Overview of Talk Raymond Knight Rutgers Conference, 2014

Raymond Knight
Rutgers Conference, 2014
Violence, Mental Health, and Communities, 2014
The Etiology and Primary
Prevention of Rape
Raymond A. Knight, Ph.D.
Overview of Talk
² Effective prevention requires a
valid etiological model.
² I will present a promising model
and draw out its implications for
developing effective prevention
programs.
Part II
I will integrate these traits into
both their known developmental
antecedents and the potential
genetic predispositions of these
traits that interact with early
experience.
Preventing Rape
Overview of Talk
² This talk is a polemic for the
primary prevention of rape.
² I will argue that current prevention
programs have been suboptimal
because they focus on the
correlates and not the causes of
rape.
Part I
1.  I will set up the polemic by critically evaluating
current prevention models and arguing that they
may be focusing on correlated components of
sexual aggression and not core causes.
2.  I will present an overall causal model that integrates
the extant research on the traits related to a
proclivity for sexually coercive behavior.
3.  I will integrate into this model the research on the
concurrent correlates of rape proclivity.
4.  I will then unpack nature of the traits.
Part III
I will draw out the implications of
the proposed etiological model for
treatment and recommend
modifications for prevention
strategies.
1
Raymond Knight
Rutgers Conference, 2014
Common Target of Programs
Part I (a)
Evaluation of
Current Prevention Strategies
Most have been targeted acquaintance rape
and have applied a skills-based approached
aimed at improving sexual relationship
knowledge and dating behavior and
countering rape-supportive attitudes (Gidycz,
Orchowski, & Edwards, 2011).
Overall Results
Anderson & Whiston, 2005
0.9
0.8
Rape
Knowledge
0.7
Meta-analysis of 69 studies
102 treatment interventions
18,172 participants
0.6
Rape Attitudes
Rape Empathy
Rape Attitudes
Rape Knowledge
Behavioral Intent
Awareness Behavior
Incidence
0.5
0.4
0.3
Rape
Attitudes
0.2
Incidence
0.1
0
Conclusion on Rape Incidence
If effectiveness is defined solely
as a decrease in sexual assault, then
there is little support available
from the current pool of studies.
Anderson & Whiston, 2005
Preventing Rape
Outcome Categories
Recommended New
Directions
² Develop longer, more comprehensive,
multi-level prevention strategies that
include peer, community, and societal
levels.
² Intervene earlier, in high schools.
² Focus on by-stander interventions.
² Attempt to impact the social context.
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Raymond Knight
Rutgers Conference, 2014
Alternatively
² Historically, primary prevention programs have
depended on empirically validated etiological
models.
² Interventions that target causes rather than
correlates have greater potential for success.
² Moffitt (2005) – Aggression literature is littered
with prevention programs that do not work,
because they target correlates.
² To be successful we must determine the best
etiological/causal models.
² Generate recommendations for intervention from
the model.
Part I (b)
Current Correlates and
Hypothetical Traits of Rape
Validation
Etiology SEM Model
Replicated
•  College Students (Johnson & Knight, 1998)
•  Community non-criminal controls
(Knight & Sims-Knight, 2003)
•  Generic non-sexual criminals (Johnson
& Knight, 1998)
•  Juvenile Sexual Offenders (Knight & SimsKnight, 2004)
(Knight & Sims-Knight, 2003)
Validation
Recent Developments in the Etiology Model Traits
Consistent with
•  College Students (Malamuth, 2003; Abbey,
Jacques-Tiura, & LeBreton, 2011)
•  Representative Sample of
Adolescent Males (Casey, Beadnell, & Lindhorst,
2009)
•  Generic Sex Offenders (Lussier, LeClerc,
Cale, & Proulx, 2007)
Preventing Rape
3
Raymond Knight
Rutgers Conference, 2014
Recent Additional Developmental Antecedents in
the Etiology Model
Merging of CM and Hypersexuality
MTC:R4
Transformation from the Etiological to
the Typological Model
H
h
ig
t
Ex
Lo
w
MTC:R4
Psychopathic" ing
gh
Hi
Ex
te
a
rn
liz
s/
High Callou
(CM)
Manipulative
Hi
gh
Se
x
Mod S.C.!
ua
liz
at
io
n
Vindictive!
Low S.C.!
Low S.C.!
Lo
w
Low S.C.!
Sexual,!
Non-Sadistic!
Opportunistic!
Se
x
ua
liz
a
High S.C.!
High S.C.!
tio
n
Low CM
e
xt
w
Lo
E
g
in
iz
al
rn
Non-Psychopathic"
(Knight, 2010)
Preventing Rape
Se
xu
al
iz
a
tio
n
Low CM
Hi
gh
w
Lo
Se
xu
al
iz
a
Ex
te
tio
n
g
in
iz
al
rn
Construct Validation
Sadistic!
Pervasively!
Angry!
e
s/
High Callou
(CM)
g Manipulative
in
iz
l
a
rn
²  The two models converge on the same three core
traits as central to their structure—
² Sexualization,
² Callousness/Manipulative, and
² Externalizing/Dysinhibition.
²  These congruent models emerged from empirical
investigations that started –
²  In radically different populations (noncriminal,
mostly college convenience samples versus
offenders and civilly committed ASOs),
²  Using different data sources (self-report versus
ratings from archival records), and
²  Using different analytic techniques (structural
equation modeling versus cluster analyses).
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Raymond Knight
Rutgers Conference, 2014
Predictive Validity
Etiology SEM Model: Interface with Community Studies
Hypothesized
Distal Causes
Hypothesized Causative
Personal Characteristics
² These three traits are important in
actuarials that predict recidivism (Hanson &
?
Concurrent
Correlates
Morton-Bourgon, 2005, 2009; Knight & Thornton, 2007, 2014).
Concurrent Correlates
?
Alcohol
Use
Alcohol Use and Abuse
Alcohol
Use
•  Plays multifaceted role in rape (Abbey,
Distorted
Perceptions
Zawacki, Buck, Clinton, & McAuslan, 2004; Prentky & Knight, 1991).
Sexual
Coercion
•  In 50% of sexual assaults-v  the perpetrator has been drinking (Abbey et al., 2004).
Rape
Attitudes
v  the victims have been found to be using alcohol
Pornography
Use
Alcohol Use and Abuse
v  Impairs inhibitory controls;
v  Exacerbates communication misinterpretations;
v  Disrupts of higher order cognitive processing;
and
v  Interacts with existing personality characteristics
(e.g., trait aggression)--
(Abbey et al., 2004).
Alcohol Use and Abuse
Results in –
v  increased frequency and recidivism of sexual
coercion (Abbey, Wegner, Pierce, & Jacques-Tiura, 2012),
v  increased violence in the assault (Hamdi & Knight,
in press; Abbey et al., 2003),
v  curvilinear relation to the severity of outcome
(i.e., whether coitus is achieved) (Abbey et al.,
2003).
All interface with sexually coercive behavior
Preventing Rape
Also, victim alcohol consumption covaries
with a greater risk of completed rape.
5
Raymond Knight
Rutgers Conference, 2014
Distorted
Perceptions
Traits
?
?
?
Alcohol Use
•  Covaries with the Externalizing Spectrum
(Krueger, Hicks, Patrick, Carlson, Iacono, & McGue, 2002).
•  Covaries with the PCL Impulsivity/
Antisocial Behavior Factor (Factor 1),
•  But not with the PCL AffectiveInterpersonal Characteristics Factor (Factor
2) (Taylor & Lang, 2006).
Distorted Perceptions
Distorted Perceptions
• 
• 
Rape, especially acquaintance rape, occurs
within a social context that requires the active
selection and processing of information.
Multiple studies have suggested that males who
are likely to rape may have perceptual biases
that lead to specific misperceptions of women s
communications (Abbey, 1982, 1987).
Distorted Perceptions
§  Drieschner and Lange (1999) -- three
hypothetical classes of perception-§  the tendency to over-perceive
§ 
§ 
friendly behavior as seductive and
assertive behavior as hostile;
§  in ambiguous situations a positivity bias that
transforms negative, dismissive communications into
encouragement; and
§  a general set to mistrust women s communications
and perceive them as hostile.
Traits
?
?
?
The over-perception of sexual intent in
women's behavior has received the greatest
empirical support (Farris, Treat, Viken, & McFall, 2008).
Distorted Perceptions
Method
Non-Task Condition
Method – Attentional Study
36 undergraduates at a northeastern university
Shape
Tasks:
v Short form of the Multidimensional Inventory of
Development, Sex, and Aggression (the MIDSA)
v Cognitive disattention task.
Scales
Conning and Superficial Charm
Hypermasculinity
Impulsivity
Pervasive Anger
Anxiety
Expressive Anger Toward Women
Hostility Toward Women
Sexual Preoccupation
Sexual Deviance
Sociosexuality
Preventing Rape
1 Red
2 Green
3 Square
A
4 Triangle
Continue
(Yoon & Knight, 2011)
(Yoon & Knight, 2011)
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Raymond Knight
Rutgers Conference, 2014
Method
Results
Task Condition
Non-Task Condition
Color
1 Red
2 Green
7
3 Square
4 Triangle
Continue
(Yoon & Knight, 2011)
(Yoon & Knight, 2011)
Results
Results
Correlates of Difficulty with Sexual Disattention
Task Condition
Persistent
Anger
Hostility Toward
Women
.36
.35
.42
.42
Sexual Disattention
Impulsivity
.37
Anxiety
Hypermasculinity
.59
Misperceptions
About Sex Advan.
(Yoon & Knight, 2011)
(Yoon & Knight, 2011)
Results
Rape
Attitudes
Rape Attitudes
In a Subsequent Dissertation Study
Sexual
Compulsivity
In a meta-analysis examining 11 different
measures of masculine ideology across 39
studies, strongest support found for 2 scales--
.41
.28
²  Hostile
Sexual Disattention
²  Hypermasculinity
(Yoon, 2009)
Preventing Rape
Masculinity Scale (Malamuth, Sockloskie, Koss, &
Tanaka, 1991), and
Sexual
Deviance
Scale (Mosher & Sirkin, 1984).
(Murnen, Wright, & Kaluzny, 2002)
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Raymond Knight
Rutgers Conference, 2014
Traits
Rape Attitudes
38-Site Study (Hines, 2007) –
Such adversarial attitudes about
relationships were related to sexual
aggression in
?
?
Rape Attitudes
?
Rapists > Child Molesters & Community Controls
Negative (or Hyper) Masculinity and
Hostility Toward Women.
Over all samples-Hypermasculinity
Callous/
Manipulative
both men and women,
across cultures, and
across samples.
Hostility Toward
Women
MIDSA
(MIDSA, 2011;Knight & Sims-Knight, 2003)
Pornography Use
Pornography Use
Pornography
Use
Two meta-analyses establish a moderate
correlation between porn use and sexual coercion
(Hald, Malamuth, O Connor, & Yuen, 2008; Oddone-Paolucci,
Genius, & Violato, 2000).
Sexual
Coercion
The same risk factors like high sexual fantasy,
sociosexuality, dominance, hypermasculinity, etc.
predict both porn use and rape (Kingston, Malamuth,
Fedoroff, & Marshall, 2009; Malamuth, Addison, & Koss, 2000).
Risk
Factors
Sexual
Coercion
?
Pornography
Use
Traits
?
?
?
Pornography Use
Pornography
Use
Exposure to sexual materials
is more likely to increase rape
proclivity in those who are
high on these common risk
factors (Kingston et al., 2009;
Malamuth, & Huppin, 2005).
Concurrent Correlates in the Model
Externalizing
Callous/
Manipulative
Pornography
Use
Hypersexuality
MIDSA
Preventing Rape
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Raymond Knight
Rutgers Conference, 2014
Antisociality/Externalization
Externalizing
Hypothesized Causative,
Trait Characteristics
Facet 4
Poor Behavioral Controls
Early Behavior Problems
Juvenile Delinquency
Criminal Versatility
Externalizing Syndrome
Antisociality/Externatization
A consistent covariate for rapists of ageappropriate females in –
²  Adult sex offender samples (Knight & Guay, 2006;
MIDSA, 2008; Prentky & Knight, 1991);
²  Juveniles who sexually offend (Hunter,
Figueredo, Malamuth, & Becker 2004; Knight & Prentky, 1993;
Santman, 1998; Seto & Lalumiere, 2005; Worling, 2001)
²  Non-criminal
males
samples of sexually coercive
(Abbey & McAuslan, 2004; Calhoun, Bernat, Clum, &
Frame, 1997).
Antisociality/Externatization
This component has significant overlap
with–
² the externalizing syndrome (Krueger, 2006)
² emotional lability (Sitnikov, Goldberg, Daversa, & Knight,
2007).
Preventing Rape
Emotional Dysregulation
Antisociality/Externatization
² Rapists are predominantly criminal
generalists (Harris, Mazerolle, & Knight, 2009; Harris,
Smallbone, Dennison, & Knight, 2009).
² Non-sexual recidivism more likely than
sexual recidivism in both juveniles and
adults who sexually offend (Caldwell, 2002; Knight &
Thornton, 2007; Zimring, 2004).
Callous/Manipulative
Callous/
Manipulative
PCL Facet 1
Glib/Superficial Charm
Grandiose Sense of
Self-Worth
Pathological Lying
Conning/Manipulation
PPI Self-Centered Impulsivity
Machiavellian Egocentrism
Carefree Nonplanfulness
Blame Externalization
Impulsive Nonconformity
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Raymond Knight
Rutgers Conference, 2014
Callous/Unemotional: Criminal Samples
Callous/Manipulative: Community Samples
²  JSOs > non-sex violent delinquents on CU Factor of the
Psychopathy Screening Device, a youth version of the
PCL-R (Caputo, Frick, &Brodsky, 1999).
²  JSOs with CU traits > JSO low on CU:
² number of sexual offense victims,
² use of more violence with their victims, and
² engagement in more sexual offense planning (Lawing,
²  Narcissism predicts rape supportive attitudes and
rape supportive behavior in college student
laboratory experiments (Bushman, Bonacci, Dijk, &
Baummeister, 2003).
²  The CM Factor covaries with sexually coercive
Frick, & Cruise, 2010).
behavior (Knight & Sims-Knight, 2003).
²  Rapists > child molesters: on both Factor 1 facets of the
PCL-R: Interpersonal and Affective (Kim, Guay, & Knight,
2007).
MIDSA Example of CM Scale
Stand
Score
Conning and
Superficial
Scale X
Charm
Hypersexuality
Adult
%ile25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
54.9
22
50
50
ASOs
10% 25%
Stand
Score
Conning and
Superficial
Scale X
Charm
50%
75%
Hypersexuality
90%
Sexual Preoccupation
Sexual Compulsivity
Hypersexuality
Juvenile
%ile25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
70.5
90
50
50
JSOs
Hypersexuality
Now widely accepted -- some aspect of sexual
appetitive behavior is a critical component
of rape.
Controversy – what more important?
Sexualization (hypersexuality, sexual
compulsivity, sexual preoccupation) or
Sociosexuality (proclivity toward impersonal sex).
MIDSA Study of Hypersexuality
Group Abbrev.
Sexually
Coercive
NonCoercive
Label
Participants
Self-identified Sexually
Coercive Criminals
59
Self-identified Sexually
Coercive Community
Controls
49
Self-identified Nonsexual
Criminals
100
Self-identified Nonsexual
Community Controls
170
(Ronis & Knight, submitted)
Preventing Rape
10
Raymond Knight
Rutgers Conference, 2014
Hypersexuality
Paraphilic Fantasies
(Ronis & Knight, submitted)
Hypersexuality -- MIDSA Results
Predicting Recidivism in Canadian Sex Offenders
Hypersexuality appears to be the motivator of a
variety of fantasies about rape for juveniles and
adults --
² Using a TSO of ≥7 orgasms per week
as an indicator of hypersexuality;
² The mean TSO in the sample was 2.3
(SD = 2.9);
² Approximately 12% met the TSO
clinical criterion for hypersexuality
(TSO ≥ 7)
Agg/Violent
Fantasies
Explicit Planning
.56 .50
.47
Intimacy Seeking/
Sexual
.47
Hypersexuality
Eluding
Apprehension
.59 .68
Sadistic
Fantasies
Paraphilic Coercion
Scale
(Knight & Cerce, 1999; Knight, 2010)
Predicting Recidivism in Canadian Sex Offenders
with HD (n=22)
32.4%
without HD (n=72)
14.5%
16.7%
Total (N=94)
5
10
15
(Kingston & Bradford, 2013)
Predicting Recidivism in Project Vienna/Hamburg
Representative sample of Austrian child sexual abusers
fulfill the lifetime criteria for HD (21/244; 8.6%)
Sexual Recidivism
0
(Ronis & Knight, submitted)
20
25
30
35
1.  Excessive time
2.  Repetitively engaging in response to
dysphoric mood
3.  Repetitively in response to stressful live
events
4.  Repetitive but unsuccessful efforts to control
5.  Repetitively engaging in sexual behavior
while disregarding the risk for physical or
emotional harm to self or others
38.9%
24.2%
19.7%
13.1%
82.4%
Percent Recidivating
(Kingston & Bradford, 2013)
Preventing Rape
(Rettenberge et al., in preparation)
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Raymond Knight
Rutgers Conference, 2014
Etiology: SEM Model Traits
Predicting Recidivism in Child Molesters
Abuse & Genetic
Antecedents
Sexual Recidivism
with HD (n=21)
28.6%
without HD (n=223)
9.9%
(e.g., Frick & Marsee, 2006;
Waldman & Rhee, 2006)
Externalizing
(e.g., Frick, 2005;
Viding & McCory, 2012)
Callous/
Manipulative
(e.g., Grabell & Knight, 2009;
Bailey et al., 2000)
Hypersexuality
11.5%
Total (N=244)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Percent Recidivating
(Rettenberge et al., in preparation)
Overview
lte
aebn
eilri
lens
VRu
Part II
Early Developmental and
Genetic Influences
Genetic dispositions interact with environment
intervention
Overview
•  Early environmental stressors
–  What abusive experiences affect
development?
–  What outcomes are affected?
Early Influences
•  Research on genes, particularly single
gene research.
•  Gene-environmental interactions.
Preventing Rape
12
Raymond Knight
Rutgers Conference, 2014
Effects of Abuse in Sexually
Coercive Samples
•  Prevalence of abuse.
•  Kinds of abuse à specific
effects?
•  Cumulative abuse?
Prevalence of Abuse !
Among Sex Offenders!
How Large is the Problem of Early Abuse?
Sexual Abuse Before Age 17
100
Sample --
90
80
Percent Positive
70
307 residential juveniles who sexually
offended;
From Maine, Massachusetts,
Minnesota, & Virginia;
11 to 19 years old.
60
59%
50
40
30
31%
27%
20
10
9%
0
ed
s
bu
A
>
n
On
o
ers
eP
r
3o
le
p
eo
>p
ys
Ph
d
ce
or
yf
ll
ica
Also high on -•  Physically abused–
78% hit with an object or worse.
•  Emotionally abused-21% regularly
23% few times a year.
Specific Effects!
of Types of Abuse !
•  Vicarious violence –
almost half observed more than once.
Preventing Rape
13
Raymond Knight
Rutgers Conference, 2014
Types of Abuse Have Differential Effects
Child
Molesters
Rapists
NonSx
Criminals
Kinds of Abuse Have Differential Effects
JSOs versus Generic Delinquents
Sex
Offenders
Sexual Abuse
NonSx
Criminals
=
Sex
Offenders
Physical Abuse
Meta-analysis of 17 studies of adult sex offenders
(Jespersen, Lalumiere, & Seto, 2009)
Meta-analysis of 59 studies of juvenile sex offenders
Seto & Lalumiere, 2010
We Combined Various Components
Sexual abuse
Physical abuse
Effects of!
Cumulative Abuse!
Emotional Abuse
Vicarious Violence
Caregiver Instability
Amount of force
Level of abuse
Frequency of sexual abuse
Number of perpetrators
Frequency of physical abuse
Severity of abuse
Number of perpetrators
Significant female hostile control
Significant male hostile control
Significant female vicarious violence
Significant male vicarious violence
Longest time living with single caregiver
Total time living with biological parents
Total time in foster placements
Number of separations from caregivers
Knight & Daversa, 2005; residential juveniles who sexually offend
Correlations among Abuse Categories
We Combined Various Components
Emotional
Abuse
Cumulative abuse correlated more highly
with negative outcomes
Also
Sexual
Abuse
Physical
Abuse
Sexual
Abuse
.17**
Physical
Abuse
.36**
.21**
Vicarious
Violence
.36**
.11
.30**
Caregiver
Instability
.19**
.24**
.15
Vicarious
Violence
.08
** p < .01
Residential juveniles who sexually offend
(
Preventing Rape
Knight & Daversa, 2005)
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Raymond Knight
Rutgers Conference, 2014
Effects of Cumulative Abuse on Traits
Emotional
Physical
Sexual
Anger/hostility
Anxiety
Depression
Abuse
Emotional
Dysregulation
Cumulative Abuse
yielded highest
effect sizes
Genetics of Aggression:
Individual Differences
•  Allostatic load, as well as kind of stressor,
is important.
(Teicher, Samson, Polcari, & McGreenery, 2006)
Genetic Variation and Environment
Vulnerable
Resilient
Maladaptive
Adaptive
Getting from Genes to Behaviors
MAOA gene
•  Encodes the MAOA enzyme that
metabolizes neurotransmitters such
as norepinephrine, serotonin, and
dopamine.
•  Variation in this gene results in
higher or lower MAO activity.
•  Lower MAO activity is related to
increased aggressive behavior.
•  A meta-analysis has corroborated
MAOA gene by environment effects
on aggression (Kim-Cohen et al., 2006).
Preventing Rape
Focus
•  Single genes that help us to specify the
effects of genes on behavior.
•  Gene by environment interactions that
confirm the importance of nature and
nurture .
•  Lesson
–  Some genes are expressed only when
they encounter deleterious environments.
–  They are not a death sentence.
Edwards, Dodge, et al., 2009
Child Development Longitudinal Project
•  Community sample followed from
age 5 to 22;
•  Examined in males the effects of
physical abuse and presence of
variant alleles of the MAOA gene.
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Raymond Knight
Rutgers Conference, 2014
MAOA Buffers Effect of Abuse on Arrest
% Arrested by Age 22
80
70
60
50
Low MAOA
High MAOA
40
30
20
10
0
No
Overall Summary of Etiology Findings
•  Early stress -> prevalent and harmful
among sex offenders.
•  Types of abuse -> differential effects.
•  Genetic component involved in both
externalizing and internalizing
syndromes.
•  Genes interact
Yes
Early Physical Abuse
(Edwards, Dodge, et al., 2009)
More Summary and Treatment Implications
Sexual Abuse
Hypersexuality,
Anx & Dp
Emotional &
Physical Abuse
Anger, Hostility,
Delinquency
Traits in
Etiological
Model
Sexual Coercion
Part III
Recommendations for Treatment
and Prevention Strategies
Targets of
Intervention
TREATMENT Implications
TREATMENT Implications
Key Dynamic
Recidivism Predictors
Core Traits
Externalizing
Self-Management
Criminality
Antisociality
Impulsivity
Externalizing
Callous/
Manipulative
Callousness
Grievance Thinking
Callous/
Manipulative
Hypersexuality
Sexualization
Sex Deviance
Sex Attitudes
Hypersexuality
Core Traits
Preventing Rape
Map Onto
Map Onto
Key Dynamic
Recidivism Predictors
Self-Management
Criminality
Antisociality
Impulsivity
Andrews & Bonta (2006)
(R/N/R) Needs Principle
Treatment Targets,
replicated for Sex
Offenders (Hanson et
al., 2009)
Callousness
Grievance Thinking
Sexualization
Sex Deviance
Sex Attitudes
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Raymond Knight
Rutgers Conference, 2014
Types of Prevention Strategies
•  UNIVERSAL strategy -- Intervening in a general way
in the population with a generic program.
•  SELECTED strategy -- Intervening in a sample that is
known to have a high base rate for the particular
problem.
•  INDICATED strategy – Intervening with individuals
who have the prodromal signs of a disorder, but have
not yet crossed the line.
Types of Prevention
Strategies
Working the System from
the Inside
UNIVERSAL Strategy
INDICATED strategy
SELECTED strategy
UNIVERSAL strategy
Empirical Evidence Required
Types of Prevention Strategies
Should focus on-•  Causal traits and not correlated
effects (Moffitt, 2005).
•  emotional dysregulation,
•  callous-unemotionality, and
•  hypersexuality
•  Earlier, rather than later universal
interventions should be attempted
(middle school).
Interfacing with Bullying
Bullying
Intervention Example
FOXBORO TASK FORCE ON
BULLYING
Es
pe
la
ge
et
al
.2
01
2
(Knight & Sims-Knight, 2003)
Preventing Rape
17
Raymond Knight
Rutgers Conference, 2014
Caring School Community
Caring School Community
Universal Strategy
Grade
Sense of
Community
Conflict
Resolution
Sixth Grade Effect
Academic Motivation
& Aspirations
Buddy Mentoring
Program
Caring
Community
Prosocial
Attitudes
Community/
Cooperation
Events
Behavioral
Problems
Service
Learning
Academic
Performance
2010
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
2011
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
2012
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
2013
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
2014
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
2015
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Caring School Community
Caring School Community
Grade
Grade
Seventh Grade Effect
Within Year Effects
2010
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
2010
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
2011
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
2011
1
2
3
4
5
<6
7
8
9
10
11
12
2012
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
2012
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
2013
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
2013
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
2014
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
2014
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
2015
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
2015
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Nonphysical Aggression by MS Grade
<
Nonphysical Aggression by MS Grade
0.6
0.6
5th
0.4
6th
7th
0.2
8th
0
Scale Score
Scale Score
<
5th
0.4
No CSC
6th
*
*
7th
Yes CSC
0.2
8th
0
2011
Preventing Rape
2012
2013
2011
2012
2013
18
Raymond Knight
Rutgers Conference, 2014
Emotional Dysregulation by MS Grade
Emotional Dysregulation by MS Grade
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.4
5th
1.3
6th
1.2
7th
1.1
8th
1.0
Scale Score
Scale Score
1.5
1.4
*
1.3
5th
*
No CSC
6th
*
1.2
7th
Yes CSC
1.1
8th
1.0
0.9
0.9
2011
2012
2013
2011
Sexual Harassment
2012
2013
Sexual Targets
High School
High School
Aggressor Frequency
Target Frequency
They also aggressed:
21%
They were also targeted:
In cyber (45%)
18%
Physically (32%)
In cyber (53%)
Physically (22%)
Nonphysically (62%)
Nonphysically (42%)
Relationally (57%)
Relationally (39%)
% ≥ Regular
% ≥ Regular
% < Regular
% < Regular
89% of sexual harassers do other types
77% of sexual targets are victims of other types
Caring School Community
Questions on sexual
harassment and sexting
SELECTED Strategy
Grade
2010
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
2011
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
2012
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
2013
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
2014
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
2015
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Preventing Rape
•  Some high risk groups are obvious from the
model.
•  Survey may ultimately help identify other
high risk groups for more intensive
intervention.
•  Selected strategies should target samples
with a high base rate of the causal traits.
19
Raymond Knight
Rutgers Conference, 2014
INDICATED Strategy
•  The Foxboro program has already
desensitized the school community to
computer assessment.
•  Ultimately, the computer assessments could
provide a mechanism for efficient mental
health checkups (see Fox, Halpern, & Forsyth, 2008).
•  This has the potential for identifying
vulnerable children.
•  Specific interventions could then be
fashioned and tested, being very careful to
construct programs so that vulnerable youth
were not pathologized or stigmatized.
Conclusions
•  Thus, our etiological model proposes a
difference in perspective on prevention than
that currently in vogue.
•  The data we have presented call for the
concerted research effort that is necessary to
maximize the efficacy of prevention
interventions.
Conclusions
•  We must advocate for –
–  the etiology research that will maximize their
efficacy of our interventions efficacy, and
–  the implementation research that will test this
efficacy.
•  In the long run prevention is not only the route
that will most effectively minimize the pain and
suffering of victims, it also will prove to be the
most cost effective solution to the problem of
violence.
Preventing Rape
For a Copy of the PPT or PDFs of
R. Knight References:
[email protected]
20