The Industrial Revolution 1700-1900

The Industrial Revolution
1700-1900
9-1: The Beginnings of Industrialization
• Essential Question: What were some
inventions produced during the IR?
– The Industrial Revolution Begins in Britain
– Inventions Spur Industrialization
– Improvements in Transportation
– The Railway Age Begins
Ch. 9-1
Industrial Rev.
The Industrial Revolution Begins
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While in the United States, Europe and Latin America political
revolutions brought in new governments, a different type of
revolution now transformed the way people did work.
The Industrial Revolution refers to the greatly increased output
of machine-made goods that began in Britain during the 18th
century and soon spread to Continental Europe and North
America.
Beginning in the early 1700’s, wealthy landowners in England
dramatically improved farming methods in what amounted to an
agricultural revolution which eventually paved the way for the
Industrial Revolution.
After wealthy landowners bought up the land of village farmers
they enclosed their land with fences or hedges.
These larger fields called enclosures allowed them to
experiment with new agricultural methods designed to boast
crop yields, and forced small farmers to become tenant farmers
or give up farming and move to the cities.
The Industrial Revolution Begins
• Jethro Tull invented the seed drill in 1701 which allowed
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farmers to sow seeds in well spaced rows at a specific
depth.
The process of crop rotation proved to be one of the best
development of scientific farmers, where farmers would
plant different crops to restore different nutrients.
Livestock breeders improved their methods by allowing
only the best livestock to breed.
As food supplies increased and living conditions improved,
England’s population mushroomed, which caused more
people to move to the city to become factory workers.
England became the 1st country to industrialize because
of this large population and it possessed extensive natural
resources.
The Industrial Revolution Begins
• The process of developing machine production of goods,
industrialization, required such resources as water power
and coal to fuel the new machines, iron ore to construct
machines, tools, and buildings, rivers for inland
transportation, and harbors from which its merchant ship
set sail.
• In addition to its natural resources and large population,
Britain had an expanding economy where business people
were willing to invest in the manufacture of new
inventions
• Finally Britain’s political stability gave the country a
tremendous advantage over its neighbors, while they
might have some of these advantages they didn’t have all
the factors of production (land, labor and capital)
Inventions Spur Technological Advances
• Inventions now revolutionized the industry, with Britain’s
textile industry leading the way by speeding up the
process by which spinners and weavers made cloth.
• In 1733 a machinist named John Key invented the flying
shuttle that sped back and forth on wheels and doubled
the work a weaver could do in a day.
• In 1764 a textile worker named James Hargreaves
invented a spinning wheel he named after his daughter
the spinning jenny which allowed one spinner to work
eight threads at a time.
• Richard Arkwright invented the water frame in 1769 which
drove the spinning wheels from rapid streams.
Inventions Spur Technological Advances
• Finally in 1779 Samuel Crompton combined the features
of the spinning jenny and water frame to produce the
spinning mule, and Edmund Cartwright’s power loom sped
up weaving after its invention in 1787.
• Wealthy textile merchants set up these machines in large
buildings called factories, which were built near sources of
waterpower such as rivers and streams.
• England’s cotton came from plantations in the American
South and in 1793 an American inventor named Eli
Whitney invented a machine called the cotton gin which
removed seeds from raw cotton and multiplied the
amount off cotton that could be cleaned.
Improvements in Transportation
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Progress in the textile industry spurred other industrial
improvements, the 1st of which was the steam engine.
James Watt, a Scottish mathematical instrument maker figured
out a way to make the steam engine work faster and more
efficiently while burning less fuel.
Watt joined with a businessman Matthew Boulton who organized,
managed, and took the risks of the business (entrepreneur) while
paying Watt a salary and encouraging him to build better
engines.
Steam could also be used to propel boats and an American
inventor named Robert Fulton ordered a steam engine from Watt
and Boulton to power his steamboat the Clermont up and down
the Hudson River in New York.
Roads in Britain also improved thanks to John McAdam, a
Scottish engineer who equipped roadbeds with a layer of large
stones for drainage and a smooth layer of crushed rock on top.
Called “macadam” roads.
The Railway Age Begins
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A steam engine on wheels, the railroad locomotive, drove
English industry after 1820.
1st railroads spurred industrial growth by giving manufacturers
a cheap way to transport materials and finished products.
2nd the railroad boom created hundreds of thousands of new
jobs for both railroad workers and miners who provided iron for
the tracks and coal for the steam engine locomotives.
3rd the railroad boosted England’s agricultural and fishing
industries which could transport their products to distant cities.
Finally by making travel easier, railroads encouraged country
people to take distant city jobs and lure city dwellers to resorts
in the countryside.
Chapter 9-2: Industrialization
Essential Question: What was life like for children
during the Industrialization of Great Britain?
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Industrialization Changes Life
Class Tensions Grow
Positive Effects of the Industrial Revolution
The Mills of Manchester
Industrialization Changes Ways of Life
• While the Industrial Revolution eventually led to a
better quality of life for most people, the change to
machine production also caused immense human
suffering.
• For centuries most Europeans had lived in rural
areas, but as the pace of industrialization
quickened in Britain in the 1800’s, cities soon
swelled with workers.
• This period of city building and the movement of
people to the cities was known as urbanization,
where most of Europe’s urban area’s at least
doubled in population.
Industrialization Changes Ways of Life
• No plans, sanitary or building codes controlled the
growth of cities and they lacked adequate housing,
education, and police protection for the people.
• Unpaved streets had no drains and collected heaps
of garbage, and workers lived in dark, dirty
shelters with whole families often crowding into 1
bedroom.
• Sickness was widespread, cholera epidemics
regularly swept through the slums of Britain and
the average life span for working class people was
17 years.
Industrialization Changes Ways of Life
• Factory owners wanted to keep their machines
running for as long as possible and as a result the
average worker spent 14 hours a day at the job, 6
days a week.
• Factories were seldom well-lit or clean, and machines
injured workers in countless ways.
• The most dangerous conditions were in the coal
mines, where frequent accidents, damp conditions,
and the constant breathing of coal dust made the
average lifespan for a miner 10 years shorter than
other workers.
Class Tension Grows
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Not everyone in the city lived miserably, well to do merchants and
factory owners built fancy homes in the suburbs.
This wealthy people made up a growing middle class of skilled workers,
professionals, business people and wealthy farmers.
Social distinctions divided the wealthy, with landowners looking down
on those who made their fortunes in the business world.
Gradually a new middle class that what neither rich or poor emerged in
Britain of doctors, lawyers, and managers as well as a lower middle
class of skilled workers such as toolmakers, mechanical drafters, and
printers.
Poor workers however saw little improvement in their own life and
grew frustrated as they watched machines replace themselves.
In response they sometimes smashed the machines they thought were
replacing them, such as the Luddites who attacked whole factories of
weaving machinery in northern England in 1811.
Positive Effects of the
Industrial Revolution
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Despite the problems, the Industrial Revolution had a number of
positive effects.
It created jobs for workers, raised the standard of living, and
provided HOPE of improvement in people’s lives.
Other benefits included healthier diets, cheaper housing, and
expanded educational opportunities.
It contributed to the wealth of the nation and greatly increased
the production of goods, such as mass-produced clothing.
The middle and upper class prospered immediately, while it took
longer for the workers.
The long term effects of the Industrial Revolution are still
evident, most people can afford consumer goods that would
have been considered luxuries 50 or 100 years ago.
The Mills of Manchester
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Manchester’s unique advantages made it a good example of a new
industrial city, this northern England town had easy access to water
power, available labor from the countryside and an outlet to the sea at
Liverpool.
While gold flowed toward the mill owners and new middle class, its
rapid, unplanned growth made it a filthy sewer for the poor people
who worked there.
Manchester’s business people worked many hours risking their own
money in pocketing high profits and building grand homes on the
outskirts of town.
To provide the mill owners with these high profits however, workers
labored under terrible conditions, and children as young as 6 joined
their parents in the factories.
Putting so much industry in one place polluted the environment, as the
coal that powered the factory blackened the air and the textile dyes
and other wastes poisoned the river.