Phosphorus Fertilization Beneficial Management Practices for Corn in Manitoba M. Rogalsky

Phosphorus Fertilization Beneficial Management Practices for Corn in Manitoba
M.
1
Rogalsky ,
D.
1
Flaten ,
Y.
2
1
Lawley ,M.Tenuta ,
3
J.Heard
1Department
of Soil Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2
2Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2
3Manitoba Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Carman, MB R0G 0J0
CROP ROTATION STUDY
RESIDUE MANAGEMENT STUDY
PRELIMINARY RESULTS
Bars labelled with the same letter are not significantly different as determined by the Tukey-Kramer grouping for
treatment least squares means (alpha=0.05). Results from ANOVA are shown for significant effects.
Early Season Biomass
Kernel Moisture at Harvest
90.00
22
Effect
crop*treatment
siteyear*treatment
80.00
70.00
60.00
AB
AB
50.00
AB
AB
AB
Pr > F
0.0445
0.0005
AB
BC
40.00
C
Fertilizer Treatments:
No P check
30 kg P2O5 and 7.5 kg S ha-1
60 kg P2O5 and 15 kg S ha-1
30 kg P2O5 and 7.5 kg S and 0.75 kg Zn ha-1
60 kg P2O5 and 15 kg S and 1.5 kg Zn ha-1
MAP+AS
MAP+AS
MESZn
MESZn
Fertilizer Treatments:
No P check
30 kg P2O5 ha-1
60 kg P2O5 ha-1
30 kg P2O5 ha-1
60 kg P2O5 ha-1
Stephenfield, MB
Location
0.00
Soil Temperature at Planting
Harvest Date
Olsen-P (ppm)
May 25/2015
May 26/2015
19°C at 2” (5cm)
15°C at 2” (5cm)
October 15/2015
19
October 14/2015
6
4” – 5”
4” – 5”
2” by 2”
2” by 2”
MAP
MAP
MAP
MAP
Carman, MB
Planting Date
Soil Temperature at Planting
Harvest Date
Olsen-P (ppm)
C
18
30 kg
P2O5/ha
MAP
60 kg
P2O5/ha
MAP
30 kg
P2O5/ha
MESZn
60 kg
No P Check
30 kg
P2O5/ha
P2O5/ha
MESZn
MAP
Canola
60 kg
P2O5/ha
MAP
30 kg
P2O5/ha
MESZn
60 kg
P2O5/ha
MESZn
Yield (bu/ac)
30 kg
P2O5/ha
MAP
Soybeans
Effect
siteyear*crop
treatment
crop
crop*treatment
Pr > F
0.0387
0.0533
0.1448
0.4360
NS
NS
NS
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
30 kg P2O5/ha MAP
60 kg P2O5/ha MAP
30 kg P2O5/ha MESZn
60 kg
P2O5/ha
MAP
30 kg
P2O5/ha
MESZn
60 kg
No P Check
30 kg
P2O5/ha
P2O5/ha
MESZn
MAP
Canola
Grain Yield (adjusted to 15.5%)
No P Check
No P Check
60 kg P2O5/ha MESZn
60 kg
P2O5/ha
MAP
30 kg
P2O5/ha
MESZn
60 kg
P2O5/ha
MESZn
Soybeans
Early Season Biomass: All P treatments increased
early season biomass in corn following canola
compared to the control. There were no significant
differences among P treatments.
Kernel Moisture at Harvest: Application of P
decreased kernel moisture at harvest by 2% in corn
on canola when compared to the control. However,
increasing the rate did not reduce moisture levels
further. Corn on soybean control was not significantly
different from any of the P treatments.
Maturity: Later silking date and delayed maturity (>1 day) in control plots compared to P treatment plots in
both corn following canola and corn following soybeans (data not shown).
Grain Yield: At maturity, the grain yield responses to preceding crop and/or P fertilizer were not significant.
The site year × crop interaction was statistically, but not agronomically significant. Therefore, grain yield
response to P was not substantial and corn after canola yielded similarly to corn after soybeans, regardless
of P treatment.
Although substantial early season differences were observed at both sites, grain yields and kernel
moisture at harvest were not affected by the preceding crop and/or P fertilization this year.
fall
fall
spring
spring
Early Season Biomass (V4)
Portage la Prairie, MB
Grain Yield (adjusted to 15.5%)
70.00
May 25/2015
May 26/2015
19°C at 2” (5cm)
14°C at 2” (5cm)
180
Effect
tillage*treatment
siteyear
60.00
October 16/2015
October 19/2015
8
11
A
50.00
ABC
ABC
ABC
40.00
ABC
BC
C
30.00
20.00
Effect
siteyear
160
Pr > F
<.0001
140
A
AB
C
Pr > F
0.0147
0.0132
120
Yield (bu/ac)
Planting Date
Carman, MB
Deep Band
Deep Band
Sideband
Sideband
BC
BC
15
No P Check
Weight (g)
Location
Sideband
Sideband
Sideband
Sideband
ABC
16
10.00
140
SECOND phase of the crop sequence (DKC 26-28 corn hybrid)
 Randomized split-block design with 4 replicates taking into consideration the
preceding residue management practice;
 Spring treatments applied;
BC
ABC
ABC
17
160
SECOND phase of the crop sequence (DKC 26-28 corn hybrid)
 Randomized split-block design with 4 replicates taking into consideration the
preceding crop (canola or soybeans);
 ALL treatments applied in the spring;
ABC
19
20.00
180
FIRST phase of the crop sequence (canola and soybeans)
 Study sites established in spring 2014 (Carman, MB, Stephenfield, MB) and
spring 2015 (Carman, MB, Portage la Prairie, MB);
 Canola and soybeans planted in 3m wide by 8m long plots;
 Canola and soybean grain was collected for yield determination, canola and
soybean seed was harvested and crop residues disked in fall;
AB
30.00
200
FIRST phase of the crop sequence (cereals)
 Study sites established in the spring 2014 (Carman, MB, and Portage la Prairie,
MB) and spring 2015 (Carman, MB, Portage la Prairie, MB);
 Uniform cereal grain production, grain was harvested, straw was left on the field;
 Strip- and conventional tillage in the fall, application of fall fertilizer (fertilizer bands
placed directly under corn rows);
Pr > F
0.0075
0.0023
A
20
A
AB
Effect
crop*treatment
siteyear*treatment
21
Moisture (%)
Strip till is an alternative residue management system, designed for row crop
production5. However, planting corn in high residue conditions, including strip till
systems creates a high risk of cool soil temperatures which may lead to development
of P deficiency symptoms at the early stages of development due to reduced rate of
root growth and P uptake6. Under conservation tillage conditions, application of starter
fertilizers, especially P can help accelerate seed germination, improve early-season
crop development, decrease grain moisture content at harvest and increase grain yield
of corn7. Further, conventional tillage operations impose high levels
of soil disturbance, which can have a negative effect on AMF
quantity and colonization4 while strip tillage creates conditions
conducive to AMF over-winter survival8. Presence of viable hyphae
in the spring allows for rapid corn root colonization, which is
important for meeting the early-season nutrient requirements of
corn8.
Weight (g)
Normal plant growth requires essential nutrients phosphorus
(P) and zinc (Zn), and when these are present in inadequate
amounts, crop nutrient deficiencies arise1. Considerably, due
to the limited mobility of these two essential nutrients2, in
addition to corn susceptibility to low plant-available levels of P
and Zn, adequate uptake at early stages of development in
corn may need to be facilitated. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
(AMF) forms a symbiotic relationship with plant roots,
providing a very effective pathway for acquiring soil nutrients
by crops3. Subsequent planting of corn (Zea mays L.)
following canola may have negative implications, as previous cropping of canola
impedes mycorrhizal development. This is detrimental in terms of early-season growth
and nutrition for P and Zn by the crop to follow2. Corn is highly responsive to early
absorption of P and inadequate concentrations at the 4- to 5- leaf stages may cause
reductions in yield4.
100
80
60
40
DTPA-Zn (ppm)
1.50
10.00
0.82
20
0.00
A
No P Check
30 kg
P2O5/ha
MAP
60 kg
P2O5/ha
MAP
spring sideband
Conventional
30 kg
P2O5/ha
MAP
60 kg
No P Check
30 kg
P2O5/ha
P2O5/ha
MAP
MAP
fall deep band
60 kg
P2O5/ha
MAP
spring sideband
30 kg
P2O5/ha
MAP
60 kg
P2O5/ha
MAP
fall deep band
0
No P Check
30 kg
P2O5/ha
MAP
60 kg
P2O5/ha
MAP
spring sideband
Striptill
Conventional
30 kg
P2O5/ha
MAP
60 kg
No P Check
30 kg
P2O5/ha
P2O5/ha
MAP
MAP
fall deep band
60 kg
P2O5/ha
MAP
spring sideband
30 kg
P2O5/ha
MAP
60 kg
P2O5/ha
MAP
fall deep band
Striptill
Figure 1 Greater early season
growth for sideband 60 kg P2O5
ha-1 (R) versus no P check (L) at
Carman following canola stubble
at V4.
B
REFERENCES
1Soltangheisi, et al. (2013). Journal of Agronomy, 12(4), 187–192.
2McGonigle, et al.(2011). Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 42(17), 2134–2142. doi:10.1080/00103624.2011.596242
3Smith, S. E., et al. (2011). Plant Physiology, 156(3), 1050–1057. doi:10.1104/pp.111.174581
4Koide, R. T., & Peoples, M. S. (2012). Plant and Soil, 360, 259–269. doi:10.1007/s11104-012-1237-0
5Vyn, T. J., & Raimbault, B. A. (1992). Soil and Tillage Research, 23(1-2), 163–176. doi:10.1016/0167-1987(92)90012-Z
6Bittman, S., et al. (2006). Agronomy Journal, 98(2), 394–401. doi:10.2134/agronj2005.0093
7Bermudez, M., & Mallarino, A. P. (2002). Agronomy Journal, 94, 1024–1033.
8 Landry, C. P., et al. (2008). Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 88, 283–294. doi:10.4141/CJSS07024
CONTACT
Email: [email protected]
Twitter: Magda Rogalsky @umrog
Figure 2
A Phosphorus deficiency symptoms (purpling) at V3 in no
P check (R) versus no deficiency symptoms in spring
sideband 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 (L) plots at Carman in striptill on
June 24, 2015.
ha-1
B Earlier silking in spring sideband 60 kg P2O5
(L)
versus no P2O5 check (R) plots at Carman in conventional
tillage on July 27, 2015.
Early Season Biomass: In conventional tillage, both rates of spring sidebanded P increased early season
biomass compared to the control; whereas only the high rate of fall applied P outyielded the control. In
striptill, only the high rate of sidebanded P increased early season biomass compared to the control and
there were no significant differences among P treatments. Although the tillage × treatment interaction was
significant, there were no differences between the tillage systems for equivalent P treatments.
Grain Yield and Kernel Moisture at Harvest: Site year significantly affected both grain yield and kernel
moisture at harvest, where Carman site outyielded Portage site by 47 bu/ac on average this season and was
3% lower in kernel moisture at harvest compared to Portage.
Although substantial early season differences were observed at both sites, grain yields and kernel
moisture at harvest were not affected by type of tillage and/or P fertilization this year.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Manitoba Corn Growers Association, Canada-Manitoba GF2 Program, Western Grains Research
Foundation, Agrium, Mosaic, MAFRD, Canada-Manitoba CDC, Plateau Sands Farm, University of Manitoba