An Analytical Study for the Impact of Agricultural Polices on

Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 2(10): 675-686, 2006
© 2006, INSInet Publication
An Analytical Study for the Impact of Agricultural Polices on
Producing the Most Important Beans and Grains in Egypt
Mohamed Hany Mostafa Shabbara
Department of Agricultural Economics, National Research Center, Egypt.
Abstract: The susceptibilityof theagriculturalproduction by different policies done by governments represents
the main problem of this research. Price policy is one of these policies, which affects (in periods; before
liberalization, partial liberalization and complete liberalization) on the agriculture production. This study aims
at showing the impact of economic liberalization policy on prices of wheat, maize, rice, broad bean and lentil.
To achieve this aim analyzing different relations had been done, in the liberalization periods and the period
before liberalization, (in order to knowthe effect of changesin global prices on the local prices of these crops)
via simple linear regression, dummy variable and policy matrix. Using the Dummy variable, the direct impact
of complete and partial liberalization polices had been indicated on the production, productivity and the area
of wheat, maize and rice crops, while the negative impact is shown on broad bean and lentil crops. The results
ofnominal protection coefficient indicated that wheat, maize,rice and broad bean producers received a subsidy
from the value of their production as a result of the positive protection which covers the producers of these
crops, during the complete liberalization period, in exchange of taking implicit taxes during the partial
liberalization period. These taxes were greater, for all studied crops, during the period before implementingthe
policies, except lentil crop whose taxes were greater during the implementing of these policies. Values of the
effective protection coefficient of wheat, maize and rice, which passed integer one during the period of
complete liberalization, revealed the positive protection policy covering their producers (by receiving subsidy
on their crops) at that period. In exchange of increasing implicit taxes on these producers during the period
before implementing the policies. However, these taxes had the highest value, for the broad bean and lentil
producers during complete liberalization period and lowest value during the period before implementing the
policies.
Key words: Agriculture, polices, production, wheat, maize, rice, broad bean, lentil.
INTRODUCTION
of capability for specifying economic sources for
agriculturesector. The second period (startingfrom 1987)
is of economic liberalization. This period is distinguished
by absence of obligate import of crops and presence of
some variations in pricing and marketing where the
producer becomes free in marketing crops according to
the free market prices. Hence, the role of the government
is restricted to work for price stability and that, by doing
as optional purchaser to ensure minimum limit of prices.
The implementationof this economic liberalization policy
was achieved gradually in two periods; partial
liberalization (1987-1992) and complete liberalization
(from 1993 till now).
Polices, either being partial or national, play an
important role in the agricultural economic structure. It
can direct the production (by determining the price
relationships that can, in turn, direct, specify and use
resources) from one hand and direct the consumption of
commodities, to achieve equilibrium betweenthe demand
and supply of these commodities[3] from another.
The agriculture sector occupies the main position
between other sectors in the national economic of Egypt.
Itstill represents the base stone of economic development
where the agriculture production is ca 16% of national
production in Egypt[9]. The agricultural polices aims to
increase this production, especially for food crops. But,
self-sufficiency of some strategic crops as wheat, maize,
rice, broad bean and lentil are strongly varied. Its
percentagesare 55.4%, 59.4%, 106.8 %, 60% and 4.8%[6]
respectively in 2003.
Price and marketing policy is one of the most
important policies in agriculture. It has two main periods.
The first period (1980-1986) was b efore economic
liberalization. This period was distinguished by obligate
import polices of crops and the interference of the
government in their pricing and marketing for saving
subsided commodity for consumers. This policy caused
some deformations in prices that caused, in turn, absence
Corresponding Author: Mohamed Hany Mostafa Shabbara, Department of Agricultural Economics,
National Research Center, Egypt.
675
J. Appl. Sci. Res., 2(10): 675-686, 2006
This study deals with some most important crops in
Egypt; wheat, maize, rice, broad beans and lentil. The
area of all these crops reaches to 6.86 million feddans that
represents 49.34% of total crop area in Egypt (13.9
million feddans) in (2001-2004). The area of wheat is
about2.6 million feddans, while thearea of maize is about
1.65 million feddans and that of rice is about 1.46 million
feddans which represent 18.7%, 11.87% and 10.5% from
total crop area respectively. While areas of broad beans
and lentil are much smaller; 0.297 and 0.005 million
feddans representing 2.14% and 0.04% of total crop area
at the same time respectively.
The problem of this study is obscure in the impactsof
different economic policies of governments on
agricultural production. Price policy (before and after
liberalization) is considered one of the most important
polices which affect, positively or negatively, the
agricultural production, especially of beans and grains in
Egypt.
This study aims at showing the impacts of the
economic liberalization policies on the prices of the most
important strategic crops in Egypt which are wheat,
maize, rice, broad beans and lentil, via analyzing the
different relations of the liberalization period and the
period before liberalization. That, in order to know the
effect of changes in global prices on the local prices of
these crops, also to know the impact of canceling the
subsidy from the agricultural production requirements.
(D2), which equal to (zero) in (1980-1992) period and
equal to (one) in (1993-2004).
Policy matrix gives some important analytical
economic indicators. These indicators deals with the
impactof agricultural polices, or any dominant productive
pattern, on revenues and agricultural productive costs. It
workson three levels;productive agriculturecommodities
level to study its comparative advantage compared by
another local agriculture commodities, the farm level by
studyingthe impact of the followed agricultural polices or
thedominant technological pattern on internal and foreign
trades of productive inputs and outputs[8] , and the
comprehensive national level and the extent of success or
failure of used polices or productive patterns in
recovering the problems of agriculture sector and what
was performed from suffering from subsidy or assigning
taxes on producers[7]. To evaluate manners of pricing
polices, estimation of some indicators (nomial protection
coefficient of output and effective protection coefficient)
have been done. These estimations have been done, also
by using Polices Analytical Matrix. Also, this matrix
shows level of motives and types of produced protection
for producers, thus evaluate deformations done in both
input and output markets.
Nomial protection coefficient of output indicates the
ratio between revenue or price (evaluated by market or
economic prices) which reflects approaching or faring of
local prices with global prices and also reflects the extent
of government suffering from the high load of crop
subsidy or assigning taxes on producers. The high value
(more than one integral) of this coefficient indicates
providing producers by subsidies on their products while
thelow value (less thanone integral) indicates presence of
implicit taxes on their products. If this coefficient equal to
one integral, this indicates fair productive policy[3].
The effective protection coefficient is the ratio
between the adding value, at dominant local prices in
market, and that measured by global prices. Increasing
the value more than one integral indicates that, the
commodity has a protection and its production activity
get motives[11] .
This study includes four parts. The first part
concerningthe estimation of the agriculture polices affect
on area, productivity andproduction of wheat,maize, rice,
broad bean and lentil, which represent most important
crops in Egypt. The second part deals with the relation
between farm gate prices and the production cost of
studied crops. While the third part deals with the effect of
net revenue per feddan in the previous year on cultivated
area in the present year through three periods; before
application of liberalization polices (1980-1986), partial
liberalization period (1987-1992) and complete
applicationof liberalization polices(1993-2004). Andthe
fourth part deals with Pricing Polices Matrix.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The prime sources of data of this work were the
secondary data issued from the Central Administration of
Agriculture Economics in Ministry of Agriculture and
Land Reclamation [2] ,The Central Body of General
Mobilization and Statistics [10] and Food Agriculture
organization (FAO)[12].
To achieve the research objectives, both descriptive
and quantitative statistical analytical methods were used
for time series data of variables under study for wheat,
maize, rice, broad bean and lentil, through the period
(1980-2004). This period included three periods of study;
period before liberalization (1980-1986), period of partial
liberalization (1987-1992) and period of complete
liberalization (1993-2004).
Also both simple linear and multi-regression models
are used. That in addition of using Dummy variable and
the estimation of some economic indicators by using
Policy matrix[3].
Dummy variable (D) was used to detect changes in
cultivated area, productivity and total production of
studied crops. It was a variable represented by (D1 ),
which equal to (zero) in periods (1980-1986) and (19932004) and equal to (one) in (1987-1993), and variable
676
J. Appl. Sci. Res., 2(10): 675-686, 2006
total production of wheat, respectively. While the
cultivated area of maize increased only during complete
liberalization period by 13.8 % of average cultivated area
of maize, but productivity of maize was increased by
21.02% and 50.48% of average of total productivity of
maize, in periods of partial and complete liberalization
polices, respectively, and its total production increased by
67.76% and 63.56% from average of total production of
maize, respectively. Also, the cultivated area of rice
increased by 43.1% of average of total area of rice, in the
period of complete liberalization only. While its
productivity increased by 16.8% and 40.8% of average of
productivity of rice, in periods of partial and complete
liberalization respectively. And the total production was
directly increased by 20.2% and 82.1% of average of total
production of rice, in periods of partial and complete
liberalization respectively. On the other hand, it shown
from the table that, cultivated area of broad bean did not
be affected through periods of partial and complete
liberalization.But, the direct effect on productivity of this
crop was noticed in period of partial and complete
liberalization where it was increased by 21.9% and 40.8%
of average of productivity of broad bean, respectively.
Also, the total production increased in period of
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The impact of agricultural polices on area,
productivity and production of studied crops: The
economic liberalization period is characterized by
canceling the obligate import (which was present before
liberalization), so prices agree with the global market.
This policy leads to increase areas and productivity of
legumes and grains and cultivate new types of them, thus
increase marketing surplus which leads, in turn, to some
changes in crop structure.
Table 1 shows changes between periods before
liberalization, partial liberalization and complete
liberalization of cultivated area, productivity and total
production of studied crops at period of study (19802004). It shows that there was direct impact of the
application of partial and complete liberalization polices
on cultivated area and productivity (and accordingly, the
total production) of wheat, maize and rice. Cultivated area
of wheat increased by 352.8% and 60.8% of the average
of total cultivated area of wheat, respectively, while its
productivity increased by 29.6% and 47.2 % of average
productivity of wheat, respectively, and its total
production increased by 47.2% and 100.1% of average of
Table 1: Estimation of the impact of liberalization polices on area, productivity and totalproduction of most important grains and legumes in Egypt
through the period (1980-2004).
Data
A
D1
D2
T1
T2
R2
F
Static significant
Wheat area (thousand feddan)
1284.3
538.7
1155.9
4.43
10.1
0.82
51.54
**
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Wheat productivity (ardb)
9.94
4.06
6.47
17.34
12.4
0.89
77.51
**
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------All production of wheat (ardb)
12727.9
12938.8
27438.3
5.2
11.7
0.87
69.1
**
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Maize area (thousand feddan)
1869.8
95.57
277.4
1.48
4.57
0.53
11.1
0
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Maize productivity (ton)
12.95
3.69
8.86
3.62
9.22
0.79
43.67
**
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------All production of maize (ton)
24164.8
8622.5
22665.8
3.74
10.43
0.84
56.65
**
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Rice area (thousand feddan)
983.1
79,85
522.5
1.5
10.6
0.87
67.9
**
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Rice productivity (ton)
2.39
0.51
1.24
4.18
10.8
0.86
59.9
**
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------All production of rice (ton)
2357,5
770.8
3133.9
2.6
11.2
0.87
70.7
**
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Broad bean area (thousand feddan)
288.6
21.87
29.97
1.28
29.97
0.44
2.08
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Broad bean productivity (ardb)
6.41
0.53
1.58
1.17
4.01
0.67
8.44
**
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------All production of Broad bean (ardb)
1730.2
379.7
605.7
1.74
605.7
0.56
5.05
0
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Lentil area (thousand feddan)
17.13
1.34
-9.4
0.54
4.32
0.75
13.9
**
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Lentil productivity (ardb)
3.53
1.19
0.71
3.98
2.71
0.66
8.29
**
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------All production of lentil (Çardb)
63.45
22.98
-31.56
1.99
2.98
0.73
11.9
**
D1 = Dummy variable equal to (zero) in (1980-1986) and (1994-2004) and to (one) in (1987-1993).
D2 = Dummy variable equal to (zero) in (1980-1993) and to (one) in (1994-2004).
* * = Significant at 0.01 level * = significant at 0.05 level.
Ton = 7.787 ardb
Source: Collected and calculated from Tables (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5) of appendix.
677
J. Appl. Sci. Res., 2(10): 675-686, 2006
complete liberalization by 29.15% of average of total
production of broad bean. But, a negative effect was
shown on the cultivated area of lentil in period of
complete liberalization, where it decreased by 69.9% of
the average of cultivated area of lentil, while the direct
impact was shown on the productivity in partial and
complete liberalization periods, where it increased by
27.67% and 17.19% of the average of productivity of
lentil, respectively, and the direct impact in partial
liberalization period was shownin total production of this
crop as it increased by 40.99% of the average of total
production of lentil, whilethe negative impact was shown
through period of complete liberalization as it decreased
by 56.31% of the average of total production of lentil.
Table 2: Therelationship between farm gate prices of the unite and its
productive costs of studied crops through three periods
(1980-1986), (1987-1992) and (1993-2004).
Data
Equation
t
R2
F
Wheat (1980-1986)
yt= 4.53 + 1.09 xt
6.59 0.89 43.54*
Wheat (1987-1992)
yt= 25.47 + 1.54 xt 2.03 0.44 4.1
Wheat (1993-2004)
yt= 337.3 + 4.35 xt 1.62 0.51 4.69
Maize (1980-1986)
yt= 12.48 + 1.74 xt 8.24 0.93 68*
Maize (1987-1992)
yt= 36.1 + 0.592 xt 2.29 0.57 5.24*
Maize (1993-2004)
yt= 54.91 + 0.37 xt 0.8 0.09 0.65
Rice (1980-1986)
yt= 62.8 + 2.06 xt
3.07 0.64 9.05*
Rice (1987-1992)
yt= 221.24 + 0.67 xt 0.85 0.15 0.73
Rice (1993-2004)
yt= 455.1 + 0.617 xt 1.4 0.21 2.1
Broad bean (1980-1986) yt= 11.1 + 1.73 xt
3.48 0.75 14.8*
Broad bean (1987-1992) yt= 52.7 + 0.77 xt
4.37 0.79 19.16*
Broad bean (1993-2004) yt= 108.13 + 0.567 xt 2.47 0.43 6.12
Lentil (1980-1986)
yt= 172.2 + 4.4 xt
3.19 0.67 10.22*
Lentil (1987-1992)
yt= 173+ 0.39 x t
2.14 0.47 4.58
Lentil (1993-2004)
yt= 0.03 + 1.002 xt 374 0.99 140*
yt =
Estimated value of farm gate price of unit of the crop through
the period.
xt =
Unit productive cost of the crop through the period.
* =
Significant at 0.01 level.
Source: Collected and calculated from Tables (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5) of
appendix.
The relation between farm gate prices and the
productive unit cost of studied crops: It is very
important to study the relation between farm gate price of
the unit of studied crops and the cost of its production.
This relationship helps in detecting the net revenue for
producers of these crop, from one hand, and drawing
succeeded pricing policies from the other hand.
In this part, this relationship has been studied,
through the three studied periods, by considering the farm
gate price of productive unit as dependent factor (Y) and
the productive unit cost as independent factor (x).
Table 2 shows that the increasing of one ardb
productive cost of wheat crop by one pound increases its
price significantly by 1.094 pounds in the period before
liberalization (1980-1986) which indicate that the price
policy at that time encourages producers to increase
production. This may be attributed to the subsidy taken
from thegovernment. While there is no obvious impact of
costs on prices of wheat crop through periods of partial
and complete liberalization. It is shown also from the
table that, the increasing of one ardb productive cost of
maize crop by one pound increases its price significantly
by 1.74 pounds in the period before liberalization but
increases the ardb price by 0.592 pound through period of
partial liberalization, which indicates that, rate of
increasing in production costs was greater than that in
prices of maize through theperiod ofpartial liberalization,
while no obvious effect was noticed of unit productive
cost on farm gate price through the period of complete
liberalization. Table 2 shows also that, the increasing of
one ton productive cost of rice crop by one pound
increases its price significantly by 2.06 pounds in the
period before liberalization (1980-1986) which indicates
that the price policy at that time encourages producers to
increase production. This maybe attributed to the subsidy
taken from the government. Also, a previous study[1]
clarified a significant effect of the productive cost of rice
on farm gate prices at 0.01 level in (1975-1986), as
changington productive cost ofrice by 10% changed farm
gate prices by 8.8%. But there was no obvious impact of
costs on prices of rice crop through periods of partial and
complete liberalization. it is shown also from table that,
the increasing of one ardb productive cost of broad bean
crop by one pound increases its price significantly by 1.73
pounds in the period before liberalization (1980-1986)
which indicates that the price policy at that time
encourages producers to increase production, for the
subsidy taken from the government. But, there is an
inverse impact of costs on prices of broad bean crop
through periods of partial and complete liberalization
where increasing one ardb productive cost of broad
bean crop by one pound increases its price significantly
by only 0.77 and 0.57 pounds through periods of
partial and complete liberalization, respectively. Also,
increasing of one ardb productive cost of lentil crop by
one pound increases its price significantly by 4.4 pounds
in the period before liberalization (1980-1986) which
indicates that the price policy at that time encourages
producers to increase production. But, increasing one
ardb productive cost of lentil by one pound increases its
price significantly by 0.39 pounds in the period of partial
liberalization and by 1.002 in the period of complete
liberalization.
The relationship between the current cultivated area
and feddan revenue of the previous year for studied
crops: Studying the feddan net revenue is very important
in production or supply studies of different crops. It
considered to be one of limited factors which affects
enlarging or diminishing of concerning areas for
cultivating these strategic crops. The feddan net revenue
depends on many factors. The most important factors are;
feddan productivity and level of farm gate prices for each
of main and secondary products and input prices.
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J. Appl. Sci. Res., 2(10): 675-686, 2006
Table 3: The relationship between cultivated area and feddan net
revenue by pound in the previous year of studied
crops through three periods (1980-1986), (1987-19 92) and
(1993-2004). (area by thousand feddans)
Data
Equation
t
R2
F
Wheat (1980-1986)
yt= 7350 - 0.49 xt
2.12 0.47 4.47
Wheat (1987-1992)
yt= 1011.3 + 1.34 xt 12.3 0.97 152.3*
Wheat (1993-2004)
yt= 1981.9 + 0.537 xt 1.62 0.25 2.65
Maize (1980-1986)
yt= 360.1 - 0.139 xt 1.33 0.27 1.87
Maize (1987-1992)
yt= 1720.6 + 0.485 xt 3.32 0.73 11.04*
Maize (1993-2004)
yt=2034.66+ 0.159 xt 0.8 0.07 0.64
Rice (1980-1986)
yt= 991.1-0.031 xt
0.17 0.005 0.02
Rice (1987-1992)
yt=1113.2+3.15 xt
9.24 0.95 85.4*
Rice (1993-2004)
yt=1231 + 0.128 xt
1.4 0.21 2.1
Broad bean (1980-1986) yt=262.9 + 0.41 xt
0.24 0.01 0.05
Broad bean (1987-1992) yt= 244.6 + 0.171 xt 2.48 0.52 5.36*
Broad bean (1993-2004) yt= 276.90 + 0.053 xt 0.71 0.06 0.5
Lentil (1980-1986)
yt= 12.36 + 0.022 xt 3.02 0.65 19.2
Lentil (1987-1992)
yt= 34.04 - 0.029 xt 2.75 0.6 7.58*
Lentil (1993-2004)
yt= 6.6 – 0.007 xt
0.86 0.08 0.75
yt
= Estimated value of cultivated area through the period.
xt
= Feddan net revenue by pound in the previous year through the
period.
*
= Significant at 0.01 level.
Source: Collected and calculated from Tables (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5) of
appendix.
Agricultural Polices analysis Matrix: Applying methods
of price polices on wheat, maize, rice broad bean and
lentil through the three periods of study; the period before
liberalization (1980-1986), period of partial liberalization
(1987-1992) and period of complete liberalization (19932004), both nomial protection coefficient of outputs and
effective protection coefficient are estimated.
Table 4 shows that, the nomial protection coefficient
ofwheat was (in average) ca. 0.44 in (1980-1986), 0.67 in
(1987-1992) and 1.13 in (1993-2004). Also, this
coefficient of maize was 0.63 in (1980-1986), 0.68 in
(1987-1992) and 1.08 in (1993-2004). While that of rice
was 0.49 in (1980-1986), 0.61 in (1987-1992) and 1.07 in
(1993-2004). These results indicate that the government
assigned direct and implicit taxes on wheat and maize
producers in periods before liberalization more than in
partial liberalization while it provides subsidies for
wheat, maize and rice producers in period of complete
liberalization till 2004. These subsidies were ca. 13% of
wheat productive value while ca. 8% of maize productive
value and 7% of rice productive value. This is due to the
positive protection policy for wheat, maize and rice
crops. On the other hand, the nomial protection
coefficient of broad bean was ca. 0.86 in (1980-1986),
0.75 in (1987-1992) and 0.90 in (1993-2004). Also, this
coefficient of lentil was 0.94 in (1980-1986), 0.8 in
(1987-1992) and 0.87 in (1993-2004). This indicates
increasing the implicit taxes on producers and giving
subsidies to consumers. Thus implicit taxes for broad
bean increased in period of partial liberalization more
than before liberalization while implicit taxes for lentil
increased through period of complete liberalization more
than partial liberalization.
This conclusion was also shown in previous study[5]
which declared that the nomial protection coefficient of
broad bean and lentil was less than one integral. They
were ca. 0.75 and 0.92 for broad bean in (1986-1993) and
(1994-2003) respectively, i.e. producers suffers implicit
taxes ca. 25% and 8% of broad bean productive values, in
partial and complete liberalization periods respectively.
In this part, this relationship has been studied,
through the three studied periods, by considering
cultivated area in the current year as dependent factor (y)
and feddan net revenue in the previous year as
independent factor (x).
Table 3 revealed increasing feddan net revenue in the
previous year by one pound increases cultivated area of
wheat, maize, rice and broad bean by 1.344, 0.485, 3.153
and 0.171thousand feddans, respectively in period of
partial liberalization, but no effect was appeared on
cultivated area of these crops in periods before or at
complete liberalization. On the other hand, increasing
feddan net revenue in the previous year by one pound
increases cultivated area of lentil by 0.022 thousand
feddanin period of partial liberalization, while increasing
feddan net revenue in the previous year by one pound
decreasing cultivated area of lentil by 0.029 thousand
feddan in period of complete liberalization.
Table 4:Nomial protectioncoefficient and effective protection coefficient of wheat, maize, rice, broad bean and lentil through the period (1980-2004)
Wheat
Maize
Rice
Broad bean
Lentil
------------------------------ ---------------------------- ------------------------------- ------------------------------- ------------------------------Nomial
Effective
Nomial
Effective Nomial
Effective
Nomial
Effective
Nomial
Effective
protection protection
protection protection protection protection
protection protection protection protection
Period
coefficient coeffici-ent coefficient coefficient coefficient coefficient
coefficient coefficient coefficient coefficient
(1980-1986)
0.44
0.6
0.63
0.67
0.49
0.47
0.86
-0.01
0.9
0.96
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(1987-1992)
0.67
0.75
0.68
0.7
0.61
0.67
0.75
0.39
0.78
0.5
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(1993-2004)
1.13
1.17
1.08
1.12
1.07
1.13
0.9
0.59
0.8
0.55
Source: 1- The Central System of General Mobilization and statistic, foreign trade publication., different issues.
2 The Central System of General Mobilization and statistic, Annual statistical book, different issues.
3 Egyptian Ahli Bank, economic publication, different issues.
4 Agricultural and land reclamation Ministry, Economic sector, Agriculture economic publication, different issues.
679
J. Appl. Sci. Res., 2(10): 675-686, 2006
Also, they were ca. 0.79 and 0.81 for lentil in ( 19861993) and (1994-2003) respectively. i.e. producers suffers
implicit taxes ca. 21 % and 19 % of lentil productive
valuesrespectively. These resultsindicated decreasingthe
percentage of implicit taxes of broad bean and lentil
throughcomplete liberalization period in comparable with
the period of partial liberalization. This decreasing was
more for broad bean than for lentil which explained
decreasing cultivated area of lentil at this period.
Also the effective protection coefficient wasestimated
to reflect the implicit taxes on outputs and the subsidy
produced on inputs or vise versa, and it measures the net
impact of local economic polices on both outputs and
input markets.
Table 4 shows that the effective protection coefficient
of wheat crop was (in average) 0.60 in (1980-1986), 0.75
in (1987-1992) and 1.17 in ( 1993 -2004). Also, this
coefficient of maize crop was 0.67 in (1980-1986), 0.70
in (1987-1992) and 1.12 in (1993-2004). While that of
rice was 0.47 in (1980-1986), 0.67 in (1987-1992) and
1.13 in (1993-2004). This indicates that the government
assigned less direct and implicit taxes on wheat, maize
and rice producers, producing more positive motives and
increasing protection level in partial liberalization period
than in period before liberalization. While it gives the
most positive protection by producing subsidy ca. 17%,
12%, 13% from the value of production of wheat, maize
and rice production respectively in complete liberalization
period. This is for the positive protection policy done by
the government for these three strategic crops.
On the other hand, it is shown from Table 4 that, the
effective protection coefficient of broad bean crop was(in
average) 0.01 in (1980-1986), 0.39 in (1987-1992) and
0.59 in (1993-2004). This indicates decreasing consumer
subsidy through period of complete liberalization than
before. While, this coefficient of lentil crop was 0.96 in
(1980-1986), 0.05 in (1987-1992) and 0.55 in (19932004). This indicates that producers of lentil crop suffer
most implicit taxes in partial liberalization period and
absence of taxes in period before liberalization. Hence,
there are an increase in consumer subsidy through period
of complete liberalization.
A previous study [5] showed also, that the effective
protection coefficient of broad bean and lentil through
periods of partial and complete liberalization were
less than one integral which indicates suffering of
producers from implicit taxes and presence of consumer
subsidy, which coincide with my study. It was ca. 0.42
and 0.61 in periods of partial and complete liberalization
respectively for broad bean, and ca. 0.49 and 0.56 in
periods of partial and complete liberalization
respectively for lentil
Conclusion: This study reveals the success of the
economic reclamationpolices (complete liberalization) in
Egypt as cultivated area and feddan productivity of
studied crops are proved to increase through period of
complete liberalization (1993-2004). The study
recommends the Egyptian government to increase the
limit of this policy but decrease the implicit taxes on
broad bean and lentil producers to encourage cultivating
these crops, as they are not less important than wheat,
maize and rice for Egyptian people. It also recommends
that there must be a control on increasing the productive
unit cost of studied crops to terminate increasing rates of
increasing costs, especially those of agriculture production
requirements, in comparable with rates of increasing
prices.
APPENDIX
Table 1: Development of some productive and economic indicators of wheat crop in Egypt in period (1980-2004)
Area
Feddan
Total
Farm price Total
Feddan
Total
Total net
Net feddan Global
(thousand productivity production
for ton
revenue
productivity cost
revenue
revenue
price
Year feddan)
(ton)
(thousand ton) (pound)
(pound)
(pound)
(pound)
(pound)
(pound)
(dollar)
1980 1326
2.45
3248.7
99
321621.3 141.62
187788.1
133833.2
100.9
150.89
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1981 1400
2.34
3332
108.92
3629221 152.7
213780
149141.4
106.5
233.24
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1982 1374
2.38
3270.12
99.19
324363.2 176.19
242085.1
82278.14
59.9
222.6
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1983 1320
2.41
3181.2
128.51
408816
229.18
302517.6
106298.4
80.5
217.35
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1984 1178
2.27
2674.06
146.73
392364.8 264.57
311663.5
80701.34
68.5
244.28
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1985 1186
2.5
2965
198.69
589115.9 292.51
346916.8
242199.1
204.2
284.57
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1986 1206
2.42
2918.52
252.79
737772.7 328
39995568
342204.7
283.8
336.57
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1987 1373
2.49
3418.77
256.55
877085.4 353.19
484929.9
392155.5
285.6
355.68
680
J. Appl. Sci. Res., 2(10): 675-686, 2006
Table 1: Continue
1988 1422
2.54
3611.88
73.01
986079.4 383.1
544768.2
441311.2
310.3
429.74
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1989 1533
2.72
4169.76
432.1
1801753 405.73
621984.1
1179769
769.6
557.7
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1990 1955
3.05
5962.75
468.6
27941145 483.61
945457.6
1848687
945.62
642.05
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1991 2215
3.13
6932.95
498.13
3453510 562.4
12455716
2207794
996.75
677.2
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1992 2092
3.21
6705.32
526.8
3537631 664.4
1389925
2147706
1026.63
635.9
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1993 2171
3.24
7034.04
528.86
3719600 940.7
2042260
1677341
772.6
667.52
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1994 2111
3.32
7008.52
531.93
3728042 981
2070891
1656151
785
821.46
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1995 2512
3.42
8591.04
560
4810982 1035.7
2601678
2.21E+08
789.5
845.3
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1996 2412
3.48
8696.76
640
5372006 1086.9
2621603
2750403,6
1140.3
869.18
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1997 2486
3.53
8775.58
666.93
5852698 1198
2978228
2874470
4456.26
593.26
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1998 2421
3.63
8788.23
680
59755996 1522.9
3686941
2289056
945.5
589.88
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1999 2379
3.73
8873.67
686.66
6093194 1532.7
3646293
2446901
1028.5
610.32
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2000 2463
3.82
9408.66
693.33
65523306 1510.4
3720115
2803191
1138.12
625.61
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2001 2342
3.82
8946.44
704.47
6302499 1532.7
3589583
2712915
1158.38
729.7
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2002 2450
3.82
9359
717.26
6712836 1532.7
3755115
2957721
1207.23
833.86
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2003 2553
3.82
9752.46
730.05
7119783 1532.7
3912983
3206800
1256.1
938
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2004 2600
3.77
9802
1168
11448736 1763
4583800
6864936
2640.36
1042.1
Source: Agricultural and land reclamation Ministry, Economic sector, , Agriculture economic publication, Central Administration of Agriculture
Economics, different issues.
Table 2: Development of some productive and economic indicators of maize crop in Egypt in period (1980-2004)
Area
Feddan
Total
Farm price Total
Feddan
Total
Total net
Net feddan Global
(thousand productivity production
for ton
revenue
productivity cost
revenue
revenue
price
Year feddan)
(ton)
(thousand ton) (pound)
(pound)
(pound)
(pound)
(pound)
(pound)
(dollar)
1980 1433
2.26
3223
122.85
3971741 135.44
194085.5
203088,35
142
135.88
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1981 1434
2.31
3308
122.35
404733.8 169.13
242532.4
162201.4
113
239.12
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1982 1452
2.305
3347
124.85
417873
207.94
301928.9
1115944
80
243.6
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1983 1400
2.51
3509
160.57
563440.1 251.69
350966
212474.1
152
166.75
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1984 1450
2.55
3698
172.78
638940.4 278.98
404521
234419.4
162
202.12
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1985 1396
2.65
3699
194.35
718900.7 315.95
441066.2
277834.5
199
217.36
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1986 1122
2.59
2098
219
636852
323.3
362742.6
274109.4
244
215.94
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1987 1353
2.09
3619
254.64
921542.2 348.23
471155.2
450387
333
178.88
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1988 1480
2.02
4088
324.28
1325657 356.16
527116.8
798539,8
540
267.3
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1989 1534
2.16
4529
404.64
1832615 397.7
6100072
1222544
597
378
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1990 1547
2.24
4799
426.78
2048117 470.73
728219.3
1319898
654
362.87
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1991 1676
2.44
5122
441.07
2259161 533
893308
1365853
603
388.6
681
J. Appl. Sci. Res., 2(10): 675-686, 2006
Table 2: Continue
1992 1649
2.62
5069
435.42
2207144 628.4
1036232
1170912
520
410
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1993 1663
2.63
4943
457.92
2263499 723.3
1201401
1062097
353
425
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1994 1740
2.69
5550
478.57
2656064 956
1663440
992623.5
417
439.4
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1995 1751
2.66
5178
514.28
2662942 1005.3
1760280
902661.5
356
476.64
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1996 1768
2.81
5825
537.14
3128840,5 1074.6
1899893
1228948
546
498.33
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1997 1636
2.59
6076
551.64
3351765 1132.2
1852279
1499485
751
499.32
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1998 1755
2.99
6336
579.14
3819658 1113.3
1890383
1929274
494
506.16
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1999 1647
3.15
6146
602.85
3705116 1402
2310496
1394620
743
554.17
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2000 1679
3.29
5650
607.85
3434353 1430
2400970
1033383
763
541
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2001 1674
3.165
5661
633.513
3586602 1471
2393463
1193140
752
592.72
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2002 1669
3.04
5673
652.776
3703133 1480
2385955
1317178
824
644.4
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2003 1658
3.42
5681.8
672.039
3818391 1790
2370654
1447737
873.2
696.2
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2004 1685
3.18
5358.3
1129.12
6050163,7 1846
3110510
2939654
1744.6
747.86
Source: Agricultural and land reclamation Ministry, Economic sector, , Agriculture economic publication, Central Administration of Agriculture
Economics, different issues.
Table 3: Development of some productive and economic indicators of rice crop in Egypt in period (1980-2004)
Area
Feddan
Total
Farm price Total
Feddan
Total
Total net
Net feddan Global
(thousand productivity production
for ton
revenue
productivity cost
revenue
revenue
price
Year feddan)
(ton)
(thousand ton) (pound)
(pound)
(pound)
(pound)
(pound)
(pound)
(dollar)
1980 970
2.45
2383
120.89
288080.9 162.54
157663.8
130417.1
134.5
310
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1981 954
2.34
2236
147.46
329720.6 196.54
187499.16 142221.4
149
350
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1982 1024
2.38
2441
194.2
474042.2 238.97
244705.28 229336.9
223.96
201
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1983 1011
2.41
2442
188.5
460317
263.57
266469.27 193847.73
191.7
175
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1984 984
2.27
2236
195.52
437182.7 323.58
318402.72 118779.98
120.7
177
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1985 924
2.5
2311
211.5
488776.5 354.28
327354.72 161421.78
174.7
145
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1986 1008
2.42
2445
247.5
605137.5 380.68
383725.44 221412.06
219.65
260
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1987 981
2.49
2402
206
494812
424.17
416110.77 78701.23
80.22
315
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1988 837
2.54
2131
256.5
546601.5 443.42
371142.54 175458.96
209.6
447
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1989 982
2.72
2676
362
968712
474.71
466165.22 502546.78
511.76
624
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1990 1036
3.05
3166
367
1161922 522
540792
902546.78
599.55
648
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1991 1100
3.13
3447
436
1502892 694.4
763840
1426512
671.87
689
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1992 1215
3.21
3908
452
1766416 838.8
1019142
747274
615
987
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1993 1282
3.24
4158
504
2095632 1113.2
1427122.4 1952919.6
521.46
1138
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1994 1378
3.32
4582
606
2776692 1173.3
1616807.4 1159884.6
841.72
1256
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1995 1400
3.42
4788
656
3140928 1258
2135000
1005928
718.52
1328.6
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1996 1405
3.48
4895
702
3436290 1307.5
1837037.5 1599252.5
1138.26
1485
682
J. Appl. Sci. Res., 2(10): 675-686, 2006
Table 3: Continue
1997 1550
3.53
5480
718
3934640 1426.8
2211540
1723100
1111.68
1505
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1998 1225
3.63
4450
724
3221800 1704.8
1893605
1328195
1084.24
1680
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1999 1559
3.73
5816
730
4245680 1750.7
2729341.3 1516338.7
972.64
1670
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2000 1569
3.82
6000
583
3498000 1692
2556371.7 1241628.3
600.15
1665
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2001 1340
3.9
5226
592
3093792 1685
2345938
747854
558.1
1035.7
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2002 1547
4.95
6110.7
671
4100280 1760
2708332.9 1391946.8
899.77
990
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2003 1507.6
4.09
6174.4
992
5692797 2059
2639355.3 3053441.5
2025.37
1851.3
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2004 1536.7
4.133
6351.2
1024
6503609.5 2373
3646589.1 2857020.4
1859.19
1508
Source: Agricultural and land reclamation Ministry, Economic sector, , Agriculture economic publication, Central Administration of Agriculture
Economics, different issues.
Table 4: Development of some productive and economic indicators of broad bean crop in Egypt in period (1980-2004)
Area
Feddan
Total
Farm price Total
Feddan
Total
Total net
Net feddan Global
(thousand productivity production
for ton
revenue
productivity cost
revenue
revenue
price
Year feddan)
(ton)
(thousand ton) (pound)
(pound)
(pound)
(pound)
(pound)
(pound)
(dollar)
1980 244.7
5.61
1372.1
30.86
32343
114
27895.8
14447.2
59.04
566.29
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1981 237.7
5.64
1340.6
36.38
48771
73.3
17423.41
31347.6
131.88
553.54
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1982 274.1
6.11
1675
37.7
63147.5
64
17542.4
45605.1
166.38
540.77
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1983 289.5
6.57
1902.2
38.95
74090.69 84.5
24462.75
49627.9
171.43
528.01
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1984 271
6.46
1751
43.01
75310.5
228.06
61804.26
13506.24
49.84
442.3
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1985 285
6.84
1947
49.3
95987.1
251.53
71686.05
24301.05
85.27
468.1
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1986 270
6.73
1820
71
129220
273.01
73712.7
55507.3
205.58
866.7
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1987 286
7.29
2086
85.2
177727.2 298.49
85368.14
92359. 06
322.9
457.8
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1988 263
6.25
2338
85.8
200600.4 327.3
86079.9
114520.5
435.44
428.9
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1989 329
7.97
2624
89.5
234848
372.82
122657.78 112190.22
341
400
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1990 303
7.98
2418
107
258726
489.32
148263.96 110462.04
364.56
356
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1991 292
6.25
1829
135.6
248012.4 580.9
169622.8
78389.6
268.46
332
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1992 390
6.56
2558.4
164
419577.6 648
252720
166857.6
427.84
318
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1993 266
6.6
1755
160
280800
986.8
262488.8
18311.2
68.84
304
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1994 342
5.99
2048
155
317440
871.2
297950.4
19489.6
57
307.9
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1995 295
8.58
2531
162
410022
957.4
282433
127589
432.5
316.5
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1996 329
8.67
2854
172.3
491744.2 1000.8
329263.2
162481
493.86
388.4
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1997 355
8.65
3072
189.68
582697
1025.9
364194.5
218502.5
615.5
387.3
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1998 385
8.77
3375
192.59
649991.3 1413
544005
105986.3
275.29
285.7
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1999 319
8.22
2622.2
194.7
510538.4 1370.4
437157.6
73380.8
230
313.5
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2000 271
8.44
2283
195
445185
1332.6
361134.6
84050.4
310.15
313
683
J. Appl. Sci. Res., 2(10): 675-686, 2006
Table 4: Continue
2001 334
8.49
2834
194
549796
1288
430192
119604
358.1
307.8
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2002 303
8.54
2586
197
509442
1366.9
414170.7
95271.3
314.43
276.3
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2003 352
8.61
2173
218
473714
1476
373428
100286
396.39
355.6
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2004 240.9
8.68
2091
326
681669.9 1763
424706.7
256963.2
1066.7
435
Source: Agricultural and land reclamation Ministry, Economic sector, , Agriculture economic publication, Central Administration of Agriculture
Economics, different issues.
Table 5: Development of some productive and economic indicators of lentil crop in Egypt in period (1980-2004)
Area
Feddan
Total
Farm price Total
Feddan
Total
Total net
Net feddan Global
(thousand productivity production
for ton
revenue
productivity cost
revenue
revenue
price
Year feddan)
(ton)
(thousand ton) (pound)
(pound)
(pound)
(pound)
(pound)
(pound)
(dollar)
1980 34.3
4.08
113.79
74.45
8471.665 152.6
5234.2
3237.49
94.4
668
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1981 32.9
4.25
109.58
86.34
9461.137 108
3553.2
5907.9
179.6
677
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1982 31.5
4.09
105.38
98.24
10352.53 43
5907.9
4444.6
141.1
654
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1983 30.28
4.11
101.19
109.9
11120.78 39
1180.9
9939.9
328.26
648.6
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1984 18
3.69
66.4
63.9
6234.96
258.87
4659.66
1575.3
87.5
387.3
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1985 19.9
3.54
70.45
116.98
8241.24
277.45
5521.26
2718.98
136.6
759.6
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1986 21
3.67
77.07
156.5
12061.5
298.15
6261.15
5800.35
276.2
1193.7
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1987 24.2
3.87
93.65
160
14984
376.63
9114.45
5869.55
242.5
578.2
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1988 19
4.95
94.1
155.5
14632.55 383.06
7278.14
7354.41
687.1
377.9
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1989 17
4.99
84.8
210
17808
423.8
7204.6
10603.4
623.73
480.3
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1990 14
5.34
73.4
218.7
16052.58 456.06
6384.84
9667.74
690.55
597.4
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1991 16.2
4.73
76.5
220.3
16852.95 586.6
9502.92
7350.03
453.7
694.6
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1992 14.6
4.53
65.9
236.3
15572.17 720.4
10517.84
5054.33
346.19
651.4
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1993 20.9
4.34
90.7
246.1
22321.27 995.3
20801.77
1519.5
72.7
507.3
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1994 15.5
4.54
70.37
246.7
17360.28 961.7
14906.35
2453.9
158.32
413.5
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1995 10.9
4.38
47.74
252
12030.98 1012.7
11038.43
992.55
91.1
563.9
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1996 7.8
4.5
35
279.8
9793
1032.7
8055.06
1737.9
222.8
549.1
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1997 9.1
4.45
40.5
284.9
11538.5
1067.3
9712.43
1826.07
200.67
623.3
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1998 10.7
4.48
47.8
289.4
13833.32 1520.1
16265.07
-2431.75
-227.3
637
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1999 6
4.58
27.48
290
7969.2
1441.2
7206
763.2
127.2
644.9
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2000 5.8
4.4
25.52
295
7528.4
1465.9
7036.3
492.1
84.8
552.9
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2001 6.4
4.41
28.224
312.4
8817.18
1514.6
8178.84
638.34
99.7
442.8
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2002 5.9
4.48
26.43
321
8484.67
1569.1
7688.9
795.8
134.9
645
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2003 5.2
4.27
22.2
340
7549.36
1609
6757.8
791.56
152.2
650.5
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2004 3.54
4.65
16.46
451
7423.91
1759
6226.86
1197.05
338.15
656
Source: Agricultural and land reclamation Ministry, Economic sector, , Agriculture economic publication, Central Administration of Agriculture
Economics, different issues.
684
J. Appl. Sci. Res., 2(10): 675-686, 2006
Table 6: Nomial protection and effective protection coefficients of broad bean, lentil, wheat, maize and rice crops through the period (1980-2004).
Broad bean
Lentil
Wheat
Maize
Rice
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Year
nomial
effective
nomial
effective
nomial
effective
nomial
effective
nomial
effective
1980
0.79
0.48
3.82
2.29
0.5
0.58
0.82
0.81
0.5
0.41
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1981
0.85
0.51
1.80
1.05
0.37
0.51
0.37
0.3
0.36
0.29
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1982
0.88
0.54
1.44
0.89
0.3
0.43
0.47
0.42
0.4
0.32
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1983
1.11
0.68
1.27
0.79
0.46
0.61
0.9
1
0.49
0.45
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1984
1.23
0.82
2.25
1.38
0.45
0.63
0.6
0.62
0.54
0.54
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1985
0.0004
0.62
1.4
0.84
0.44
0.65
0.66
0.83
0.62
0.69
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1986
0.753
0.243
0.788
0.442
0.55
0.81
0.58
0.73
0.52
0.61
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1987
0.791
0.27
0.791
0.37
0.46
0.68
0.52
0.61
0.4
0.44
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1988
0.775
0.251
0.794
0.455
0.31
0.45
0.39
0.42
0.46
0.55
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1989
0.728
0.365
0.734
0.56
0.45
0.49
0.51
0.53
0.49
0.48
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1990
0.753
0.471
0.818
0.512
0.69
0.74
0.75
0.75
0.64
0.61
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1991
0.762
0.587
0.805
0.6
1.8
1.07
0.95
0.94
0.98
0.96
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1992
0.705
0.563
0.78
0.56
1.4
1.04
0.97
0.95
0.74
0.97
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1993
0.925
0.582
0.767
0.457
1.2
1.03
0.87
0.82
0.9
0.87
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1994
0.917
1.036
0.8
0.571
1.23
1.25
0.98
0.97
0.98
0.97
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1995
0.919
0.819
0.819
0.441
0.92
0.86
0.96
0.94
0.92
0.89
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1996
0.917
0.578
0.822
0.645
0.81
0.77
0.78
0.7
0.99
0.99
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1997
0.916
0.511
0.793
0.574
1.07
1.09
1.4
1.6
1.2
1.3
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1998
0.915
0.606
0.82
0.575
1.25
1.25
1.22
1.33
0.63
0.55
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1999
.916
0.719
0.815
0.568
1.22
1.4
1.26
1.36
1.4
1.65
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2000
0.916
0.559
0.806
0.617
1.24
1.36
1.18
124
1.29
1.47
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2001
0.925
0.501
0.811
0.689
1.25
1.32
1.2
1.31
1.3
1.42
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2002
0.922
0.452
0.791
0.449
1.28
1.40
1.3
1.43
1.3
1.49
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2003
0.919
0.304
0.789
0.474
1.1
1.39
1.34
1.49
1.34
1.5
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2004
0.916
0.299
0.787
0.499
1.1
1.38
1.38
1.55
1.38
1.51
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