Grammar and Language Workbook G

GLENCOE LANGUAGE ARTS
Grammar
and Language
Workbook
G RADE 8
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States
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ISBN 0-07-820541-7
Printed in the United States of America
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 066 03 02 01 00
Contents
Handbook of Definitions and Rules .........................1
Troubleshooter ........................................................23
Part 1 Grammar ......................................................45
Unit 1 Subjects, Predicates, and Sentences
1.1
Kinds of Sentences: Declarative and
Interrogative ................................................47
1.2
Kinds of Sentences: Exclamatory and
Imperative....................................................49
1.3
Sentence Fragments ....................................51
1.4
Subjects and Predicates: Simple and
Complete......................................................53
1.5
Subjects and Predicates: Compound ..........55
1.6
Simple and Compound Sentences .............57
Unit 1 Review ..........................................................59
Cumulative Review .................................................60
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Unit 2 Nouns
2.7
Nouns: Proper and Common ......................61
2.8
Nouns: Concrete and Abstract ...................63
2.9
Nouns: Compounds, Plurals,
and Possessives ...........................................65
2.10
Nouns: Collective ........................................67
2.11
Distinguishing Plurals, Possessives, and
Contractions ................................................69
2.12
Appositives..................................................71
Unit 2 Review ..........................................................73
Cumulative Review: Units 1-2 ................................74
Unit 3 Verbs
3.13
Action Verbs................................................75
3.14
Verbs: Transitive and Intransitive ..............77
3.15
Verbs with Indirect Objects ........................79
3.16
Linking Verbs and Predicate Words ..........81
3.17
Present and Past Tenses..............................85
3.18
Main Verbs and Helping Verbs...................89
3.19
Verb Forms: Present Progressive
and Past Progressive....................................91
3.20
Perfect Tenses: Present and Past ................93
3.21
Expressing Future Time..............................95
3.22
Active and Passive Voices ..........................97
3.23
Irregular Verbs I...........................................99
3.24
Irregular Verbs II .......................................101
Unit 3 Review ........................................................105
Cumulative Review: Units 1-3 ..............................106
Unit 4 Pronouns
4.25
Pronouns: Personal ...................................107
4.26
Pronouns and Antecedents.......................109
4.27
Using Pronouns Correctly.........................111
4.28
Pronouns: Possessive and Indefinite........113
4.29
Pronouns: Reflexive and Intensive...........115
4.30
Pronouns: Interrogative and
Demonstrative ...........................................117
Unit 4 Review ........................................................119
Cumulative Review: Units 1-4 ..............................120
Unit 5 Adjectives and Adverbs
5.31
Adjectives ..................................................121
5.32
Articles and Proper Adjectives.................123
5.33
Comparative and
Superlative Adjectives ..............................125
5.34
Demonstratives..........................................127
5.35
Adverbs......................................................129
5.36
Comparative and Superlative Adverbs ....131
5.37
Using Adverbs and Adjectives .................133
5.38
Avoiding Double Negatives ......................135
Unit 5 Review ........................................................137
Cumulative Review: Units 1-5 ..............................138
Unit 6 Prepositions, Conjunctions, and Interjections
6.39
Prepositions and Prepositional
Phrases.......................................................141
6.40
Pronouns as Objects of Prepositions ........143
6.41
Prepositional Phrases as Adjectives
and Adverbs ..............................................145
6.42
Conjunctions: Coordinating and
Correlative .................................................147
6.43
Conjunctive Adverbs and Interjections....149
Unit 6 Review ........................................................151
Cumulative Review: Units 1-6 ..............................152
Unit 7 Clauses and Complex Sentences
7.44
Sentences and Main Clauses ...................155
7.45
Complex Sentences and
Subordinate Clauses..................................157
7.46
Adjective Clauses ......................................159
7.47
Essential and Nonessential Clauses .........161
7.48
Adverb Clauses..........................................163
7.49
Noun Clauses.............................................165
Unit 7 Review ........................................................167
Cumulative Review: Units 1-7 ..............................168
Unit 8 Verbals
8.50
Participles and Participial Phrases...........171
8.51
Gerunds and Gerund Phrases ...................175
8.52
Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases .............179
Unit 8 Review ........................................................183
Cumulative Review: Units 1-8 ..............................184
Unit 9 Subject-Verb Agreement
9.53
Making Subjects and Verbs Agree ............187
9.54
Locating the Subject..................................189
9.55
Collective Nouns and Other
Special Subjects ........................................191
9.56
Indefinite Pronouns as Subjects ...............193
9.57
Agreement with Compound Subjects.......195
Unit 9 Review ........................................................197
Cumulative Review: Units 1-9 ..............................198
Unit 10 Diagraming Sentences
10.58 Diagraming Simple Subjects
and Predicates ...........................................201
Table of Contents
iii
Part 2 Usage Glossary ...........................................225
Unit 11 Usage Glossary
11.68 Usage: accept to a lot ................................227
11.69 Usage: beside to less..................................229
11.70 Usage: formally to teach ...........................231
11.71 Usage: leave to sit......................................233
11.72 Usage: than to you’re.................................235
Unit 11 Review ......................................................237
Cumulative Review: Units 1-11 ............................238
Part 3 Mechanics ...................................................241
Unit 12 Capitalization
12.73 Capitalization of Sentences,
Quotations, and Salutations .....................243
12.74 Capitalization of Names and
Titles of Persons ........................................245
12.75 Capitalization of Names of Places ............247
12.76 Capitalization of Other Proper Nouns
and Adjectives...........................................249
Unit 12 Review ......................................................251
Cumulative Review: Units 1-12 ............................252
Unit 13 Punctuation
13.77 Using the Period and Other
End Marks..................................................255
13.78 Using Commas to Signal Pause
or Separation .............................................257
13.79 Using Commas with Clauses ...................259
13.80 Using Commas with Titles, Addresses,
and Dates ...................................................261
13.81 Using Commas with Direct Quotes, in
Letters, and for Clarity ..............................263
13.82 Using Semicolons and Colons ..................265
13.83 Using Quotation Marks and Italics...........267
13.84 Using the Apostrophe ...............................269
13.85 Using the Hyphen, Dash,
and Parentheses.........................................271
13.86 Using Abbreviations..................................273
13.87 Writing Numbers.......................................275
Unit 13 Review ......................................................277
Cumulative Review: Units 1-13 ............................278
iv Grammar and Language Workbook, Grade 8
Part 4 Vocabulary and Spelling ...........................281
Unit 14 Vocabulary and Spelling
14.88 Building Vocabulary: Learning
from Context..............................................283
14.89 Building Vocabulary: Word Roots............285
14.90 Building Vocabulary: Prefixes
and Suffixes...............................................287
14.91 Building Vocabulary: Synonyms and
Antonyms ..................................................289
14.92 Building Vocabulary: Homographs and
Homophones .............................................291
14.93 Basic Spelling Rules I ..............................293
14.94 Basic Spelling Rules II ..............................295
Review: Building Vocabulary ..............................297
Review: Basic Spelling Rules ...............................299
Part 5 Composition................................................301
Unit 15 Composition
15.95 The Writing Process: Prewriting...............303
15.96 The Writing Process: Drafting...................307
15.97 The Writing Process: Revising..................311
15.98 The Writing Process: Editing ....................315
15.99 The Writing Process: Presenting...............319
15.100 The Writing Process: Outlining ................321
15.101 Writing Effective Sentences......................323
15.102 Building Paragraphs..................................327
15.103 Paragraph Ordering ...................................331
15.104 Personal Letters: Formal ...........................335
15.105 Personal Letters: Informal.........................337
15.106 Business Letters: Letters of
Request or of Complaint ...........................339
15.107 Business Letters: Stating
Your Opinion ............................................341
Index
...................................................................343
TAE Tests
Unit 1: Subjects, Predicates, and Sentences.......349
Unit 2: Nouns ......................................................351
Unit 3: Verbs........................................................353
Unit 4: Pronouns .................................................357
Unit 5: Adjectives and Adverbs..........................359
Unit 6: Prepositions, Conjunctions,
and Interjections .....................................361
Unit 7: Clauses and Complex Sentences ............365
Unit 8: Verbals.....................................................369
Unit 9: Subject-Verb Agreement .........................371
Unit 10: Diagraming Sentences.............................373
Unit 11: Usage .......................................................375
Unit 12: Capitalization ..........................................377
Unit 13: Punctuation .............................................379
Unit 14: Vocabulary and Spelling ........................381
Unit 15: Composition ............................................383
Answer Key ..........................................................387
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10.59 Diagraming Direct and Indirect
Objects and Predicate Words....................203
10.60 Diagraming Adjectives and Adverbs ........205
10.61 Diagraming Prepositional Phrases............207
10.62 Diagraming Compound Sentence Parts....209
10.63 Diagraming Compound Sentences ..........211
10.64 Diagraming Complex Sentences with
Adjective or Adverb Clauses ....................213
10.65 Diagraming Noun Clauses.........................215
10.66 Diagraming Verbals ...................................217
10.67 Diagraming Infinitives ..............................219
Unit 10 Review ......................................................221
Cumulative Review: Units 1-10 ............................222