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Simplifying Radicals
Simplifying Radicals Objectives: 1. To use properties to simplify square roots Assignment: • P. 874: 1-28 S • P. 883: 1-12 S • P. 883: 25-39 S Objective 1 You will be able to use properties to simplify square roots Example 1 Solve x2 – 4 = 0 by factoring. Example 1 Solve x2 – 4 = 0 by factoring. Notice that we could have solved this equation by taking a square root: 2 x 40 x2 4 x2 4 But where’s the other solution x = −2? x2 Square Roots The number r is a square root of x if r2 = x. • This is usually written 𝑥 = 𝑟 Radicand Radical Square Roots The number r is a square root of x if r2 = x. • This is usually written 𝑥 = 𝑟 Any positive number has two real square roots, one positive and one negative, 𝑥 and − 𝑥 4 = 2 and −2, since 22 = 4 and (−2)2 = 4 The positive square root is considered the principal square root Example 2 Use a calculator to evaluate the following: 1. 3 2 2. 6 3. 3 2 4. 3 / 2 Example 3 Use a calculator to evaluate the following: 1. 3 2 2. 5 3. 3 2 4. 1 Properties of Square Roots Properties of Square Roots (a, b > 0) Product Property ab a b 18 9 2 3 2 Quotient Property a a b b 2 2 2 25 5 25 Simplifying Square Root The properties of square roots allow us to simplify radical expressions. A radical expression is in simplest form when: 1. The radicand has no nontrivial perfectsquare factor 2. There’s no radical in the denominator Example 4 Write the first 20 terms of the following sequence: 1, 4, 9, 16, … x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 x2 1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100 121 144 169 196 225 256 289 324 361 400 These numbers are called the Perfect Squares. Simplest Radical Form Like the number 3/6, 75 is not in its simplest form. Also, the process of simplification for both numbers involves factors. • Method 1: Factoring out a perfect square. 75 25 3 25 3 5 3 Simplest Radical Form In the second method, pairs of factors come out of the radical as single factors, but single factors stay within the radical. • Method 2: Making a factor tree. 75 25 5 3 5 5 3 Simplest Radical Form This method works because pairs of factors are really perfect squares. So 5·5 is 52, the square root of which is 5. • Method 2: Making a factor tree. 75 25 5 3 5 5 3 Investigation 1 Express each square root in its simplest form by factoring out a perfect square or by using a factor tree. 12 48 18 60 24 75 32 83 40 300x 3 Example 5a Simplify the expression. 27 10 15 9 64 11 25 Example 5b Simplify the expression. 98 8 28 15 4 36 49 Example 6 Simplify the expression. 1. 3 24 4 2. 162 Example 6 Evaluate, and then classify the product. 1. (√5)(√5) = 2. (2 + √5)(2 – √5) = Conjugates are Magic! The radical expressions 𝑎 + 𝑏 and 𝑎 − 𝑏 are called conjugates. The product of two conjugates is always a rational number 𝑎+ 𝑏 𝑎− 𝑏 = 𝑎2 2 − 𝑏 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 Example 7 Identify the conjugate of each of the following radical expressions: 1. √7 2. 5 – √11 3. √13 + 9 Example 8 Recall that a radical expression is not in simplest form if it has a radical in the denominator. How could we use conjugates to get rid of any damnable denominator-bound radicals? Rationalizing the Denominator We can use conjugates to get rid of radicals in the denominator: The process of multiplying the top and bottom of a radical expression by the conjugate of the denominator is called rationalizing the denominator. 5 1 3 1 3 5 5 5 3 5 5 3 2 2 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 Fancy One Example 9a Simplify the expression. 6 5 6 7 5 17 12 1 9 7 Example 9b Simplify the expression. 19 21 9 8 2 4 11 4 8 3 Solving Quadratics If a quadratic equation has no linear term, you can use square roots to solve it. • By definition, if x2 = c, then 𝑥 = 𝑐 and 𝑥 = − 𝑐, usually written 𝑥=± 𝑐 • You would only solve a quadratic by finding a square root if it is of the form ax2 = c In this lesson, c > 0, but that does not have to be true Solving Quadratics If a quadratic equation has no linear term, you can use square roots to solve it. By definition, if x2 = c, then 𝑥 = 𝑐 and 𝑥 = − 𝑐, usually written 𝑥=± 𝑐 To solve a quadratic equation using square roots: 1.Isolate the squared term 2.Take the square root of both sides Example 10a Solve 2x2 – 15 = 35 for x. Example 10b Solve for x. 1 2 x 4 11 3 Simplifying Radicals Objectives: 1. To use properties to simplify square roots Assignment: • P. 874: 1-28 S • P. 883: 1-12 S • P. 883: 25-39 S