Source Water Protection Best Management Practices and Other Supplies

Source Water Protection
Best Management Practices and Other
Measures for Protecting Drinking Water
Supplies
Introductions and
Background
• Introductions
• California SWAP results
• Source Water Protection Strategy for
California
SWAP Assessments
Progress as of 7/30/2003
# PWS
# GW
Sources
# SW
Sources
Community
2,974
8,911
774
Non-Transient
1,447
1,861
96
Transient
3,029
3,435
247
Total
7,450
14,207
1,117
Total sources: 15,300 (94% complete)
Assessments Performed by:
42% DHS
38% Counties
20% PWS
Assessment Findings
“Most Prevalent” PCAs*
GW (14,200 Sources)
SW (1,100 Sources)
Roads & Streets
71%
Surface Water Bodies
82%
Septic Systems
53%
Roads & Streets
69%
Water Supply Wells
60%
Septic Systems
60%
High Density Housing
42%
Campgrounds/Rec Areas
50%
Surface Water Bodies
38%
Water Supply Wells
50%
Sewer Collection Systems
38%
DW Treatment Plants
47%
Freeways/State Highways
33%
Surface Water Recreation
47%
Above Ground Tanks
27%
Freeways/State Highways
47%
Fertilizer/Pesticide Appl.
26%
Above Ground Tanks
38%
Schools
26%
Sewer Collection Systems
38%
* Possible Contaminating Activities occurring most frequently in any zone
Assessment Findings
“Most Threatening” PCAs*
GW
SW
Septic Systems
44% Surface Water Recreation
31%
Sewer Collection Systems
35% Septic Systems
28%
Auto Repair Shops
12% Managed Forests
14%
Ag/Irrigation Wells
11% Sewer Collection Systems
12%
Gas Stations
10% Ag Drainage
11%
Known Contaminant Plumes
9% Grazing
8%
Ag Drainage
8% Recent Burn Areas
7%
Leaking Underground Tanks
8% Historic Mining Operations
6%
Machine Shops
7% NPDES Permitted Discharges
6%
Historic Gas Stations
7% WW Treatment & Disposal
5%
Zone A = 600’ Min. Radius
Zone A = w/in 400’ of SW body or
w/in 2,500’ of intake
* Very High and High Risk PCAs occurring in Zone A
Challenges
•
•
•
•
Not enough staff
Not enough time or resources
Springs & GWUDI sources
difficult
Other agency data not
accessible
Continuing Concerns
•
•
•
•
•
Finishing assessments
Updating assessments
New sources
Inconsistency/Inaccuracy
Collecting source water
protection data
Rewards
•
•
•
•
Innovative Software
“TurboSWAP”
GIS Mapping Tool
Improved SDWIS Inventory
Participation by PWS
Next Steps
•
•
•
•
•
Share results with other agencies
Coordinate Data w/ other agencies
Encourage PWS to apply for SRF
SWP loans and Prop 50 grants
Encourage PWS to undertake SWP
Work with CRWA
Drinking Water Academy
Objectives
• “Train-the-Messenger”
• Define source water and explain its
importance
• Describe the benefits of source water
protection
• Describe potential threats to source water
• Discuss SDWA’s major source water
protection programs
• Define source water protection measures
Objectives
• Discuss types of prevention measures
• Describe measures for specific sources
• Discuss what individuals and
organizations can do to foster source
water protection
California Drinking
Water Sources
Approximately half the drinking water in
the state comes from groundwater and
half from surface water
7,500 public water systems
3,000 community
1,500 nontransient noncommunity
3,000 transient noncommunity
16,000 water sources
15,000 ground water sources
1,000 surface water sources
Ground Water Significance Most CWSs Use Ground Water
100
92
80
60
40
20
8
0
% of CWS Sources
Ground Water Sources
Surface Water Sources
Introduction to
Source Water
Protection
What Is Source Water
Protection?
Taking proactive measures to prevent the
pollution of lakes, rivers, streams and
ground water that serve as sources of
drinking water.
Wellhead Protection is another frequently used
term that applies to Source Water Protection
for ground water sources.
Why do Source Water
Protection?
• Because the most cost effective method to
ensure the safety of the drinking water supply is
to protect the source from contamination.
• Because it is part of a “multi-barrier” approach to
providing safe drinking water; Treatment alone
cannot always be successful in removing
contaminants.
• To improve public perception of the safety of
drinking water.
• Because safe drinking water is essential to the
public health and economic well-being of
communities.
Comparing
Costs and Benefits
• Responding to
contamination can
be as much as 200
times as costly as
prevention
SWP Is Worth It
How Do Contaminants
Enter Source Water?
What Health Effects Can
Contaminated Source Water
Cause?
• Acute health effects
– Immediate or short term
effects
– Especially critical to at-risk
populations
• Chronic health effects
– Long term effects (cancer,
liver, blood, etc.) from
repeated exposure over a
life time
What Contaminants Cause
Acute Health Effects?
• Viruses (e.g., Norwalk virus) • Parasites, protozoa or cysts
• Nitrate
• Bacteria (e.g., Shigella,
E.Coli)
Parasite Giardia lamblia
Parasite Cryptosporidium
Warning Sign About
Dangers of Nitrate
What Contaminants Cause
Chronic Health Effects?
• Volatile organic chemicals (VOCs)
• Inorganic chemicals (IOCs)
• Synthetic organic chemicals (SOCs)
Source Water
Assessment
Program
What is a Source
Water Assessment?
Delineation
An evaluation, using a specified set of
procedures, to determine the human
activities that are possible sources of
contamination to which a drinking
water source is most vulnerable.
Inventory of Possible Contaminating Activities
Vulnerability Analysis
Public distribution of findings
Source Water Assessments
as the Basis of Protection
• Assessments provide the baseline
information to begin protection
• Assessments may be used to prioritize
protection activities
Minimum Elements of a
California Assessment
1. Location of the source
2. Delineation of source area and/or protection
zones
3. Evaluation of Physical Barrier Effectiveness
4. Inventory of Possible Contaminating
Activities
5. Analysis of Vulnerability
6. Summary of Assessment
7. Assessment Map
8. Notification of the Public
SDWA’s Major
Source Water
Protection
Programs
Historical Basis Early State Approach
• Multiple barrier approach used by
States since early 1900s included
source selection and protection
• Sanitary surveys to check system from
source to tap
SDWA Source Water
Protection Programs
• 1974 SDWA
– Sole Source Aquifer program
– Underground Injection Control program
• 1986 SDWA Amendments
– Wellhead Protection program
• 1996 SDWA Amendments
– Source Water Protection loan program
– Source Water Assessment program
What Is the Sole Source
Aquifer Program?
• A sole source aquifer:
– Supplies at least 50% of
drinking water
– Is the only feasible
drinking water source that
exists
• Any person may petition
EPA
• 70 designated sole
source aquifers
Significance of the Sole
Source Aquifer Program
• EPA reviews Federally-funded projects
• Information from SSA designation can
help delineate SWPAs
• SSAs can raise community awareness
• SWAPs can help evaluate candidate
SSAs
Underground Source of Drinking Water
<10,000 TDS
Brine - Salt Water (>10,000 TDS)
USDW
WATER TABLE
BRINE
AQUIFER
DRY
What is the UIC Program and
Why is it Significant?
Class III
Uranium
Solution
Mining
Class II
EOR
Well
Class V
Agricultural Well
Class I
Industrial
Well
Water
Table
USDWs
Mineralized
Ore Body
Exempt
Aquifer
Base of the
Lowermost
USDW
Source: GWPC
Oil
Reservoir
Shari Ring:
What Is Wellhead
Protection?
Image from EPA
WWW
• Protection of ground water
sources
• Authorized by SDWA Section
1428 of the 1986 Amendments
• EPA-approved, State-designed
wellhead protection plans can
receive Federal funding to protect
ground water sources
• Requirements for Federal
compliance
Other Source Water
Protection
Programs and
Initiatives
Source Water
Protection Initiatives
• Source Water Contamination
Prevention Strategy
• National Rural Water Association
• Environmental Finance Center Network
Source Water Protection
under the Clean Water Act
CWA
SDWA
Wastewater
Treatment Plants
Water Systems
Ground
Water
Ground Water
Used as
Drinking Water
Surface
Water
Used as
Drinking
Water
Surface Water
Used for
Industrial Uses,
Recreation,
Wildlife Habitat,
and Fishing
Wastewater
Discharges
Source Water Protection
under the Clean Water Act
Watershed
Protection
Source Water Protection
under the Clean Water Act
• “Point” sources or “nonpoint” sources
• National Pollutant
Discharge Elimination
System (NPDES)
• Water quality standards
• Total Maximum Daily
Loads (TMDLs)
Other Federal Source
Protection Programs
Other Federal Source
Protection Programs
• See
http://www.epa.gov/
safewater/
protect/feddata.html
for a list of Federal
data sources related
to source water
protection
California Programs that Assist
Source Water Protection
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•
AB 3030
Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL)
Certified Unified Program Agencies (CUPA)
Department of Pesticide Regulation
Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plans
California Rural Water Association
and more…
AB 3030 Groundwater
Management Plans
• Legislation passed in 1992 allows existing local
agencies to develop groundwater management
plans
• Allows agencies to collect revenues to
implement plans
• ~ 160 agencies have developed plans
• Components may include:
–
–
–
–
–
Identification of Wellhead Protection Areas
GW replenishment
Well destruction
Overdraft mitigation
Review of land use
Groundwater
Management
in California
TMDL Total Maximum
Daily Load
• Required by Federal Clean Water Act;
implemented by Regional Boards
• Written plan for impaired water body to
describe how water quality standards will be
met
• Must address all pollution sources within a
watershed, both point and nonpoint
• Each impaired water body can have multiple
TMDLs
– TMDL for multiple contaminants
– TMDL for individual contaminants
– TMDL for multiple water bodies
TMDL
Total
Maximum
Daily
Load
• >600 impaired water bodies in CA (303d list)
– Do not meet water quality standards, even after point sources of
pollution have installed the minimum required levels of pollution
control technology
• 120 TMDL plans currently underway by Regional Boards
• 13 year plan to complete all TMDLs
CUPA - Certified Unified
Program Agencies
• Unified Program under CalEPA established by legislation
(1993)
• Coordinates 6 programs into a single point of contact for
businesses
– Hazardous Waste Generators and On-site Hazardous Waste
Treatment
– Underground Storage Tanks
– Hazardous Material Release Response Plans and Inventories
– CA Accidental Release Prevention Program (CalARP)
– Above Ground Petroleum Storage Tanks
– Uniform Fire Code Hazardous Material Management Plan and
Inventories
• Local Agency (CUPA)
– Permits, inspections, enforcement, fee collection
– 43 counties, 23 cities, 3 Joint Powers
Dept. of Pesticide Regulation
Ground Water Protection Program
DPR currently defines “Pesticide Management Zones”
– 1mi2 areas where use of pesticides is restricted
Proposed regulations:
• “Ground Water Protection Areas” to replace PMZs
– Types of GWPAs:
• Leaching
• Runoff
• Leaching and Runoff
– Restricts use of pesticides
– Determined by soil types and depth to GW
– “Wellhead Protection Area” = no pesticide use or storage
within 100’ of any well
DPR Ground Water
Protection Program
Source: http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/empm/gwp_prog/gwp_prog.htm
Storm Water Pollution
Prevention Programs
• Required under Federal NPDES program
• Phase I – Plans being implemented
– Municipalities > 100,000 population, large
construction sites, and certain industries
• Phase II – Permits due by 12/2002,
implementation within 5 years
– Smaller municipalities, smaller construction sites,
and more industries
• CalTrans has an extensive program and
public information materials
California Rural Water
Association
• CRWA has had a staff person (Sue
Murphy) working with many small water
systems on source water assessments
and protection
– [email protected]
• CRWA now has a staff person (Belinda
Green) working with regional areas on
source water protection
Who Ultimately
Protects the Source?
Developing a
Source Water
Protection Plan
SWP Procedures
• Establish a local committee
• Review the initial source water assessment
and update or expand as necessary
• Prepare reports and maps
• Develop protection plan
• Submit plan for review to local and state
agencies
• Implement management measures
• Conduct contingency planning
Establish a Local
Committee
Starting organization:
• Water system (municipality, water
district, utility company, or regional
agency)
• Community served by water system
Local Committee
• For best chance of success, include other
stakeholders to balance interests, solicit a
variety of opinions, and to obtain greater
“buy-in”
– Consumers and their advocates
• Drinking water customers
• Representatives for at-risk populations
– Environmental groups
– Business owners/operators of PCAs
– Government officials with land use planning
authority
– Regulators of PCAs
Review the
Assessment
• Initial assessment may have been done
by
– DHS
– LPA county
– Water System
– Consultant
– Regional agency
– Other entity (CRWA)
Review the
Assessment
• Verify accuracy of information
• Identify PCAs of primary concern
• Gather more information
– Hydrogeology or surface water hydrology
– Locations, density, and compliance of
PCAs of primary concern
Develop a Protection
Plan
• Identify measures currently in place that
protect water supplies
• Identify possible new source water protection
measures
• Identify resources and new regulations (if
any) necessary to implement the measures
• Develop a time line for implementing
measures
• Draft a report for review by local committee
• Solicit comments and revise plan as
necessary
Measures Currently in
Place
• Many current activities provide or support
protection of water supplies
– Control of well sites and intakes
– Water quality monitoring
– Compliance with and enforcement of existing
regulations
– Sewer system programs
• Industrial waste discharges
– Waste management
• Used oil collection
• Household hazardous waste collection
– Land use planning
Introduction to
Source Water
Contamination
Protection Measures
What are Source Water
Protection Measures?
• Practices to prevent contamination of
ground water and surface water that are
used or potentially used as sources of
drinking water
• Protection measures form the first
barrier to drinking water protection
How Can Protection
Measures Fit into a SWPP?
• Impose by regulation
• Encourage through non-regulatory
means
• Combine approaches as appropriate
given site-specific considerations
What are BMPs?
Best Management
Practices
Detention pond
• BMPs are standard
operating procedures
that can reduce the
threats that activities at
homes, businesses,
agriculture, and industry
can pose to water
supplies
• BMPs can increase the
aesthetic beauty and
value of residential and
commercial properties
Selecting Management
Measures for the SWP Plan
• After considering possible measures, identify
those that:
– Address the primary contaminants and/or PCAs of
concern
– Can be readily implemented with the resources
available
• Identify short-term and long-term actions
• Incorporate into Plan
Selecting Management
Measures
• Non-Regulatory
–
–
–
–
–
–
Good housekeeping practices
Public education
Land management
Land purchase and development rights
Man-made systems and devices
Emergency response planning
• Regulatory
– Land use controls
– Regulations and permits
Non-Regulatory Methods
for Source Water Protection
• Without adopting any new
ordinances or regulations,
communities can be successful in
protecting water supplies
Good Housekeeping
Practices
• At the water supply
– This is the one area the water system
should have complete control over
– Prevent unauthorized access to the site
– Keep the site clear of contaminants
– Eliminate pathways of contamination
• Abandoned wells
• Storm drain discharges
Good Housekeeping
Practices
• At PCAs:
– Equipment operation and maintenance
– Product storage, use and handling
– Waste storage and disposal
• May be required by local ordinances
or health regulations
Equipment Operation
and Maintenance
Product Storage, Use
and Handling
Proper Waste Storage
and Disposal
Photos: Texas Chapter, APWA
Public Education
Public Education
• School children
– Teach good environmental habits
– Use presentations, experiments, and festivals
• Business owners
– Proper material handling and spill response
procedures
– Ways to reduce use of contaminants
– Use flyers and targeted mailings
• Public
– Storm drain messages, posters
– Consumer Confidence Reports
Land Management
Work with landowners
Contour strip farming
Land Management
• Responsible Management:
– Environmentally sensitive landscaping
– Proper lawn maintenance
– Agricultural:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Conservation tillage
Crop rotation
Contour strip farming
Animal grazing management
Integrated pest management
Some financial incentives from USDA
Land Purchase and
Development Rights
• Limiting new
development in
watersheds and
recharge areas
– Land purchases
– Conservation
easements
– Land trusts and
conservancies
Man-made Systems or
Devices
• At Business PCAs:
– Automatic shut-off and
leak detection devices
on USTs
– Secondary containment
– Segregated floor drains
– Drainage diversion
– Waste collection
devices
Man-made Systems or
Devices
• Within Protection Areas:
– Relocate storm drain discharge points
– Prioritize repair or replacement of failing
septic systems and leaking sewer lines in
Zone A
– Identification and destruction of improperly
abandoned wells
Abandoned or Improperly
Destroyed Wells
Photo: Purdue Extension Service
• Locations
often
unknown
• Common
nearby
activities may
degrade
water quality
• Runoff also
poses threats
Abandoned Wells
• Plug abandoned
wells
• Use licensed
well drillers
• Get a permit
Graphic: North Dakota State Univ.
Vegetative Measures
•Reduces the speed
of runoff
•Promotes filtering
or infiltration of
storm water
–Constructed
wetlands
–Vegetated buffer
strips
Photo: Texas Chapter, APWA
Swales
–Grassed swales
Emergency
Response Planning
What if..?
Emergency
Response Planning
• Identify potential threats to water supply
and formulate response scenarios
• At PCAs
– Spill response plans
– Surface spill reporting forms
– Fire-fighting plans
– Names and phone numbers of emergency
response contacts (including water system)
Emergency
Response Planning
• Identify potential threats to water supply and
formulate response scenarios
• At the water system:
– Information about the water system
– Potential contamination sources and their
locations
– Needed equipment and supplies
– Names and phone numbers of emergency
response contacts
– Short- and long-term water supply options
Regulatory Methods for
Source Water Protection
• When non-regulatory methods don’t
work
• When the contamination threat is
particularly significant
• When state or regional regulations
aren’t strong enough for local issues
Land Use Controls
• To control or move land uses that pose
risks to source water
– Subdivision growth controls
– Zoning
– Land use prohibitions
Subdivision
Growth Controls
• Primary purpose is to control division of
land into lots suitable for building
• Can protect drinking water supplies
from
– Septic system effluent
– Storm water runoff
Zoning
• Add an
additional
“Wellhead
Protection
Zone”; doesn’t
change
underlying
zoning
• Generally not
successful in
addressing
existing land
uses
• Some
communities
offer “bonuses”
for property
owners to
convert to lower
risk land uses
Land Use Prohibitions
Land Use Prohibitions
• Effective way to remove threats from
sensitive areas
• Source-specific and chemical-specific
standards
• Example:
– Don’t allow certain PCAs in zones, or allow
only with mitigation measures to prevent
and detect release and/or migration of
contaminants
Regulations and
Permits
•
•
•
•
Construction and operating standards
Permit requirements
Land use prohibitions
Public health regulations
Many of these regulations are already in place; check to see that
the latest and most vigorous are adopted locally, or at least
within zones
Construction and
Operating Standards
Permit Requirements
• Local authorities can require permits
• Permit fees can help recover program
costs
• Permits can be site-specific
• Inspections enforce permit requirements
• California CUPA program is an example
Public Health Regulations
• Underground storage tanks
– Construction standards
– Leak testing
• Floor drains
• Septic systems
– Number and size in a given area
– Siting, setback distances and construction
– Maintenance standards
Septic system regulations vary widely between counties and
RWQCB regions; as a result of AB 885, efforts are underway to
develop statewide minimum standards
Source Water
Protection
Measures for
Specific Sources
Storm Water Runoff
Erosion from runoff
Storm Water Runoff
• Nonstructural
measures to control
runoff
– Good housekeeping
– Public education
– Roadway
maintenance
– Erosion and
sedimentation
control measures
Sewer stenciling
Storm Water Runoff
• Engineered devices to
control runoff
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Grassed swales
Buffer strips
Filter strips
Wet ponds
Constructed wetlands
Infiltration practices
BMPs for Class V wells
Porous design minimizes
impervious area
Storm Water Runoff
Photo: Texas Chapter, APWA
Grassed swale
Photo: Texas Chapter, APWA
Filter strip
Storm Water Runoff
Photo: Texas Chapter, APWA
Wet Ponds and Constructed Wetlands
Storm Water Runoff
Photo: Texas Chapter, APWA
Infiltration Practices
Storm Water Runoff
• Storm water
drainage wells
(Class V)
• Protection measures
for Class V wells
– Siting
– Design
– Operation
Storm drain
Storm Water Runoff
• Municipal separate
storm sewer
systems (MS4s)
– Regulated under the
NPDES Program
– Over 5,000
nationwide
Septic Systems
Ground water
Septic Systems
Septic system drain field
Septic Systems
Above and Underground
Storage Tanks
Corroded underground storage tank
Above Ground Storage
Tanks
Sheltered above ground tank farm
• Corrosion
protection
• Secondary
containment
• Monitoring
• Periodic cleanup
• Evaporation
protection
• Proper closure
Underground Storage
Tanks
•
•
•
•
•
•
Backfilling an UST installation
in a lined pit
Proper installation
Corrosion protection
Spill prevention
Overfill protection
Leak detection
Proper closure
Vehicle Washing
Facilities
• Minimize runoff
• Enclose wash areas
and locate them on
impervious surfaces
• Use alternative
cleaning agents
Vehicle Washing
Facilities
Car wash with vegetated area
Small Quantity Chemical Use,
Storage, and Disposal
Small Quantity Chemical Use,
Storage, and Disposal
Water-based paint
Small Quantity Chemical Use,
Storage, and Disposal
• Conduct a chemical
audit
• Implement a chemical
management plan
• Store chemicals
properly
• Do not empty in sinks
or drains
Small Quantity Chemical Use,
Storage, and Disposal
• Have a spill
response plan
• Do not mix
hazardous and
nonhazardous
waste
Animal Waste
• Livestock
• Pets
• Wildlife
Animal Waste
• Feedlot management
–
–
–
–
Hog parlor with lagoon
Waste lagoons
Litter storage facilities
Clean water diversion
Composting
Animal Waste
• Land application
of manure
– Nutrient
management
– Proper placement
– Crop rotation
• Pasture or
grazing
management
Livestock fencing
– Fencing
Animal Waste
Confined animal feeding operations (CAFOs)
Animal Waste
• Managing pet
waste
– Clean up waste
– Bury waste
– Keep pets away
from streams
and lakes
Animal Waste
• Wildlife waste
– Harassment
programs
– Reducing
attractiveness of
water supply areas
Snow geese
Agricultural Fertilizer
Application
• Time nitrogen
fertilizer
applications for
maximum uptake
• To minimize
phosphorus runoff,
control erosion
and apply
phosphorus based
on soil tests
Fertilizer spreader
Agricultural Fertilizer
Application
• Use proper
application rates
• Correctly place
fertilizer
• Calibrate
application
equipment
Wheat-corn-fallow rotation
Agricultural Fertilizer
Application
• Use environmentallyfriendly farming
techniques
–
–
–
–
Crop rotation
Buffer and filter strips
Conservation tillage
Laser-controlled land
leveling
– Precision agriculture
No tillage wheat farming
Turf Grass and Garden
Fertilizer Application
Turf Grass and Garden
Fertilizer Application
Composting can supply nutrients to the soil
Turf Grass and Garden
Fertilizer Application
• Calibrate
equipment
• Properly apply
fertilizer
• Irrigate after
application
• Follow label
directions
Large-Scale Pesticide
Application
Spraying cotton in Mississippi
Large-Scale Pesticide
Application
• Integrated Pest
Management
combines three pest
control tactics
– Biological
– Cultural or
horticultural
– Chemical
The leaf beetle Diorhabda elongata;
first approved biological control
agent for salt cedar in the US
Large-Scale Pesticide
Application
Ultra low volume herbicide application
Small-Scale Pesticide
Application
• Select diseaseresistant plants
• Use plant
management
techniques
• Use natural
biological controls
and manual control
activities
Small-Scale Pesticide
Application
Small-Scale Pesticide
Application
• Lady bugs are a
natural biological
control for aphids
Class Discussion:
Implementing Source
Water Protection Measures
134
Summary
• Source water protection is best done at
the local level
• Non-regulatory actions can be
successful
• Current federal, state, and local
programs can be a basis or supplement
local source water protection programs
Acknowledgements
The U. S. Environmental Protection Agency would like to acknowledge
the contributions of the members of the Source Water Protection Best
Management Practices Advisory Group, under the leadership of Steven
Ainsworth of the Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water.
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Rita Bair
James Bourne
Ross Brennan
Hamilton Brown
Richard Cobb
James Crawford
Anthony Dulka
Jack Falk
MaryJo Feuerbach
Nancy Fitz
Claire Gesalman
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Robert Goo
Richard Gullick
Denise Hawkins
Joyce Hudson
Elizabeth Hunt
Paul Jehn
Joseph Lee
Marty Link
Ryan McReynolds
Karen Metchis
Douglas Minter
Beatriz Oliveira
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Bruce Olsen
Roberta Parry
Kenneth Pelletier
Art Persons
Shari Ring
Andrea Ryon
Chi Ho Sham
Paul Shriner
Stephanie Vap-Morrow
Leah Walker
Hal White
Pamla Wood