group
Deaths PMR
084
088
116
120
127
165
175
176
0
423
1
1
1
1
28
2
Ceramics casters
Other coal miners
Moulders, coremakers (metal)
Other metal manufacturers
Fettlers and dressers (metal)
Bricklayers, masons
Face–trained coalminers
Mine (excluding coal) and quarry workers
95% CI
Silicosis
(ICD 502)
Deaths PMR
0
0 – 1080
815
739 – 896
390
10 – 2180
210
5 – 1170
81
2 – 449
92
2 – 511
7120 4730 – 10300
72
9 – 259
3
3
0
3
2
3
0
13
95% CI
Other pneumoconiosis
(ICD 503, 505)
Deaths PMR
2270 469 – 6650
106
22 – 310
0
0 – 3940
1310 271 – 3840
2830 343 – 10200
709 146 – 2070
0
0 – 2610
77204110 – 13200
1
35
1
7
2
1
3
3
95% CI
538
14 – 3000
527
367 – 733
787
20 – 4380
1300 522 – 2680
1248 151 – 4510
167
4 – 931
1570 323 – 4580
818 169 – 2390
Statistically significantly raised PMRs shown in bold
Table 4
Job groups with mortality from byssinosis – men and women aged 16–74,
England and Wales, 1991–2000
These were the only job groups in which deaths from byssinosis occurred.
Byssinosis (ICD 504)
Job Group
070
071
198
Spinners and winders
Weavers
Other labourers
Men
Deaths
1
0
5
PMR
Women
95% Cl
45500 1150-254000
0
*
182
59 – 425
Deaths
1
1
9
PMR
95% Cl
5680 144-31700
2850 72 – 15900
501 229 – 950
*Confidence Interval not calculated.
Statistically significantly raised PMRs based on more than one death shown in bold
21
Tables
Occupational Mortality in England and Wales, 1991–2000
Table 5
Job groups with high mortality from viral hepatitis or HIV/AIDS/immunodeficiency –
men aged 16–74, England and Wales, 1991–2000.
Job groups are listed where the PMR for at least one of the disease categories was significantly elevated.
Viral hepatitis
(ICD 70)
Job Group
001
012
013
014
015
017
024
034
046
052
053
059
060
061
098
Deaths
PMR
95% CI
5
1
5
3
8
4
27
3
23
2
42
24
14
4
0
184
37
158
172
300
141
249
610
387
157
108
511
89
106
0
60 – 428
1 – 205
51 – 369
36 – 503
130 – 591
38 – 360
164 – 362
126 – 1780
245 – 580
19 – 567
78 – 147
327 – 760
49 – 150
29 – 271
0 – 1071
Lawyers
Vocational trainers, social scientists etc
Welfare workers
Clergy
Doctors
Nurses
Literary and artistic occupations
Aircraft flight deck officers
Caterers
Hairdressers
Office workers and cashiers
Cooks and kitchen porters
Other service personnel
Hospital porters and ward orderlies
Tailors and dressmakers
HIV/AIDS/
Immunodeficiency
(ICD 042, 279.1)
Deaths PMR
21
29
42
11
15
46
242
0
107
71
224
93
78
34
7
95% CI
169 105 – 258
174 116 – 250
153 110 – 207
219 109 – 391
153
85 – 252
171 125 – 228
237 208 – 269
0
0 – 110
300 246 – 362
918 717 – 1160
126 110 – 144
420 339 – 515
308 239 – 384
235 163 – 328
918 369 – 1890
Statistically significantly raised PMRs shown in bold
Table 6
Job groups with high mortality from viral hepatitis or HIV/AIDS/immunodeficiency –
women aged 16–74, England and Wales, 1991–2000.
Job groups are listed where the PMR for at least one of the disease categories was significantly elevated.
Viral hepatitis
(ICD 70)
Job Group
017
024
098
Deaths
PMR
95% CI
6
2
0
101
137
0
37 – 220
17 – 494
0 – 567 Nurses
Literary and artistic occupations
Tailors and dressmakers
HIV/AIDS/
Immunodeficiency
(ICD 042, 279.1)
Deaths PMR
18
10
4
95% CI
186 111 – 295
281 135 – 517
804 219 – 2060
Statistically significantly raised PMRs shown in bold
Table 7
Job groups with high mortality from tuberculosis – men and women aged 16–74,
England and Wales, 1991–2000
Job groups are listed where the PMR was significantly elevated in either men or women.
Tuberculosis (ICD 010-018, 137)
Job Group
009
046
059
069
103
130
151
164
167
176
Other administrators
Caterers
Cooks and kitchen porters
Preparatory fibre processors
Other workers with fabrics
Precision instrument makers
Jewellery workers
Packers and sorters
Plasterers
Miners (not coal) and quarry workers
Statistically significantly raised PMRs shown in bold
22
Men
Deaths
78
17
24
3
0
8
3
17
10
6
PMR
Women
95% Cl
142 112 – 177
185 108 – 296
239 153 – 355
791 163 – 2310
0
0 – 613
235 102 – 463
597 123 – 1740
96
56 – 153
219 105 – 403
285 105 – 621
Deaths
PMR
95% Cl
18
22
6
0
3
0
0
18
0
0
111
129
73
0
777
0
0
199
0
0
66 – 176
81 – 195
27 – 159
0 – 2090
160 – 2270
0 – 5020
0 – 3860
118 – 315
0 – 129000
0 – 130000
Tables
Occupational Mortality in England and Wales, 1991–2000
Table 8
Job groups with high mortality from diseases caused by alcohol – men and women
aged 16–74, England and Wales, 1991–2000
Job groups are listed if they had significantly elevated PMRs for at least three of the eight disease categories (in this
context, fall on stairs was considered a category of injury rather than disease).
Cancer of oral cavity
Job Group
Men
036 Seafarers
045 Publicans and bar staff
046 Caterers
059 Cooks and kitchen porters
165 Bricklayers, masons
174 Construction workers nec
Women
045 Publicans and bar staff
052 Hairdressers
(ICD 141, 143-145)
Deaths PMR
Cancer of pharynx (specified)
Cancer of oesophagus
(ICD 146-148)
(ICD 150)
95% CI Deaths PMR
95% CI Deaths PMR
53 275 206 – 360
110 311 256 – 375
31 148 100 – 210
43 176 127 – 236
30
98 66 – 140
107 134 110 – 162
39
67
47
40
36
80
267
238
294
197
146
123
190 – 365
184 – 302
216 – 391
140 – 268
102 – 202
97 – 153
22 180 113 – 272
5
90
29 – 211
16
8
187 107 – 304
242 104 – 476
95% CI
129 100 84 – 119
273 113 100 – 127
133
98 82 – 116
97
70
57 – 85
243 114 101 – 130
450 107 97 – 117
91
27
122
88
98 – 150
58 – 128
Statistically significantly raised PMRs shown in bold
Job groups with high mortality from diseases caused by alcohol – men and women
aged 16–74, England and Wales, 1991–2000 continued
Cancer of liver
Cancer of larynx
Cirrhosis (not specified
as billiary)
(ICD 571.5)
(ICD 155)
Job Group Deaths PMR
Men
036 Seafarers
045 Publicans and bar staff
046 Caterers
059 Cooks and kitchen porters
165 Bricklayers, masons
174 Construction workers nec
Women
045 Publicans and bar staff
052 Hairdressers
(ICD 161)
95% CI Deaths PMR
60
125
102
100
50
113
155
153
228
263
91
98
118 – 199
127 – 182
186 – 277
214 – 319
67 – 120
80 – 117
61
100
37
30
43
151
25
21
78
155
50 – 115
96 – 236
14
1
253
277
169
106
110
142
95% CI Deaths PMR
194 – 325
225 – 337
119 – 234
72 – 151
79 – 148
120 – 166
58
170
54
58
60
128
204 112 – 343
29
1 – 159
55
23
179
236
129
145
135
103
95% CI
136 – 232
202 – 274
97 – 168
110 – 188
103 – 173
86 – 123
197 148 – 256
179 113 – 269
Statistically significantly raised PMRs shown in bold
Job groups with high mortality from diseases caused by alcohol – men and women
aged 16–74, England and Wales, 1991–2000 continued
Pancreatitis
Other alcohol-related
Fall on stairs
diseases (ICD 303, 305.0,
425.5, 535.3, 571.0-571.3,
Job Group
Men
036 Seafarers
045 Publicans and bar staff
046 Caterers
059 Cooks and kitchen porters
165 Bricklayers, masons
174 Construction workers nec
Women
045 Publicans and bar staff
052 Hairdressers
(ICD 577.0, 577.1)
Deaths PMR
860.0, 806.1)
(ICD E880)
95% CI Deaths PMR 95% CI Deaths PMR 95% CI
20
32
27
34
27
52
131 80 – 203
102 70 – 144
130 86 – 190
151 104 – 211
110 72 – 160
86 64 – 113
215
449
134
208
141
487
275
241
112
145
112
122
239 – 314
219 – 265
94 – 133
126 – 166
95 – 133
112 – 134
15
20
9
21
17
36
187
134
88
169
143
90
105 – 308
82 – 207
40 – 167
105 – 258
83 – 229
63 – 125
22
9
161 101 – 244
128 59 – 243
146
75
222 188 – 261
185 145 – 232
14
7
178 97 – 299
138 55 – 284
Statistically significantly raised PMRs shown in bold
23
Tables
Occupational Mortality in England and Wales, 1991–2000
Table 9
Job groups with high mortality from drug dependence and accidental poisoning by
drugs – men aged 16–74, England and Wales, 1991–2000
Job Group
024
044
160
165
167
168
198
Literary and artistic occupations
Retailers and dealers
Painters and decorators
Bricklayers, masons
Plasterers
Roofers and glaziers
Other labourers
Drug dependence
(ICD 304)
Accidental poisoning by drugs
(ICD E850-E858)
Deaths
PMR
95% CI
Deaths
PMR
95% CI
32
46
67
22
16
24
233
264
205
270
178
235
184
122
181 – 373
150 – 273
209 – 343
112 – 270
134 – 381
118 – 273
107 – 139
73
86
137
64
30
49
553
192
157
216
208
178
160
124
150 – 241
125 – 194
182 – 256
160 – 265
120 – 254
119 – 212
113 – 134
Job groups are listed if they had statistically significantly elevated PMRs for both causes of death.
Table 10
Mortality from cancer of the stomach in coal miners and rubber manufacturers – men
aged 16–74, England and Wales, 1991–2000
Cancer of the stomach
(ICD 151)
Job Group
085
088
175
Rubber manufacturers
Other coal miners
Face trained coalminers
Deaths
PMR
95% CI
42
603
87
98
111
121
71 – 132
103 – 121
97 – 149
Statistically significantly raised PMRs shown in bold
Table 11
Mortality from cancer of the nose and nasal sinuses in leather, textile and wood
workers and electroplaters – men and women aged 16–74, England and Wales,
1991–2000
Cancer of the nose and nasal sinuses
(ICD 160)
Job Group
068
Leather and shoe workers
070
Spinners and winders
069, 071–074 Other textile jobs
104
Carpenters
105
Cabinet makers
106
Case and box makers
107
Pattern makers
108
Woodworking machinists
117
Electroplaters
149
Welders
Statistically significantly raised PMRs shown in bold
24
Men
Deaths
1
0
3
17
11
0
0
3
0
3
PMR
Women
95% Cl
84
2 – 471
0
0 – 1760
148
31 – 433
161
94 – 259
1100 547 – 1960
0
0 – 1870
0
0 – 1240
255
53 – 744
0
0 – 964
61
13 – 178
Deaths
PMR
95% Cl
1
3
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
148
826
0
0
0
0
0
3240
0
0
4 – 822
170 – 2410
0 – 302
0 – 20500
0 – 19400
0 – 65000
0 – 273000
82 – 18000
0 – 37000
0 – 3290
Tables
Occupational Mortality in England and Wales, 1991–2000
Table 12
Mortality from cancer of the bronchus in occupations with high mortality from
asbestos–related diseases or silicosis – men aged 16–74, England and Wales, 1991–2000
The job groups listed are those that had significantly elevated PMRs for at least two of cancer of the pleura, cancer of
the peritoneum and asbestosis, together with miners (not coal) and quarry workers, who were the group with highest
mortality from silicosis.
Cancer of the
peritoneum
(ICD 158.8, 158.9)
(ICD 163)
(ICD 501)
Job Group
PMR
PMR
PMR
Deaths
PMR
95% Cl
104
137
144
145
146
148
149
153
174
176
194
178
169
238
374
695
146
65
2160
568
0
138
262
198
299
170
314
195
140
432
157
29
243
219
201
304
368
541
568
276
223
450
0
363
2262
1748
1670
565
538
475
1263
131
3015
197
518
94
91
101
105
113
127
111
89
112
105
101
90 – 98
87 – 95
97 – 106
97 – 115
103 – 123
116 – 139
105 – 117
74 – 105
108 – 116
91 – 121
92 – 110
Carpenters
Electricians
Plumbers and gas fitters
Sheet metal workers
Metal plate workers
Scaffolders
Welders
Vehicle body builders
Construction workers nec
Miners (not coal) and quarry workers
Boiler operators
Cancer of
Asbestosis
Cancer of the bronchus
the pleura
(ICD 162)
Statistically significant PMRs shown in bold
Table 13
Occupations with high mortality from melanoma of the skin – men and women aged
16–74, England and Wales, 1991–2000
Job groups are listed if they had significantly elevated PMRs.
Job Group
Melanoma of the skin
(ICD 172)
Deaths
PMR
95% CI
Men 006 Sales managers etc
115
124
103 – 149
011 Teachers nec
106
146
119 – 176
025 Persons involved in sport
9
234
107 – 445
033 Architects and surveyors
76
131
103 – 164
034 Aircraft flight deck officers
12
245
127 – 429
041 Office managers
105
130
107 – 158
049 Police
53
138
103 – 180
054 Postal workers
51
145
108 – 191
094 Compositors
13
296
158 – 507
142 Other electronic maintenance engineers
59
160
121 – 214
143 Electrical engineers (so described)
38
161
114 – 222
169 Builders etc
107
137
112 – 166
191 Dockers and goods porters
26
169
110 – 248
192 Refuse collectors
14
189
103 – 317
Women
011 Teachers nec
205
143
124 – 164
012 Vocational trainers, social scientists etc
33
156
108 – 220
033 Architects and surveyors
6
291
107 – 634
060 Other service personnel
224
116
101 – 132
25
Tables
Occupational Mortality in England and Wales, 1991–2000
Table 14
Occupations with high mortality from non–melanoma cancer of the skin – men aged
16–74, England and Wales, 1991–2000
Job groups are listed if they had significantly elevated PMRs.
Non-Melanoma cancer of the skin
(ICD 173)
Job Group
Deaths
024
046
050
122
Literary and artistic occupations
Caterers
Fire service personnel
Centre lathe turners
28
14
7
6
PMR
95% CI
174
204
268
300
116 - 251
112 - 342
108 - 553
110 - 652
Table 15
Mortality from cancers of the breast, cervix, body of uterus and ovary – women aged
16–74, England and Wales, 1991–2000
Apart from farmers, job groups are listed if they had significantly high or low PMRs for at least two of the four causes
of death.
Cancer of the breast
Cancer of the cervix
(ICD 174)
Job Group
Deaths PMR
009
011
017
019
044
045
046
051
053
070
098
Other administrators
Teachers nec
Nurses
Medical radiographers
Retailers and dealers
Publicans and bar staff
Caterers
Launderers and dry cleaners
Office workers and cashiers
Spinners and winders
Tailors and dressmakers
2406
96 92 – 100
2792 130 125 – 135
2078
87
84 – 91
58 138 105 – 179
2705
86
83 – 90
464
68
62 – 74
1345
90
86 – 95
156
83
71 – 98
11717 105 103 – 107
45
63
46 – 84
233 119 104 – 135
047
Farmers
318
92
95% CI
(ICD 182)
95% CI Deaths PMR
258 112 99 – 127
165
82
70 – 96
189
82
71 – 95
3
69 14 – 201
310 105 93 – 117
117 151 125 – 181
215 113 98 – 129
41 157 113 – 214
1001
94
88 – 99
10 106 51 – 196
25
97 63 – 143
82 – 103
36
90
Cancer of the ovary
uterus
(ICD 180)
Deaths PMR
Cancer of body of
63 – 124
93
130
86
2
151
19
87
17
612
3
5
(ICD 183)
95% CI Deaths PMR
83 67 – 102
150 125 – 178
85 68 – 104
129 16 – 467
90 76 – 106
57
34 – 89
97 78 – 120
133 78 – 213
105 96 – 113
53 11 – 156
33
11 – 77
25 132
85 – 194
780
906
724
22
987
147
510
59
4119
12
102
95% CI
90
127
90
167
88
61
91
81
104
41
125
84 – 97
119 – 136
84 – 97
105 – 253
83 – 94
51 – 71
83 – 99
61 – 108
101 – 107
21 – 72
102 – 152
141 110
93 – 130
Statistically significant PMRs shown in bold
Table 16
Job groups with high mortality from cancer of the renal parenchyma – men aged
16–74, England and Wales, 1991–2000
Job groups are listed if they had significantly elevated PMRs.
Cancer of the renal parenchyma
(ICD 189.0)
Job Group
Deaths
PMR
95% CI
56
157
276
114
90
19
26
35
69
274
86
141
122
117
157
144
186
154
150
129
123
127
106 – 183
103 – 142
104 – 132
129 – 188
115 – 177
112 – 291
100 – 225
105 – 209
100 – 163
109 – 138
101 – 157
008
011
038
049
075
094
105
122
123
124
142
26
Government administrators
Teachers nec
Production and maintenance managers
Police
Chemical workers
Compositors
Cabinet makers
Centre lathe turners
Machine tool setter operators
Machine tool operators
Other electronic maintenance engineers
Tables
Occupational Mortality in England and Wales, 1991–2000
Table 17
Mortality from cancer of the brain in electrical occupations – men aged 16–74, England
and Wales, 1991–2000
Cancer of the brain
(ICD 191)
Job Group
029
136
137
139
140
141
142
143
Deaths
PMR
95% CI
21
9
179
52
11
19
128
98
95
112
105
160
92
114
144
167
59 – 145
51 – 212
90 – 121
120 – 210
46 – 165
69 – 178
120 – 171
135 – 203
Electrical and electronic engineers (professional)
Electrical and electronic production fitters
Electricians
Telephone fitters
Electric cable and line workers
Radio and TV mechanics
Other electronic maintenance engineers
Electrical engineers (so described)
Statistically significantly raised PMRs shown in bold
Table 18
Mortality from lymphatic and haematopoietic cancer, aplastic anaemia and
agranulocytosis in teachers – men and women aged 16–74, England and Wales,
1991–2000
Teachers in higher education
Teachers nec
(Job group 010)
(Job group 011)
Men
Cause of Death (ICD)
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (200,202)
Hodgkin’s disease (201)
Myeloma (203)
Acute lymphatic leukaemia (204.0)
Chronic lymphatic leukaemia (204.1)
Acute myeloid leukaemia (205.0)
Chronic myeloid leukaemia (205.1)
Acute monocytic leukaemia (206.0)
Other leukaemia (207, 208)
Aplastic anaemia (284)
Agranulocytosis (288.0)
Deaths PMR 95% CI
116
6
61
6
14
38
12
0
5
2
2
113 93 – 135
68 25 – 148
134 102 – 172
123 45 – 268
88 48 – 147
105 74 – 144
119 61 – 207
0 0 – 1800
129 42 – 300
95 11 – 342
272 33 – 984
Women
Men
Deaths PMR 95% CI
33
2
11
4
3
10
3
0
1
0
1
118
118
89
148
136
85
80
0
48
0
155
Deaths PMR
81 – 165
14 – 425
44 – 159
40 – 378
28 – 396
41 – 157
17 – 235
0 – 6960
1 – 267
0 – 475
4 – 863
197
19
100
12
35
70
22
3
7
0
4
Women
95% CI Deaths PMR 95% CI
116 100 – 133
128
77 – 200
135 110 – 164
141
73 – 247
128
89 – 178
118
92 – 149
125
78 – 189
857 177 – 2500
106
43 – 219
0
0 – 87
287
78 – 735
295 123 110 – 138
22 117 73 – 177
161 135 115 – 157
13
88 47 – 151
28 132 87 – 190
121 121 101 – 145
38 135 96 – 185
0
0
0 – 451
9
74 34 – 141
5
66 21 – 153
2 128 16 – 463
Statistically significantly raised PMRs shown in bold
Table 19
Mortality from diabetes in textile workers and occupations concerned with the
manufacture and repair of clothing – men and women aged 16–74, England and Wales,
1991–2000
Diabetes (ICD 250)
Job Group
069
070
071
072
073
074
098
099
100
103
Preparatory fibre processors
Spinners and winders
Weavers
Knitters
Bleachers, dyers and finishers
Other textile workers
Tailors and dressmakers
Clothing cutters
Sewers and embroiderers
Other workers with fabrics
Men
Women
Deaths
PMR
95% Cl
6
15
19
8
16
32
32
5
13
8
174
252
174
99
124
191
235
79
197
135
64 – 379
141 – 416
105 – 272
43 – 196
71 – 202
131 – 270
161 – 332
26 – 183
105 – 337
58 – 266
Deaths
PMR
95% Cl
2
12
28
14
6
7
45
9
117
8
96
77
143
110
142
65
115
195
109
112
12 – 345
40 – 134
95 – 207
60 – 185
52 – 310
26 – 134
84 – 154
89 – 371
90 – 131
48 – 220
Statistically significantly raised PMRs shown in bold
27
Tables
Occupational Mortality in England and Wales, 1991–2000
Table 20
Mortality from degenerative neurological disease in teachers – men and women aged
16–74, England and Wales, 1991–2000
Teachers in higher education
Teachers nec
(Job group 010)
(Job group 011)
Men
Cause of Death (ICD)
Women
Men
Women
Deaths PMR 95% CI Deaths PMR 95% CI Deaths PMR 95% CI Deaths PMR 95% CI
Dementia (290, 331.0, 331.1)
Parkinson’s disease (332)
Motor neuron disease (335.2)
Multiple sclerosis (340)
40
37
39
19
159
159
112
118
114 – 217
112 – 220
80 – 153
71 – 184
14 174 95 – 292
1
40 1 – 224
9 106 48 – 201
8
70 30 – 138
79
63
81
34
190 151 – 237
160 123 – 205
147 117 – 183
140 97 – 196
108
62
99
134
136112 – 165
182140 – 233
122 99 – 148
179150 – 212
Statistically significantly raised PMRs shown in bold
Table 21
Mortality from motor neuron disease in occupations with high death rates from injury
by electric current – men aged 16–74, England and Wales, 1991–2000
Job groups are listed if they had significantly elevated PMRs (at ages 20-64 years) for injury by electric current.
Job Group
047
136
137
143
Farmers
Electrical and electronic production fitters
Electricians
Electrical engineers (so described)
Motor neuron disease
(ICD 335.2)
Deaths
PMR
95% CI
149
2
77
24
108
68
131
109
92 – 127
8 – 244
103 – 163
70 – 162
Statistically significantly raised PMRs shown in bold
Table 22
Job groupsa with the highest PMRs for Ischaemic heart disease – men and women aged
16–74, England and Wales, 1991–2000 (PMRs ≥113)
Job Group
Ischaemic heart disease
(ICD 410-414)
Deaths
PMR
95% CI
Men 070 Spinners and winders
198
124
108 – 143
071 Weavers
367
119
108 – 132
074 Other textile workers
513
114
104 – 124
100 Sewers and embroiderers
217
128
111 – 146
136 Electrical and electronic production fitters
300
113
101 – 126
178 Railway signal workers
420
114
103 – 125
181 Road transport inspectors
439
113
103 – 124
Women
013 Welfare workers
987
113
106 – 120
044 Retailers and dealers
4927
113
109 – 116
071 Weavers
366
116
105 – 129
075 Chemical workers
192
116
100 – 134
084 Ceramics casters
262
114
100 – 129
171 Road construction workers and paviors
3
495
102 – 1450
a
Only job groups with significantly elevated PMRs are listed
28
Tables
Occupational Mortality in England and Wales, 1991–2000
Table 23
Mortality from ischaemic heart disease in textile workers and occupations concerned
with the manufacture and repair of clothing – men and women aged 16–74,
England and Wales, 1991–2000
Ischaemic Heart Disease (ICD 410-414)
Men
Job Group
069
070
071
072
073
074
098
099
100
103
Preparatory fibre processors
Spinners and winders
Weavers
Knitters
Bleachers, dyers and finishers
Other textile workers
Tailors and dressmakers
Clothing cutters
Sewers and embroiderers
Other workers with fabrics
Women
Deaths
PMR
95% Cl
96
198
367
251
395
513
399
184
217
188
103
124
119
112
109
114
104
103
128
112
83 – 126
108 – 143
108 – 132
98 – 126
99 – 121
104 – 124
94 – 115
89 – 119
111 – 146
97 – 130
Deaths
PMR
95% Cl
36
293
366
191
67
195
570
67
1813
113
101
111
116
95
100
111
92
92
104
101
71 – 140
99 – 125
105 – 129
82 – 110
78 – 127
96 – 128
84 – 100
71 – 117
99 – 108
84 – 122
Statistically significantly raised PMRs shown in bold
Table 24
Mortality from pneumonia in occupations entailing exposure to metal fume – men
aged 16–64 and 65–74, England and Wales, 1991–2000
Pneumococcal and unspecified lobar pneumonia
(ICD 481)
Ages 16-64
Job Group
112
116
120
145
149
Furnace operatives (metal)
Moulders and coremakers (metal)
Other metal manufacturers
Sheet metal workers
Welders
Bronchopneumonia
(ICD 485)
Ages 65-74
Ages 16-64
Ages 65-74
Deaths PMR 95% CI Deaths PMR 95% CI Deaths PMR 95% CI Deaths PMR 95% CI
1
5
3
13
32
96
300
46
268
242
2 – 536
97 – 701
10 – 135
143 – 459
166 – 342
1
39 1 – 219
5 122 39 – 284
11 101 51 – 181
6
76 28 – 165
21 140 86 – 213
10
7
21
25
54
183
84
76
109
91
88 – 336
34 – 173
47 – 115
71 – 161
68 – 119
23
55
106
73
143
88
130
92
91
94
Other pneumonia
(ICD 480, 482-3, 486)
Job Group
112
116
120
145
149
Furnace operatives (metal)
Moulders and coremakers (metal)
Other metal manufacturers
Sheet metal workers
Welders
Ages 16-64
56 – 132
98 – 170
76 – 112
71 – 114
79 – 111
Ages 65-74
Deaths PMR 95% CI Deaths PMR 95% CI
2
2
12
10
45
94 11 – 338
59 7 – 213
107 56 – 188
102 49 – 187
174 127 – 233
2
11
25
25
45
29
100
87
119
112
4 – 106
50 – 179
57 – 129
77 – 175
82 – 150
Statistically significantly raised PMRs shown in bold
29
Tables
Occupational Mortality in England and Wales, 1991–2000
Table 25
Mortality from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cancer of the bronchus in
occupations exposed to coal mine dust, silica dust and metal fume – men aged 16–74,
England and Wales, 1991–2000.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease
(ICD 491, 492, 496)
Cancer of the bronchus
(ICD 162)
Job Group
Deaths
PMR
95% CI
PMR
95% CI
084
088
112
116
120
127
145
149
165
175
176
214
2125
94
163
364
45
224
567
659
224
102
122
138
118
130
112
115
89
113
117
117
108
106 – 139
132 – 144
96 – 145
110 – 151
101 – 125
84 – 154
78 – 102
104 – 123
108 – 126
102 – 133
88 – 131
107
102
132
114
118
131
105
111
107
107
105
97 – 118
99 – 106
115 – 151
101 – 128
109 – 127
106 – 159
97 – 115
105 – 117
102 – 113
97 – 118
91 – 121
Ceramics casters
Other coal miners
Furnace operatives (metal)
Moulders and coremakers (metal)
Other metal manufacturers
Fettlers and dressers (metal)
Sheet metal workers
Welders
Bricklayers, masons
Face trained coalminers
Miners (not coal) and quarry workers
Statistically significantly raised PMRs shown in bold
Table 26
Mortality from asthma in bakers and electrical or electronic assemblers – men and
women aged 16–74, England and Wales, 1991–2000
Asthma (ICD 493)
Job Group
076
161
Bakers
Electrical, electronic assemblers
Men
Women
Deaths
PMR
95% Cl
16
9
133
150
76 – 216
69 – 284
Deaths
7
20
PMR
95% Cl
85
122
34 – 176
74 – 188
Table 27
Mortality from hernia, volvulus and diverticular disease in farmers – men and women
aged 16–74, England and Wales, 1991–2000
Farmers (Job group 047)
Cause of death (ICD code)
147
148
152
153
Inguinal hernia (550)
Other hernia (551–3)
Volvulus (560.2)
Diverticular disease (562)
Men
Women
Deaths
PMR
95% Cl
29
24
21
58
237
157
143
106
159 – 341
101 – 234
89 – 219
80 – 137
Deaths
0
5
1
13
PMR
95% Cl
0
151
60
100
0 – 2760
49 – 352
2 – 335
53 – 170
Statistically significantly raised PMRs shown in bold
Table 28
Mortality from glomerulonephritis and renal failure in occupations involving exposure
to silica – men aged 16–74, England and Wales, 1991–2000
The job groups listed are those with significantly elevated PMRs for silicosis.
Job Group
084
120
127
165
176
Ceramics casters
Other metal manufacturers
Fettlers and dressers (metal)
Bricklayers, masons
Miners (not coal) and quarry workers
Statistically significantly raised PMRs shown in bold
30
Glomerulonephritis
(ICD 580-3)
Deaths
5
3
0
6
1
PMR
95% CI
294
126
0
106
133
95 – 686
26 – 367
0 – 1240
39 – 231
3 – 740
Renal failure
(ICD 584-6)
Deaths PMR
19
14
1
35
4
95% CI
196 118 – 306
84
46 – 141
49
1 – 271
111
78 – 155
80 22 – 205
Tables
Occupational Mortality in England and Wales, 1991–2000
Table 29
Mortality from accidents related to work – men aged 16–64, England and Wales,
1991–2000
Findings are shown for job groups in which a category of accident could plausibly be attributed to work.
Estimated
excess of
Cause of death
Deaths
Deaths
deaths from
(ICD code)
Job group
Observed Expected
PMR
95% Cl
accident
Railway accidents
063 Railway station workers
2
0.6
356
43 – 1290
1.4
(E800–E807)
170 Rail track workers
10
0.3
3870 1860 – 7130
9.7
177 Railway guards
6
0.2
2560
939 – 5570
5.8
179 Shunters and points operators
2
0.1
3780 458 – 13700
1.9
180 Railway engine drivers
5
0.3
1680 544 – 3910
4.7
Sub– total
23.5
Motor vehicle traffic
049 Police
118
58.2
203
168 – 243
59.8
accidents
057 Sales representatives
173
133.9
129
111 – 150
39.1
(E810–E819)
171 Road construction workers and
50
31.4
159
118 – 210
18.6
paviors
183 Lorry drivers
906
523.5
173
162 – 185
382.5
Sub–total
500.0
Off–road motor
025 Persons involved in sport
4
0.3
1530
416 – 3910
3.7
vehicle accidents
047 Farmers
23
8.2
280
178 – 420
14.8
(E820–E825)
048 Armed forces
8
3.4
238
103 – 470
4.6
065 Foresters
1
0.3
298
87 – 1660
0.7
133 Motor mechanics
13
6.0
218
116 – 372
7.0
183 Lorry drivers
52
15.8
330
246 – 432
36.2
187 Crane drivers
1
0.8
126
3 – 701
0.2
188 Fork lift truck drivers
6
3.0
197
72 – 430
3.0
190 Storekeepers
12
6.7
180
93 – 314
5.3
Sub–total
75.5
Animal transport accidents 025 Persons involved in sport
5
0.2
3321 1080 – 7750
4.8
(E827–E828)
047 Farmers
9
0.9
964
441 – 1830
8.1
Sub–total
12.9
Water transport accidents 036 Seafarers
18
1.0
1790 1060 – 2820
17.0
(E830–E838)
048 Armed forces
4
2.0
196
53 – 501
2.0
066 Fishing and related workers
25
0.5
5040 3260 – 7430
24.5
191 Dockers and goods porters
7
0.7
1030
413 – 2110
6.3
Sub–total
49.8
Air transport accidents
034 Aircraft flight deck officers
33
0.4
8390 5770 – 11800
32.6
(E840–E845)
048 Armed forces
22
1.9
1140
717 – 1730
20.1
Sub–total
52.7
Other vehicle accidents
048 Armed forces
1
0.1
1850
47 – 11300
0.9
(E846–E848)
088 Other coal miners
1
0.1
1350
34 – 7530
0.9
191 Dockers and goods porters
1
0.0
2270
58 – 12700
1.0
Sub–total
2.8
Pesticide poisoning
047 Farmers
4
0.3
1350 368 – 3460
3.7
(E863)
Sub–total
3.7
Poisoning by gas and
088 Other coal miners
4
1.2
337
92 – 864
2.8
other domestic fuels
175 Face trained coalminers
1
0.1
1000
25 – 5570
0.9
(E867, E868.1, E868.3)
Sub–total
3.7
Poisoning by motor vehicle 133 Motor mechanics
4
2.3
173
47 – 443
1.7
exhaust
Sub–total
1.7
(E868.2)
Poisoning by other gases 047 Farmers
3
1.3
238
49 – 697
1.7
(E869)
075 Chemical workers
1
0.2
471
12 – 26350
0.8
149 Welders
3
0.6
516
106 – 1510
2.4
Sub–total
4.9
Fall from ladder or
060 Other service personnel
27
9.2
294
194 – 428
17.8
scaffolding
104 Carpenters
11
8.1
136
68 – 244
2.9
(E881)
140 Electric cable and line workers
2
0.4
506
61 – 1830
1.6
144 Plumbers and gas fitters
7
5.4
130
52 – 267
1.6
147 Steel erectors
6
1.2
495 182 – 1080
4.8
148 Scaffolders
10
1.2
864
414 – 1590
8.8
160 Painters and decorators
33
7.7
426
293 – 598
25.3
165 Bricklayers, masons
6
3.7
162
59 – 352
2.3
Excess as a
proportion
of all deaths
in job group
(per 1000)
1.1
15.9
8.4
10.9
4.8
18.5
6.0
12.4
14.6
9.3
1.0
1.3
1.6
1.1
1.4
0.1
0.8
0.5
12.0
0.5
5.9
0.6
36.1
1.9
101.6
5.7
0.3
0.1
0.3
0.2
0.4
1.0
0.3
0.1
0.3
0.5
1.3
0.3
3.1
0.2
3.1
5.2
2.6
0.5
31
Tables
Occupational Mortality in England and Wales, 1991–2000
Table 29
Mortality from accidents related to work – men aged 16–64, England and Wales,
1991–2000 continued
Estimated
excess of
Cause of death
Deaths
Deaths
deaths from
(ICD code)
Job group
Observed Expected
PMR
95% Cl
accident
Fall from ladder or
168 Roofers and glaziers
7
1.9
372
scaffolding
169 Builders etc.
21
7.4
283
(E881) continued
174 Construction workers nec
10
8.7
115
Fall from building
060 Other service personnel
23
14.3
161
(E882)
104 Carpenters
10
8.9
113
140 Electric cable and line workers
6
0.4
1460
144 Plumbers and gas fitters
6
5.2
116
147 Steel erectors
9
1.2
734
148 Scaffolders
5
2.2
231
160 Painters and decorators
14
8.3
168
165 Bricklayers, masons
7
4.1
173
168 Roofers and glaziers
37
4.5
822
169 Builders etc.
31
7.4
420
174 Construction workers nec
19
14.6
130
Fall into a hole
039 Managers in construction
1
0.1
865
(E883)
048 Armed Forces
2
0.5
398
104 Carpenters and joiners
2
0.7
294
147 Steel erectors
1
0.1
1070
148 Scaffolders
1
0.1
803
160 Painters and decorators
2
0.6
316
168 Roofers and glaziers
1
0.3
358
169 Builders etc
1
0.5
182
174 Construction workers nec
3
1.6
187
191 Dockers and goods porters
2
0.4
509
Other fall
047 Farmers
21
9.4
224
(E884)
050 Fire service personnel
1
0.6
161
140 Electric cable and line workers
2
0.2
912
147 Steel erectors
3
0.7
452
148 Scaffolders
3
1.0
305
160 Painters and decorators
5
4.4
113
168 Roofers and glaziers
4
1.8
221
169 Builders etc.
7
3.9
178
Slipping and tripping
047 Farmers
4
2.6
154
(E885)
148 Scaffolders
3
0.3
978
Fall unspecified
047 Farmers
26
24.2
107
(E888)
050 Fire service personnel
3
2.3
129
060 Other service personnel
31
29.6
105
104 Carpenters
22
16.6
133
140 Electric cable and line workers
1
0.8
127
147 Steel erectors
7
2.4
289
160 Painters and decorators
20
15.8
127
165 Bricklayers, masons
19
7.5
252
168 Roofers and glaziers
10
5.1
196
169 Builders etc
16
14.9
107
173 Mains and service layers
5
1.3
377
174 Construction workers nec
29
28.7
101
Injured by fire
050 Fire service personnel
5
1.8
274
(E890–E899)
Heat Injury
048 Armed forces
3
0.1
2110
(E900)
Injury by animals or plants 047 Farmers 16
1.6
1030
(E905–E906)
32
150 – 767
175 – 432
55 – 212
Sub–total
102 – 241
54 – 207
536 – 3180
42 – 252
336 – 1390
75 – 540
92 – 282
69 – 355
579 – 1130
286 – 596
79 – 204
Sub–total
22 – 4820
48 – 1440
36 – 1060
27 – 5980
20 – 4480
38 – 1140
9 – 2000
5 – 1010
39 – 546
62 – 1840
Sub–total
139 – 343
4 – 895
110 –3290
93 –1320
63 – 891
37 – 264
60 – 565
72 – 368
Sub–total
42 – 393
202 –2860
Sub–total
70 – 158
27 – 378
71 – 149
83 – 201
3 – 710
116 – 596
77 – 196
152 – 394
94 – 360
61 – 174
122 – 879
68 – 145
Sub–total
89 – 640
Sub–total
435 – 6170
Sub–total
590 – 1680
Sub–total
5.1
13.6
1.3
85.1
8.7
1.1
5.6
0.8
7.8
2.8
5.7
2.9
32.5
23.6
4.4
95.9
0.9
1.5
1.3
0.9
0.9
1.4
0.7
0.5
1.4
1.6
11.1
11.6
0.4
1.8
2.3
2.0
0.6
2.2
3.1
24.0
1.4
2.7
4.1
1.8
0.7
1.4
5.4
0.2
4.6
4.2
11.5
4.9
1.1
3.7
0.3
39.8
3.2
3.2
2.9
2.9
14.4
14.4
Excess as a
proportion
of all deaths
in job group
(per 1000)
2.0
1.5
0.1
0.6
0.1
10.8
0.1
5.0
1.6
0.6
0.6
12.9
2.5
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.1
0.6
0.5
0.1
0.3
0.1
0.1
0.5
0.8
0.3
3.5
1.5
1.2
0.1
0.9
0.3
0.1
1.6
0.1
0.6
0.1
0.5
0.4
2.9
0.4
2.4
1.9
0.1
4.9
0.0
2.6
0.8
1.0
Tables
Occupational Mortality in England and Wales, 1991–2000
Table 29
Mortality from accidents related to work – men aged 16–64, England and Wales,
1991–2000 continued
Estimated
excess of
Cause of death
Deaths
Deaths
deaths from
(ICD code)
Job group
Observed Expected
PMR
95% Cl
accident
Injury by lightning
047 Farmers
3
0.6
519
(E907)
174 Construction workers nec
2
0.3
760
Non–recreational
036 Seafarers
1
0.0
2500
drowning
048 Armed forces
4
0.2
1770
(E910.3)
050 Fire service personnel
1
0.1
1970
Injury by falling object
047 Farmers
17
7.7
220
(E916)
065 Foresters
5
0.3
1560
088 Other coal miners
11
2.2
506
133 Motor mechanics
9
5.4
168
147 Steel erectors
2
1.1
184
148 Scaffolders
4
1.1
375
169 Builders etc.
7
6.8
103
173 Mains and service layers
1
0.4
252
174 Construction workers nec.
15
7.2
207
175 Face trained coalminers
1
0.4
271
176 Miners (not coal) and quarry
3
0.3
1020
workers
183 Lorry drivers
39
16.5
237
187 Crane drivers
4
0.9
469
191 Dockers and goods porters
4
1.4
277
Injury by being caught
047 Farmers 2
0.9
221
between objects
128 Shot blasters
1
0.01
6790
(E918)
175 Face trained coalminers
1
0.03
3260
176 Miners (not coal) and quarry
2
0.04
4520
workers
179 Shunters and points operators
1
0.01
10700
183 Lorry drivers
5
1.8
273
191 Dockers and goods porters
1
0.2
547
Injury by machinery
047 Farmers
50
12.0
417
(E919)
065 Foresters
1
0.5
204
079 Paper manufacturers
4
0.3
1180
088 Other coal miners
5
3.4
146
109 Other woodworkers
2
0.3
593
122 Centre lathe turners
5
0.5
995
132 Production fitters
34
12.5
272
147 Steel erectors
2
1.3
156
148 Scaffolders
2
1.7
115
174 Construction workers nec
22
12.8
172
175 Face trained coalminers
2
0.4
488
176 Miners (not coal) and quarry
2
0.5
427
workers
183 Lorry drivers
26
18.8
138
186 Mechanical plant drivers
11
1.5
727
187 Crane drivers
3
0.9
317
188 Fork lift truck drivers
15
3.6
416
189 Slingers
1
0.1
1180
191 Dockers and goods porters
4
2.5
157
Injury by cutting or
047 Farmers
6
2.2
276
piercing instruments or
048 Armed forces
1
0.9
116
objects (E920)
Injury by explosion of a
132 Production fitters
2
0.8
258
pressure vessel
133 Motor mechanics
3
0.4
738
(E921)
149 Welders
1
0.3
341
194 Boiler operators
1
0.01
6920
107 – 1520
92 – 2740
Sub–total
63 – 13900
481 – 4520
50 – 11000
Sub–total
128 – 352
505 – 3630
253 – 906
77 – 318
22 – 663
102 – 959
41 – 212
6 – 1400
116 – 342
7 – 1510
211 – 2990
2.4
1.7
4.1
1.0
3.8
0.9
5.7
9.3
4.7
8.8
3.6
0.9
2.9
0.2
0.6
7.8
0.6
2.7
168 – 324
128 – 1200
75 – 708
Sub–total
27 – 797
172 – 37800
82 – 18200
548 – 16300
22.5
3.1
2.6
70.3
1.1
1.0
1.0
2.0
270 – 59400
89 – 638
14 – 3050
Sub–total
309 – 550
5 – 1140
323 – 3030
47 – 340
72 – 2140
323 – 2320
188 – 380
19 – 565
14 – 415
108 – 260
59 – 1760
52 – 1540
1.0
3.2
0.8
10.0
38.0
0.5
3.7
1.6
1.7
4.5
21.5
0.7
0.3
9.2
1.6
1.5
90 – 202
363 – 1300
65 – 925
233 – 687
30 – 6580
43 – 402
Sub–total
101 – 601
3 – 645
Sub–total
31 – 933
152 – 2160
9 – 1900
175 – 38600
Sub–total
Excess as a
proportion
of all deaths
in job group
(per 1000)
0.2
0.1
0.3
1.1
0.7
0.6
10.7
1.3
0.6
0.6
1.7
0.0
0.8
0.6
0.7
4.4
0.9
1.7
0.8
0.1
4.8
1.1
3.2
5.7
0.1
0.2
2.6
1.1
6.9
0.2
5.2
5.2
1.4
0.4
0.2
0.8
1.8
2.5
7.2
0.3
9.5
5.0
2.1
1.2
11.4
3.1
0.9
5.5
1.5
0.5
117.4
3.8
0.3
0.1
0.0
3.9
1.2
0.1
2.6
0.4
0.7
0.2
1.0
0.9
5.5
33
Tables
Occupational Mortality in England and Wales, 1991–2000
Table 29
Mortality from accidents related to work – men aged 16–64, England and Wales,
1991–2000 continued
Estimated
excess of
Cause of death
Deaths
Deaths
deaths from
(ICD code)
Job group
Observed Expected
PMR
95% Cl
accident
Injury by firearms
047 Farmers
12
1.5
813 420 – 1420
(E922)
048 Armed forces
3
0.5
585
121 – 1710
Sub–total
Injury by explosive
048 Armed forces
1
0.6
163
4 – 910
material
050 Fire service personnel
1
0.2
567
14 – 3160
(E923)
075 Chemical workers
1
0.1
1370
35 – 7650
133 Motor mechanics
3
1.2
253
52 – 738
144 Plumbers and gas fitters
4
0.9
432
118 – 1100
149 Welders
2
0.7
271
33 – 978
Sub–total
Injury by hot substances
075 Chemical workers
1
0.3
319
8 – 1780
(E924)
078 Food processors
2
0.3
744
90 – 2690
132 Production fitters
4
0.8
512
139 – 1310
Sub–total
Injury by electric current 047 Farmers
18
7.6
238
141 – 376
(E925)
132 Production fitters
15
11.4
132
74 – 217
136 Electrical and electronic
3
0.2
1250 258 – 3650
production fitters
137 Electricians
22
6.4
344
215 – 520
140 Electric cable and line workers
2
0.4
549
66 – 1980
141 Radio and TV mechanics
1
0.5
213
5 – 1190
143 Electrical engineers (so described) 6
1.4
415
152 – 902
144 Plumbers and gas fitters
9
4.9
186
85 – 353
148 Scaffolders
3
1.0
294
61 – 859
169 Builders etc.
10
6.9
145
69 – 266
Sub–total
Overall total
Statistically significantly raised PMRs shown in bold
34
10.5
2.5
13.0
0.4
0.8
0.9
1.8
3.1
1.3
8.3
0.7
1.7
3.2
5.6
10.4
3.6
2.8
15.6
1.6
0.5
4.6
4.1
2.0
3.1
48.3
1303.8
Excess as a
proportion
of all deaths
in job group
(per 1000)
0.7
0.7
0.1
0.7
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.7
0.2
0.7
0.2
7.9
1.9
3.1
0.6
2.0
0.6
1.2
0.3
Tables
Occupational Mortality in England and Wales, 1991–2000
Table 30
Mortality from accidents related to work – women aged 16–59, England and Wales,
1991–2000
Findings are shown for job groups in which a category of accident could plausibly be attributed to work.
Estimated
excess of
Cause of death
Deaths
Deaths
deaths from
(ICD code)
Job group
Observed Expected
PMR
95% Cl
accident
Motor vehicle accidents
023 Driving instructors
1
0.6
167
(E810–E819)
057 Sales representatives
27
15.9
170
183 Lorry drivers
14
5.1
276
184 Other motor drivers
10
1.6
613
Off–road motor vehicle
047 Farmers
1
0.1
1010
accidents
183 Lorry drivers
1
0.1
970
(E820–E825)
197 Other transport and machinery
1
0.1
919
operatives
Excess as a
proportion
of all deaths
in job group
(per 1000)
4 – 929
112 – 248
151 – 463
294 – 1130
Sub–total
26 – 5620
25 – 5410
23 – 5120
Sub–total
0.4
11.1
8.9
8.4
28.8
0.9
0.9
0.9
2.7
7.7
17.5
40.8
68.9
Animal transport accidents 025 Persons involved in sport
4
0.04
9000 2450 – 23000
(E827–E828)
047 Farmers
7
0.6
1190
478 – 2450
Sub–total
Air transport accidents
048 Armed forces
3
0.02
15000 3100 – 44000
(E840–E845)
Sub–total
Other fall
047 Farmers
1
0.2
500
13 – 2790
(E884)
Sub–total
Slipping and tripping
047 Farmers
1
0.2
532
13 – 2960
(E885)
Sub–total
Injury by animals or plants 047 Farmers
4
0.2
2600 7091 – 6660
(E905–E906)
Sub–total
Injury by machinery
047 Farmers
1
0.1
1570
40 – 8750
(E919)
197 Other transport and machinery
1
0.1
1420
36 – 7920
operatives
Sub–total
Overall total
4.0
6.4
10.4
3.0
3.0
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
3.8
3.8
0.9
0.9
1.8
52.0
41.7
7.0
1.0
4.1
1.1
41.4
0.9
0.9
4.2
1.0
1.1
Statistically significantly raised PMRs shown in bold
35
Tables
Occupational Mortality in England and Wales, 1991–2000
Table 31
Job groups with high mortality from suicide – men and women aged 16–74, England
and Wales, 1991–2000
Job groups are listed if they had significantly elevated PMRs > 120.
Job Group
Suicide
(E950-E959)
Deaths
PMR
95% CI
Men
015 Doctors
111
175
144 – 210
016 Dentists
32
217
148 – 306
017 Nurses
130
128
107 – 152
022 Veterinarians
24
453
290 – 673
026 Biological scientists
46
159
116 – 212
034 Aircraft flight deck officers
28
196
130 – 283
047 Farmers
908
137
129 – 147
056 Van sales persons
70
138
108 – 175
057 Sales representatives
316
121
108 – 135
105 Cabinet makers
62
133
102 – 170
162 Other assemblers
56
144
109 – 187
197 Other transport and machinery operatives
281
124
110 – 139
Women
015 Doctors
32
215
147 – 304
017 Nurses
283
137
122 – 154
021 Health professionals nec
55
135
101 – 175
022 Veterinarians
5
356
116 – 831
024 Literary and artistic occupations
96
142
115 – 173
049 Police
14
242
132 – 406
062 Ambulance workers
6
465
170 – 1010
182 Bus and coach drivers
6
296
109 – 644
197 Other transport and machinery operatives
40
154
110 – 209
Statistically significantly raised PMRs shown in bold
Table 32
Job groups with high mortality from homicide – men and women aged 16–74,
England and Wales, 1991–2000
Job groups are listed if they had significantly elevated PMRs > 120 based on more than one observed death.
Job Group
Men
009 Other administrators
043 Fishmongers and poultry dressers
044 Retailers and dealers
045 Publicans and bar staff
046 Caterers
121 Press and machine tool setters
147 Steel erectors
160 Painters and decorators
168 Roofers and glaziers
174 Construction workers nec
184 Other motor drivers
Women
045 Publicans and bar staff
046 Caterers
36
Homicide
(ICD E960-E969)
Deaths
PMR
95% CI
70
3
41
25
25
2
10
32
18
57
28
172
496
147
183
188
1210
318
146
196
141
261
134 – 218
102 – 1450
105 – 199
119 – 271
122 – 278
146 – 4360
152 – 584
100 – 206
116 – 309
107 – 183
174 – 378
16
34
193
193
110 – 313
134 – 270
Appendix 1
Grouping of causes of death
Appendix 1: Grouping of Causes of Death
Occupational Mortality in England and Wales, 1991–2000
Appendix 1
Grouping of Causes of Death
Diagnostic group
ICD codes
Intestinal infectious diseases
Tuberculosis
Zoonotic bacterial diseases
Meningococcal infections
Septicaemia
Viral hepatitis
Sarcoidosis
Cancer of the oral cavity
Cancer of the salivary glands
Cancer of the pharynx (specified)
Cancer of oesophagus
Cancer of the stomach
Cancer of the small intestine
Cancer of the colon
Cancer of the rectum
Cancer of the liver
Cancer of the gall bladder
Cancer of the pancreas
Cancer of the retroperitoneum
Cancer of the peritoneum
Cancer of the nose and nasal sinuses
Cancer of the larynx
Cancer of the bronchus
Cancer of the pleura
Cancer of the thymus
Cancer of other mediastinum
Cancer of bone
Cancer of soft tissue
Melanoma of skin
Other cancer of skin
Cancer of the female breast
Cancer of the male breast
Cancer of the uterus, part unspecified
Cancer of the cervix
Cancer of the placenta
Cancer of the body of uterus
Cancer of the ovary
Cancer of the prostate
Cancer of the testis
Cancer of the penis
Cancer of the scrotum
Urothelial cancer
Cancer of the kidney (except pelvis)
Cancer of the eye
Cancer of the brain
Meningeal tumour
Cancer of the thyroid
Cancer of the suprarenal
Cancer of other endocrine organs
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
Hodgkin's disease
Myeloma
Acute lymphatic leukaemia
Chronic lymphatic leukaemia
Acute myeloid leukaemia
Chronic myeloid leukaemia
Acute monocytic leukaemia
Other leukaemia
Adrenal tumour
Pituitary tumour
Thyrotoxicosis
Hypothyroidism
Diabetes
Cushing's disease
001-009
010-018, 137
020-027
036
038
070
135
141,143,144,145
142
146-148
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158.0
158.8, 158.9
160
161
162
163
164.0
164.1-164.9
170
171
172
173
174
175
179
180
181
182
183
185
186
187.1-187.4
187.7
188, 189.1-189.8
189.0
190
191
192.1, 192.3, 225.2, 225.4
193
194.0
194.1-194.9
200, 202
201
203
204.0
204.1
205.0
205.1
206.0
207, 208
227.0
227.3
242
244
250
255.0
38
Occupational Mortality in England and Wales, 1991–2000
Appendix 1: Grouping of Causes of Death
Appendix 1
Grouping of Causes of Death continued
Diagnostic group
Addison's disease
Amyloidosis
Immunodeficiency/HIV/AIDs
Haemolytic anaemia
Aplastic anaemia
Defibrination syndrome
Purpura
Agranulocytosis
Dementia
Other alcohol-related diseases
Drug dependence
Anorexia nervosa
Bacterial and unspecified meningitis
Encephalitis
Intracranial/spinal abscess
Parkinson's disease
Motor neuron disease
Multiple sclerosis
Epilepsy
Guillain Barre syndrome
Myasthenia
Chronic rheumatic heart disease
Hypertensive disease
Ischaemic heart disease
Pulmonary embolism and phlebitis
Pulmonary hypertension
Cor pulmonale
Pericarditis
Endocarditis
Acute myocarditis
Mitral valve disease
Aortic valve disorders
Other cardiomyopathies
Atrial fibrillation
Chronic and unspecified myocarditis
Sub-arachnoid haemorrhage
Other cerebrovascular disease
Aortic aneurysm
Other aneurysm
Peripheral vascular disease
Arterial embolism and thrombosis
Polyarthritis nodosa
Wegener's granulomatosis
Arteritis
Portal vein thrombosis
Oesophageal varices
Acute upper respiratory infection
Acute bronchitis
Viral pneumonia
Pneumoccal and unspecified lobar pneumonia
Other bacterial pneumonia
Other specified pneumonia
Bronchopneumonia
Unspecified pneumonia
Influenza
Chronic bronchitis and emphysema
Asthma
Bronchiectasis
Farmer's lung disease
Bird fancier's lung
Other and unspecified allergic pneumonitis
Coal worker's pneumoconiosis
Asbestosis
Silicosis
ICD codes (ninth revision)
255.4
277.3
279.1, 042
283
284
286.6
287
288.0
290, 331.0, 331.1
303, 305.0, 425.5, 535.3, 571.0-571.3, 860.0, 860.1
304
307.1
320, 322
323
324
332
335.2
340
345
357.0
358
394-398
401-405
410-414
415.1, 451, 453
416.0
416.9
420
421
422
424.0
424.1
425.0-425.4, 425.6-425.9
427.3
429.0
430
431-438
441
442
443, 557
444
446.0
446.4
447.6
452
456.0-456.2
460-465
466
480
481
482
483
485
486
487
491, 492, 496
493
494
495.0
495.2
495.1, 495.3-495.9
500
501
502
39
Appendix 1: Grouping of Causes of Death
Occupational Mortality in England and Wales, 1991–2000
Appendix 1
Grouping of Causes of Death continued
Diagnostic group
Other pneumoconiosis
Byssinosis
Respiratory conditions from chemical fumes
Pleurisy
Pneumothorax
Pulmonary fibrosis
Fibrosing alveolitis
Oesophageal disease
Gastric ulcer
Duodenal ulcer
Peptic ulcer
Gastrojejunal ulcer
Non-alcoholic gastritis and duodenitis
Appendicitis
Inguinal hernia
Other hernia
Crohn's disease
Ulcerative colitis
Other colitis
Volvulus
Diverticular disease
Peritonitis
Hepatitis
Cirrhosis (not specified as biliary)
Biliary cirrhosis
Cholelithiasis and cholecystitis
Pancreatitis
Glomerulonephritis
Renal failure
Urinary infections
Hydronephrosis
Renal stones
Hyperplasia of prostate
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Ovarian cysts
Ectopic pregnancy
Complications of pregnancy
Complications of delivery
Complications of puerperium
Infections of skin, joints and bones
Erythematous conditions
Systemic lupus erythematosis
Systematic sclerosis
Myositis
Rheumatoid arthritis
Ankylosing spondylitis
Osteoporosis
Railway accidents
Motor vehicle traffic accidents
Off-road motor vehicle traffic accidents
Pedal cycle accidents
Animal transport accidents
Water transport accidents
Air transport accidents
Other vehicle accidents
Accidental poisoning by drugs
Methanol poisoning
Poisoning by cleansing agents
Poisoning by solvents
Pesticide poisoning
Poisoning by corrosive and caustics
Other poisoning
Poisoning by gas and other domestic fuels
Poisoning by liquefied petroleum gas
40
ICD codes (ninth revision)
503, 505
504
506
511
512
515
516.3
530
531
532
533
534
535.0-535.2, 535.4-535.6
540-542
550
551-553
555
556
558
560.2
562
567
571.4, 573.3
571.5
571.6
574, 575, 576.1-576.4
577.0, 577.1
580-583
584-586
590, 595, 599.0
591
592
600
614
620.0-620.2
633
640-648
650-669
670-676
680-686, 711, 730
695
710.0
710.1
710.3, 710.4
714
720
733.0
E800-E807
E810-E819
E820-E825
E826
E827-E828
E830-E838
E840-E845
E846-E848
E850-E858
E860.2
E861
E862
E863
E864
E866
E867, E868.1, E868.3
E868.0
Occupational Mortality in England and Wales, 1991–2000
Appendix 1: Grouping of Causes of Death
Appendix 1
Grouping of Causes of Death continued
Diagnostic group
Poisoning by motor vehicle exhaust
Poisoning by carbon monoxide from other sources
Poisoning by other gases
Fall on stairs
Fall from ladder or scaffolding
Fall from building
Fall into hole
Other fall
Slipping and tripping
Fracture unspecified
Fall unspecified
Injured by fire
Heat injury
Cold injury
Injury by high or low air pressure
Injury by animals and plants
Injury by lightning
Non-recreational drowning
Injury by falling object
Injury by being caught between objects
Injury by machinery
Injury by cutting and piercing instruments or objects
Injury by explosion of pressure vessel
Injury by firearms
Injury by explosive material
Injury by hot substances
Injury by electric current
Overexertion
Other accidents
Suicide
Homicide
Injury undetermined as accidental or purposeful
War
Other and unspecified
ICD codes (ninth revision)
E868.2
E868.8
E869
E880
E881
E882
E883
E884
E885
E887
E888
E890-E899
E900
E901
E902
E905-E906
E907
E910.3
E916
E918
E919
E920
E921
E922
E923
E924
E925
E927
E928
E950-E959
E960-E969
E980-E989
E990-E999
All other codes
41
Appendix 1: Grouping of Causes of Death
42
Occupational Mortality in England and Wales, 1991–2000
Appendix 2
Definition of job groups
Appendix 2: Definition of job groups
Occupational Mortality in England and Wales, 1991–2000
Appendix 2
Definition of job groups
Code
Job Group
001
Lawyers
240
241
242
350
002
Accountants and Financial Managers
120
250
251
253
360
361
362
003
Personnel Managers etc
124
125
363
364
004
Economists & statisticians
252
005
Computer Programmers and Managers
126
214
320
006
Sales Managers etc.
121
122
123
700
701
007
Government Inspectors
311
394
395
008
Government administrators
100
102
103
155
009
Other Administrators
127
170
173
176
179
190
191
199
270
271
010
Teachers in Higher Education
230
231
011
School Teachers
233
234
012
Vocational Trainers, Social Scientists etc.
232
235
239
290
291
391
392
013
Welfare Workers
293
370
371
44
SOC 90 units
Judges and officers of the Court
Barristers and advocates
Solicitors
Legal service and related occupations
Treasurers and company financial managers
Chartered and certified accountants
Management accountants
Management consultants, business analysts
Estimators, valuers
Underwriters, claims assessors, brokers, investment analysts
Taxation experts
Personnel, training and industrial relations managers
Organisation and methods and work study managers
Personnel and industrial officers
Organisation and methods and work study officers
Actuaries, economists & statisticians
Computer systems and data processing managers
Software engineers
Computer analysts/programmers
Marketing and sales managers
Purchasing managers
Advertising & PR Managers
Buyers (retail trade)
Buyers and purchasing officers (not retail)
Building inspectors
Inspectors of factories, utilities and trading standards
Other statutory and similar inspectors n.e.c.
General administrators; national government (Assistant
Secretary/Grade 5 and above)
Local government officers (administrative and executive
functions)
General administrators; national government (HEO to
Senior Principal/Grade 6)
Customs and excise, immigration service officers (customs:
chief preventive officer and above; excise: surveyor and
above)
Company secretaries
Property and estate managers
Hotel and accommodation managers
Entertainment and sports managers
Managers and proprietors in service industries n.e.c.
Officials of trade associations, trade unions, professional
bodies and charities
Registrars and administrators of educational establishments
Other managers and administrators n.e.c.
Librarians
Archivists and curators
University and polytechnic teaching professionals
Higher and further education teaching professionals
Secondary (and middle school deemed secondary)
education teaching professionals
Primary (and middle school deemed primary) and nursery
education teaching professionals)
Education officers, school inspectors
Special education teaching professionals
Other teaching professionals n.e.c.
Psychologists
Other social and behavioural scientists
Vocational and industrial trainers
Careers advisers and vocational guidance specialists
Social workers, probation officers
Matrons, houseparents
Welfare, community and youth workers
Occupational Mortality in England and Wales, 1991–2000
Appendix 2: Definition of job groups
Appendix 2
Definition of job groups continued
Code
Job Group
014
Clergy
292
015
Doctors
220
016
Dentists
223
017
Nurses
340
341
018
Pharmacists/Pharmacologists
221
019
Medical Radiographers
342
020
Physiotherapists
343
021
Other Health Professions
222
344
345
346
347
348
349
643
022
Veterinarians
224
023
Driving Instructors (excluding HGV)
393
024
Literary and Artistic Occupations
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
791
025
Professional athletes, sports officials
387
026
Biological scientists
201
027
Chemical Engineers and Scientists
200
215
028
Physical Scientists & mathematicians
202
209
029
Electrical and Electronic Engineers (professional)
212
213
030
Other Professional Engineers
210
211
216
217
218
219
031
Draughtspersons
310
032
Laboratory Technicians
300
301
033
Architects and Surveyors
260
261
262
312
313
034
Aircraft Flight Deck Officers
331
035
Air Traffic Controllers
330
036
Seafarers
332
880
037
Other Technicians
303
304
309
390
396
399
SOC 90 units
Clergy
Medical Practitioners
Dental Practitioners
Nurses
Midwives
Pharmacists/Pharmacologists
Medical Radiographers
Physiotherapists
Ophthalmic opticians
Chiropodists
Dispensing opticians
Medical technicians, dental auxiliaries
Occupational and speech therapists, psychotherapists,
therapists n.e.c.
Environmental health officers
Other health associate professionals n.e.c.
Dental nurses
Veterinarians
Driving Instructors (excluding HGV)
Authors, writers, journalists
Artists, commercial artists, graphic designers
Industrial designers
Clothing designers
Actors, entertainers, stage managers, producers and
directors
Musicians
Photographers, camera, sound and video equipment
operators
Window dressers, floral arrangers
Professional athletes, sports officials
Biological scientists & biochemists
Chemists
Chemical engineers
Physicists, geologists and meteorologists
Other natural scientists n.e.c.
Electrical engineers
Electronic engineers
Civil, structural, municipal, mining and quarrying engineers
Mechanical engineers
Design and development engineers
Process and production engineers
Planning and quality control engineers
Other engineers and technologists n.e.c.
Draughtspersons
Laboratory technicians
Engineering technicians
Architects
Town planners
Building, land, mining and ‘general practice’ surveyors
Quantity surveyors
Marine, insurance and other surveyors
Aircraft Flight Deck Officers
Air traffic planners & controllers
Ship and hovercraft officers
Seafarers (merchant navy); barge, lighter and boat
operatives
Architectural and town planning technicians
Building and civil engineering technicians
Other scientific technicians n.e.c.
Information officers
Occupational hygienists and safety officers (health and
safety)
Other associate professional and technical occupations n.e.c.
45
Appendix 2: Definition of job groups
Occupational Mortality in England and Wales, 1991–2000
Appendix 2
Definition of job groups continued
Code
Job Group
038
Production and maintenance managers
039
Managers in Construction
SOC 90 units
110
111
112
040
Managers in Transport, Mining and Energy Industries
113
140
141
142
041
General and office managers
101
130
131
139
042
Butchers
178
581
043
Fishmongers, Poultry Dressers
582
044
Retailers and Dealers
171
177
691
720
721
732
733
790
954
045
Publicans and Bar staff
175
622
046
Caterers
174
621
953
047
Farmers
160
169
594
595
900
901
902
048
Armed Forces
150
151
600
601
049
Police
152
610
050
Fire Service Personnel
153
611
051
Launderers, Dry Cleaners, Pressers
673
052
Hairdressers
172
660
053
Office Workers and Cashiers
132
400
401
410
411
412
420
421
430
440
46
Production, works and maintenance managers
Managers in building and contracting
Clerks of works
Managers in mining and energy industries
Transport managers
Stores controllers
Managers in warehousing and other materials handling
General managers; large companies and organisations
Credit controllers
Bank, Building Society and Post Office managers (except self
employed)
Other financial institution and office managers n.e.c.
Managers and proprietors of butchers and fishmongers
Butchers, meat cutters
Fishmongers, Poultry Dressers
Garage managers and proprietors
Travel agency managers
Bookmakers
Sales assistant
Retail cash desk and check-out operators
Market and street traders and assistants
Scrap dealers, scrap metal merchants
Merchandisers
Shelf fillers
Publicans, innkeepers and club stewards
Bar staff
Restaurant and catering managers
Waiters, waitresses
Counterhands, catering assistants
Farm owners and managers, horticulturists
Other managers in farming, horticulture, forestry and
fishing n.e.c.
Gardeners, groundsmen/groundswomen
Horticultural trades
Farm workers
Agricultural machinery drivers and operatives
All other occupations in farming and related
Officers in UK armed forces
Officers in foreign and Commonwealth armed forces
NCOs and other ranks, UK armed forces
NCOs and other ranks, foreign and Commonwealth armed
forces
Police officers (inspector and above)
Police officers (sergeant and below)
Fire service officers (station officer and above)
Fire service officers (leading fire officer and below)
Launderers, Dry Cleaners, Pressers
Hairdressers’ and barbers’ managers and proprietors
Hairdressers, barbers
Civil Service executive officers
Civil Service administrative officers and assistants
Local government clerical officers and assistants
Accounts and wages clerks, book-keepers, other financial
clerks
Counter clerks and cashiers
Debt, rent and other cash collectors
Filing, computer and other records clerks (inc. legal
conveyancing)
Library assistants/clerks
Clerks (n.o.s.)
Stores, despatch and production control clerks
Occupational Mortality in England and Wales, 1991–2000
Appendix 2: Definition of job groups
Appendix 2
Definition of job groups continued
Code
Job Group
450
451
452
459
460
461
462
463
490
491
792
054
Postal Workers, Mail Sorters
940
055
Petrol Pump Forecourt Attendants
722
056
Roundsmen/women & Van Salespersons
731
057
Sales Representatives
702
703
710
719
730
058
Security Workers
154
612
613
614
615
619
059
Cooks and Kitchen Porters
620
952
060
Other Service Personnel
630
670
671
672
699
941
951
955
956
957
958
959
650
651
652
659
061
Hospital Porters and Ward Orderlies
640
641
644
950
062
Ambulance Staff
642
063
Railway Station Staff
631
064
Undertakers
690
065
Forestry Workers
904
066
Fishing & Related Workers
903
067
Tannery Production Operatives
810
068
Leather & shoe workers
555
069
Preparatory Fibre Processors
811
070
Spinners and Winders
812
813
071
Warp preparers & weavers
550
072
Knitters
551
SOC 90 units
Medical secretaries
Legal secretaries
Typists and word processor operators
Other secretaries, personal assistants, typists, word
processor operators n.e.c.
Receptionists
Receptionist/telephonists
Telephone operators
Radio and telegraph operators, other office communication
system operators
Computer operators, data processing operators, other
office machine operators
Tracers, drawing office assistants
Telephone salespersons
Postal Workers, Mail Sorters
Petrol Pump Forecourt Attendants
Roundsmen/women & Van Salespersons
Importers and exporters
Air, commodity and ship brokers
Technical and wholesale sales representatives
Other sales representatives n.e.c.
Collector salespersons and credit agents
Prison officers (principal officer and above)
Prison service officers (below principal officer)
Customs and excise officers, immigration officers (customs:
below chief preventive officer; excise: below surveyor)
Traffic wardens
Security guards and related occupations
Other security and protective service occupations n.e.c.
Chefs, cooks
Kitchen porters, hands
Travel and flight attendants
Domestic housekeepers and related occupations
Housekeepers (non-domestic)
Caretakers
Other personal and protective service occupations n.e.c.
Messengers, couriers
Hotel porters
Lift and car park attendants
Window cleaners
Road sweepers
Cleaners, domestics
Other occupations in sales and services n.e.c.
Nursery nurses
Playgroup leaders
Educational assistants
Other childcare and related occupations n.e.c.
Assistant nurses, nursing auxiliaries
Hospital ward assistants
Care assistants and attendants
Hospital porters
Ambulance Staff
Railway Station Staff
Undertakers
Forestry Workers
Fishing & Related Workers
Tannery Production Operatives
Shoe Repairers, Leather Cutters & Sewers etc.
Preparatory Fibre Processors
Spinners, doublers, twisters
Winders, reelers
Weavers
Knitters
47
Appendix 2: Definition of job groups
Occupational Mortality in England and Wales, 1991–2000
Appendix 2
Definition of job groups continued
Code
Job Group
073
Bleachers, dyers & finishers
552
074
Other Textile Processing Operatives
814
075
Chemical workers
820
829
076
Bakers
580
800
077
Brewery & vinery process operatives
801
078
Other Food, Drink & Tobacco Process Operatives n.e.c.
809
079
Paper manufacturers
821
080
Bookbinders
562
081
Paper cutters
822
082
Glass & ceramics furnace workers
823
083
Glass Product & Ceramic Finishers & Decorators
591
084
Ceramics casters
590
085
Rubber Manufacturers
824
087
Synthetic Fibre Makers
826
088
Other coal miners
890
910
089
Tobacco Process Operatives
802
093
Plastic goods makers
825
094
Compositors
560
096
Printing Machine Minders & Assistants
891
097
Printers
561
563
569
098
Tailors & Dressmakers
556
099
Clothing cutter
557
100
Sewers & embroiderers
553
101
Upholsterers
554
102
Carpet fitters
506
103
Other workers with fabrics
559
104
Carpenters & Joiners
570
105
Cabinet Makers
571
106
Case & Box Makers
572
107
Pattern Makers (moulds)
573
108
Woodworking Machine Operatives
897
109
Other Woodworkers
579
920
110
Dental Technicians
592
112
Furnace Operatives (metal)
830
113
Rollers
832
114
Smiths & Forge Workers
530
115
Metal Drawers
831
116
Moulders, Core Makers, Die Casters
531
117
Electroplater
834
118
Annealers, Hardeners, Temperers (metal)
833
120
Other Metal Manufacturers
839
911
121
Press Setters & Setter-Operators
514
122
Centre, Capstan, Turret & Other Lathe Setters & Setter-
510
Operators
123
Machine Tool Setter Operators
511
512
513
519
124
Machine Tool Operatives (including CNC machine tool
840
operatives)
125
Press Stamping & Automatic Machine Operatives
841
126
Metal Polishers
842
48
SOC 90 units
Warp Preparers, Bleachers, Dyers & Finishers
Other Textile Processing Operatives
Chemical, Gas & Petroleum Process Plant Operatives
Other Chemicals, Paper, Plastics & Related Process
Operatives n.e.c.
Bakers, flour confectioners
Bakery and confectionery process operatives
Brewery & vinery process operatives
Other Food, Drink & Tobacco Process Operatives n.e.c.
Paper, Wood & Related Process Plant Operatives
Bookbinders and Print Finishers
Cutting & Slitting Machine Operatives (paper products etc)
Glass & Ceramics Furnace Operatives, Kilnsetters
Glass Product & Ceramic Finishers & Decorators
Glass Product & Ceramic Makers
Rubber Process Operatives, Moulding Machine Operatives,
Tyre Builders
Synthetic Fibre Makers
Washers, screeners and crushers in mines and quarries
Coal mine labourers
Tobacco Process Operatives
Plastic Process Operatives, Moulders & Extruders
Originators, Compositors & Print Preparers
Printing Machine Minders & Assistants
Printers
Screen printers
Other printing and related trades n.e.c.
Tailors & Dressmakers
Clothing Cutter, Milliners, Furriers
Sewing Machinists, Menders, Darners & Embroiders
Coach trimmers, Upholsterers & Mattress Makers
Floorers, Floor Coverers, Carpet Fitters & Planners, Floor &
Wall Tilers
Other Textiles, Garments & Related Trades nes
Carpenters & Joiners
Cabinet Makers
Case & Box Makers
Pattern Makers (moulds)
Woodworking Machine Operatives
Other woodworking trades n.e.c.
Mates to woodworking trades workers
Dental Technicians
Furnace Operatives (metal)
Rollers
Smiths & Forge Workers
Metal Drawers
Moulders, Core Makers, Die Casters
Electroplaters, Galvanisers, Colour Coaters
Annealers, Hardeners, Temperers (metal)
Other metal making and treating process operatives n.e.c.
Labourers in foundries
Press Setters & Setter-Operators
Centre, Capstan, Turret & Other Lathe Setters & SetterOperators
Boring and drilling machine setters and setter-operators
Grinding machine setters and setter-operators
Milling machine setters and setter-operators
Other machine tool setters and set-operators n.e.c.
(including CNC setter-operators)
Machine Tool Operatives (including CNC machine
tool operatives)
Press Stamping & Automatic Machine Operatives
Metal Polishers
Occupational Mortality in England and Wales, 1991–2000
Appendix 2: Definition of job groups
Appendix 2
Definition of job groups continued
Code
Job Group
SOC 90 units
127
Fettler
843
128
Shot Blasters
844
129
Tool Makers, Tool Fitters & Markers-Out
515
130
Precision Instrument Makers & Repairers
517
132
Production fitters
516
133
Motor Mechanics, Auto Engineers (including road patrol
540
engineers)
544
135
Office Machinery Mechanics
598
136
Production Fitters (electrical/electronic)
520
137
Electricians, Electrical Maintenance Fitters
521
139
Telephone Fitters
523
140
Cable Jointers, Lines Repairers
524
141
Radio, TV & Video Engineers
525
142
Other Electrical/Electronic Trades n.e.c.
302
526
529
543
143
Electrical Engineers (not professional)
522
Metal dressing operatives
Shot Blasters
Tool Makers, Tool Fitters & Markers-Out
Precision Instrument Makers & Repairers
Metal Working Production & Maintenance Fitters
Motor Mechanics, Auto Engineers (including road
patrol engineers)
Tyre & exhaust fitters
Office Machinery Mechanics
Production Fitters (electrical/electronic)
Electricians, Electrical Maintenance Fitters
Telephone Fitters
Cable Jointers, Lines Repairers
Radio, TV & Video Engineers
Electrical/Electronic Technicians
Computer Engineers, Installation & Maintenance
Other Electrical/Electronic Trades n.e.c.
Auto Electricians
Electrical Engineers (not professional)
144
Plumbers, Heating & Ventilating Engineers & Related
532
Trades
145
Sheet Metal Workers
533
146
Metal Plate Workers, Shipwrights, Riveters
534
147
Steel Erectors
535
536
148
Scaffolders, Stagers, Steeplejacks, Riggers
505
149
Welding Trades
537
151
Jewellery workers
518
153
Coach & Vehicle Body Builders
541
154
Oilers, Greasers, Lubricators
894
158
Coach Painters
596
160
Painters & Decorators
507
161
Assemblers/Lineworkers (electrical/electronic goods)
850
162
Other Assemblers/Lineworkers nes
859
163
Assemblers/Lineworkers (vehicles & other metal goods)
851
164
Packers, Sorters and Testers
860
861
862
863
864
869
165
Bricklayers, Masons
500
167
Plasterers
502
168
Roofers and Glaziers
501
503
169
Builders, etc.
504
170
Rail Construction & Maintenance Workers
922
171
Road Construction Workers and Paviors
923
924
172
Sewage plant attendants
892
173
Mains & Service Pipe Layers, Pipe Jointers
895
174
Other Construction Workers
509
896
921
929
175
Face Trained Coalmining Workers, Shotfirers & Deputies
597
176
Mine (excluding coal) & Quarry Workers
898
177
Railway guards
881
178
Railway signal workers
883
179
Shunters & points operatives
884
180
Railway engine drivers
882
Plumbers, Heating & Ventilating Engineers & Related Trades
Sheet Metal Workers
Metal Plate Workers, Shipwrights, Riveters
Steel Erectors
Barbenders, steel fixers
Scaffolders, Stagers, Steeplejacks, Riggers
Welding Trades
Goldsmiths, Silversmiths, Precious Stone Workers
Coach & Vehicle Body Builders
Oilers, Greasers, Lubricators
Coach Painters, Other Spray Painters
Painters & Decorators
Assemblers/Lineworkers (electrical/electronic goods)
Other Assemblers/Lineworkers n.e.c.
Assemblers/Lineworkers (vehicles & other metal goods)
Inspectors, viewers and testers (metal and electrical goods)
Inspectors, viewers, testers and examiners (other
manufactured goods)
Packers, bottlers, canners, fillers
Weighers, graders, sorters
Routine laboratory testers
Other routine process operatives n.e.c.
Bricklayers, Masons
Plasterers
Roofers, slaters, tilers, sheeters, cladders
Glaziers
Builders, Building Contractors
Rail Construction & Maintenance Workers
Road construction and maintenance workers
Paviors, kerb layers
Water & Sewerage plant attendants
Mains & Service Pipe Layers, Pipe Jointers
Other construction trades n.e.c.
Construction and related operatives
Mates to building trades workers
Other building and civil engineering labourers n.e.c.
Face Trained Coalmining Workers, Shotfirers & Deputies
Mine (excluding coal) & Quarry Workers
Railway Inspectors, Supervisors & Guards
Railway signal operatives & crossing keepers
Shunters & points operatives
Railway engine drivers & assistants
49
Appendix 2: Definition of job groups
Occupational Mortality in England and Wales, 1991–2000
Appendix 2
Definition of job groups continued
Code
Job Group
SOC 90 units
181
Road transport inspectors
870
871
182
Bus & Coach Drivers
873
183
Lorry drivers
872
184
Other motor drivers
874
185
Bus Conductors and Drivers’ Mates
875
934
186
Mechanical Plant Drivers & Operatives (earth moving & 885
civil engineering)
187
Crane Drivers
886
188
Fork Lift & Mechanical Truck Drivers
887
189
Slingers
932
190
Storekeepers & warehousemen/women
441
191
Dockers and Goods Porters
930
931
192
Refuse & Salvage Collectors
933
194
Electrical, Energy, Boiler & Related Plant
893
Operatives & Attendants
195
Beauticians & related occupations
661
196
Other crafts
593
599
197
Other transport and machine operatives
889
899
Bus inspectors
Road transport depot inspectors and related occupations
Bus & coach drivers
Drivers of road goods vehicles
Taxi, cab drivers & chauffeurs
Bus conductors
Driver’s mates
Mechanical Plant Drivers & Operatives
(earth moving & civil engineering)
Crane Drivers
Fork Lift & Mechanical Truck Drivers
Slingers
Storekeepers & warehousemen/women
Stevedores, dockers
Goods porters
Refuse & Salvage Collectors
Electrical, Energy, Boiler & Related Plant Operatives &
Attendants
Beauticians & related occupations
Musical instrument makers, piano tuners
Other craft and related occupations n.e.c.
Other transport and machine operatives n.e.c.
Other plant and machine operatives n.e.c.
198
Other labourers
199
Vehicle body repairers, panel beaters
Labourers in engineering and allied trades
Mates to metal/electrical and related fitters
Other labourers in making and processing industries n.e.c.
All other labourers and related workers
Vehicle body repairers, panel beaters
50
912
913
919
990
542
Appendix 3
Differences in classification of
job groups from last
Decennial Supplement
Appendix 3: Differences in classification of job groups
Occupational Mortality in England and Wales, 1991–2000
Appendix 3
Differences in classification of job groups from last Decennial Supplement
Job groups in earlier Decennial Supplement that could no longer be distinguished as separate categories
Code
Title
086
090
091
092
095
111
119
131
134
138
150
152
155
156
157
159
166
193
Plastics workers
Other wood and paper processors
Other occupations – glass and ceramics
Rubber goods makers
Printing plate preparers
Other makers of paper goods
Galvanisers and tin platers
Watch and clock makers
Aircraft engine fitters
Electrical plant operators
Riggers
Engravers and Etchers (printing)
Electronics wire workers
Coil winders
Pottery decorators
Other spray painters
Masons and stonecutters
Labourers in coke ovens
New job groups not in previous Decennial Supplement
Code
Title
195
196
197
198
199
Beauticians and related occupations
Other crafts
Other transport and machinery operatives
Other labourers
Vehicle body repairers, panel beaters
52