2 liuksa osQ&ls fnu

Question Bank in Hindi Class X (Term-II) Course B
liuksa osQ&ls fnu
2
xqjn;ky flag
ikB dk laf{kIr ifjp;
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ikB dk lkj
ys[kd viuh vkRedFkk osQ bl va'k esa crkrs gSa fd cpiu esa
tc og vkSj esjs lkFkh [ksyk djrs Fks rks lHkh ,d tSls yxrs FksA uaxs
ik¡o] iQVh eSyh lh&dPNh vkSj VwVs cVuksa okys dbZ txg ls iQVs muosQ
oqQrsZ vkSj fc[kjs ckyA [ksyrs gq, bèkj&mèkj Hkkxrs&Hkkxrs os fxj iM+rs
ftlls ik¡o fNy tkrs FksA mudh pksV ns[kdj ek¡] cgusa rFkk firk
mudh fiVkbZ fd;k djrs FksA blosQ ckotwn Hkh os cPps vxys fnu fiQj
[ksyus fudy iM+rs A ys[kd cpiu esa ;g lc ugha le> ik, FkkA
tc vè;kid dh Vª¯s ux esa mUgksaus cky&euksfoKku fo"k; i<+k] rc mUgsa
;g ckr le> esa vkbZA lHkh cPpksa dh vknrsa feyrh&tqyrh FkhaA muesa
ls vfèkdrj LowQy ugha tkrs Fks ;k fiQj i<+us esa #fp u ysrs FksA i<+kbZ
dk egRo ugha le>k tkrk FkkA Lo;a ekrk&firk Hkh i<+kus esa #fp ugha
ysrs FksA os mUgsa iafMr ?ku';ke nkl ls yaMs i<+okdj equheh fl[kkus
esa ”;knk #fp ysrs FksA ys[kd osQ vkèks ls ”;knk lkFkh jktLFkku ;k
gfj;k.kk ls vkdj eaMh esa O;kikj ;k nqdkunkjh djus vk, ifjokjksa ls
FksA mudh cksyh de le> esa vkrh FkhA mudh cksyh ij g¡lh Hkh
vkrh Fkh ij [ksyrs le; dHkh&dHkh ;s cksyh le> esa vk tkrh FkhA
cpiu esa ys[kd dks ?kkl vfèkd gjh vkSj iwQyksa dh lqxaèk
vfèkd eueksgd yxrh FkhA ys[kd dks vHkh rd iwQyksa dh lqxaèk ;kn
gSA mu fnuksa LowQy esa 'kq: osQ lky esa Ms<+ eghuk i<+kbZ gqvk djrh
Fkh] fiQj Ms<+&nks eghuksa dh NqV~fV;k¡ gks tk;k djrh FkhaA ys[kd gj
lky ek¡ osQ lkFk ufugky tk;k djrs FksA ftl lky ufugky u tk
ikrs Fks] ml lky Hkh vius ?kj ls FkksM+k ckgj rkykc ij pys tkrsA
nwljs cPps rkykc esa owQndj ugkrs FksA dHkh&dHkh muosQ eq¡g esa xank
ikuh pyk tkrk FkkA bl izdkj NqV~fV;k¡ chrus yxrhaA ekLVjksa dh Mk¡V
dk Mj c<+rk pyk tkrkA ekLVj th fglkc osQ de ls de nks lkS
loky fn;k djrs FksA muosQ djus dk fglkc yxkus yxrsA ml le;
fnu NksVs yxus yxrsA LowQy dk Mj lrkus yxrkA oqQN lgikBh ,sls
Hkh Fks tks dke djus ls vPNk ekLVj dh fiVkbZ [kkuk mfpr le>rs
FksA mudk usrk vksek gqvk djrkA mlosQ tSlk yM+dk dksbZ ugha FkkA
mldk flj gk¡M+h ftruk cM+k FkkA mldk flj ,sls yxrk ekuksa fcYyh
osQ cPps osQ ekFks ij rjcw”k j[kk gksA og gkFk&ik¡o ls ugha vfirq flj
ls yM+kbZ djrk FkkA og viuk flj nwljs osQ isV ;k Nkrh esa ekjk djrk
FkkA lgikfB;ksa us mlosQ flj dh VDdj dk uke ^jsy&cEck* j[kk
gqvk FkkA
ys[kd dk LowQy cgqr NksVk FkkA mlesa osQoy ukS dejs Fks] tks
vaxzs”kh osQ v{kj ,p dh Hkk¡fr cus FksA igyk dejk gsMekLVj Jh
enueksgu 'kekZ th dk FkkA os LowQy dh izs;j osQ le; ckgj vkrs FksA
ih-Vh- vè;kid izhre pan yM+dksa dh drkjksa dk è;ku j[krs FksA os
cgqr dBksj Fks vkSj Nk=kksa dh [kky [khapk djrs FksA ijarq gsMekLVj
mlosQ fcYoqQy myVs LoHkko osQ FksA os ik¡poha vkSj vkBoha d{kk dks
vaxzs”kh i<+krs FksA os dHkh Hkh fdlh Nk=k dks ekjrs ugha FksA osQoy
xqLls esa dHkh&dHkh xky ij gydh pir yxk nsrs FksA oqQN Nk=kksa dks
NksM+dj ckdh lc jksrs gq, gh LowQy tk;k djrs FksA dHkh&dHkh LowQy
vPNk Hkh yxrk Fkk tc ih-Vh- Vhpj dbZ jaxksa dh >afM;k¡ idM+okdj
Ldkm¯Vx dk vH;kl djokrs FksA ;fn ge Bhd ls dke djrs rks os
^'kkck'k* dg dj gekjk gkSlyk c<+krs FksA
ys[kd dks gj o"kZ vxyh Js.kh esa izos'k djus ij iqjkuh iqLrosQa
fey tk;k djrh FkhaA gekjs gsMekLVj ,d èkuk<~; yM+osQ dks mlosQ
?kj tkdj i<+k;k djrs FksA og yM+dk ys[kd ls ,d Js.kh vkxs FkkA
blfy, mldh iqLrosaQ ys[kd dks fey tk;k djrh FkhaA mUgha iqLrdksa
osQ dkj.k ys[kd viuh i<+kbZ tkjh j[k ldkA ckdh lc ph”kksa ij
lky dk ek=k ,d&nks #i;s [kpZ gqvk djrk FkkA ml le; ,d #i;s
esa ,d lsj ?kh vkSj nks #i;s esa ,d eu xsgw¡ fey tk;k djrk FkkA blh
dkj.k] [kkrs&ihrs ?kjksa osQ yM+osQ gh LowQy tk;k djrs FksA ys[kd
vius ifjokj esa ls LowQy tkus okyk igyk yM+dk FkkA
;g nwljs fo'o&;qn~èk dk le; FkkA ukHkk fj;klr osQ jktk dks
vax”sz kksa us lu 1923 esa fxj-Ýrkj dj fy;k FkkA rfeyukMq esa dksMk,osQuky
esa tax 'kq: gksus ls igys mudk nsgkar gks x;k FkkA mudk csVk foyk;r
esa i<+ jgk FkkA mu fnuksa vaxzs”k iQkSt esa Hkjrh djus osQ fy, ukSVd
a h
okyksa dks lkFk ysdj xk¡oksa esa tk;k djrs FksA os iQkSt osQ lq[kh thou
AN
;g ikB xq#n;ky ¯lg dh vkRedFkk dk ,d va'k gSA ;g ,d
,slh dFkk gS] ftls Hkqyk nsuk dfBu gSA bl ikB osQ Le`fr esa cus jgus
dh tks vU; otg gS] og ;g fd bls i<+rs gq, ikBd dks ckj&ckj
,slk yxrk gS fd tks fnup;kZ esjh Fkh] tks 'kjkjrsa] pqgyckf”k;k¡]
vkdka{kk,¡] lius esjs Fks] tks eSaus vkt rd fdlh dks crk, Hkh ugha]
os ys[kd dks oSQls ekywe gks x, vkSj mlus fcuk eq>ls feys gh esjh
nSuafnuh oSQls fy[k Mkyh\
1
© GOYAL BROTHERS PRAKASHAN
'kCnkFkZ ,oa fVIif.k;k¡
Vªs¯ux ¾ izf'k{k.k] yaMs ¾ fglkc&fdrkc fy[kus dh iatkch
izkphu fyfi] cfg;k¡ ¾ [kkrk (nqdku osQ fglkc&fdrkc dk C;kSjk
ftlesa fy[kk tk,)] [ksM.k ¾ [ksyus] Js.kh ¾ d{kk] oxZ] ufugky
¾ ukuh dk ?kj] [kky [khapuk ¾ fiVkbZ djuk] ihVh f'k{kd ¾
'kkjhfjd f'k{kk osQ vè;kid] pir ¾ FkIiM+] fMflfIyu ¾ vuq'kklu]
AN
,V oUlA* 'kekZ th xqLls esa dk¡irs gq, vius n-Ýrj esa pys x,A bl
?kVuk osQ ckn izhre ¯lg dbZ fnuksa rd LowQy ugha vk,A 'kk;n
gsMekLVj us mUgsa eqvRry dj fn;k FkkA vc i- Qkjlh 'kekZ th Lo;a ;k
ekLVj ukSgfj;k jke th i<+kus yxs FksA ih- Vh- ekLVj vius ?kj ij vkjke
djrs jgrs FksA mUgsa viuh ukSdjh dh fcyoqQy Hkh ¯prk ugha FkhA os
vius ¯itjs esa j[ks nks rksrksa dks fnu esa dbZ ckj Hkhxs gq, cknke f[kykrs
Fks vkSj muls ehBh&ehBh ckrsa djrs jgrsA ;g lc ys[kd rFkk muosQ
lkfFk;ksa dks cM+k fofp=k yxrk Fkk fd brus dBksj ih-Vh- ekLVj rksrs
osQ lkFk bruh ehBh ckrsa oSQls dj ysrs gSa! ;s lc ckrsa mudh le>
ls ijs FkhaA os mUgsa vykSfdd ekurs FksA
dk n`'; izLrqr djrs Fks rkfd ukStoku iQkSt esa Hkjrh gks tk,¡A tc
ys[kd Ldkm¯Vx dh onhZ igu dj ijsM djrs] rc mudks Hkh ,slk gh
eglwl gksrk FkkA
ys[kd us ekLVj izhrepan dks dHkh eqldjkrs gq, ugha ns[kkA
mudh os'kHkw"kk lHkh dks Hk;Hkhr dj nsrh FkhA muls lHkh Mjrs Fks vkSj
u-iQjr Hkh djrs FksA os cgqr dfBu l”kk fn;k djrs FksA og pkSFkh Js.kh
esa iQkjlh i<+krs FksA ,d ckj ,d 'kCn :i ;kn u dj ikus osQ dkj.k
mUgksaus yM+dksa dks eqxkZ cuk fn;k FkkA tc gsMekLVj 'kekZ th us ;g
n`'; ns[kk rks os izhre ¯lg ij Øksfèkr gksdj cksysµ^g~okV vkj ;w
Mwb±x] bt bV n os Vw ifu'k n LVwMsaV~l vkWiQ iQksFkZ Dykl\ LVki bV
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lfrxqj ¾ lPpk xq#] èkuk<~; ¾ vehj] fnypLih ¾ #fp] euksfoKku
¾ eu dk foKku] gjiQuekSyk ¾ ikjaxr] fon~oku] gjiQu fon~;k esa
ekfgj tax ¾ ;qn~èk] v<s ¾ ;gk¡] tcju ¾ cyiwod
Z ] ”kcjnLrh] mBS
¾ ogk¡] yhrj ¾ VwVs gq, iqjkus [kLrkgky twrs] eqvRry ¾ fuyafcr]
egdek,¡&rkyhe ¾ f'k{kk foHkkx] vykSfdd ¾ vuks[kkA
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lesfVo vlslesaV osQ fy,
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,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- ikB~;iqLrd osQ iz'uksRrj
cks/&iz'u
1. dksbZ Hkh Hkk"kk vkilh O;ogkj esa ckèkk ugha curh µ
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ikB osQ fdl va'k ls ;g fln~èk gksrk gS\
mRrj % dksbZ Hkh Hkk"kk vkilh O;ogkj esa ck/k ugha curhA ;g ckr
ikB osQ bl va'k ls fln~/ gksrh gS& ^^gekjs vkèks ls
vfèkd lkFkh jktLFkku ;k gfj;k.kk ls vkdj eaMh esa
O;kikj ;k nqdkunkjh djus vk, ifjokjksa ls FksA tc cgqr
NksVs Fks rks mudh cksyh de le> ikrsA muosQ oqQN 'kCn
lqudj gesa g¡lh vkus yxrhA ijarq [ksyrs rks lHkh ,d&nwljs
dh ckr [kwc vPNh rjg le> ysrsA**
2. ih-Vh- lkgc dh ^'kkck'k* -iQkSt osQ rexksa&lh D;ksa
yxrh Fkh\ Li"V dhft,A [CBSE 2011 (Term-II)]
mRrj % ih-Vh- ekLVj izhrepan cgqr dM+d bulku FksA lHkh Nk=k
muls Hk;Hkhr jgrs FksA muosQ tSlk l[r vè;kid dksbZ u
FkkA os ck?k dh rjg >iVus rFkk [kky [khapus dks rS;kj
jgrs FksA ijarq ogh ih-Vh- ekLVj tc dbZ jaxksa dh >afM;k¡
ysdj LdkmV dh fjglZy djokrs Fks rc Nk=kksa dks cgqr
vPNk yxrk FkkA tc Nk=k xyrh ugha djrs Fks rks os
viuh pedhyh vk¡[ksa gyosQ ls >idkrs vkSj 'kkck'k
dgrs] rc yM+dksa dks ,slk yxrk ekuksa -iQkSt osQ rexs thr
fy, gksaA ml le; muosQ izfr izse Hkkouk tkx tkrh FkhA
jks”k Mk¡Vus okyk vkneh vxj dHkh&dHkkj ^'kkck'k* dg ns
rks og peRdkj ossQ leku yxrk gSA
3. ubZ Js.kh esa tkus vkSj ubZ dkfi;ksa vkSj iqjkuh fdrkcksa
ls vkrh fo'ks"k xaèk ls ys[kd dk ckyeu D;ksa mnkl
gks mBrk Fkk\
mRrj % ubZ Js.kh esa tkus dk yM+dksa dks cgqr pko gksrk gS D;ksfa d
ubZ Js.kh esa ubZ fdrkcsa rFkk u, vè;kid gksrs gSaA ijarq
blosQ foijhr] ubZ Js.kh esa tkus ij Hkh ys[kd dks dksbZ
[kq'kh u FkhA mudk eu mnkl gks tkrk FkkA cky&euksfoKku
osQ vuqlkj ;fn bldk dkj.k [kkstk tk, rks ;gh ckr
lkeus vkrh gS fd ys[kd xjhc ifjokj ls FksA os ubZ
fdrkcsa ugha [kjhn ikrs Fks blfy, ubZ dkfi;ksa vkSj iqjkuh
fdrkcksa ls vkrh [kkl xa/ ls mudk eu mnkl gks tkrk
FkkA lkFk gh lkFk vkxs dh eqf'dy i<+kbZ vkSj u, ekLVjksa
dh ekj&ihV dk Hk; Hkh jgrk FkkA
4. LdkmV ijsM djrs le; ys[kd vius dks egRoiw.kZ
^vkneh* -iQkSt toku D;ksa le>us yxrk Fkk\
[CBSE 2011 (Term-II)]
mRrj % ekLVj izhrepan tc LdkmV dh ijsM djokrs rks ysÝV&jkbV
dgrs ;k eq¡g esa yh fàly ls ekpZ djk;k djrsA ml le;
2
© GOYAL BROTHERS PRAKASHAN
AN
feys dke dks iwjk djus osQ fy, D;k&D;k ;kstuk,¡
cuk;k djrk Fkk vkSj mls iwjk u dj ikus dh fLFkfr
esa fdldh Hkk¡fr ^cgknqj* cuus dh dYiuk fd;k
djrk Fkk\
mRrj % ys[kd osQ LowQy osQ ekLVjksa n~okjk NqV~fV;ksa esa djus osQ
fy, dkiQh dke fn;k tkrk FkkA fglkc esa de ls de nks
lkS loky fn, tkrs FksA bl dk;Z dks iwjk djus osQ fy,
ys[kd fofHkUu ;kstuk,¡ cuk;k djrs FksA ys[kd eu esa
fglkc yxkrs fd ;fn nl loky jks”k fudkys tk,¡ rks
chl fnu esa gh iwjs gks tk,¡xsA tc os ,slk lkspuk 'kq:
djrs rc rd NqV~fV;ksa dk ,d eghuk 'ks"k jg tkrkA
,d&,d fnu fxurs nl fnu [ksy&owQn esa vkSj chr tkrsA
rc LowQy dh fiVkbZ dk Mj c<+us yxrkA ij tc ys[kd
lksprs fd nl dh D;k ckr loky rks iaæg Hkh vklkuh ls
jks”k fudkys tk ldrs gSaA tc ,slk fglkc yxkus yxrs rks
NqV~fV;k¡ de gksrs&gksrs tSls Hkkxus yxrhaA fnu NksVs yxus
yxrsA LowQy dk Hk; c<+us yxrkA dke vèkwjk jg tkrkA
dke iwjk u gksus dh fLFkfr esa ys[kd ^vksek* dh rjg
cgknqj cuus dh dYiuk fd;k djrk FkkA vksek vkSj mlosQ
dbZ lgikBh NqV~fV;ksa dk dke djus dh ctk; ekLVjksa dh
fiVkbZ dks vfèkd ^lLrk lkSnk* le>rs FksA
8. ih-Vh- lj dh rhu pkfjf=kd fo'ks"krk,¡ crkb,A
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mRrj %
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mRrj %
7. ys[kd vius Nk=k thou esa LowQy ls NqV~fV;ksa esa
S
5.
ys[kd /qyh lkiQ onhZ rFkk ikWfy'k fd, gq, twrs iguk
djrs FksA fiQj ih- Vh- lj osQ jkbZV VuZ ;k ysÝV VuZ ;k
vckÅV VuZ dgus ij NksVs&NksVs cwVksa dh ,fM+;ksa ij
nk,¡&ck,¡ ;k ,dne ihNs eqM+dj cwVksa dh Bd&Bd djrs
tc vdM+dj] pyrs] ml le; ys[kd dks eglwl gksrk
fd os fon~;kFkhZ ugha cfYd cgqr egRoiw.kZ ^vkneh* ;k
fiQj ^-iQkSth toku* gSaA ;g lc ml le; osQ ekgkSy dk
ifj.kke FkkA
gsMekLVj lkgc us ih-Vh- lkgc dks D;ksa eqvRry dj
fn;k\
[CBSE 2011 (Term-II)]
ih-Vh- ekLVj izhrepan pkSFkh Js.kh osQ yM+dksa dks iQ•kjlh
i<+krs FksA ,d fnu mUgksaus fon~;kfFkZ;ksa dks ,d 'kCn&:i
;kn djus dks dgkA lHkh Nk=k jkr Hkj 'kCn&:i ;kn djrs
jgs] ijarq osQoy nks&rhu gh yM+ds Fks] ftUgsa vk/k ;k oqQN
vfèkd ;kn gks ik;kA nwljs fnu tc mUgksaus lquuk 'kq:
fd;k] rc ,d Hkh yM+dk ugha lquk ik;kA bl ij ekLVj
th dks xqLlk vk x;kA mUgksaus lHkh yM+dksa dks eqxkZ cuk
fn;kA bl l”kk osQ dkj.k dbZ yM+ds fxj iM+sA rHkh
gsMekLVj 'kekZ th vpkud ogk¡ vk x,A mUgksaus ;g n`';
ns[kkA ;g n`'; os lgu ugha dj ik,A os cgqr mRrsftr gks
x,A mUgksua s izhrepan ls dgk& ^g~okV vkj ;w Mwb±x] bt bV
n os Vw ifu'k n LVwMsaV~l vk-iQ iQksFkZ DyklA LVkWi bV ,sV
oUlA* bl dkj.k gsMekLVj us izhrepan dks eqvRry dj
fn;k vkSj bl vkns'k dks eatwjh osQ fy, f'k{kk foHkkx osQ
Mk;jsDVj osQ ikl Hkst fn;kA blosQ ckn izhrepan
Ldwy ugha vk,A
ys[kd osQ vuqlkj mUgsa LowQy [kq'kh ls Hkkxs tkus
dh txg u yxus ij Hkh dc vkSj D;ksa mUgsa LowQy
tkuk vPNk yxus yxk\ [CBSE 2011 (Term-II)]
ys[kd osQ vuqlkj mls rFkk mlosQ lkfFk;ksa dks Ldwy tkuk
dHkh vPNk ugha yxrk FkkA igyh dPph Js.kh ls ysdj
pkSFkh Js.kh rd osQoy ik¡p&lkr yM+dksa dks NksM+dj lHkh
jksrs&fpYykrs gh LowQy tk;k djrs FksA mUgsa LowQy ,d
Hk;kud txg yxrh Fkh lkFk gh mUgsa ekLVjksa dh Mk¡V&iQVdkj
dk Hkh Hk; lrkrk jgrk FkkA bu lcosQ ckotwn dHkh&dHkh
,slh fLFkfr;k¡ Hkh vkrh Fkha tc mUgsa LowQy tkuk vPNk
yxrk FkkA tc ih-Vh- ekLVj LdkmfVax dk vH;kl djokrs
le; uhyh&ihyh >afM;k¡ gkFkksa esa idM+kdj ou Vw Fkzh
dgrsA >afM;k¡ Åij&uhps] nk,¡&ck,¡ djokrs rks gok esa
ygjkrh vkSj iQM+iQM+krh >afM;ksa osQ lkFk [kkdh onhZ
igudj ge vH;kl fd;k djrs FksA xyrh u djus ij os
^'kkck'k* dgrs FksA ,sls volj ij LowQy tkuk ys[kd dks
cgqr vPNk yxrk FkkA
3
[CBSE 2011 (Term-II)]
mRrj % ikB osQ vkèkkj ij ge dg ldrs gSa fd ih-Vh- lj
izhrepan cgqr l[r vè;kid FksA muosQ O;fDrRo dh
fo'ks"krk,¡ bl izdkj gSa %
ckg~; O;fDrRo
izhrepan dk dn fBxuk FkkA mudk 'kjhj nqcyk&iryk
ijarq xBhyk FkkA mudk psgjk ekrk osQ nkxksa ls Hkjk gqvk
FkkA mudh vk¡[ksa ck”k dh rjg rs”k FkhaA os [kkdh onhZ]
peM+s osQ pkSM+s iatksa okys cwV igurs FksA muosQ cwVksa dh
m¡Qph ,fM+;ksa osQ uhps Hkh [kqfj;k¡ yxh gksrh Fkha] tSls rk¡xs
osQ ?kksM+s osQ iSjksa esa yxh jgrh gSaA cwVksa osQ vxys fgLls esa]
iatksa osQ uhps eksVs fljksa okys dhy BqoQs gksrs FksA buosQ
ckotwn muosQ V[kuksa esa eksp ugha vkrh FkhA
vkarfjd O;fDrRo
(d) oqQ'ky vè;kid % izhrepan ,d oqQ'ky vè;kid
FksA os pkSFkh Js.kh osQ cPpksa dks -iQkjlh i<+k;k djrs
FksA os ekSf[kd vfHkO;fDr ,oa ;kn djus ”kksj nsrs FksA
Nk=k Hkh jkr&fnu ,d djosQ fn, x, dk;Z dks ;kn
djus dk iz;Ru djrs FksA
© GOYAL BROTHERS PRAKASHAN
([k) oqQ'ky izf'k{kd % os oqQ'ky izf'k{kd FksA os Nk=kksa
dks LdkmV vkSj xkbM dh Vªs¯ux fn;k djrs FksA os
fofHkUu jaxksa dh >afM;k¡ idM+okdj Vªs¯ux nsrs FksA
muosQ bl izf'k{k.k dk;Z ls Nk=k izlUu jgrs FksA os
lgh dk;Z djus ij 'kkck'kh Hkh nsrs FksA
(x) vuq'kklu&fiz; % os vuq'kklu&fiz; FksA ijsM djrs
le; ;fn dksbZ yM+dk drkj Hkax djrk ;k fiQj
xyr rjhosQ ls ijsM djrk] rks os mlh le; mls
Mk¡V yxkrs FksA izs;j djrs le; Hkh os vuq'kklughu
Nk=kksa dks naM nsrs FksA
(?k) dksey ân;h % ih-Vh- lj ckgj ls dBksj ¯drq vanj
ls dksey FksA os Nk=kksa osQ lkFk l[rh ls is'k vkrs
Fks] ijarq mUgksaus vius ?kj osQ ¯itjs esa rksrs iky j[ks
Fks] ftuls os cM+s I;kj ls ckrsa fd;k djrs Fks vkSj
mUgsa Hkhxs gq, cknke Hkh f[kyk;k djrs FksA dHkh&dHkh
os Nk=kksa dks muosQ lgh dk;Z osQ fy, 'kkck'kh Hkh
nsrs FksA
bl izdkj ge ns[krs gSa fd ih-Vh- lj izhrepan dk
O;fDrRo dBksj ¯drq dksey gSA fu%Llansg os Nk=kksa
osQ fgr osQ fy, dk;Z djrs FksA
PR
AK
AS
H
AN
ysus ij jksdrs gSa vkSj le; cjckn u djus dh ulhgr
nsrs gSaA crkb,µ
(d) [ksy vkiosQ fy, D;ksa ”k:jh gSa\
([k) vki dkSu&ls ,sls fu;e&dk;nksa dks viuk,¡xs
ftlls vfHkHkkodksa dks vkiosQ [ksy ij vkifRr
u gks\
mRrj % (d) [ksy osQ n~okjk O;fDrRo dk fodkl gksrk gSA f'k{kk
osQoy ckSn~fèkd fodkl djrh gSA [ksy ckSn~fèkd
fodkl osQ lkFk 'kkjhfjd fodkl esa Hkh lgk;d
gksrs gSaA [ksyksa osQ n~okjk cPpksa dk lok±xh.k fodkl
gksrk gSA [ksy cPpksa esa fofHkUu xq.kksa dk fodkl
djrs gSaA ;s ifjJe] lg;ksx] lfg".kqrk dh Hkkouk
fodflr djus esa lgk;d gksrs gSaA
([k) ge fuEufyf[kr fu;e&dk;nksa dks viuk,¡xs ftlls
vfHkHkkodksa dks gekjs [ksy ij vkifRr ugha gksxh %
1- ge le; dk è;ku j[ksaxs vkSj lhfer le; esa
gh [ksysaxsA
2- ijh{kk osQ fnuksa esa ge i<+kbZ ij vfèkd è;ku nsxa As
3- ge i<+kbZ rFkk [ksy osQ fy, le; fuèkkZfjr
djsaxsA
4- [ksyowQn djrs le; ge vkil esa yM+kbZ&>xM+s
ugha djsaxsA
5- ge ln~Hkkouk dks è;ku esa j[kdj [ksy [ksyxas sA
S
TH
ER
9. fon~;k£Fk;ksa dks vuq'kklu esa j[kus osQ fy, ikB esa
11. izk;% vfHkHkkod cPpksa dks [ksy&owQn esa ”;knk #fp
viukbZ xbZ ;qfDr;ksa vkSj orZeku esa LohÑr ekU;rkvksa
osQ lacaèk esa vius fopkj izdV dhft,A
[CBSE 2011 (Term-II)]
R
O
mRrj % ikB osQ vuqlkj fon~;k£Fk;ksa dks vuq'kklu esa j[kus osQ fy,
mUgsa Mjk;k tkrk gSA Nk=k ih-Vh- osQ vè;kid ls cgqr Mjrs
gSaA os mUgsa ekjrs rFkk ihVrs FksA mudh Mk¡V lqudj Nk=k
Fkj&Fkj dk¡irs FksA muosQ O;ogkj osQ fy, [kky [khapus
tSls eqgkojksa dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA ml le; dh f'k{kk
in~èkfr esa Mk¡V&iQVdkj dh cgqr vgfe;r FkhA f'k{kk Hk;
dh oLrq le>h tkrh FkhA
orZeku le; esa f'k{kk in~èkfr esa bl izdkj osQ naM dk
izkoèkku ugha gSA vc Nk=kksa dks ekjuk ;k ihVuk dkuwuh
vijkèk gSA 'kkjhfjd naM Nk=kksa dks Hk;Hkhr djrs gSa ftlls
mudk eu i<+kbZ ls gV tkrk gSA vktdy cPpksa dks l”kk
nsus osQ fy, euksoSKkfud rjhosQ viuk, tkrs gSa] ftudk
mfpr ifj.kke ns[kus dks feyrk gSA
10. cpiu dh ;knsa eu dks xqnxqnkus okyh gksrh gSa
fo'ks"kdj LowQyh fnuksa dhA vius vc rd osQ
LowQyh thou dh [kV~Vh&ehBh ;knksa dks fyf[k,A
bl iz'u dk mRrj vki vius vuqHko osQ vkèkkj ij fy[ksaA
B
(d) fucaèkkRed iz'uksRrj
YA
L
1. cpiu esa ys[kd fdl izdkj osQ lkfFk;ksa osQ lkFk [ksyk
G
O
djrs Fks\
mRrj% cpiu esa ys[kd osQ lkFk [ksyus okys lHkh cPpksa dk gky
,d&lk gh gksrk FkkA mlosQ vf/dka'k lkFkh ml tSls ifjokjksa
osQ gh gksrs FksA eqgYys esa oqQN ifjokj rks vkl&ikl osQ
xk¡oksa ls vkdj cl x, FksA lHkh dh vknrsa Hkh oqQN
feyrh&tqyrh FkhaA muesa ls vfèkdka'k LowQy ugha tkrs FksA
;fn oqQN x, Hkh rks mudh #fp i<+kbZ esa ugha FkhA os
viuk cLrk rkykc esa isaQd vk, vkSj fiQj x, gh ughaA
lHkh osQ uaxs ik¡o iQVh&eSyh dPNh vkSj txg&txg ls
VwVh cVuksa okys oqQjrs vkSj cky fc[kjs gksrs FksA
2. cpiu esa ys[kd dks izo`Qfr oSQlh yxrh Fkh\ ys[kd
dfy;ksa dk D;k fd;k djrs Fks\
mRrj% cpiu esa ys[kd dks izo`Qfr ls yxko FkkA mls ?kkl
vf/d gjh vkSj iwQyksa dh lqxa/ cgqr eueksgd yxrh FkhA
4
© GOYAL BROTHERS PRAKASHAN
4.
mRrj % gsMekLVj lkgc ihVh ekLVj osQ ccZjrkiw.kZ O;ogkj ls cgqr
ukjk”k gq,A gsMekLVj lkgc ujefny O;fDr FksA os cPpksa
ij l[rh djuk fcYoqQy ilan ugha djrs FksA mUgksua s ihVh
ekLVj dks cPpksa dks l”kk nsrs gq, ns[kkA bl ij os cgqr
ukjk”k gq, vkSj mUgksus ihVh ekLVj dks fuyafcr djosQ viuh
vksj ls vkns'k fy[kdj f'k{kk foHkkx osQ Mk;jsDVj dks
Hkst fn;kA
8. ubZ d{kk esa tkus ij ys[kd dh ekufld fLFkfr oSQlh
gks tk;k djrh Fkh vkSj D;ksa\
mRrj% ubZ d{kk esa tkus dk pko ys[kd dks dHkh ugha gqvkA
mldks ubZ dkWfi;k¡ vkSj iqjkuh fdrkcksa ls mlosQ eu esa
dksbZ [kq'kh ugha gksrh FkhA mldk eu mnkl gksus yxrk
FkkA ys[kd dks oqQN mldk Bhd&Bhd dkj.k rks le>
esa ugha vk;k ij 'kk;n vkxs dh Js.kh dh i<+kbZ vkSj
u, ekLVjksa osQ ekj&ihV dk Hk; Hkhrj tedj cSB x;k FkkA
9. ekLVj izhrepan ls ^gekjk Mjuk rks LokHkkfod Fkk]
ijarq ge muls uiQjr Hkh djrs FksA* fdlus dgk
vkSj D;ksa\
mRrj% ;g dFku ys[kd us dgk FkkA mldk dkj.k Fkk muosQ n~okjk
Nk=kksa dks izrkfM+r djukA izhrepan dh ekj ls ys[kd dh
d{kk osQ lHkh cPps Mjrs FksA mudh ekjihV vkSj l[rh
osQ dkj.k Mjuk rks LokHkkfod FkkA ij eu gh eu lHkh
cPps muls uiQjr Hkh djus yxs FksA
AN
B
5.
R
O
TH
ER
mRrj%
7. gsMekLVj lkgc us ihVh ekLVj osQ fo#¼ dkSu&lh
dk;Zokgh dh vkSj D;ksa\ [CBSE 2011 (Term-II)]
PR
AK
AS
H
mRrj%
iiM+h tSlh e”ksnkj yxrhA
S
3.
ys[kd osQ fon~;ky; esa cM+s&cM+s >kM+ mxs FksA muosQ uhe
iRrksa tSls iRrksa dh egd ys[kd vHkh Hkh Hkwy ugha ik;k
gSA LowQy esa NksVh&NksVh D;kfj;ksa esa Hkh dbZ rjg osQ iwQy
yxs gksrs Fks ftuesa xqykc] xsank] eksfr;k osQ nw/ lh lisQ•n
dfy;k¡ gksrha] ftudks og ekyh dh vk¡[k cpkdj rksM+
ysrsA mu dfy;ksa dh [kq'kcw ys[kd dks cgqr vPNh yxrh
FkhA og dfy;ksa dks rksM+dj mls viuh tsc esa Mky ysrs FksA
ys[kd xfeZ;ksa dh NqV~Vh fdl izdkj O;rhr djrs Fks\
xehZ dh NqV~fV;ksa osQ igys nks rhu lIrkg rks ys[kd osQ
cM+s eLrh Hkjs gksrs FksA og vius lkfFk;ksa osQ lkFk [kwc
[ksyrs&dwnrsA fiQj ek¡ osQ lkFk ufugky pys tkrsA ogk¡
ij ukuh cgqr I;kj djrhaA xk¡o esa ,d rkykc Hkh FkkA
mlesa [kwc ugkrsA ekSt&eLrh djrsA fiQj ?kj vkdj ukuh
ls tks th esa vkrk] ek¡xdj [kkrsA ftl lky ufugky ugha
tk ikrs ml lky vius ?kj ls dqN nwj rkykc ij lkfFk;ksa
osQ lkFk tkdj [ksyrsA ikuh esa owQnrs] jsrhys Vhys ij tkdj
jsr osQ mQij ysVrsA mlh rjg [ksyrs&owQnrs NqV~fV;k¡ chr tkrhaA
cpiu esa ys[kd vkSj mlosQ lkFkh fdls cgknqj usrk
le>rs vkSj D;ksa\
xehZ dh NqV~fV;ksa osQ x`gdk;Z iwjk us gksus ij ys[kd dks
fiVkbZ ls cgqr Mj yxrk FkkA ,sls le; esa mudk lcls
cM+k usrk ^vksek* gksrk FkkA ^vksek* fiVkbZ ls ugha Mjrk
FkkA mldk flj Hkkjh FkkA mlh ls og vius ls cM+h mez
osQ yM+dksa osQ isV esa izgkj djrk vkSj 'ksj dh Hkk¡fr vdM+rkA
nwljs fo'o;q¼ osQ le; vaxzs”k fdl izdkj Hkkjrh;ksa
dks iQkSt es a HkrhZ fd;k djrs Fks\
[CBSE 2011 (Term-II)]
YA
L
mRrj% nwljs fo'o;q¼ osQ le; yksxksa dks -iQkSt esa HkrhZ djus
osQ fy, oqQN viQ•lj vkrs rks muosQ lkFk oqQN ukSVadh
okys gksrs FksA os jkr dks eSnku esa 'kkfe;kuk yxkdj yksxksa
dks iQ•kSt osQ lq[k vkjke] cgknqjh Hkjs dkjukeksa osQ [ksy
fn[kkdj vkdf"kZr djrsA oqQN el[kjs vthc&lh ofnZ;k¡
rFkk iQ•kSth cwV igudj xkdj yksxksa dks fj>krs FksA bUgha
ckrksa ls vkdf"kZr gks oqQN ukStoku iQ•kSt esa HkrhZ gks tkrs
FksA
6. gsMekLVj 'kekZ th Nk=kksa osQ izfr oSQlk O;ogkj djrs Fks\
mRrj % gsMekLVj 'kekZ th ujefny vkSj mnkj O;fDr FksA mUgksaus
dHkh Hkh fdlh fon~;kFkhZ dks mldks xyrh ij Hkh ugha
ekjk&ihVkA tc os cgqr xqLlk gksrs Fks rks tYnh&tYnh vk¡[ksa
>idkrs vkSj fdlh cPps osQ xkyksa ij myVs gkFk dh ,d
pir yxk nsrsA esjs tSls lcls de”kksj 'kjhj okys Hkh flj
>qdkdj g¡l nsrsA mudh ;g pir gesa HkkbZ Hkh[k dh uedhu
10. ys[kd us dgkuh osQ var esa fdl peRdkj dh ckr
G
O
dh gS\
mRrj% ihVh lj osQ LowQy ls eqvRry gksus osQ ckn mUgksua s vius
?kj esa nks rksrs ikysA os jkst mu rksrksa dks fHkxksdj j[ks
cknke f[kykrs FksA ys[kd dks lkroha&vkBoha osQ fon~;kfFkZ;ksa
ls irk pyk fd mUgsa eqvRry gksus dk rfud Hkh
v-iQlksl ughaA os rksrksa ls [kwc ckrsa Hkh djrsA mudk ;g
dk;Z peRdkj tSlk yxrk FkkA
([k) y?kwRrjkRed iz'uksRrj
1. ys[kd us vius lkfFk;ksa osQ ckjs esa D;k fy[kk gS\
mRrj% ys[kd us fy[kk gS fd tks Hkh muosQ lkFkh Fks] os lc
,d gh tSls ifjokjksa osQ FksA lc eè;eoxhZ; ifjokj osQ
FksA lcdh vknrsa o #fp;k¡ Hkh feyrh&tqyrh FkhaA lkfFk;ksa
5
© GOYAL BROTHERS PRAKASHAN
esa ls vf/dka'k LowQy ugha tkrs FksA oqQN dh i<+kbZ esa
#fp ugha FkhA i<+us esa de [ksyus esa vf/d O;Lr j[krsA
tkrs FksA dHkh rkykc esa ugkrs] fiQj fudy dj jsr esa
yksVrs] fiQj fdlh Å¡ph txg ls rkykc esa Nyk¡x yxkrsA
ikuh esa rSjuk rks ugha vkrk Fkk] ij ,sls gkFk iSj fgykrs
ekuks cgqr vPNs rSjkd gksaA nks rhu lkfFk;ksa dks NksMd
+ j
fdlh dks rSjuk ughas vkrk FkkA
7. ^fiQj Nq V~f V;k¡ chrus yxrha rks fnu fxuus yxrs A
izR;sd fnu Mj c<+rk pyk tkrkA* ys[kd us ,slk
D;ksa dgk gS\
[CBSE 2011 (Term-II)]
mRrj% ys[kd us ,slk blfy, dgk gS D;ksafd iwjh NqV~fV;k¡ rks
[ksy&owQn esa chr tkrh Fkha vkSj LowQy dk dke ugha gks
ikrk FkkA blosQ dkj.k LowQy esa fiVkbZ dk Hk; lrkus yxrkA
dke iwjk djus dk fglkc yxkus ij NqV~fV;ksa osQ cps fnu
de yxus yxrsA bl dkj.k og Mj vkSj Hkh c<+rk tkrkA
2. ikB dk 'kh"kZ d ^liuks a os Q&ls fnu* D;ks a gS a \
mRrj% izLrqr ikB esa ys[kd us cpiu dh ftu ckrksa dk o.kZu
fd;k gS] mUgsa tc vius mez osQ bl iM+ko ij lksprk
gS rks mls og lc oqQN liuk&lk yxrk gSA ikBd Hkh
tc i<+rk gS rks mldks cgqr oqqQN ,slk yxrk gS fd tSls
ikB esa of.kZr fnup;kZ] 'kjkjrs]a pqgyckft;k¡] lius lc mUgha
osQ gSa ftUgsa i<+us osQ ckn Hkqyk ikuk dfBu gSA vr% ;g
'kh"kZd loZFkk mfpr gSA
PR
AK
AS
H
TH
ER
4. ys[kd dk eu dc mnkl gks tkrk Fkk\
8. vks e k dkS u Fkk\ ys [kd us vkse k dk mYys [k ;gk¡
D;ksa fd;k\
mRrj% vksek ys[kd dk lgikBh FkkA mldh ckrsa] <ax RkFkk
'kDy&lwjr Hkh lcls vyx FkhA mldk flj cgqr cM+k
Fkk rFkk 'kjhj Hkh fofp=k lk¡ps esa <yk gqvk FkkA tks cPps
LowQy dk dke u djosQ ekLVjksa dh ekj [kkus esa lcls
vkxs jgrs Fks] vksek mudk usrk FkkA og ekj&fiVkbZ esa viuh
mez ls cM+s cPpksa dks gjk nsrk FkkA
9. ys[kd dks dc LowQy tkuk vPNk yxrk Fkk\
S
/kj.kk D;k Fkh\
mRrj% mu fnuksa LowQyh f'k{kk dks ekrk&firk cgqr egRoiw.kZ ugha
ekurs FksA ;fn cPpk LowQy ugha tkuk pkg jgk gS rks
ekrk&firk mls ugha Hkstrs FksA mudh jk; Fkh fd cPps
dks fdlh rjg fglkc&fdrkc fy[kuk vk tk, ftlls og
cgh&[kkrk fy[kuk&i<+uk tku tk,A mlosQ fy, LowQy tkuk
”k:jh ugha gSA og rks N% vkB eghus esa fdlh iafMr
ls ?kj ij gh lh[k ysxkA
AN
3. mu fnuksa LowQyh f'k{kk osQ ckjs esa ekrk&firk dh vke
R
O
mRrj% ys[kd dks ubZ d{kk esa tkus dk dksbZ pko ugha FkkA blh
dkj.k mUgsa ubZ dkfi;k¡ vkSj iqjkuh iqLrosQa Hkh izlUu ugha
dj ikrhaA LowQy dh d{kkvksa osQ jkLrs osQ nksuksa vksj mxs
vfy;kj osQ >kM+ dh xa/ ls Hkh eu mnkl gks tkrk FkkA
mudh bl v#fp dk dkj.k vxyh d{kk dh eqf'dy i<+kbZ
vkSj ekLVjksa osQ ekjihV dk Hk; Fkk tksfd ys[kd dks ckn
esa oqQN&oqQN le> esa vk;kA
5. ys[kd osQ ufugky dk o.kZu dhft,A
mRrj% ys[kd gj lky xehZ dh NqV~fV;ksa esa ek¡ osQ lkFk vius
ufugky tkrk FkkA ufugky ,d NksVk&lk fiNM+k xk¡o FkkA
xk¡o esa ,d cM+k&lk rkykc Fkk ftlesa nksigj rd og
ugkrk FkkA ukuh mls cgqr I;kj djrh Fkha vkSj [kwc nw/
&ngh] eD[ku f[kykrh FkhaA ukuh ys[kd osQ cksyus osQ <ax
;k mlosQ [kkus ij cgqr [kq'k gksrh FkhaA ogk¡ u rks fiVkbZ
dk Hk; Fkk vkSj u [ksyus dh eukghA
[CBSE 2011 (Term-II)]
G
O
YA
L
B
mRrj% ys[kd dks ml le; LowQy tkuk vPNk yxrk Fkk tc
ihVh lkgc LdkmfVax dk vH;kl djokrs le; lcosQ gkFkksa
esa uhyh&ihyh >afM;k¡ nsrs Fks vkSj muosQ vH;kl dh ljkguk
djrs FksA fiQj cM+s I;kj ls vH;kl djokrs FksA
10. ih-Vh- lkgc osQ izfr dc mudh izse&Hkkouk tkxus
yxrh\
mRrj% ih-Vh- lkgc tc cPpksa osQ LdkmV osQ vH;kl ls cgqr
izlUu gks tkrs vkSj mUgsa ^'kkck'k* dgrs FksA muosQ eqg¡
ls fudyk 'kck'k 'kCn d{kk&dk;Z dh dkWfi;ksa esa feysa
xqM ls Hkh vf/d ewY;oku yxrkA ;fn lky Hkj osQ ckn
,d ckj 'kkck'k dg nsa rks LokHkkfod :i ls muosQ izfr
izse&Hkkouk tkx tkrhA
11. ys[kd us bl dgkuh esa gesa vius ”kekus dh fdu ph”kksa
osQ nke fxuk, gSa\
mRrj% ys[kd us bl dgkuh esa crk;k gS fd muosQ ”kekus esa
dkfi;ksa] isfUlysa] gksYMj vkSj L;kgh osQ nokr ij lky Hkj
esa ,d&nks #i, [kpZ gksrs FksA ml le; esa ,d #i,
6. ftl lky ys[kd ufugky ugha tk ikrs ml lky mudk
le; dgk¡ vkSj fdl izdkj chrrk\
mRrj% fdlh lky ;fn ys[kd vius ufugky ugha tk ikrs Fks]
rc og NqV~fV;ksa esa vius ?kj ls FkksM+k ckgj rkykc ij
6
© GOYAL BROTHERS PRAKASHAN
(x) izs;j djrs le; Hkh os vuq'kklughu Nk=kksa dks naM
nsrs FksA
12. ekLVj izhrepan ls Mjus vkSj uiQjr djus osQ rhu
dkj.k crkb,A
[CBSE 2011 (Term-II)]
13. gsMekLVj lkgc vkSj izhrepan osQ LoHkko esa D;k varj
Fkk\
[CBSE 2011 (Term-II)]
mRrj% ekLVj izhrepan ls Mjus vkSj uiQjr djus osQ rhu dkj.k
fuEufyf[kr gSa%&
(d) os fon~;k£Fk;ksa dks ekjrs rFkk ihVrs FksA
([k) ijsM djrs le; ;fn dksbZ yM+dk drkj Hkax djrk
;k fiQj xyr rjhosQ ls ijsM djrk] rks os mlh
le; mls Mk¡V yxkrs FksA
mRrj% gsMekLVj lkgc uje fny O;fDr FksA os dHkh Hkh fon~;k£Fk;ksa
dks ekjrs&ihVrs ugha FksA Nk=k muosQ lkFk lgt eglwl
djrs FksA izhrepan dk LoHkko gsMekLVj osQ LoHkko ls
foYoqqQy fHkUu FkkA iQkjlh i<+krs le;] ijsM djrs le;
rFkk izs;j djrs le; os vuq'kklughu Nk=kksa dks dBksj
naM nsrs FksA oLrqr% os Mk¡V&iQVdkj okyh f'k{kk&i¼fr osQ
dk;y FksA
I+kQkWjesfVo vlslesaV osQ fy,
fØ;kdyki&1
PR
AK
AS
H
fØ;kdyki&3
okn&fookn
laLej.k&^tc eq>s l”kk feyh Fkh*&bl fo"k; ij fon~;kfFkZ;ksa
dks vius vuqHko lqukus osQ fy, dg ldrs gSAa
d{kk&dk;Z
d{kk esa Nk=k&Nk=kkvksa ls muosQ cpiu esa ?kVh ?kVukvkssa osQ
laLej.k lqukus osQ fy, dgk tk ldrk gSA
vkidk loZfiz; fo"k; D;k gS\ vkidks ;g fo"k; D;ksa vPNk
yxrk gS\ crkb,A
;fn vkius LowQy&ifjorZu fd;k gS rks fiNys LowQy osQ nksLr
,oa mudh vknrksa rFkk bl LowQy osQ nksLr ,oa mudh vknrksa
esa D;k&D;k varj gS\
S
R
O
TH
ER
cPpk tc igys&igy LowQy tkrk gS] rc mls ?kj dk LoPNan
okrkoj.k ugha feyrkA ogk¡ og vuq'kklu dk igyk ikB lh[krk
gSA tSls&tSls og cM+k gksrk gS] thou esa vuq'kklu osQ egRo dks
le>rk gSA LowQy ;k d{kk esa vuq'kklu dk;e j[kus osQ fy,
dHkh&dHkh vè;kid naM dk lgkjk ysrs gSaA
^vuq'kklu osQ fy, naM vko';d*&bl fo"k; ij d{kk esa
okn&fookn dk vk;kstu fd;k tk ldrk gSA d{kk osQ fon~;kfFkZ;ksa
dks nks nyksa esa foHkDr dj fo"k; osQ i{k vkSj foi{k esa cksyus
osQ fy, fon~;kfFkZ;ksa dks izsfjr djsaA
AN
esa ,d lsj ?kh feyrk Fkk vkSj nks #i, esa ,d eu xanqe
feyrk FkkA ubZ fdrkcsa ,d nks #i, esa vkrh FkhaA
x`g&dk;Z
viuh ;knksa dks Mk;jh&ys[ku osQ :i esa fyf[k,A
vius izR;sd fnu osQ vuqHkoksa dks izfrfnu lksus ls igys
Mk;jh esa fyf[k,A
xfeZ;ksa dh NqV~fV;ksa esa vki dgk¡ tkrs gS\a mldk o.kZu dhft,
vFkok fy[kdj crkb,A
G
O
YA
L
B
fØ;kdyki&2
^esjs fiz; vè;kid* ij fuca/&ys[ku izfr;ksfxrk dk vk;kstu
fd;k tk ldrk gSA vius fiz; vFkok vkn'kZ vè;kid ;k vè;kfidk
osQ xq.kksa dks crkus osQ lkFk&lkFk fon~;kFkhZ ;g Hkh fy[ksa fd
mudk dkSu&lk xq.k mUgsa lcls vf/d vPNk yxrk gSA
7
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