1 cM+s HkkbZ lkgc ikB~;iqLrd % Li'kZ Hkkx&2

New Wave in Hindi Class – X (Term – I) Course B
Section : C (ikB~; iqLrd ,oa iwjd iqLrd)
ikB~;iqLrd % Li'kZ Hkkx&2
xn~;&[kaM
1
cM+s HkkbZ lkgc
eq'a kh çsepan
ikB dk lkj
1
izsepan dgkuh dk çkjaHk djrs gq, dgrs gSa fd esjs cM+s HkkbZ
lkgc eq>ls ik¡p lky cM+s Fks ysfdu os eq>ls osQoy rhu njts vkxs
FksA ge nksuksa us lkFk&lkFk i<+uk 'kq: fd;k FkkA os ,d lky dh
i<+kbZ nks&rhu lky esa djrs Fks] rkfd mudh uhao etcwr gks tk,A esjh
mez ukS lky Fkh] os pkSng lky osQ FksA os eq> ij iwjh fuxjkuh j[krs
FksA ;s mudk tUefln~èk vfèkdkj FkkA eq>ls ;g mEehn dh tkrh Fkh
fd eSa muosQ gqDe dks dkuwu le>w¡A
os LoHkko ls vè;;u'khy FksA vkSj ges'kk fdrkcksa esa O;Lr jgrs
FksA os fofHkUu izdkj dh rLohjsa dkfi;ksa esa cuk;k djrs FksA esjk eu
i<+us esa ugha yxrk FkkA eSa volj ikrs gh gksLVy ls fudydj eSnku esa
vk tkrk vkSj [ksyus yxrkA tc [ksyowQn dj dejs esa okil vkrk] rks
HkkbZlkgc Øksfèkr gks tkrs Fks vkSj Mk¡Vrs gq, dgrs % ¶bl rjg vaxzs”kh
i<+ksxs rks ¯tnxh Hkj i<+rs jgksxs vkSj ,d gI+kZQ u vk,xkA vaxzs”kh i<+uk
dksbZ g¡lh&[ksy ugha gS fd tks pkgs i<+ ysA ;gk¡ fnu&jkr vk¡[ksa iQksM+uh
iM+rh gSa vkSj [kwu tykuk iM+rk gSA rc dgha ;g fon~;k vkrh gSA vkSj
vkrh D;k gS] gk¡ dgus dks vk tkrh gSA cM+s&cM+s fon~oku Hkh 'kqn~èk
vaxzs”kh ugha fy[k ldrs] cksyuk rks nwj jgkA vxj rqEgsa blh rjg mez
x¡okuh gS rks csgrj gS] ?kj pys tkvks vkSj e”ks ls xqYyh&MaMk [ksyksA
nknk dh xk<+h dekbZ osQ #i;s D;ksa cjckn djrs gks\**
eSa bl rjg dh yrkM+ lqudj jksrk jgrkA mudh ckrsa lqudj
esjh fgEer VwV tkrhA lksprk] xk¡o pyk tkm¡QA fiQj fgEer djosQ
Vkbe Vscy cukrk] ij ml ij vey u dj ikrkA izkÑfrd okrkoj.k
eq>s bl dnj yqHkkrk fd fiQj eSa [ksyus fudy iM+rkA
nsdj Mjkuk 'kq: dj fn;kA mUgksaus dbZ jktkvksa osQ uke fy,A mUgksaus
bfrgkl] ,ytcjk osQ fo"k; esa Hkh crk;kA ijh{kk esa mRrh.kZ gksus osQ
fy, esgur djuh iM+rh gSA mUgksaus ^le; dh ikcanh* ij pkj iUuksa dk
fucaèk fy[kus dks Hkh dgkA LowQy dk le; fudV Fkk vkSj HkkbZ lkgc
dk mins'k tkjh FkkA
3
gj ckj dh rjg fiQj lkykuk ijh{kk gqbZA la;ksx ls bl ckj fiQj
HkkbZ lkgc isQy gks x, vkSj eSa fiQj ikl gks x;kA HkkbZ lkgc us
vR;fèkd ifjJe fd;k FkkA eq>s mu ij n;k vk jgh FkhA urhtk
lqudj os jks iM+sA vc esjs vkSj muosQ chp osQoy ,d d{kk dk varj
jg x;kA okLro esa ;g muosQ mins'kksa dk gh lkj Fkk fd eSa ikl gks
x;k vkSj os isQy gks x,A vc mudk O;ogkj uje gks x;k FkkA mUgksaus
eq>s Mk¡Vuk can dj fn;kA esjs eu esa Hkh ;g èkkj.kk ?kj dj xbZ fd
i<+¡™ ;k u i<+¡™] ikl rks gks gh tkm¡QxkA
,d fnu laè;k osQ le;] gksLVy ls nwj eSa dudkSvk ywVus osQ
fy, nkSM+k tk jgk FkkA vpkud HkkbZ lkgc ls esjh eqBHksM+ gks xbZA
mUgksaus fiQj eq>s Mk¡Vuk 'kq: dj fn;kA mUgksaus dguk 'kq: fd;k fd
,d ”kekuk Fkk fd yksx vkBok¡ njtk ikl djosQ uk;c rglhynkj gks
tkrs FksA ml le; vkBoha d{kk dks cgqr vgfe;r nh tkrh FkhA rqe
gks fd vkBosa nj”ks esa vkdj ck”kkjh yM+dksa osQ lkFk dudkS, osQ fy,
nkSM+ jgs gksA yksx rjg&rjg osQ dFkuksa n~okjk vius NksVs HkkbZ dks
Mk¡Vrs&iQVdkjrs gSa vkSj vuqHkotU; ckrsa dgrs gSaA HkkbZ lkgc dk
ekuuk gS fd thou thus osQ fy, vuqHko ”;knk ”k:jh gSA ?kj dk
dke&dkt vkSj [kpZ dk fglkc ?kj osQ cM+s&cw<+s gh Bhd izdkj ls j[k
ikrs gSaA ml le; eq>s vuqHko gqvk fd esjs cM+s HkkbZ lkgc fdruk
vuqHko rFkk Kku j[krs gSaA esjs cM+s lkgc us eq>s xys ls yxk fy;kA eSa
Hkh muosQ Kku osQ izfr ureLrd gks x;kA os dgus yxs] tc rd eSa gw¡
rqe csjkg u pyus ikvksxsA brus esa gh ,d dudkSvk gekjs mQij ls
xq”kjkA HkkbZ lkgc yacs Fks] blfy, mUgksaus mNydj irax idM+ yh vkSj
csrgk'kk gksLVy dh rj-iQ nkSM+sA eSa ihNs&ihNs nkSM+ jgk FkkA
2
ok£"kd ijh{kk esa HkkbZ lkgc isQy gks x, vkSj eSa d{kk esa izFke
vk;kA vc ge nksuksa esa osQoy nks lky dk varj jg x;kA vc eSa HkkbZ
lkgc ls dguk pkgrk Fkk fd vkidh og ?kksj riL;k dgk¡ xbZA ij
fiQj pqi jg x;kA eSa fiQj [ksyowQn esa yx x;kA ,d fnu cM+s HkkbZ
lkgc eq> ij VwV iM+s] ^^ns[krk gw¡] bl lky ikl gks x, vkSj nj”ks esa
vOoy gks x, rks rqEgsa fnekx gks x;k gS] exj HkkbZtku] ?keaM rks
cM+s&cM+s dk ugha jgk] rqEgkjh D;k gLrh gS\¸ mUgksaus vusd mnkgj.k
1
© GOYAL BROTHERS PRAKASHAN
'kCnkFkZ ,oa fVIif.k;k¡
vfHkeku ¾ ?keaM] eqerfgu ¾ ijh{kd] iz;kstu ¾ mn~n's ;] [kqjkiQkr ¾
O;FkZ dh ckrsa] fgekdr ¾ cs oowQ i- Qh] fd-iQk;r ¾ cpr (ls)
nq#i;ksx ¾ vuqfpr mi;ksx] fu%Lokn ¾ fcuk Lokn dk] rkTtqc ¾
vk'p;Z] VkLd ¾ dk;Z] tyhy ¾ viekfur] izk.kkard ¾ izk.k
ysus okyk @ izk.kksa dk var djus okyk] dkafrghu ¾ psg js ij
ped u gksuk] LoPNa nrk ¾ vk”kknh] lfg".kqrk ¾ lgu'khyrk]
dudkS vk ¾ ira x ] vnc ¾ bT”kr] tghu ¾ iz f rHkkoku]
r”kqjck ¾ vuqH ko] cngokl ¾ csg ky] eqgrkt (eksgrkt) ¾
nwljs ij vkfJrA
rkyhe ¾ f'k{kk] iq [rk ¾ etcw r ] rEchg ¾ Mk¡ V &MiV]
lkeat L; ¾ rkyes y ] elyu ¾ mnkgj.kr%] bckjr ¾ ys [ k]
ps"Vk ¾ dksf'k'k] tekr ¾ d{kk] gI+kZQ ¾ v{kj] fegur (esgur)
¾ ifjJe] yrkM+ ¾ Mk¡V&MiV] lwfDr&ck.k ¾ O;aX;kRed dFku@rh[kh
ckrsa] Ldhe ¾ ;kstuk] vey djuk ¾ ikyu djuk] vogsyuk ¾
frjLdkj] ulhgr ¾ lykg] I+kQthgr ¾ vieku] frjLdkj ¾ mis{kk]
lkykuk bfErgku ¾ ok£"kd ijh{kk] yTtkLin ¾ 'keZukd]
'kjhd ¾ 'kkfey] vkrad ¾ Hk;] vOoy ¾ izFke] vkfèkiR; ¾
izHkqRo@lkezkT;] Lokèkhu ¾ Lora=k] eghi ¾ jktk] oqQdeZ ¾ cqjk dke]
lesfVo vlslesaV osQ fy,
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- ikB~;iqLrd osQ iz'uksRrj
(d) ekSf[kd
([k) fyf[kr
fuEufyf[kr ç'uksa osQ mRrj ,d&nks iafDr;ksa esa nhft,µ
1- dFkk uk;d dh #fp fdu dk;ks± esa Fkh\
mRrj % dFkk uk;d dh #fp oaQdfj;k¡ mNkyus] dkxt dh frrfy;k¡
mM+kus] pkjnhokjh ij p<+dj uhps owQnus] iQkVd ij lokj
gksus] vkxs&ihNs pykrs gq, eksVjdkj dk vkuan mBkus esa FkhA
2- cM+s HkkbZ lkgc NksVs HkkbZ ls gj le; igyk loky
D;k iwNrs Fks\
mRrj % cMs+ HkkbZ lkgc NksVs HkkbZ ls gj le; igyk loky ;g
iwNrs µ dgk¡ Fks\
3- nwljh ckj ikl gksus ij NksVs HkkbZ osQ O;ogkj esa D;k
ifjorZu vk;k\
mRrj % nwljh ckj ikl gksus ij NksVs HkkbZ osQ O;ogkj esa ;g
ifjorZu vk;k fd og ?keaMh gks x;kA og lkspus yxk fd
i<+™¡ ;k u i<+™¡ ikl rks gks gh tkm¡QxkA
4- cM+s HkkbZ lkgc ys[kd ls mez esa fdrus cM+s Fks vkSj os
dkSu&lh d{kk esa i<+rs Fks\
mRrj % cM+s HkkbZ lkgc ys[kd ls ik¡p lky cM+s Fks vkSj os ukSoha
d{kk esa i<+rs FksA
5- cM+s HkkbZ lkgc fnekx dks vkjke nsus osQ fy, D;k
djrs Fks\
mRrj % cM+s HkkbZ lkgc fnekx dks vkjke nsus osQ fy, fpfM+;ksa]
oqQRrksa] fcfYy;ksa dh rLohjsa cuk;k djrs FksA os dHkh&dHkh
,d gh okD; dks nl&chl ckj fy[kk djrs FksA dHkh ,d
'ksj dks ckj&ckj lqanj v{kjksa esa udy djrs jgrs FksA
(d) fuEufyf[kr ç'uksa osQ mRrj (25&30 'kCnksa esa) fyf[k,µ
1- NksVs HkkbZ us viuh i<+kbZ dk Vkbe&Vsfcy cukrs le;
D;k&D;k lkspk vkSj fiQj mldk ikyu D;ksa ugha dj
[CBSE 2010 (Term-I)]
ik;k\
mRrj % NksVs HkkbZ us vius cM+s HkkbZ dh yrkM+ lqudj viuh i<+kbZ
dk Vkbe&Vsfcy cukus dk fu.kZ; fd;kA mlus lkspk fd
og izkr%dky Ng cts mBsxk] eq¡g&gkFk èkks] uk'rk dj
i<+us cSB tk,xkA Ng ls vkB rd vaxzs”kh] vkB ls ukS rd
fglkc] ukS ls lk<+s ukS rd bfrgkl] fI+kQj Hkkstu djosQ
LowQy tk,xkA okil ykSVdj vkèkk ?kaVk vkjke djsxk]
fiQj pkj ls ik¡p rd Hkwxksy] ik¡p ls Ng rd xzkej] vkèkk
?kaVk VgysxkA lk<+s Ng ls lkr rd vaxzs”kh oaQiks”kh'ku]
fiQj Hkkstu djosQ vkB ls ukS rd vuqokn] ukS ls nl rd
¯gnh] nl ls X;kjg rd fofoèk fo"k; i<+sxk] fiQj foJke
djsxkA og blesa [ksyowQn dk le; ugha tksM+ ik;kA
izkÑfrd okrkoj.k esa og i<+kbZ&fy[kkbZ Hkwy tkrk Fkk]
blfy, og bl ij vey ugha dj ik;kA
2- ,d fnu tc xqYyh&MaMk [ksyus osQ ckn NksVk HkkbZ
cM+s HkkbZ lkgc osQ lkeus igq¡pk] rks mudh D;k
izfrfØ;k gqbZ\
mRrj % ,d fnu xqYyh&MaMk [ksyus osQ ckn tc NksVk HkkbZ cM+s
HkkbZ osQ lkeus igq¡pk rks mUgksaus mls [kwc Mk¡Vk&iQVdkjkA
mUgksaus vaxzs”kh dh i<+kbZ dks dfBu crkrs gq, ml ij ,d
ysDpj Hkh fn;kA mUgksaus ys[kd dks gj le; i<+rs jgus dh
ulhgr nhA mUgksaus dgk fd ;fn mez x¡okuh gS rks ?kj pys
2
© GOYAL BROTHERS PRAKASHAN
tkvks vkSj e”ks ls xqYyh&MaMk [ksyksA nknk dh xk<+h dekbZ
;w¡ gh er x¡okvksA
3- cM+s HkkbZ lkgc dks eu dh ckrsa D;ksa nckuh iM+rh Fkha\
2- ^cM+s HkkbZ lkgc* ikB esa ys[kd us lewph f'k{kk osQ
fdu rkSj&rjhdksa ij O;aX; fd;k gS\ D;k vki muosQ
fopkj ls lger gSa\
[CBSE 2010 (Term-I)]
mRrj % ^cM+s HkkbZ lkgc* ikB esa ys[kd us lewph f'k{kk iz.kkyh osQ
fuEufyf[kr rkSj&rjhdksa ij O;aX; fd;k gSµ
µ bl iz.kkyh esa vaxzs”kh dks vfèkd egRo fn;k tkrk gSA
lHkh fo"k; vaxzs”kh esa i<+k, tkrs gSaA
µ ;g iz.kkyh l[r fofèk dks c<+kok nsrh gSA Nk=kksa dks
ikB~; lkexzh dks daBLFk j[kuk iM+rk gSA
µ bl f'k{kk iz.kkyh esa fo"k;ksa dh vfèkdrk gksus osQ dkj.k
Nk=kksa dks [ksyowQn dk le; ugha feyrkA
µ bl f'k{kk iz.kkyh esa foLrkj ij cy fn;k tkrk gSA
fo"k; dks laf{kIr djus dh vis{kk mldk foLrkj fd;k
tkrk gSA
µ ;g f'k{kk iz.kkyh O;kogkfjd ugha gS D;ksafd blesa
fy[kus ij ”;knk è;ku fn;k tkrk gSA
µ bl f'k{kk iz.kkyh esa bfrgkl ij Hkh cy fn;k tkrk gS
vkSj ckn'kkgksa osQ uke ;kn djuk vklku dke ugha gSA
µ ge ys[kd osQ bu fopkjksa ls iw.kZr;k lger gSAa bl f'k{kk
iz.kkyh esa ckydksa dh viuh LoPNanrk u"V gks xbZ gS
D;ksfa d lc oqQN iqLrdh; Kku ij gh vkèkkfjr gSA
3- cM+s HkkbZ lkgc osQ vuqlkj thou dh le> oSQls
vkrh gS\
[CBSE 2010 (Term-I)]
mRrj % cM+s HkkbZ lkgc osQ vuqlkj thou dh le> vuqHko ls
vkrh gSA thou esa vuqHko iqLrdh; Kku ls Hkh vfèkd
egRoiw.kZ gSA iqLrosaQ i<+us ls gj d{kk esa ikl gqvk tk
ldrk gSA ijarq ml Kku dks vuqHko esa mrkjs fcuk og Kku
vèkwjk gSA cM+s&cqtqxks± dks thou dh le> gels ”;knk gSA
mUgksaus ;g lc vuqHko ls izkIr fd;k gSA ge fo"ke
ifjfLFkfr esa ?kcjk tkrs gSa] ij gekjs cM+s cq”kqxZ mu
ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh leL;k dk gy fudkyuk tkurs FksA os
i<+s&fy[ks ugha Fks] ijarq vuqHko ls Hkjiwj FksA vuqHko
i<+kbZ&fy[kkbZ ls ”;knk egRoiw.kZ gSA
4- NksVs HkkbZ osQ eu esa cM+s HkkbZ lkgc osQ izfr Jn~èkk
D;ksa mRiUu gqbZ\
[CBSE 2010 (Term-I)]
vFkok
NksVs HkkbZ osQ eu es cM+s HkkbZ osQ izfr Jn~èkk mRiUu
gksus osQ D;k dkj.k Fks\ ^cM+s HkkbZ lkgc* ikB osQ
vk/kj ij vius 'kCnksa esa fyf[k,A
[CBSE 2010 (Term-I)]
mRrj % cM+s HkkbZ lkgc vius eu dh bPNk,¡ nck dj j[krs FksA os
dHkh [ksy&rek'kksa esa ugha tkrs FksA os [ksyowQn ij Hkh è;ku
ugha nsrs FksA os fnu&jkr cSBdj i<+rs jgrs FksA fiQj Hkh ,d
gh d{kk esa dbZ&dbZ lky yxk nsrs FksA mUgsa vius cM+s gksus
dk Hkh [;ky jgrk FkkA os dgrs Fks] ^^esjk th Hkh
yypkrk gS ij D;k d:¡ [kqn csjkg pyw¡ rks rqEgkjh j{kk
oSQls d:¡\ ;g drZZO; Hkh rks esjs flj gSA**
4- cM+s HkkbZ lkgc NksVs HkkbZ dks D;k lykg nsrs Fks vkSj
D;ksa\
[CBSE 2010 (Term-I)]
mRrj % cM+s HkkbZ lkgc NksVs HkkbZ dks ;g lykg nsrs Fks fd i<+kbZ
djus osQ fy, vk¡[ksa iQksM+uh iM+rh gSa] [kwu tykuk iM+rk
gS] rc dgha tkdj ;g fon~;k vkrh gSA eu dh bPNkvksa
dks nckuk iM+rk gSA vR;fèkd ifjJe djuk iM+rk gSA tks
?keaM djrs gSa] os uhps Mwcrs pys tkrs gSaA os vius NksVs HkkbZ
dks ckjackj ifjJe djus dh lykg nsrs Fks D;ksfa d os pkgrs
Fks fd mudk NksVk HkkbZ i<+&fy[kdj usd bulku cusA
5- ys[kd us cM+s HkkbZ lkgc osQ uje O;ogkj dk D;k
iQk;nk mBk;k\
mRrj % cM+s HkkbZ isQy gksdj oqQN uje iM+ x,A vc os Mk¡Vus dk
volj ikdj Hkh èkhjt ls dke ysus yxsA ys[kd us cM+s
HkkbZ osQ bl O;ogkj dk vuqfpr iQk;nk mBkuk 'kq: dj
fn;kA og le>us yxk fd vc cM+s HkkbZ dks mls Mk¡Vus dk
dksbZ vfèkdkj ugha gSA mls yxus yxk fd og i<+s ;k u
i<+s ikl rks gks gh tk,xkA vc og ?keaMh gks x;kA
([k) fuEufyf[kr ç'uksa osQ mRrj (50&60 'kCnksa esa) fyf[k,µ
[CBSE 2010 (Term-I)]
1- cM+s HkkbZ dh Mk¡V&iQVdkj vxj u feyrh] rks D;k NksVk
HkkbZ d{kk esa vOoy vkrk\ vius fopkj izdV dhft,A
mRrj % nksuksa HkkbZ ?kj ls nwj gksLVy esa jgdj i<+kbZ dj jgs FksA
nksuksa dh lksp rFkk rkSj&rjhosQ esa varj FkkA cM+k HkkbZ vius
NksVs HkkbZ dks ges'kk ulhgr fn;k djrk FkkA og ges'kk mls
yrkM+k djrk FkkA og vius NksVs HkkbZ dh gj xfrfofèk ij
u”kj j[krk Fkk ,oa mls le; dk lnqi;ksx djus dh
lykg fn;k djrk FkkA ge ;g le>rs gSa fd ;fn cM+k
HkkbZ vius NksVs HkkbZ ij bl izdkj fu;a=k.k u j[krk] rks rc
NksVk HkkbZ dHkh Hkh liQy ugha gks ikrkA og gj nj”ks esa
vOoy ugha vkrkA ;g mlosQ cM+s HkkbZ dh Mk¡V ,oa
ulhgr dk gh ifj.kke gS fd NksVk HkkbZ gj nj”ks esa vOoy
vkrk x;kA blfy, ;g Mk¡V&iQVdkj vko';d FkhA
[CBSE 2010 (Term-I)]
mRrj % NksVk HkkbZ vius cM+s HkkbZ dh fgnk;rksa dks xaHkhjrk ls ugha
ysrk FkkA mls yxrk Fkk fd cM+s HkkbZ lkgc rks ges'kk vuko';d
:i ls Mk¡Vrs jgrs gSa vkSj tc HkkbZ lkgc yxkrkj nks o"kZ
3
© GOYAL BROTHERS PRAKASHAN
rd ok£"kd ijh{kk esa isQy gks x,] rc NksVs HkkbZ dks
vkSj tUefln~èk vfèkdkj Fkk vkSj esjh 'kkyhurk
blh esa Fkh fd muosQ gqDe dks dkuwu le>w¡A
([k) esjk dguk ekfu,A yk[k isQy gks x;k gw]¡ ysfdu rqels
cM+k gw]¡ lalkj dk eq>s rqels dgha ”;knk vuqHko gSA
(x) la;ksx ls ml oDr dVk gqvk dudkSvk gekjs mQij
ls xq”kjkA mldh Mksj yVd jgh FkhA yM+dksa dk
,d xksyk ihNs&ihNs nkSM+k pyk vkrk FkkA HkkbZ
lkgc yaCks gSa] mUgksaus mNydj mldh Mksj idM+
yh vkSj csrgk'kk gksLVy dh rjiQ nkSMsA+ eSa ihNs&ihNs
nkSM+ jgk FkkA
(?k) esjs jgrs rqe csjkg u pyus ikvksxAs vxj rqe ;ksa u
ekuksxs rks eSa (FkIiM+ fn[kkdj) bldk iz;ksx Hkh dj
ldrk gwA¡ eSa tkurk gw]¡ rqEgsa esjh ckrsa ”kgj yx jgh gSAa
okLro esa yxus yxk fd cM+s HkkbZ lkgc rks osQoy mins'k
gh nsrs jgrs gSaA mlus muosQ mnkj O;ogkj dk vuqfpr
ykHk mBkuk 'kq: dj fn;kA og lkspus yxk fd eSa i<+w¡
;k u i<+w¡ ikl rks gks gh tkm¡QxkA ij ,d fnu cM+s HkkbZ
lkgc us mlosQ bl joS;s dks Hkk¡idj mls okLrfod fLFkfr
ls voxr djk;kA mls le>k;k fd ?keaMh O;fDr ges'kk
uhps fxjrk gSA cM+s&cq”kqxks± n~okjk nh xbZ ulhgrksa dk ikyu
djuk pkfg,A mUgksaus vius vuqHkoksa osQ n~okjk vusd Kku
izkIr fd,A rqEgsa mudk lEeku djuk pkfg,A eSa Hkh rqEgkjk
'kqHk¯prd gw¡A cM+s HkkbZ dh ;s ckrsa lqudj NksVk HkkbZ Jn~èkk
ls ureLrd gks x;kA og cM+s HkkbZ dk vknj djus yxkA
5- cMs+ HkkbZ dh LoHkkoxr fo'ks"krk,¡ crkb,A
mRrj % cM+s HkkbZ vè;;u'khy gSaA os gj le; fdrkcksa esa [kks,
jgrs gSaA cM+s HkkbZ ifjJeh gSaA os ifjJe dks liQyrk dh
oqaQth ekurs gSaA os vuq'kklufiz; gSaA os O;FkZ gh le; cckZn
ugha djrsA os fln~èkkaroknh gSa vkSj thou esa eq[; fln~èkkarksa
dks egRo nsrs gSaA os vkRefu;a=k.k djuk tkurs gSa rFkk Lo;a
dks fu;a=k.k esa j[kdj NksVs HkkbZ osQ fy, vkn'kZoknh cuus
esa ;dhu djrs gSaA os le>rs gSa fd muosQ n~okjk fd, x,
izR;sd dk;Z dk vlj muosQ NksVs HkkbZ ij iM+sxkA os ,d
vPNs mins'kd gSaA os tkurs gSa fd NksVs HkkbZ dks oSQls
le>k;k tk ldrk gSA bl izdkj ge dg ldrs gSa fd
cM+s HkkbZ esa vusd xq.k fon~;eku gSaA os cM+s HkkbZ dh inoh
izkIr djus osQ lHkh xq.k j[krs gSaA
6- cM+s HkkbZ lkgc us ¯”knxh osQ vuqHko vkSj fdrkch
Kku esa ls fdls vkSj D;ksa egRoiw.kZ dgk gS\
mRrj % cM+s HkkbZ lkgc us ¯”knxh osQ vuqHko dks vfèkd egRoiw.kZ
dgk gSA muosQ vuqlkj ¯”knxh dh le> fdrkcsa i<+us ls
ugha cfYd vuqHko ls vkrh gSA os vius ifjokj osQ lnL;ksa
osQ mnkgj.k nsdj vius dFku dh iqf"V djrs gSaA os viuh
ek¡ o nknk osQ mnkgj.k nsrs gSaA os dgrs gSa fd ge pkgs
fdruh Hkh iqLrossaQ i<+ ysa] ij gekjs cqtqxks± dks gesa lqèkkjus
dk vfèkdkj ges'kk jgsxk D;ksafd mUgsa nqfu;k dk vuqHko
gels T;knk gSA os fdlh Hkh fLFkfr esa ?kcjkrs ugha gSa] gj
foijhr ifjfLFkfr dk lkeuk djuk os c[kwch djrs gSaA
7- crkb, ikB osQ fdu va'kksa ls irk pyrk gS fd µ
(d) NksVk HkkbZ vius HkkbZ lkgc dk vknj djrk gSA
([k) HkkbZ lkgc dks ¯”knxh dk vPNk vuqHko gSA
(x) HkkbZ lkgc osQ Hkhrj Hkh ,d cPpk gSA
(?k) HkkbZ lkgc NksVs HkkbZ dk Hkyk pkgrs gSaA
mRrj % (d) eSa NksVk Fkk] os cM+s FksA esjh mez ukS lky dh Fkh]
og pkSng lky osQ FksA mUgsa esjh fuxjkuh dk iwjk
(x) fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa osQ vk'k; Li"V dhft,µ
1- bfErgku ikl dj ysuk dksbZ ph”k ugha] vly ph”k gS
cqn~fèk dk fodklA
mRrj % ijh{kk mRrh.kZ djuk cgqr cM+k dke ugha gSA mlls dgha
T;knk egRoiw.kZ gS cqn~fèk dks fodflr djukA ijh{kk,¡ rks
fdrkcsa i<+dj ikl dj yh tkrh gSa ijarq cqn~fèk dk fodkl
osQoy fdrkcsa i<+us ls ugha gksrkA bldk fodkl rks
vuqHko ls gh gksrk gSA
2- fiQj Hkh tSls ekSr vkSj foifRr osQ chp Hkh vkneh
eksg vkSj ek;k osQ caèku esa tdM+k jgrk gS] eSa iQVdkj
vkSj ?kqM+fd;k¡ [kkdj Hkh [ksy&owQn dk frjLdkj u
dj ldrk FkkA
mRrj % tc vkneh ij e`R;q rFkk eqlhcr dk lk;k e¡Mjkrk gS] rc
Hkh og eksg rFkk ek;k osQ caèku esa iM+k jgrk gSA cM+s HkkbZ
lkgc eq>s Mk¡Vrs&MiVrs] ij mudh bl Mk¡V&MiV dk eq>
ij dksbZ vlj ugha gksrkA eSa fiQj Hkh [ksyowQn esa yxk
jgrkA esjk eu lnk mu lc O;FkZ dh ph”kksa esa my>k jgrk
FkkA eSa [ksy&owQn NksM+ u ldrk FkkA
3- cqfu;kn gh iq[rk u gks] rks edku oSQls ik;snkj cus\
mRrj % edku dh etcwrh mldh uhao ij fuHkZj djrh gSA uhao
;fn etcwr gksxh rks edku Hkh etcwr gksxkA blh izdkj
Kku dh cqfu;kn ifjJe ij fuHkZj djrh gSA KkuktZu osQ
fy, cM+s HkkbZ lkgc ,d&,d d{kk esa nks&nks] rhu&rhu
lky yxkdj i<+rs jguk] mldh cqfu;kn dks e”kcwr cukuk
le>rs gSaA blesa oLrqr% cM+s HkkbZ lkgc dh csoowQ -iQh ij
O;aX; fd;k x;k gSA
4- vk¡[ksa vkleku dh vksj Fkha vkSj eu ml vkdk'kxkeh
ifFkd dh vksj] tks ean xfr ls >werk iru dh vksj
pyk vk jgk Fkk] ekuks dksbZ vkRek LoxZ ls fudydj
fojDr eu ls u, laLdkj xzg.k djus tk jgh gksA
4
© GOYAL BROTHERS PRAKASHAN
vkxr (vaxszt•h ,oa mnwZ @ vjch&iQkjlh)
iks”kh'ku] I+kQthgr
mRrj % bl dFku dk vk'k; ;g gS fd tc NksVk HkkbZ dudkSvk
(irax) ywVus osQ fy, csrgk'kk nkSM+s tk jgk Fkk] ml le;
mldh vk¡[ksa vkdk'k esa xM+h FkhaA blesa ys[kd us vkdk'kxkeh
ifFkd ml irax dks dgk gS] tks /hjs&/hjs /jrh dh vksj
vk jgh FkhA ys[kd dks ,slk izrhr gks jgk Fkk fd dksbZ
fnO; vkRek LoxZ yksd ls fudydj mnkl&nq[kh eu ls
bl /jrh ij oqQN u, laLdkj ysus mrjrh pyh vk jgh
gksA ys[kd us dVh irax dks fnO;kRek :ih ifFkd
dgk gSA
rkyhe] tYnck”kh] iq[rk] gkf'k;k] ps"Vk] tekr]
gI+kZQ] lwfDrck.k] tkuysok] vk¡[kiQksM+] ?kqM+fd;k¡]
vkfèkiR;] iUuk] esyk&rek'kk] elyu] Lis'ky] Ldhe]
iQVdkj] izkr%dky] fon~oku] fuiq.k] HkkbZ lkgc]
vogsyuk] Vkbe&VsfcyA
% lwfDrck.k] vkfèkiR;] izkr%dky] fon~oku]
fuiq.k] vogsyuk
rn~Hko % vk¡[kiQksM+] iUuk
ns'kt
% tkuysok] ?kqM+fd;k¡] esyk&rek'kk] iQVdkj
vkxr (vaxszt•h ,oa mnwZ @ vjch&iQkjlh) %
rkyhe] tYnck”kh] iq[rk] gkf'k;k] tekr]
gI+kZQ] elyu] Lis'ky] Ldhe] Vkbe&Vsfcy
mRrj % rRle
(x) Hkk"kk vè;;u
1- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ nks&nks i;kZ;okph 'kCn fyf[k,µ
ulhgr] jks"k] vk”kknh] jktk] rkTtqc
mRrj % ulhgr µ f'k{kk] mins'k
jktk µ u`i] ujs'k
jks"k µ xqLlk] Øksèk
rkTtqc µ gSjkuh] vk'p;Z
vk”kknh µ Lora=krk] Lokèkhurk
4- uhps fn, okD;ksa esa dkSu&lh fØ;k gSµ ldeZd ;k
vdeZd\ fyf[k,µ
(d) mUgksaus ogha gkFk idM+ fy;kA
mRrjµldeZd
([k) fiQj pksjksa&lk thou dVus yxkA
mRrjµvdeZd
(x) 'kSrku dk gky Hkh i<+k gh gksxkA
mRrjµldeZd
(?k) eSa ;g yrkM+ lqudj vk¡lw cgkus yxrkA
mRrjµldeZd
(Ä) le; dh ikcanh ij ,d fucaèk fy[kksA
mRrjµldeZd
(p) eSa ihNs&ihNs nkSM+ jgk FkkA
mRrjµvdeZd
2- fuEufyf[kr eqgkojksa dk okD;ksa esa iz;ksx dhft,µ
flj ij uaxh ryokj yVduk] vkM+s gkFkksa ysuk] vaèks
osQ gkFk cVsj yxuk] yksgs osQ pus pckuk] nk¡rksa ilhuk
vkuk] ,sjk&xSjk uRFkw [kSjkA
mRrj % (d) flj ij uaxh ryokj yVduk — ;qn~èk osQ le;
'k=kqvksa osQ flj ij uaxh ryokj yVdrh gSA
([k) vkM+s gkFkksa ysuk — dk;Z esa xyrh gks tkus ij
vfèkdkjh us eksgu dks vkM+s gkFkksa fy;kA
(x) vaèks osQ gkFk cVsj yxuk — vui<+ jes'k dk
fookg ftl yM+dh ls gqvk gS] og cgqr i<+h&fy[kh
gSA ;g rks ,slk gh gqvk fd vaèks osQ gkFkksa cVsj yx
x;kA
(?k) yksgs osQ pus pckuk — ijh{kk esa vPNs vad ysus osQ
fy, fon~;k£Fk;ksa dks yksgs osQ pus pckus iM+rs gSAa
(Ä) nk¡rksa ilhuk vkuk — bl dk;Z dks djus osQ fy,
bruh esgur dh fd eq>s nk¡rksa ilhuk vk x;kA
(p) ,sjk&xSjk uRFkw [kSjk — og ,sjk&xSjk uRFkw [kSjk ls
dksbZ okLrk ugha j[kuk pkgrkA
3- fuEufyf[kr rRle] rn~Hko] ns'kh] vkxr 'kCnksa dks
fn, x, mnkgj.kksa osQ vkèkkj ij Nk¡Vdj fyf[k,A
rRle
rn~Hko
ns'kt
tUefln~èk
vk¡[k
nky&Hkkr
5- ^bd* izR;; yxkdj 'kCn cukb,A
fopkj] bfrgkl] lalkj] fnu] uhfr] iz;ksx] vf/dkjA
mRrj % fopkj + bd
uhfr + bd
bfrgkl + bd
iz;ksx + bd
lalkj + bd
vfèkdkj + bd
fnu + bd
5
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
oSpkfjd
uSfrd
,sfrgkfld
izk;ksfxd
lkalkfjd
vkfèkdkfjd
nSfud
© GOYAL BROTHERS PRAKASHAN
vU; ijh{kksi;ksxh egRoiw.kZ iz'uksRrj (CCE in~/fr ij vk/kfjr)
mudks viuh liQkbZ nsuk pkgrk Fkk] ¯drq viuh lI+kQkbZ esa
oqQN dg ugha ikrk FkkA HkkbZ osQ xqLls vkSj muosQ vdkV~;
rdks± ls og Mj tkrk Fkk vkSj oqQN cksy ugha ikrk FkkA
(N) ys[kd dks pqi ns[kdj HkkbZ dk crkZo oSQlk gks tkrk\
mRrj % ys[kd dks vius lkeus pqi ns[kdj HkkbZ dks ,slk yxrk tSls
mlus viuk vijkèk eku fy;kA og viuh fot; ij eqldjkus
yxrs rFkk ys[kd dks Mk¡Vuk Hkwy tkrsA
xn~;ka'k vk/kfjr iz'uksRrj
1- fuEufyf[kr xn~;ka'k osQ vkèkkj ij ç'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,A
[CBSE 2010 (Term-I)]
esjk th i<+us esa fcyoqQy u yxrk FkkA ,d ?kaVk Hkh fdrkc ysdj
cSBuk igkM+ FkkA ekSdk ikrs gh gksLVy ls fudydj eSnku esa vk tkrk
vkSj dHkh dadfj;k¡ mNkyrk] dHkh dkxt dh frrfy;k¡ mM+krk vkSj
dgha dksbZ lkFkh fey x;k] rks iwNuk gh D;kA dHkh pkjnhokjh ij
p<+dj uhps owQn jgs gSaA dHkh iQkVd ij lokj] mls vkxs&ihNs pykrs
gq, eksVjdkj dk vkuan mBk jgs gSa] ysfdu dejs esa vkrs gh HkkbZ
lkgc dk og #æ&:i ns[kdj çk.k lw[k tkrsA mudk igyk loky
;g gksrkµ^dgk¡ Fks\* ges'kk ;gh loky] blh èofu esa ges'kk iwNk
tkrk Fkk vkSj bldk tokc esjs ikl osQoy ekSu FkkA u tkus esjs eq¡g
ls ;g ckr D;ksa u fudyrh fd ”kjk ckgj [ksy jgk FkkA esjk ekSu dg
nsrk Fkk fd eq>s viuk vijkèk Lohdkj gS vkSj HkkbZ lkgc osQ fy,
mlosQ flok vkSj bykt u Fkk fd Lusg vkSj jks"k osQ feys gq, 'kCnksa
esa esjk lRdkj djsaA
(d) ikB rFkk ys[kd dk uke fyf[k,A
mRrj % ikB dk uke gS ^cM+s HkkbZ lkgc* rFkk blosQ ys[kd gSa eqa'kh
çsepanA
([k) ys[kd vkSj mlosQ cM+s HkkbZ dgk¡ jgrs Fks\
mRrj % ys[kd vkSj mlosQ cM+s HkkbZ Nk=kkokl esa jgrs FksA ys[kd
vius HkkbZ osQ lkFk ,d gh dejs esa jgrk FkkA
(x) ys[kd dks D;k dke igkM+ yxrk Fkk\
mRrj % ys[kd dks ,d ?kaVk Hkh fdrkc ysdj cSBuk igkM+ yxrk FkkA
mldk i<+kbZ esa fcyoqQy eu ugha yxrk FkkA mldh #fp
[ksyksa rFkk euksjatd xfrfofèk;ksa esa vfèkd jgrh FkhA
(?k) ys[kd dejs esa vkdj D;ksa Mj tkrk Fkk\
mRrj % ys[kd osQ cM+s HkkbZ cgqr vuq'kklufç; FksA mls yxrk Fkk fd
dejs esa tkdj tSls gh cM+s HkkbZ dk lkeuk gksxk og mlls
loky&tokc djsaxs] i<+kbZ osQ ckjs esa iwNsaxs] dgk¡ Fkk blosQ
ckjs esa Hkh iwNsaxs rFkk Mk¡Vsaxs HkhA blh dkj.k og dejs esa
vkdj Mj tkrk FkkA
(Ä) ys[kd dks fdl ph”k esa [kq'kh feyrh Fkh\
mRrj % ys[kd dks [ksyus&owQnus vkSj ?kweus&fiQjus esa cgqr [kq'kh
feyrh FkhA blh dkj.k ekSdk ikrs gh og gksLVy ls ckgj vk
tkrk FkkA dHkh dadfj;k¡ mNkyrk] dHkh frrfy;k¡ mM+krk
vkSj dgha dksbZ lkFkh fey tkrk rks [kwc eVjx'rh djrkA
(p) ys[kd HkkbZ osQ lkeus pqi D;ksa gks tkrk Fkk\
mRrj % ys[kd vius HkkbZ dk Øksèk ns[kdj pqi gks tkrk FkkA og
2- fuEufyf[kr xn~;ka'k osQ vkèkkj ij ç'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,A
bl rjg vaxzs”kh i<+ksxs] rks ¯”knxh&Hkj i<+rs jgksxs vkSj ,d gI+kZQ u
vk,xkA vaxzs”kh i<+uk dksbZ g¡lh&[ksy ugha gS fd tks pkgs] i<+ ys] ugha
rks ,sjk&xSjk uRFkw&[kSjk lHkh vaxzs”kh osQ fon~oku gks tkrsA ;gk¡ jkr&fnu
vk¡[ksa iQksM+uh iM+rh gSa vkSj [kwu tykuk iM+rk gS] rc dgha ;g fo|k
vkrh gSA vkSj vkrh D;k gS] gk¡ dgus dks vk tkrh gSA cM+s&cM+s
fon~oku Hkh 'kq¼ vaxzsth ugha fy[k ldrs] cksyuk rks nwj jgkA vkSj eSa
dgrk gw¡] rqe fdrus ?kksa?kk gks fd eq>s ns[kdj Hkh lcd ugha ysrsA eSa
fdruh esgur djrk gw¡] ;g rqe viuh vk¡[kksa ls ns[krs gks] vxj ugha
ns[krs] rks ;g rqEgkjh vk¡[kksa dk dlwj gS] rqEgkjh cqn~fèk dk dlwj gSA
brus esys&rek'ks gksrs gSa] eq>s rqeus dHkh ns[kus tkrs ns[kk gS\ jks”k gh
fØosQV vkSj gkWdh eSp gksrs gSaA eSa ikl ugha iQVdrkA ges'kk i<+rk
jgrk gw¡A ml ij Hkh ,d&,d njts esa nks&nks] rhu&rhu lky iM+k
jgrk gw¡] fiQj Hkh rqe oSQls vk'kk djrs gks fd rqe ;ksa [ksy&owQn esa
oDr x¡okdj ikl gks tkvksxs\ eq>s rks nks gh rhu lky yxrs gSa] rqe
mez&Hkj blh njts esa iM+s lM+rs jgksxs\ vxj rqEgsa bl rjg mez x¡okuh
gS] rks csgrj gS] ?kj pys tkvks vkSj ekSt ls xqYyh&MaMk [ksyksA nknk
dh xk<+h dekbZ osQ #i;s D;ksa cjckn djrs gks\
(d) bl xn~;ka'k esa dkSu fdldks le>k jgk gS\
mRrj % bl xn~;ka'k esa ys[kd osQ cM+s HkkbZ mudks le>k jgs gSaA NksVk
HkkbZ ;kuh fd ys[kd dk [ksyowQn esa ”;knk eu yxrk gSA
blfy, cM+s HkkbZ mls i<+us osQ fy, dg jgs gSaA
([k) cM+s HkkbZ lkgc vius NksVs HkkbZ dks D;k le>k jgs gSa\
mRrj % cM+s HkkbZ vius NksVs HkkbZ dks vaxzs”kh fo"k; osQ ckjs esa crk jgs
Fks fd ;g cgqr dfBu fo"k; gSA bls vklkuh vkSj ykijokgh
ls ugha i<+ ldrsA vxj esgur ugha djksxs rks isQy gks
tkvksxsA blfy, esgur ls i<+kbZ djksA
(x) cM+k HkkbZ vius fo"k; esa NksVs HkkbZ dks D;k crkrk gS\
mRrj % NksVs HkkbZ ls cM+k HkkbZ vius ckjs esa dgrk gS fd og cgqr
esgur djrk gSA viuk le; fdlh Hkh [ksy&owQn o vU;
euksjatu esa cjckn ugha djrkA og ges'kk i<+rk jgrk gSA fiQj
Hkh ikl ugha gksrk rks og [ksy&owQndj oSQls ikl gks ik,xkA
6
© GOYAL BROTHERS PRAKASHAN
(?k) ys[kd Vkbe&Vscy ij vey D;ksa ugha dj ikrk Fkk\
mRrj % ys[kd ;kstukcn~èk rjhosQ ls i<+kbZ djus osQ fy, Vkbe&Vscy
cukrk FkkA bl Vkbe Vscy esa [ksyus&owQnus rFkk vU; fdlh
euksjatu dk le; fcyoqQy ugha jgrkA blh dkj.k og ml
ij vey ugha dj ikrk FkkA
(Ä) fujk'kk osQ ckny iQVus ij D;k gksrk\
mRrj % cM+s HkkbZ dh ckrsa lqudj ys[kd dk eu fujk'k gks tkrk Fkk]
¯drq tc fujk'kk lekIr gks tkrh Fkh rks og eu esa n`<+
fu'p; djrk fd og yxuiwoZd i<+kbZ djsxkA blosQ fy, og
,d Vkbe&Vscy rS;kj djrk ftlosQ vuqlkj i<+kbZ dj losQA
(?k) cM+k HkkbZ NksVs HkkbZ dks D;k lykg nsrk gS vkSj D;ksa\
mRrj % cM+k HkkbZ vius vKku vkSj v;ksX;rk osQ dkj.k Mjk gqvk gSA
mls viuh de”kksjh dk Kku gSA og le>rk gS fd tSls
mlosQ lkFk gqvk gS oSls gh mlosQ HkkbZ osQ lkFk Hkh gks ldrk
gSA blhfy, NksVs HkkbZ dks ijke'kZ nsrk gS fd [ksy&owQn esa
viuk le; O;FkZ er x¡okvksA
3- fuEufyf[kr xn~;ka'k osQ vkèkkj ij ç'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,A
[CBSE 2010 (Term-I)]
eSa ;g yrkM+ lqudj vk¡lw cgkus yxrkA tokc gh D;k FkkA vijkèk
rks eSaus fd;k] yrkM+ dkSu lgs\ HkkbZ lkgc mins'k dh dyk esa fuiq.k
FksA ,slh&,slh yxrh ckrsa dgrs] ,sls&,sls lwfDr&ck.k pykrs fd esjs
ftxj osQ VqdM+s&VqdM+s gks tkrs vkSj fgEer VwV tkrhA bl rjg tku
rksM+dj esgur djus dh 'kfDr eSa vius esa u ikrk Fkk vkSj ml fujk'kk
esa ”kjk nsj osQ fy, eSa lkspus yxrkµ^D;ksa u ?kj pyk tkÅ¡A tks dke
esjs cwrs osQ ckgj gS] mlesa gkFk Mkydj D;ksa viuh ¯”knxh [kjkc
d:¡A* eq>s viuk ew[kZ jguk eatwj Fkk] ysfdu mruh esgur ls eq>s rks
pDdj vk tkrk Fkk] ysfdu ?kaVs&nks ?kaVs osQ ckn fujk'kk osQ ckny iQV
tkrs vkSj eSa bjknk djrk fd vkxs ls [kwc th yxkdj i<+¡xw kA pViV
,d Vkbe&Vscy cuk MkyrkA fcuk igys ls uD'kk cuk, dksbZ Ldhe
rS;kj fd, cxSj dke oSQls 'kq: d:¡A Vkbe&Vscy esa [ksyowQn dh en
fcyoqQy mM+ tkrhA çkr%dky N% cts mBuk] eq¡g&gkFk èkks] uk'rk
dj] i<+us cSB tkukA N% ls vkB rd vaxzs”kh] vkB ls ukS rd fglkc]
ukS ls lk<+s ukS rd bfrgkl] fiQj Hkkstu vkSj LowQyA lk<+s rhu cts
LowQy ls okfil gksdj vkèkk ?kaVk vkjke] pkj ls ik¡p rd Hkwxksy]
ik¡p ls N% rd xzkej] vkèkk ?kaVk gksLVy osQ lkeus gh Vgyuk] lk<+s
N% ls lkr rd vaxzs”kh daiks”kh'ku] fiQj Hkkstu djosQ vkB ls ukS rd
vuqokn] ukS ls nl rd ¯gnh] nl ls X;kjg rd fofoèk&fo"k;] fiQj
foJkeA
(d) cM+s HkkbZ dh Mk¡V lqudj ys[kd dh D;k n'kk gksrh Fkh\
mRrj % cM+s HkkbZ dh Mk¡V lqudj ys[kd vk¡lw cgkus yxrk FkkA i<+kbZ
u djus dk vijkèk rks og djrk gh FkkA mldk eu
[ksyus&owQnus esa gh vfèkd yxrk FkkA blh dkj.k mls Mk¡V
Hkh iM+rh FkhA ¯drq HkkbZ osQ Mk¡Vus ij mls cgqr cqjk yxrk
FkkA lkFk gh viuh xyfr;ksa dk vglkl Hkh gksrk FkkA
([k) ys[kd Mk¡V lquus osQ ckn D;k djrk Fkk\
mRrj % cM+s HkkbZ dh Mk¡V lquus osQ ckn ys[kd dh vk¡[kksa esa vk¡lw vk
tkrs FksA og Hkfo"; esa xyrh dks u nksgjkus dk ladYi ysrk
FkkA iQVkiQV Vkbe&Vscy cukus yxrk FkkA
(x) ys[kd dks dkSu&lk dke cgqr dfBu vkSj vlaHko tku
iM+rk Fkk\
mRrj % fnu&jkr i<+kbZ djuk ys[kd dks cgqr dfBu yxrk FkkA
bruh esgur djus esa og vius vki dks vleFkZ ikrk FkkA
mls yxrk Fkk fd tks dke mlosQ cwrs ls ckgj gS] mlesa gkFk
ugha Mkyuk pkfg,A
4- fuEufyf[kr xn~;ka'k osQ vkèkkj ij ç'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,A
lkykuk bfErgku gqvkA HkkbZ lkgc I+ksQy gks x,] eSa ikl gks x;k vkSj
njts esa çFke vk;kA esjs vkSj muosQ chp esa osQoy nks lky dk varj
jg x;kA th esa vk;k] HkkbZ lkgc dks vkM+s gkFkksa yw¡µ^vkidh og ?kksj
riL;k dgk¡ xbZ\ eq>s nsf[k,] e”ks ls [ksyrk Hkh jgk vkSj njts esa
vOoy Hkh gw¡A* ysfdu og brus nq[kh vkSj mnkl Fks fd eq>s muls
fnyh gennhZ gqbZ vkSj muosQ ?kko ij ued fNM+dus dk fopkj gh
yTtkLin tku iM+kA gk¡] vc eq>s vius Åij oqQN vfHkeku gqvk vkSj
vkRelEeku Hkh c<+kA HkkbZ lkgc dk og jkSc eq> ij u jgkA vk”kknh
ls [ksyowQn esa 'kjhd gksus yxkA fny e”kcwr FkkA vxj mUgksaus fiQj
esjh I+kQthgr dh] rks lkIk+ Q dg nw¡xkµ^vkius viuk [kwu tykdj dkSu&lk
rhj ekj fy;kA eSa rks [ksyrs&owQnrs njts esa vOoy vk x;k* ”kcku ls
;g gsdM+h trkus dk lkgl u gksus ij Hkh esjs jax&<ax ls lkI+kQ ”kkfgj
gksrk Fkk fd HkkbZ lkgc dk og vkrad eq> ij ugha FkkA HkkbZ lkgc
us bls Hkk¡i fy;kµmudh lgt cqn~fèk cM+h rhoz Fkh vkSj ,d fnu tc
eSa Hkksj dk lkjk le; xqYyh&MaMs dh HksaV djosQ Bhd Hkkstu osQ le;
ykSVk] rks HkkbZ lkgc us ekuks ryokj [khap yh vkSj eq> ij VwV
iM+sµns[krk gw¡] bl lky ikl gks x, vkSj njts esa vOoy vk x,] rks
rqEgsa fnekx gks x;k gS] exj HkkbZtku] ?keaM rks cM+s&cM+s dk ugha jgk]
rqEgkjh D;k gLrh gS\ bfrgkl esa jko.k dk gky rks i<+k gh gksxk A
(d) lkykuk bfErgku dk D;k urh”kk fudyk\
mRrj % lkykuk bfErgku dk urh”kk fudyk vkSj ys[kd ikl gks
x;kA d{kk esa çFke vk;kA cM+s HkkbZ lkgc i- sQy gks x,A vc
nksuksa osQ chp esa osQoy nks lky dk varj jg x;kA
([k) NksVs HkkbZ osQ eu esa D;k fopkj vk;k\ mlus D;k fd;k\
mRrj % NksVs HkkbZ osQ eu esa fopkj vk;k fd bruk i<+us ij Hkh cM+s
HkkbZ i- sQy gks x,A eq>s iwjs lky Mk¡Vrs jgsA mlosQ eu esa HkkbZ
osQ çfr çfrdkj dh Hkkouk txhA vc mudk mruk jkSc HkkbZ
ij ugha jgkA
(x) NksVs HkkbZ us cM+s HkkbZ osQ uje O;ogkj dk I+kQk;nk fdl
çdkj mBk;k\
mRrj % ijh{kk esa çFke vkus ls ys[kd dks vius Åij vfHkeku gks
x;kA mldk vkRe&lEeku Hkh c<+kA og vc vk”kknh ls
7
© GOYAL BROTHERS PRAKASHAN
[ksyus&owQnus yxkA og HkkbZ osQ jkSc&nkc dks ugha ekurk FkkA
mlus mudks tokc nsus osQ fy, Hkh [kqn dks rS;kj dj
fy;k FkkA
(?k) HkkbZ lkgc us NksVs HkkbZ dks Mk¡Vrs gq, D;k dgk\
mRrj % HkkbZ lkgc us NksVs HkkbZ dks Mk¡Vrs gq, dgk fd rqe ikl gks
x, vkSj njts esa çFke vk x, rks rqEgkjk fnekx gks x;k gSA
ysfdu D;k rqEgsa irk ugha fd ?keaM rks jko.k dk ugha jgk
rks rqe viuh ckr rks NksM+ gh nksA
(Ä) cM+s HkkbZ lkgc dk jkSc&nkc D;ksa [kRe gks x;k\
mRrj % NksVk HkkbZ d{kk esa çFke vk;k vkSj cM+k HkkbZ i- sQy gks x;kA
blh dkj.k NksVs HkkbZ osQ eu esa cM+s HkkbZ osQ çfr mruh Jn~èkk
ugha jghA blh dkj.k cM+s HkkbZ dk jkSc&nkc mruk ugha jgkA
5- fuEufyf[kr xn~;ka'k osQ vkèkkj ij ç'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,A
(Ä) liQy f[kykM+h dkSu gksrk gS\
mRrj % ys[kd dk cM+k HkkbZ mlosQ [ksy&owQn] euksjatu vkSj euekuh
ls cgqr nq[kh gSA og ys[kd dks i<+kbZ djus rFkk viuk
dguk ekuus osQ fy, etcwj djuk pkgrk gSA blh dkj.k
ys[kd dks dgrk gS fd vpkud liQyrk ikus okyk liQy
f[kykM+h ugha gksrkA liQy og gksrk gS ftldk dksbZ fu'kkuk
[kkyh ugha tkrkA
6- fuEufyf[kr xn~;ka'k osQ vkèkkj ij ç'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,A
fiQj lkykuk bfErgku gqvk vkSj oqQN ,slk la;ksx gqvk fd eSa fiQj ikl
gqvk vkSj HkkbZ lkgc fiQj I+ksQy gks x,A eSaus cgqr esgur ugha dh] ij
u tkus oSQls njts esa vOoy vk x;kA eq>s [kqn vpjt gqvkA HkkbZ
lkgc us çk.kkard ifjJe fd;kA dkslZ dk ,d&,d 'kCn pkV x, Fks]
nl cts jkr rd bèkj] pkj cts Hkkst ls mèkj] N% ls lk<+s ukS rd
LowQy tkus osQ igysA eqæk dkafrghu gks xbZ FkhA exj cspkjs I+ksQy gks
x,A eq>s mu ij n;k vkrh FkhA urhtk lquk;k x;k] rks og jks iM+s vkSj
eSa Hkh jksus yxkA vius ikl gksus dh [kq'kh vkèkh gks xbZA eSa Hkh I+ksQy
gks x;k gksrk] rks HkkbZ lkgc dks bruk nq%[k u gksrk] ysfdu fofèk dh
ckr dkSu Vkys!
esjs vkSj HkkbZ lkgc osQ chp esa vc osQoy ,d njts dk varj vkSj
jg x;kA esjs eu esa ,d oqQfVy Hkkouk mn; gqbZ fd dgha HkkbZ lkgc
,d lky vkSj I+ksQy gks tk,¡] rks eSa muosQ cjkcj gks tkÅ¡] fiQj og
fdl vkèkkj ij esjh I+kQthgr dj losaQxs] ysfdu eSaus bl fopkj dks
fny ls cyiwoZd fudky MkykA vkf[kj og eq>s esjs fgr osQ fopkj
ls gh rks Mk¡Vrs gSaA eq>s ml oDr vfç; yxrk gS vo';] exj ;g
'kk;n muosQ mins'kksa dk gh vlj gS fd eSa nuknu ikl gks tkrk gw¡
vkSj brus vPNs uacjksa lsA
(d) lkykuk bfErgku dk D;k urhtk fudyk\
mRrj % lkykuk bfErgku dk urhtk Hkh igys tSlk gh fudykA cM+k
HkkbZ fiQj I+ksQy gks x;k vkSj NksVk HkkbZ fiQj ls ikl gks x;k
vkSj d{kk esa çFke vk;kA
([k) cM+s HkkbZ us fdruk ifjJe fd;k Fkk\
mRrj % cM+s HkkbZ us ijh{kk osQ fy, cgqr ifjJe fd;k FkkA os
fnu&jkr i<+rs jgrs FksA os jkr osQ nl cts rd fiQj lqcg
pkj cts ls mBdj i<+rs FksA fiQj LowQy tkus ls igys N%
cts ls lk<+s ukS cts rd i<+rs FksA os dkslZ dk ,d&,d 'kCn
jV x, FksA i<+kbZ vkSj ifjJe osQ dkj.k mudk eq[k fuLrst
gks x;k FkkA
(x) fdldh [kq'kh vèkwjh jg xbZ vkSj D;ksa\
mRrj % ys[kd dh [kq'kh cM+s HkkbZ osQ I+ksQy gksus ls vèkwjh jg xbZA
I+ksQy gksus ij cM+s HkkbZ jksus yxsA mUgsa ns[kdj ys[kd Hkh jksus
yxkA mls vius ikl gksus dh [kq'kh rks gqbZ ij oks vèkwjh&lh
çrhr gqbZ D;ksafd og cM+s HkkbZ osQ I+ksQy gksus ls nq[kh FkkA
[CBSE 2010 (Term-I)]
'kSrku dk gky Hkh i<+k gh gksxkA mls ;g vfHkeku gqvk Fkk fd bZ'oj
dk mlls c<+dj lPpk HkDr dksbZ gS gh ughaA var esa ;g gqvk fd
LoxZ ls ujd esa <osQy fn;k x;kA 'kkgs:e us Hkh ,d ckj vgadkj
fd;k FkkA Hkh[k ek¡x&ek¡xdj ej x;kA rqeus rks vHkh osQoy ,d
njtk ikl fd;k gS vkSj vHkh ls rqEgkjk flj fiQj x;k] rc rks rqe
vkxs i<+ pqosQA ;g le> yks fd rqe viuh esgur ls ugha ikl gq,]
vaèks osQ gkFk cVsj yx xbZA exj cVsj osQoy ,d ckj gkFk yx ldrh
gS] ckj&ckj ugha yx ldrhA dHkh&dHkh xqYyh&MaMs esa Hkh vaèkk&pksV
fu'kkuk iM+ tkrk gSA blls dksbZ liQy f[kykM+h ugha gks tkrkA liQy
f[kykM+h og gS] ftldk dksbZ fu'kkuk [kkyh u tk,A
(d) 'kSrku dk D;k gky gqvk vkSj D;ksa\
mRrj % 'kSrku dks vius Åij ;g vfHkeku gks x;k Fkk fd ogh bZ'oj
dk lcls cM+k HkDr gSA bl vfHkeku osQ dkj.k mls LoxZ ls
ujd esa èkosQy fn;k x;k FkkA mldk var cgqr cqjk gqvkA
([k) cM+s HkkbZ us NksVs HkkbZ dh liQyrk ij D;k dgk\
mRrj % cM+s HkkbZ us NksVs HkkbZ ls dgk fd rqe viuh esgur ls ugha
ikl gq, gksA ysfdu viuh liQyrk ij rqEgsa vfHkeku gks x;k
gSA ij ,slk ckj&ckj ugha gksxkA liQyrk osQ fy, esgur
djuh iM+rh gSA
(x) 'kkgs:e dh D;k n'kk gqbZ\
mRrj % 'kkgs:e us Hkh vgadkj fd;k FkkA vgadkj osQ dkj.k var esa
mls Hkh[k ek¡xuh iM+hA Hkh[k ek¡xrs&ek¡xrs gh mldh ekSr
gks xbZA
(?k) cM+s HkkbZ dh eu%fLFkfr dk o.kZu dhft,A
mRrj % cM+k HkkbZ ckj&ckj ijh{kk esa isQy gks tkrk gS ftlosQ dkj.k
mlosQ eu esa oqQaBk ?kj dj xbZ gSA vius ls NksVs dks blh
oaqQBk osQ dkj.k Mk¡Vrk jgrk gSA mldks ges'kk mins'k nsrk
jgrk gSA dgha&u&dgha mlosQ eu esa HkkbZ dh liQyrk ij
bZ";kZ&Hkko Hkh vk tkrk gSA
8
© GOYAL BROTHERS PRAKASHAN
gh d{kk esa vk tk,A ¯drq mez esa oks ys[kd ls lnk cM+k
jgsxk vkSj bl dkj.k NksVs HkkbZ dks Mk¡Vus dk mudks iwjk
vfèkdkj gSA og mldks dgha Hkh] dHkh Hkh Mk¡V ldrk gSA
mez osQ bl varj dks dksbZ >qByk ugha ldrkA og lnk mldk
cM+k HkkbZ gh jgsxkA
7- NksVs HkkbZ osQ eu esa cM+s HkkbZ lkgc osQ çfr Jn~èkk mRiUu
gksus osQ D;k dkj.k Fks\ ^cM+s HkkbZ lkgc* ikB osQ vkèkkj
ij vius 'kCnksa esa fyf[k,A (Outside Delhi 2010)
mRrj % NksVk HkkbZ vius cM+s HkkbZ dh fgnk;rksa dks xaHkhjrk ls ugha
ysrk FkkA cM+s HkkbZ osQ ijh{kk esa nks ckj yxkrkj isQy gksus ls
og mudh ckrksa ij vkSj Hkh è;ku ugha nsrk FkkA HkkbZ mlosQ
bl joS;s dks Hkk¡i x,A mUgksaus mls vuqHko vkSj cM+Iiu dk
egRo le>k;kA HkkbZ dh ckrsa lqudj ys[kd Jn~èkk ls
ureLrd gks x;kA og cM+s HkkbZ dk vknj djus yxkA
(?k) oqQfVy Hkkouk fdlosQ eu esa vkbZ\
mRrj % cM+s HkkbZ osQ yxkrkj nks ckj i- sQy gksus ls ys[kd vkSj cM+s HkkbZ esa
fl-iZQ ,d d{kk dk varj jg x;kA bl ij ys[kd osQ eu esa
,d oqQfVy fopkj vk;kA mlus eu esa lkspk fd ;fn cM+k HkkbZ
,d lky vkSj i- sQy gks tk, rks nksuksa ,d gh d{kk esa vk tk,¡xsA
rc cM+k HkkbZ ys[kd dk ckr&ckr ij vieku ugha dj ik,xkA
y?kwRrjkRed ç'uksRrj
1- NksVk HkkbZ dkSu&ls dk;ks± esa #fp ysrk Fkk\
mRrj % NksVs HkkbZ dh #fp [ksyus esa vfèkd FkhA og viuk vfèkdka'k
le; [ksyus esa fcrkrk FkkA dHkh og dadfj;k mNkyrk]
dHkh dkxt dh frrfy;k¡ mM+rk] pkjnhokjh ij p<+dj
owQnrk rks dHkh iQkVd ij p<+dj eksVj lkbfdy pykus dk
vkuan ysrkA mlosQ fy, ,d ?kaVk Hkh i<+uk eqf'dy FkkA
2- cM+s HkkbZ lkgc NksVs HkkbZ dks D;ksa ulhgr nsrs jgrs Fks\
mRrj % cM+s HkkbZ lkgc NksVs HkkbZ dks lnk i<+us osQ fy, ulhgr nsrs
jgrs FksA os NksVs HkkbZ dks [ksy&owQn can djosQ i<+us osQ fy,
dgrs FksA os dgrs Fks fd cqn~fèk dk fodkl ”k:jh gSA cM+s
HkkbZ us dbZ ?keaMh jktkvksa vkSj nsorkvksa osQ iru osQ mnkgj.k
Hkh fn,A os dgrs fd eSa bruk i<+rk gw¡ rks Hkh ,d d{kk esa
dbZ ckj isQy gks tkrk gw¡A fiQj rqe [ksy&owQn djus osQ ckn
oSQls i<+kbZ djksxsA mUgksaus vkxs dh dfBu i<+kbZ ls Mjk;k HkhA
3- vax”sz kh Hkk"kk osQ fo"k; esa cM+s HkkbZ lkgc osQ D;k fopkj Fks\
mRrj % cM+s HkkbZ lkgc vaxzs”kh osQ ckjs esa dgrs Fks fd vaxzs”kh i<+uk
dksbZ g¡lh&[ksy ugha gSA mls i<+us osQ fy, jkr&fnu vk¡[ksa iQksMu+ h
iM+rh gSaA ,sjk&xSjk vaxzs”kh ugha i<+ ldrkA cM+s&cM+s fon~oku
Hkh 'kqn~èk vaxzs”kh ugha fy[k ikrsA vax”zs kh i<+u&s le>us osQ fy,
dfBu ifjJe djuk iM+rk gSA os viuk mnkgj.k Hkh nsrs gSaA
4- bl ikB n~okjk gekjh f'k{kk in~èkfr dh dkSu&lh deh
dh tkudkjh feyh\
mRrj % bl ikB osQ n~okjk gesa f'k{kk esa jVus osQ xq.k&nks"kksa dk irk
pyrk gSA vkt dh f'k{kk jVus ij tksj nsrh gSA vfèkdka'k
Nk=k iqLrd osQ ikBksa dks jV ysrs gSaA ;fn f'k{kk esa O;kogkfjd
Kku gksrk rks 'kk;n bruh mckÅ u gksrhA
5- ys[kd dh LoPNanrk dk ifj.kke D;k gqvk\
mRrj % ys[kd osQ LoPNan gksus ls i<+kbZ osQ ifj.kke esa rks dksbZ varj
ugha vk;k] ¯drq mlus i<+uk&fy[kuk fcyoqQy NksM+ fn;k]
vkSj iwjk è;ku [ksy esa yxk fn;kA HkkbZ osQ vuq'kklu vkSj
ulhgrksa dks ekuuk Hkh NksM+ fn;kA
6- cM+k HkkbZ NksVs HkkbZ ij viuk gd tekus osQ fy, D;k
roZQ nsrk gS\
mRrj % cM+k HkkbZ ys[kd ls dgrk gS fd og pkgs fdruh ckj
bfErgku esa isQy gks tk,] i<+kbZ esa Hkh detksj jgsA nksuksa ,d
fucaèkkRed ç'uksRrj
1- bl ikB ls gesa D;k f'k{kk (lans'k) feyrh gS\
mRrj % bl ikB ls gesa ;g f'k{kk feyrh gS fd gesa viuh {kerk]
ifjfLFkfr vkSj lhek dks le>uk pkfg, vkSj mlh osQ vuq:i
O;ogkj djuk pkfg,A nwljksa esa deh <w¡<+us ls igys viuh
deh dks ns[kuk pkfg,A ;fn geesa gh deh gS rks nwljksa dks
mins'k nsus dk D;k vfèkdkjA gesa i<+kbZ dks gkSok ugha cukuk
pkfg,A i<+kbZ dks lgt vkSj LokHkkfod :i ls ysuk pkfg,A
fnekx ij ijh{kk dk ruko j[kdj pkSchlksa ?kaVs fdrkch dhM+k
ugha cuuk pkfg,A blls fnekx Hkh dke djuk can dj nsrk
gSA i<+kbZ dks jVuk ugha pkfg,A viuh le> dks fodflr
djus dk ç;kl djsaA [ksy&owQn vkSj i<+kbZ] ,d&nwljs osQ
fojksèkh ugha] lgk;d gks ldrs gSaA
2- vR;fèkd ifjJe djus osQ ckotwn Hkh cM+s HkkbZ lkgc
I+ksQy D;ksa gks tkrs Fks\ vius fopkj fyf[k,A
mRrj % cM+s HkkbZ lkgc LoHkko ls cM+s vè;;u'khy FksA gjne
fdrkc [kksys cSBs jgrs FksA og jV~Vw rksrk FksA og i<+kbZ dks
ruko cukdj j[krs FksA muosQ fnekx esa dksbZ Hkh ckr ugha
cSBrhA blfy, mudk ekuuk Fkk fd i<+kbZ cgqr dfBu gS
vkSj vlkè; Hkh gSA blh dkj.k os lkeus rks fdrkc [kksys cSBs
jgrs Fks] ¯drq mudk eu dgha vkSj HkVdrk jgrk FkkA blh
dkj.k os dkfi;ksa esa oqQRrs] fpfM+;ksa] fcfYy;ksa osQ fp=k cukrs
jgrs FksA dHkh i<+kbZ osQ uke ij nl&chl 'kCn ,sls fy[ks
jgrs Fks ftudk i<+kbZ ls nwj&nwj rd dk okLrk ugha FkkA
i<+kbZ esa esgur osQ uke ij fnu&jkr fdrkc [kksy dj cSBs
jgrs FksA blhfy, ,d gh d{kk esa nks&rhu ckj isQy gks tkrs
FksA cM+k HkkbZ viuh vKkurk vkSj v;ksX;rk osQ dkj.k i<+kbZ
ls Mjk gqvk FkkA mls yxrk Fkk fd eSa bruh esgur djrk gw¡
fiQj Hkh I+ksQy gks tkrk gw¡A vr% ;g i<+kbZ cgqr dfBu gSA
9
© GOYAL BROTHERS PRAKASHAN
3- cM+k HkkbZ fdu mnkgj.kksa n~okjk vuqHko dks egRoiw.kZ
crkrk gS\
mRrj % cM+k HkkbZ viuh ek¡] nknk rFkk gsM ekLVj dh cw<+h ek¡ dk
mnkgj.k nsdj vuqHko dks egRoiw.kZ crkrk gSA og dgrk gS
fd ;s rhuksa i<+s&fy[ks ugha gSa ¯drq mUgsa ¯tnxh dk vuqHko
cgqr gSA og ;g Hkh dgrk gS fd fdrkch Kku ls ugha
vuqHko osQ ekeys esa oks vHkh Hkh mllss cM+k gSA
4- cM+k HkkbZ NksVs HkkbZ osQ ?keaM dk fojksèk fdu mnkgj.kksa
n~okjk djrk gS\
mRrj % cM+k HkkbZ vius NksVs HkkbZ dks fu;a=k.k esa j[kuk pkgrk gSA blh
dkj.k mls ?keaMh dgrk gSA og mls le>krk gS fd ?keaM
cgqr cqjh ph”k gSA ?keaM ,d cqjh chekjh gSA blosQ fy,
igyk mnkgj.k jko.k dk nsrk gSA jko.k bruk fon~oku vkSj
cy'kkyh jktk Fkk] ysfdu vius ?keaM osQ dkj.k mldh
ijkt; gqbZ] mldk vfHkeku pwj&pwj gks x;kA blh rjg
'kSrku dks Hkh vius ?keaM osQ dkj.k ujd Hkksxuk iM+kA rhljk
mnkgj.k 'kkgs:e dk fn;k tks Hkh[k ek¡xrs&ek¡xrs ej x;kA
cM+k HkkbZ NksVs HkkbZ ls dgrk gS fd vfèkd ?keaM djus ij
mls Hkh fry&fry dj ejuk iM+sxkA
5- cM+s HkkbZ dh fdu ckrksa ls yxrk gS fd og NksVs HkkbZ
ij 'kklu djuk pkgrk gS\
mRrj % cM+k HkkbZ fdrkch f'k{kk dh txg thou osQ vuqHko dks
vfèkd egRoiw.kZ vkSj mi;ksxh crkrk gSA og lnk vkpj.k
dks egRoiw.kZ crkrk gSA NksVs HkkbZ osQ [ksy&owQn vkSj mldh
LoPNanrk ij fu;a=k.k j[krk gSA mlls iwNrk jgrk gS fd og
dgk¡ Fkk\ D;k dj jgk Fkk\ NksVs HkkbZ osQ [ksyus vkSj u i<+us
ij yacs&yacs Hkk"k.k nsrk jgrk Fkk] ftlesa i<+kbZ osQ dfBu
gksus] vius I+ksQy gksus] vius dks [ksy&owQn ls nwj jgus dk
mnkgj.k nsrk FkkA vius I+ksQy gksus ij og liQyrk ls vfèkd
cqn~fèk osQ fodkl dks egRoiw.kZ crkrk FkkA og vius Kku dks
c<+k&p<+k dj crkrk vkSj NksVs HkkbZ ij gkoh gksus dk ç;kl
djrkA ys[kd n~okjk euekuh djus ij og mls ?keaM u djus
dh lh[k nsrk rFkk mnkgj.k n~okjk vfHkekuh yksxksa dk oSQlk
var gksrk gS] ;g crkrk FkkA
-iQkWjesfVo vlslesaV osQ fy,
fØ;kdyki&1
fØ;kdyki&4
ukV~;&:ikarj.k ,oa eapu
d{kk osQ fon~;k£Fk;ksa dks rhu&pkj nyksa esa ck¡Vdj izR;sd ny osQ
fon~;k£Fk;ksa dks cM+s HkkbZ lkgc uked dgkuh dks ukVd osQ :i esa
fy[kus osQ fy, dgk tk ldrk gSA fiQj vko';drkuqlkj mlesa
la'kks/u djosQ mldk eapu djok;k tk ldrk gSA LokHkkfod
laokn&okpu ,oa mi;qDr gko&Hkko ls fo|kFkhZ dh vfHku;&{kerk
dh ij[k dh tk ldrh gSA
le;&fu;kstu ij vuqPNsn ;k y?kq fuca/&ys[ku izfr;ksfxrk dk
vk;kstu fd;k tk ldrk gSA le;&lhek fuf'pr gksuh pkfg,A
fØ;kdyki&5
okn&fookn& izkphu f'k{kk iz.kkyh cuke uohu f'k{kk iz.kkyhA
d{kk&dk;Z
bl ikB osQ vkèkkj ij oqQN ekSf[kd ç'u iwNs tk ldrs gSaµ
;fn vkiosQ Hkh dksbZ cM+s HkkbZ ;k cgu gSa] rks muosQ LoHkko
osQ ckjs esa crkb,A
;fn vki NksVs HkkbZ osQ LFkku ij gksrs rks D;k djrs\
d{kk esa fon~;k£Fk;ksa ls le;&lkj.kh cuokbZ tk ldrh gS]
ftlesa LowQy dh le;&lkj.kh osQ vfrfjDr 'ks"k le; dk
lnqi;ksx fdl izdkj gks losQ — bl ckr dk è;ku j[ksaA
d{kk esa fdlh fo"k; esa vius vad de vkus ij vFkok
loksZPp vad izkIr gksus ij oSQlk vuqHko gqvk — bl ij
cksyus osQ fy, fon~;k£Fk;ksa dks izsfjr djsaA
fØ;kdyki&2
lrr ,oa lexz ewY;kadu (CCE) iz.kkyh ij ifjppkZ dk
vk;kstu fd;k tk ldrk gS] ftlesa izR;sd fon~;kFkhZ dks viuk
oDrO; izLrqr djus dk ekSdk fn;k tkuk pkfg,A
fØ;kdyki&3
^le;&lkj.kh dk fon~;kFkhZ thou esa egRo*
bl fo"k; ij Hkk"k.k izfr;ksfxrk dk vk;kstu fd;k tk ldrk gSA
vFkok
le;&lkj.kh cukdj vè;;u djus ls fon~;kFkhZ dks D;k ykHk
gq, gS—
a bl ckjs esa vius vuqHko lqukus osQ fy, fon~;k£Fk;ksa ls
dgk tk ldrk gSA
lrr ,oa lexz ewY;kadu (CCE) iz.kkyh vkSj esjk utfj;k ij
Hkk"k.k
x`g&dk;Z
10
ekuljksoj esa ladfyr çsepan dh vU; dgkfu;k¡ if<+, vkSj
d{kk esa lqukb,A
çsepan dh dgkfu;ksa dh D;k fo'ks"krk gS\ fyf[k,A
ml nkSj esa f'k{kk&O;oLFkk oSQlh Fkh\ irk djosQ fyf[k,A
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