Th i T i 2 Thematic Topic 2:

State Water Resources Control Board
Recycled Water Research Needs Workshop
O b 29 2014  Costa Mesa, NV
October 29, 2014 C
M
NV
Thematic
Th
i TTopic
i 2
2:
Performance Reliabilityy ((Treatment,,
Operations, and Training)
Jeff Mosher, NWRI Executive Director
Fountain Valley, CA
y
jmosher@nwri‐usa.org
Thematic Topic #2
Performance Reliability
(Treatment, Operations, and Training)
• Fundamental to Indirect or Direct Potable Reuse:
– Reliability of treatment performance
– Goal: Ensure protection of public health from chemical and pathogen risks
• Reliability:
–
–
–
–
Treatment effectiveness
Appropriate operations
Appropriate monitoring schemes
Appropriate staff and staff training
2
Multiple
p Barrier Concept
p
• Foundation for treatment performance
– Drinking water concept
– Diversity of independent barriers
• Involves:
– Multiple treatment barriers
– Technical, operational, and managerial barriers
• Goals:
– Prevent contaminants at the source
– Enhance treatment performance
– Ensure protection of public health
3
Potable Reuse
• Indirect Potable Reuse (use of Environmental Barrier)
– Groundwater Recharge
Groundwater Recharge
• Spreading of tertiary treated wastewater
• Spreading or injection of Full Advanced Treatment (FAT) water (MF/RO/AOP)
– Surface Water Augmentation
S f
W
A
i
• FAT for Reservoir Augmentation (e.g., City of San Diego)
– Both must meet stringent chemical and pathogen criteria – Plus many other monitoring and operational requirements
• Direct Potable Reuse
– Eliminates the environmental barrier (no aquifer or reservoir)
– Two options:
• Advanced treatment (FAT) plus
( ) p conventional drinking water treatment plant
g
p
• Advanced treatment (FAT) and into a potable distribution system
4
Direct Potable Reuse
Wastewater Treatment
Urban Water Use
Water Treatment
Plus “Engineered g
Buffer”
Jeff Mosher, NWRI Executive Director
Environmental
Environmental Fountain Valley CA
Fountain Valley, CA
Buffer
jmosher@nwri‐usa.org
Advanced Water Advanced
Water
Treatment
Big Spring (TX) Reclamation Project
8/29/2012
NWRI Workshop ‐ Criteria for Direct Potable Reuse
Potable Reuse: “Full Advanced Treatment”
Ad
Advanced Oxidation
d O id ti
Micro/
Ultrafiltration
(MF/UF)
Treated
Wastewater
Backwash
Reverse
Osmosis
(RO)
Concentrate
Ultraviolet
H2O2 Light
(UV)
Advanced Treated Recycled
Water
(ATRW)
Direct Potable Reuse
• Eliminate the environmental buffer:
– Is an “engineered storage buffer” needed?
– What performance monitoring requirements are needed to ensure water quality?
– What is the role of redundancy and robustness in a t t
treatment train without an environmental buffer?
t t i ith t
i
t l b ff ?
• Thinking:
Thi ki
– Treatments are proven
– But measures are needed to provide a “time to react” B t
d dt
id “ti
t
t”
to address lapses
8
DPR: Types
yp of Barriers (1)
( )
• Significant protection provided by:
– Management, operational, and technological barriers
• Examples:
p
– Source control (collection system)
– Wastewater treatment optimization (equalization, denitrification, monitoring)
– Use of advanced treatment and monitoring
– Use of drinking water treatment plant as a barrier
– Engineered storage and/or additional monitoring
9
DPR: Types
yp of Barriers (2)
( )
• Water quality:
–
–
–
–
–
Treatment strategies (e.g., FAT)
Technical controls (alarms, procedures, etc.)
O li
Online and other monitoring
d th
it i
Operational controls (“react to upsets”)
Monitoring and operational plans (procedures for
Monitoring and operational plans (procedures for operators)
• Monitoring (similar to drinking water):
g(
g
)
–
–
–
–
Bulk parameters (surrogates) and indicators
Ensure proper treatment performance
Online devices (turbidity, TOC, etc.)
Grab or composite samples
10
DPR Design
g Topics
p
• Source Control Programs
– Control of constituents not compatible with DPR
• Design features
– Treatment optimization, performance monitoring
• Incorporate reliability and resilience
– Variability of processes, treatment lapses, other errors
• Apply “4R” approach to ensure protection of public health
– Reliability: resilience, robustness, redundancy
• New technologies (monitoring and treatment)
– Demonstration and validation
• Surrogates and indicators for performance monitoring
– Real‐time monitoring
– Use of “Critical Control Points”
• Operations, Monitoring, and Maintenance Plans
– Address variability, lapses, and errors
• Operator Training
– For advanced treatment technologies; appropriate response times
11
Definition of 4 R’s
Term
Reliability
Definition as Pertaining to DPR
A measure of the ability of a system to distribute water that meets all requirements protective of public health
Notes
Reliability includes design, operation, maintenance, and source control Redundancy
The use of multiple unit processes to attenuate the same type of
to attenuate the same type of contaminant
More unit processes in series, even with reduced individual
even with reduced individual performance, can result in improved overall performance
Robustness
b
h
b
f h l
The combination of technologies that address a broad variety of contaminants
Broad spectrum treatment is d
required due to the original water source (wastewater)
Resilience
The capacity of a DPR system to adapt successfully in the face of threats or disaster
Resilience can be the ability to simply shut off, or the ability to adjust the level of treatment in response to single or multiple process performance failures
12
GWRS Microfiltration
Operation
►
►
►
►
Microfiltration
Effluent ((MFE))
2012
2013
MFE Turbidity
MFE Turbidity Removal
MFE Suspended Solids
0.07 NTU
97.70%
<1 mg/L
0.08 NTU
97%
<1 mg/L
Continue to operate at 89-90% recovery
Performed 380 MF cleanings up from 366
MF cleans in 2012 across 26 cells
Operations continued to optimize
cleanings
Use clean water flux (CWF) to help monitor
cleaning effectiveness
13
GWRS: MF Operations
p
(cont.)
(
)
► Overall good MF integrity observed: ~249 million individual fibers
► 1,286 fiber pins in 2013 compared to 499 fiber repairs in 2012
–
–
2,828 total fiber repairs since 2008 startup
Critical control point (CCP)
► Pin repairs:
The sub module is
placed in a Module
Test Vessel.
Test vessel pressurized
to 7 psi.
Water forced to top of module,
integrity leaks identified by bubbles
from the faulty fiber.
Faulty fibers blocked off
using stainless steel pins
tapped into top hole of fiber.
This is repeated until no
more bubbles observed.
GWRS: Reverse Osmosis Operation
p
RO Product
2012
2013
TOC
0.14 mg/L 0.17 mg/L
TOC Removal %
Electrical Conductivity
98.30%
97.8%
57
58
umhos/cm umhos/cm
Electrical Conductivity Removal %
96.2%
96.2%
► System recovery = 84.5% - 85%
g = 130 - 230 p
psi
► Pressure range
► Minimum specific flux = 0.07 gfd/psi
► No O-ring issues during normal operation
15
GWRS: UV/Advanced Oxidation Operation
p
► UV transmittance averaged = 98%
► Operates well above the minimum
required disinfection dose of 101 mJ/cm²
► 3,021 UV lamp replacements in 2013
► 2014 lamp failure summary
̶
̶
̶
12% before 9,000
9 000 hrs,
hrs
51% between 9,000 – 12,000 hrs and
37% reached 12,000 hrs vs. 24% in 2012
16
GWRS: “Critical Control Points”
Flow Stream
or Process
Target Operating Range
1.
Chlorine Residual
MF Feed
3 to 5 mg/L
2.
Chlorine Residual
RO Feed
< 5 mg/L
3.
Turbidity
MF Feed
<55 NTU optimum
< 20 NTU for membrane warranty
> 20 NTU for no more than 4 hours
< 50 NTU at all times
4
4.
T bidit
Turbidity
MF Effluent
Effl
t
< 0.15
0 15 NTU
5.
Turbidity
RO Product
0.1 to 0.15 NTU
6.
Transmembrane Pressure
(TMP)
7.
Pressure Decay Test (PDT)
based on daily testing
8.
Electrical Conductivity
9.
Total Organic Carbon
10
10.
MF
MF
3 to 12.5 psi
< 0.25 psi/minute
< 0.5 psi/minute per manufacturer
RO P
Product
d t
< 60 µmhos/cm
h /
(< 80 for individual units)
RO Product
0.1 mg/L upper control limit
UV Transmittance
UV/AOP
95% minimum (at 254 nanometers)
11.
Average UV Train Power
UV/AOP
Minimum 74 kW per train
12.
Calculated UV Dose per
Train
UV/AOP
101 mJ/cm2 minimum
17
15
10
Turbid
dity (NTU)
MF Performance – Influent Turbidity
(Critical Control Point)
25
20
5
0
6/3/2014
5/20/2014
5/6/2014
4/22/2014
4/8/2014
3/25/2014
3/11/2014
2/25/2014
2/11/2014
1/28/2014
1/14/2014
12/31//2013
12/17//2013
12/3/2013
11/19//2013
11/5/2013
10/22//2013
10/8/2013
9/24/2013
9/10/2013
8/27/2013
8/13/2013
7/30/2013
7/16/2013
7/2/2013
6/18/2013
6/4/2013
5/21/2013
5/7/2013
4/23/2013
4/9/2013
3/26/2013
3/12/2013
2/26/2013
2/12/2013
1/29/2013
1/15/2013
1/1/2013
18
MFF Turbidity Target < 20 ntu
MFF Turbidity
MFE Turbidity
6/3
3/2014
5/20
0/2014
5/6
6/2014
4/22
2/2014
4/8
8/2014
3/25
5/2014
3/11
1/2014
2/25
5/2014
2/11
1/2014
1/28
8/2014
1/14
4/2014
12/31
1/2013
12/17
7/2013
12/3
3/2013
11/19
9/2013
11/5
5/2013
10/22
2/2013
10/8
8/2013
9/24
4/2013
9/10
0/2013
8/27
7/2013
8/13
3/2013
7/30
0/2013
7/16
6/2013
7/2
2/2013
6/18
8/2013
6/4
4/2013
5/21
1/2013
5/7
7/2013
4/23
3/2013
4/9
9/2013
3/26
6/2013
3/12
2/2013
2/26
6/2013
2/12
2/2013
1/29
9/2013
1/15
5/2013
1/1
1/2013
Turb
bidity (NTU)
MF Performance – Effluent Turbidity
(Critical Control Point)
0.16
0.14
0.12
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00
MFE Turbidity Target < 0.15 ntu
19
0.55
1/1/2013
1/15/2013
1/29/2013
2/12/2013
2/26/2013
3/12/2013
3/26/2013
4/9/2013
4/23/2013
5/7/2013
5/21/2013
6/4/2013
6/18/2013
7/2/2013
7/16/2013
7/30/2013
8/13/2013
8/27/2013
9/10/2013
9/24/2013
10/8/2013
10/22/2013
11/5/2013
11/19/2013
12/3/2013
12/17/2013
12/31/2013
1/14/2014
1/28/2014
2/11/2014
2/25/2014
3/11/2014
3/25/2014
4/8/2014
4/22/2014
5/6/2014
5/20/2014
6/3/2014
ure Decay Test Va
Pressu
alue (psi/min)
High Level of MF Integrity (Pressure Decay Testing)
Ensures Proper Operation
Siemens recommended PDT value = 0.5 psi/min
0.50
0.45
0.40
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
Avg PDT all 26 cells
Target 0.25 psi/min (new membranes)
20
1/1/2013
1/15/2013
1/29/2013
2/12/2013
2/26/2013
3/12/2013
3/26/2013
4/9/2013
4/23/2013
5/7/2013
5/21/2013
6/4/2013
6/18/2013
7/2/2013
7/16/2013
7/30/2013
8/13/2013
8/27/2013
9/10/2013
9/24/2013
10/8/2013
10/22/2013
11/5/2013
11/19/2013
12/3/2013
12/17/2013
12/31/2013
1/14/2014
1/28/2014
2/11/2014
2/25/2014
3/11/2014
3/25/2014
4/8/2014
4/22/2014
5/6/2014
5/20/2014
6/3/2014
TOC (mg//L)
RO Performance – Product TOC
(Critical Control Point)
0.600
Acetone Spike Event
0 500
0.500
0.400
0.300
0.200
Proposed Target Limit (0.1 mg/L)
0.100
0.000
ROP TOC
Target (max 0.45)
21
1/1/20
013
1/15/20
013
1/29/20
013
2/12/20
013
2/26/20
013
3/12/20
013
3/26/20
013
4/9/20
013
4/23/20
013
5/7/20
013
5/21/20
013
6/4/20
013
6/18/20
013
7/2/20
013
7/16/20
013
7/30/20
013
8/13/20
013
8/27/20
013
9/10/20
013
9/24/20
013
10/8/20
013
10/22/20
013
11/5/20
013
11/19/20
013
12/3/20
013
12/17/20
013
12/31/20
013
1/14/20
014
1/28/20
014
2/11/20
014
2/25/20
014
3/11/20
014
3/25/20
014
4/8/20
014
4/22/20
014
5/6/20
014
5/20/20
014
6/3/20
014
UV Transm
mittance (%)
UV/AOP Performance – UV Transmittance
(Critical Control Point)
100.0
98.0
96.0
94.0
92.0
90.0
88.0
UV/AOP UVT
Target >95%
22
UV/AOP Performance - Power
(Critical Control Point)
120
Train A
Train B
Train C
Train D
Train E
Train F
Train G
Train H
Po
ower Consumption (kW)
100
80
60
40
20
0
Jan‐13
Feb‐13 Mar‐13 Apr‐13 May‐13 Jun‐13 Jul‐13
DATE
Aug‐13
Sep‐13
Oct‐13
Nov‐13 Dec‐13
23
Dissolved Organic Matter:
Excitation/Emission Matrix (EEM) Analysis
Fluorescen
nce Units
80000
60000
40000
20000
0
TFE
ASE
MFF
ROF
ROP
24
DPR Research Needs (1)
( )
• Assess reliability of overall treatment and resiliency
of unit treatment processes
of unit treatment processes
–
–
–
–
Methods to assess treatment performance
Define consistency of treatment
Define consistency of treatment
Better indicators and surrogates (performance monitoring)
Use of Critical Control Points for operations
p
• Process to validate new technologies
– Treatment trains equivalent to FAT?
• Characterize pathogen and chemical risks
– Removal of precursors of disinfection byproducts
– Document removal of pathogens and chemicals
– Better understand microbial communities
25
DPR Research Needs (2)
( )
• Preparation for failures (resiliency)
– Evaluate out‐of‐spec behavior
– Development of plans and protocols
• Operations
– Use of Operation and Monitoring Plans
– Develop training for operators
– Certification for “advance treatment plant” operators
• Transition research to application
– Interpretation of results
– Assist in the implementation of projects
26