Unit 6: Chapter 22

Unit 6: Chapter 22
I.
Onset of the Industrial Revolution
A. Commercial Revolution (1500-1700)
B. Rise of Capitalism and the middle class
1. Chartered companies
2. Joint-stock companies
3. Bourse
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
Mercantilism
Colonial Empires (“Old Imperialism”)
Scientific Revolution
Increase in population (after 1750)
Cottage Industry (“Putting out Industry”)
II.
Industrial Revolution in England
(1780-1830)
A. Why England was first to industrialize
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Land and geography
Agricultural Revolution
Large amount of available capital
Colonial empire
Technology
Government
B. World’s first large factories
1. Manchester
2. Mechanical inventions
Manchester, 1851
During the 1820s and 1830s, Great Britain
enacted which of the following reforms:
a.
b.
c.
d.
increase of import tariffs
universal manhood suffrage
universal suffrage
redistribution of parliamentary seats to reflect
changes in population
e. salaries for members of parliament
C. Technology
1. John Kay: flying shuttle
2. James Hargreaves: Spinning-Jenny
3. Samuel Crompton: Spinning Mule
4. Richard Arkwright: Water Frame
By the mid 18th century, England’s energy
supply was
a. dependent on water power.
b. becoming quite short.
c. dependent on imported coal.
d. shifting from coal to wood.
e. supplemented by the invention of electrical
generation.
D. Power
1. Pre Industrial Revolution
a. Limited (human, animal, water, wind)
b. coal power
2. Thomas Savory and Thomas Newcomen:
Steam Pump
3. James Watt: first efficient steam engine
(1769)
E. Iron: Henry Cort, 1780s
1. Puddling furnace
The Puddling Furnace was introduced as a process for making
malleable iron by using coal or coke for firing. Up to this time the sulfur
in coal and coke had prevented their use. In this process the fuel is not
in contact with the iron, completely overcoming this problem.
2. English iron production by 1850
* 3 million tons
* in 1740 = 17,000 tons
E. Transportation Revolution
1.
2.
3.
4.
Growth of canal systems
Hard-surface roads
Steamboats: Robert Fulton
Railroads (the “Iron Horse”)
a. 1825, George Stephenson
b. growing regional and national market
c. facilitated growth of urban working
class
Stephenson’s Rocket
Honore Daumier: The Third-Class Carriage, 1862
J. M. W. Turner: Rain, Steam, and Speed The
Great Western Railway, 1844
F. Great Britain by 1850
1. Produced 2/3 of world’s coal.
2. Produced more than ½ of world’s iron
3. Produced more than ½ of world’s cotton
cloth
4. GNP rose 350% between 1801 and 1850
a. 100% growth between 1780 and 1800
b. Population increased from 9 million in
1780 to almost 21 million in 1851.
5. Per capita income increased almost 100%
between 1801 and 1851.
6. Economy increased faster than population
growth creating higher demand for labor.
Cotton Industry and
Transportation in 18th
Century England
The Industrial
Revolution in
England, ca. 1850
The Crystal Palace
By 1830, Britain’s position in the industrial world
was
a. still unrivaled.
b. being taken by Germany.
c. strong in metallurgy but weak in textiles.
d. sinking rapidly due to internal tensions.
e. more and more dependent on its economic ties
with the United States.
III. Continental Europe begins to
industrialize after 1815
A. Why was Continental Europe behind
England?
B. Countries began to catch up by copying
England
1. Belgium, Holland, France and U.S.
2. Germany, Austria and Italy
C. Used power of sovereign central
governments and banking systems to
promote industrialism
1. Credit Mobilier
D. Britain failed to keep its industrial
secrets
1. William Cockerill
2. Fritz Harkort
3. Samuel Slater
E. Tariff policies in Continental Europe
1. France – protective import tax
2. Zollverein
a. Friedrich List – economic nationalism
Europe, 1850
Per Capita Levels of Industrialization, 1750-1913
1750
Britain
10
Belgium
9
United States 4
France
9
Germany
8
Austria-Hung 7
Italy
8
Russia
6
China
8
India
7
1800
16
10
9
9
8
7
8
6
6
6
1830
25
14
14
12
9
8
8
7
6
6
1860
64
28
21
20
15
11
10
8
4
3
1880
87
43
38
28
25
15
12
10
4
2
1900
100
56
69
39
52
23
17
15
3
1
1913
115
88
126
59
85
32
26
20
3
2
IV. Social issues regarding Industrialism
A. New social order
1. growth of middle class
2. new wage-earning class: factory
workers
B. Struggles between labor and capital
1. Improved standard of living for
workers?
2. The “dismal science”: economics
a. David Ricardo: Iron Law of Wages
b. Thomas Malthus
3. Luddites
4. Union Movement
a. Combination Acts (1799)
b. Robert Owen
Grand National Consolidated Trade Union
5. Chartists – universal male suffrage
Malthus, Smith, and Ricardo all are
considered:
a. socialists.
b. classical liberals.
c. anarchists.
d. conservatives.
e. radicals.
5. Friedrich Engels:
The condition of the Working Class in
England (1844)
C. Change in work conditions
1. work moved from home to
factory – family unit
2. Rural poor & unemployed
3. Child labor exploitation
a. Orphans
The nature of factory labor in the years before
1833 were
a. the family worked as a unit in the factories.
b. few men worked in factories.
c. parents worked while children went to
factory schools.
d. factories employed only men full time.
e. children worked in mines but not factories
4. Parliament reduced child labor
a. Factory Act of 1833
9-13 yrs. of age – 8 hrs.
14-18 yrs. of age – 12 hrs.
* broke pattern of
whole family work
unit
b. Mines Act of 1842
- prohibited women and
children under 10 from
working in mines
At least I’m better
looking than these
other slobs
Did I remember
to wash my
face?
This is
my happy
face
D. Social effects of industrialism
1. Urbanization
2. Working-class injustices
3. Gender exploitation
a. Sexual division of labor
4. altered family structure and gender
roles
5. Rise of socialism
a. Marxists – class consciousness
The Poor Law of 1834 reflected classical
liberal ideas that the poor
a. should be given charity at home.
b. needed to be better educated.
c. needed job training.
d. should be treated fairly to discourage them
from staying poor.
e. should be sent to the countryside.
Demands
for reform
Unions
Responses
Factory Act
Socialism
Mines Act
Demands
for suffrage
Industrial Revolution
Urbanization
Middle Class
New class
structure
Chartists Reform Bill
of ‘32
Altered gender
roles
Working Class
(Proletariat)
Sadler Commission: Report on Child Labor
* Reader pg. 138
Sadler – Questioner
Crabtree – Person being questioned