O A RIGINAL RTICLE

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Advances in Environmental Biology, 5(9): 2925-2929, 2011
ISSN 1995-0756
This is a refereed journal and all articles are professionally screened and reviewed
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Mathematical Model of Noise Pollution Simulation for Site Mobilization
Zaniar Tokmechi
Department of Civil Engineering, Mahabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mahabad, Iran
Zaniar Tokmechi; Mathematical Model of Noise Pollution Simulation for Site Mobilization
ABSTRACT
In this article, main sources of noise production in construction sites and a mathematical model are
explained and presented. Noise is a fact that you can’t see, taste or smell. It has not received as much attention
as other types of pollution, such as air pollution, or water pollution. The air around us is constantly filled with
sounds. Noise pollution is a type of energy pollution in which distracting, irritating, or damaging sounds are
freely audible. As with other forms of energy pollution (such as heat and light pollution), noise pollution
contaminants are not physical particles, but rather waves that interfere with naturally-occurring waves of a
similar type in the same environment. The findings show that all the operators in a noise mathematical model
exhibit linearity And also, noise mathematical model is a deterministic model and supposed to be static model.
Results show that it does not account for the element of time.
Key words: Mathematical model, Noise, Linear, Deterministic, Mobilization
Introduction
Often when engineers analyze a system to be
controlled or optimized, they use a mathematical
model [9]. In analysis, engineers can build a
descriptive model of the system as a hypothesis of
how the system could work, or try to estimate how
an unforeseeable event could affect the system.
Similarly, in control of a system, engineers can try
out different control approaches in simulations [19].
Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into
a natural environment that causes instability, disorder,
harm or discomfort to the ecosystem i.e. physical
systems or living organisms [1,13]. Pollution can take
the form of chemical substances or energy, such as
noise, heat, or light. Pollutants, the elements of
pollution, can be foreign substances or energies [2],
or naturally occurring; when naturally occurring, they
are considered contaminants when they exceed
natural levels [3,10]. Pollution is often classed as
point source or no point source pollution.
Noise health effects are both health and
behavioral in nature. The unwanted sound is called
noise. This unwanted sound can damage
physiological and psychological health. Noise
pollution can cause annoyance and aggression,
hypertension, high stress levels, tinnitus, hearing loss,
sleep disturbances, and other harmful effects [7,15].
Furthermore, stress and hypertension are the leading
causes to health problems, whereas tinnitus can lead
to forgetfulness, severe depression and at times panic
attacks [11].
Chronic exposure to noise may cause noiseinduced hearing loss. Older males exposed to
significant occupational noise demonstrate
significantly reduced hearing sensitivity than their
non-exposed peers, though differences in hearing
sensitivity decrease with time and the two groups are
indistinguishable by age 79 [8,16].
High noise levels can contribute to
cardiovascular effects and exposure to moderately
high levels during a single eight hour period causes
a statistical rise in blood pressure of five to ten
points and an increase in stress [15] and
Corresponding Author
Zaniar Tokmechi, Department of Civil Engineering, Mahabad Branch, Islamic Azad University,
Mahabad, Iran
Tel: +98-918-873-1933,
Fax: +98-871-3229437
E-mail: [email protected]
Adv. Environ. Biol., 5(9): 2925-2929, 2011
vasoconstriction leading to the increased blood
pressure noted above as well as to increased
incidence of coronary artery disease.
Noise pollution is also a cause of annoyance. A
2005 study by Spanish researchers found that in
urban areas households are willing to pay
approximately four Euros per decibel per year for
noise reduction [5].
The total noise that can be produced by a project
is influenced by its site mobilization; therefore, the
use of optimized mobilization helps to keep noise
down.
Large projects such as dam construction involve
different facilities including batching plants, crushing
plants, etc. Moreover, controlling their facilities and
choosing the best arrangement of them for noise
controlling are extremely complicated. While, there
is no simple solution to find the effects of noise in
a site mobilization. Thus, in this paper the a
mathematical model for noise is achieved and
presented.
Materials and methods
Mathematical Model:
Mathematical modeling is a method of
simulating real situations with mathematical equations
to forecast their future behavior. Mathematical
modeling uses tools such as decision theory, queuing
theory, and linear programming, and requires large
amounts of number crunching. It is also called
computational model [14].
A mathematical model is an abstract model that
uses mathematical language to describe the behavior
of a system [18]. Mathematical models are used
particularly in the natural sciences and engineering
disciplines (such as physics, biology, and electrical
engineering) but also in the social sciences (such as
economics, sociology and political science);
physicists, engineers, computer scientists, and
economists use mathematical models most extensively
[17].
Site Mobilization Management:
Site mobilization management is an
interdisciplinary field primarily devoted to optimize
facility placement effects on the nature and workers.
It can be achieved by optimizing facilities placements
such as batching plants and crushing plants, having
harmful effects on workers noise health. The duty
includes managing the facilities placement to keep
harmful effects down using the best arrangement of
facilities. This duty can be assisted by computer
programs. Figure 1 and Figure 2 show the
construction site of Zhawe dam in Iran.
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Noise Pollution:
The prevailing source of noise pollution in
construction site is from noisy facilities. In
construction sites, batching plants and crushing plants
noise can disturb workers and wildlife habits, thereby
affecting the manner in which workers and animals
in areas around site live. In site areas, material
transportation, noisy facilities, and even construction
noise can cause sleep disruption in humans and
animals, hearing loss, heart disease (as a result of
stress), and in severe cases even mental instability.
Results and disclusion
Noise Sources in Construction Sites:
One of the noise sources is batching plant. A
batching plant, also known as a concrete plant, is a
device that combines various noisy ingredients to
form concrete. Some of these inputs include sand,
aggregate (rocks, gravel, etc.) and cement. A concrete
plant can have a variety of very noisy parts and
accessories including, mixers, cement batchers,
aggregate batchers, radial stackers, etc. The noisy
center of concrete batching plant is the mixer.
Crushing plant is another noisy facility and is
usually used to crush rocks to final small particles in
which lots of noisy crushing equipments are needed.
We can say that the most noisy part of a crushing
plant is its core called crusher unit. While, other
parts of a crushing plant including, selecting, storage
and washing parts of aggregates are not very noisy.
Materials transportation is the noisy movement
of materials from one location to another. Modes of
transport includes trucks, conveyors, rails, etc.
Vehicles traveling on these networks may include
trucks, truck mixers, bulldozers, etc. Noises deal with
the way the vehicles are operated, and the procedures
set for transportation.
Noise Mathematical Model Classifying:
Noise mathematical model can be classified as
follows:
It is assumed to be a linear model. Mathematical
models are usually composed by variables, which are
abstractions of quantities of interest in the described
systems, and operators that act on these variables,
which can be algebraic operators, functions,
differential operators, etc. If all the operators in a
mathematical model exhibit linearity, the resulting
mathematical model is defined as linear [12].
Noise mathematical model as a deterministic
model is one in which every set of variable states is
uniquely determined by parameters in the model and
by sets of previous states of these variables [6].
Adv. Environ. Biol., 5(9): 2925-2929, 2011
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Noise supposed to be static model. A static
model does not account for the element of time,
while a dynamic model does. Dynamic models
typically are represented with difference equations or
differential equations [4].
Influence of Noise Pollution:
Fig. 1: Zhawe dam site picture 1.
According to noise mathematical model
classification, which is mentioned previously, the
mathematical model (%N=noise effect coefficient)
were be assumed as equation 1.
%N 
Subjected to 45 decibels of noise, workers
cannot sleep. At 120 decibels the ear registers pain,
but hearing damage begins at a much lower level,
about 85 decibels. The duration of the exposure is
also important. Apart from hearing loss, such noise
can cause lack of sleep, irritability, heartburn,
indigestion, ulcers, high blood pressure, and possibly
heart disease. One burst of noise, as from a passing
truck, is known to alter endocrine and neurological
functions in many workers.
Noise can have effects on animals by causing
stress, increasing risk of death by changing the
delicate balance in predator/prey detection and
avoidance, and by interfering with their use of
sounds in communication especially in relation to
reproduction and in navigation. An impact of noise
on animal life is the reduction of usable habitat that
noisy areas may cause.
Table 1: Facilities
Facility
Batching plant
Crushing plant
Dormitory
Office
Laboratory
Parking
Cement silo
Mathematical Model of Noise Pollution:
(R  r)
R
(1)
In which R is the maximum distance between
the noise source and site plan border's points. And,
r is distance between the noise source and the point
which is considered to calculate the noise effect at it.
Figure 3 shows a noise mathematical model. In
the model the noise source is located at (1,1) and R
is assumed to be (2)1/2.
An Example:
In this section a sample site plan and different
facilities are assumed. The site plan topography is
shown in Figure 4. And also, facilities considered in
the site mobilization are presented in table 1. Figure
5 shows the changes of noise coefficient in a sample
site. As it can be seen from the results, the site
mobilization and facilities places are really important
and they can have effects on the noise pollution in
the construction site.
Quantity
3
3
2
1
2
2
2
Adv. Environ. Biol., 5(9): 2925-2929, 2011
Fig. 2: Zhawe dam site picture 2.
Fig. 3: Noise mathematical model.
Fig. 4: Sample project site plan.
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Adv. Environ. Biol., 5(9): 2925-2929, 2011
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Fig. 5: Noise coefficient changes.
Conclusions:
The noise modeling frequently poses challenges
in areas of engineering. Noise can effects
environment and workers health and dealing with this
type of problem is really important. Noise is one of
the most important parameters that can be harmful
for workers.
In this article, main sources of noise production
in construction sites and mathematical model of noise
are explained and presented. The findings show that:
a. The most important causes of noise production
in a construction site are batching plant, crushing
plant and material transportation.
b. All the operators in a noise mathematical model
exhibit linearity, the resulting mathematical
model is defined as linear.
c. Noise mathematical model as a deterministic
model is one in which every set of variable
states is uniquely determined by parameters in
the model and by sets of previous states of these
variables.
d. Noise supposed to be static model. and does not
account for the element of time.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
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