Advances in Environmental Biology Phoenix dactylifera Souf, Algeria)

Advances in Environmental Biology, 8(24) December 2014, Pages: 29-36
AENSI Journals
Advances in Environmental Biology
ISSN-1995-0756
EISSN-1998-1066
Journal home page: http://www.aensiweb.com/AEB/
Selection of male date palms (Phoenix dactylifera L.) at “Daouia” station (Oued
Souf, Algeria)
1Bilal
Benamor, 1Larbi Boughediri and 2Adel Chala
1
Laboratory of Plant Biology and Environment, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Badji Mokhtar, P.O. Box 12
Annaba 23000, Algeria.
2
Laboratory of Applied Mathematics, Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Mohammed Khider, P.O. Box 145
Biskra 07000, Algeria.
ARTICLE INFO
Article history:
Received 11 October 2014
Received in revised form 21 November
2014
Accepted 25 December 2014
Available online 16 January 2015
Keywords:
Male
date
palms,
Selection,
Physiological markers, Descriptive
characteristics, Oued Souf, Algeria.
ABSTRACT
Since antiquity, the date palm selection concerned only the female trees and never male
ones, which called locally “Dokkars”, in spite of their influence on the quality and the
quantity of date production. A collection of palm trees from “Daouia” Agricultural
Exploitation Company situated in Oued Souf, Algeria was studied during 2013. The
laboratory physiological features (pollen viability by the vital coloring test and “in
vitro” germination test), and the palm trees characteristics according to farmers
(localization, maturity, production of spathes also pollen and pollen quality) were
investigated. The obtained results showed the existence of a high variability in the
physiological markers between the various pollen types, which reflects the great
diversity of the “Dokkars”. The pollen viability for the majority of palm trees was
always higher than 75%, therefore, they considered of good quality. The farmers’
observations concerning the descriptive characteristics of the palm trees are regarded as
a complement of the study conducted in the laboratory. The factorial correspondence
analysis showed the existence of correlation between the studied characteristics and the
quality of pollen as well as the repartition of male date palms into three categories;
good, fair and bad. The goal of this study is to select, on the level of “Daouia” station,
the best male palm trees presenting a good genetic potential in order to multiply them
vegetatively.
© 2014 AENSI Publisher All rights reserved.
To Cite This Article: Bilal Benamor, Larbi Boughediri and Adel Chala., Selection of male date palms (Phoenix dactylifera L.) at “Daouia”
station (Oued Souf, Algeria). Adv. Environ. Biol., 8(24), 29-36, 2014
INTRODUCTION
The date palm is one of the oldest fruit trees [5,1,15]. The botanical name of date palm, Phoenix
dactylifera L., is presumably derived from a Phoenician name “Phoenix” which means date palm, and
“dactylifera” is derived from a Greek word daktulos meaning a finger, illustrating the fruits’ form [25].
Dactylifera Phoenix is a palm in the genus Phoenix [37]. It belonging to the Arecaceae family represents an
important economical and ecological culture for many countries [19,4,16]. Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is
Monocot and it has been widely cultivated for its fruits [20]. It is dioecious [26], a diploid (2n=2x=36) [34], and
the predicted genome size is estimated to be approximately between 550 and 650 Mbp [9]. This species is
widely cultivated in Algeria and occupies a very important place in Sahara agriculture and the nation's economy.
The male palm trees pose a particular problem; they generally result from seeds seldom cloned and often
constitute unique genotypes. The quality of pollen varies from one palm tree to another [10].
The male palm trees locally named “Dokkars” are form heterogeneous populations. They are sometimes
identified by the name of the female cultivar which resembles to it phenotypically [12]. The selection of good
pollen is essential for the improvement of the yields and the production quality since obtaining the significant
yields is related to the success of pollination and the wise choice of the pollinators [6]. Many investigations on
the selection and evaluation of male date palms showed that these male palm trees are different in physiological
parameters [2,8,40,23,3,24,27,28,22,39].
Within the frame of this work, carried out at the “Daouia” Agricultural Exploitation Company (Oued Souf,
South-eastern Algeria), 80 male palm trees were investigated. Thus, 80 trees were divided into four groups
resembling phenotypically to the four local varieties (“Deglet Nour”, “Degla Beida”, “Ghars” and “D’guel”).
Corresponding Author: Bilal Benamor. Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Badji Mokhtar, P.O.
Box 12.Annaba 23000. Algeria.
Tel: +213666729206; E-mail: [email protected]
30
Bilal Benamor et al, 2014
Advances in Environmental Biology, 8(24) December 2014, Pages: 29-36
The qualitative characteristics according to the description of the farmers, and the quantitative features related to
the pollen grains were studied. The aim of this study consists in defining, through the statistical analysis, the
quality parameters of the palm trees and the pollen in order to characterize the male palm trees and select the
best one.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials:
The studied station:
The “Daouia” station is situated between 6°47'21" and 6°48'27" east longitude, and 33°22'6" and 33°20'46"
north latitude. It is located between 4 Municipalities of El-Oued County (El Oued, Ouermes, Oued El Alennda
and Robbah) with a surface area of more than 300 acre. It counts a total of 15866 female palm trees and 715
male palm trees (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1: Geographical situation of “Daouia” station in Oued Souf, Algeria.
Accordingly, four types of male palm trees were studied. They were defined according to their
morphological appearances approved by the station as follows: type “Deglet Nour” (DN) noted A, type “Degla
Beida” (DB) noted B, type “Ghars” (GH) noted C and type “D’guel” (DG) noted D. Twenty trees of each type
having roughly the same age were randomly sampled.
Methods:
Characteristics of the palm trees:
The qualitative characteristics are obtained from the investigations of the station’s farmers. However, three
states are noted; well irrigated A, well maintained B; well irrigated and badly maintained C, and badly irrigated
and badly maintained. For maturity, based on flowering time, males were grouped as follows; early flowering
(during February), seasonal (mid flowering, during March) and late flowering (during April and sometimes
extended till the first week of May). For the production of the spathes, 3 variables exist; many, medium and few.
For the production of pollen, 3 groups were defined; rich, medium and poor [31]. For the pollen quality, it is
determined according to its color and odor, and they are divided into 3 categories; good, fair and bad.
Study of pollen:
The matured spathes were collected from the male trees. For pollen extraction, the strands were cut off and
spread on paper sheets to dry slowly during few days in clean rooms. Then, the pollen grains were separated
from the flower parts by using fine sieves. Pollen samples were stored in vials and transported to the Palynology
laboratory at the University Badji Mokhtar-Annaba [36].
Test of pollen viability:
Pollen viability was determined by staining techniques. A small amount of pollen grains was placed on
slide and 1-2 drop of 1% acetocarmine solution was added. The slides were placed for few minutes on a hot
plate. The viability of pollen grains was examined under a light microscope at 400x magnifying power (Model
Zeiss). Pollen grains that stained red were considered viable, whereas the colorless pollen grains were
considered non-viable, and then the percent viability was calculated on 300 grains of pollen [24].
The percentage of “in vitro” germination was defined as being the relationship between the number of
germinated grains and the full number of grains to be germinated. The basic solution for the “in vitro”
germination of pollen is that of [14]. This solution was modified and adapted to the pollen of date palms by [18].
It is called Modified Brewbaker and Kwack (MBK). The solution composition was as the following; 15%
sucrose, 50 ppm H3PO4, 300 ppm Ca(NO3)2, 200 ppm MgSO4, 100 ppm KNO3, 100ml of distilled water and 1%
Agar [13,12].
31
Bilal Benamor et al, 2014
Advances in Environmental Biology, 8(24) December 2014, Pages: 29-36
Statistical analysis:
The XLStat version 2009 software for windows was used as follows:
1) Data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the significance levels (P˂0.05, P˂ 0.01 and P˂
0.001) were determined by the F-test [28].
2) Linear correlation was performed to determine the association among physiological parameters by using
Pearson correlation coefficient [30].
3) The factorial correspondence analysis allows to find causal links between the 80 “Dokkars”, on one hand, and
the 7 parameters studied (% of viable pollen grains, % of germination, localization, maturity, production of the
spathes, production of pollen and quality according to the Farmers) on the other hand [35].
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Tables 1, 2, 3 and 4 have the experimental results of the 7 parameters studied for the four types of male
palm trees, “Deglet Nour” (A), “Degla Beida” (B), “Ghars” (C) and “D’guel” (D).
Table 1: Results of pollen viability and the descriptive characteristics of palm trees type “Deglet Nour”.
% of viable
% of
Production of
Males
Localization
Maturity
pollen grains
germination
spathes
A1
93.67
84
A
Late
Few
A2
84.67
64
A
Late
Many
A3
89
71
A
Late
Many
A4
89.67
74
B
Early
Many
A5
92
76
A
Late
Many
A6
98.33
85.67
B
Late
Many
A7
99.33
81.33
A
Early
Medium
A8
83.67
58
C
Early
Many
A9
84.33
61
A
Late
Few
A10
89.33
69
B
Late
Medium
A11
96
82
C
Late
Many
A12
97
86.33
C
Early
Many
A13
95.33
80.67
A
Early
Few
A14
88.33
68
B
Seasonal
Many
A15
93
79.33
A
Early
Many
A16
84
60
A
Early
Many
A17
94.33
78.33
C
Early
Few
A18
88
66.67
C
Late
Medium
A19
96.33
90
B
Early
Few
A20
94
92
C
Early
Medium
Average
91.52±4.97
75.37±10.23
Table 2: Results of pollen viability and the descriptive characteristics of palm trees type “Degla Beida”.
% of viable
% of
Production of
Males
Localization
Maturity
pollen grains
germination
spathes
B1
96.33
87
A
Early
Medium
B2
87.67
67
B
Early
Medium
B3
88.33
73
A
Early
Few
B4
99
91
B
Early
Many
B5
95.67
85.33
A
Seasonal
Many
B6
98.67
92.67
B
Seasonal
Many
B7
97.67
94.67
C
Late
Many
B8
84
63
A
Early
Many
B9
99.67
80
C
Seasonal
Many
B10
98
88.33
A
Early
Few
B11
88.67
70.33
C
Early
Many
B12
92.33
82
A
Early
Many
B13
93.67
86
C
Early
Many
B14
89.67
71.67
B
Early
Many
B15
84.67
61.33
A
Early
Medium
B16
99.33
89
C
Early
Few
B17
84.33
60.67
C
Seasonal
Few
B18
98.33
93.67
A
Late
Many
B19
83.67
63.67
A
Seasonal
Many
B20
89.33
74.67
B
Early
Few
Average
92.45±5.84
78.75±11.71
Table 3: Results of pollen viability and the descriptive characteristics of palm trees type “Ghars”.
% of viable
% of
Production of
Males
Localization
Maturity
pollen grains
germination
spathes
C1
88
70.33
B
Seasonal
Many
Production of
pollen
Rich
Medium
Poor
Poor
Rich
Poor
Medium
Poor
Medium
Medium
Medium
Rich
Medium
Medium
Poor
Rich
Medium
Medium
Rich
Rich
Production of
pollen
Rich
Medium
Medium
Rich
Rich
Medium
Rich
Poor
Poor
Poor
Medium
Rich
Poor
Medium
Poor
Rich
Rich
Medium
Poor
Poor
Production of
pollen
Poor
Quality
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Fair
Good
Good
Good
Fair
Good
Good
Good
Fair
Good
Good
Quality
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Fair
Good
Good
Good
Quality
Fair
32
Bilal Benamor et al, 2014
Advances in Environmental Biology, 8(24) December 2014, Pages: 29-36
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
C11
C12
C13
C14
C15
C16
C17
C18
C19
C20
Average
81
83.67
84.33
83
88.67
80.67
95.33
87
88.33
91
84
97
86
82
80.33
96
81.33
82.33
94
86.70±5.44
59.67
61
62
63.33
72.67
64
87
72
73.67
86.33
59
90.33
67.33
57.33
58
85.67
54
56
91
69.53±12.34
C
C
A
A
A
A
A
C
B
A
C
C
B
B
B
C
A
C
B
Early
Seasonal
Early
Seasonal
Early
Late
Early
Seasonal
Early
Early
Late
Early
Seasonal
Late
Late
Early
Early
Early
Early
Few
Medium
Few
Few
Medium
Many
Few
Few
Medium
Medium
Few
Many
Medium
Few
Medium
Medium
Many
Many
Many
Table 4: Results of pollen viability and the descriptive characteristics of palm trees type “D’guel”.
% of viable
% of
Production of
Males
Localization
Maturity
pollen grains
germination
spathes
D1
75.67
51
B
Late
Few
D2
96.33
79
A
Early
Few
D3
87
69
B
Late
Medium
D4
79.67
48.33
C
Early
Few
D5
99
87.67
A
Seasonal
Many
D6
89
67
C
Seasonal
Medium
D7
92
81
C
Seasonal
Few
D8
78
49
A
Late
Many
D9
76
47.67
A
Early
Few
D10
77
63
A
Late
Few
D11
86.33
71.33
A
Seasonal
Medium
D12
75.33
57
C
Late
Many
D13
76.67
64.33
A
Late
Medium
D14
77.67
55.33
C
Late
Medium
D15
78.33
59
A
Seasonal
Few
D16
88
72
B
Seasonal
Many
D17
91
82
A
Early
Many
D18
79
60
C
Late
Few
D19
81.33
46.33
B
Late
Many
D20
82
45.67
C
Seasonal
Few
Average
83.27±7,29
62.78±13,06
Poor
Poor
Rich
Poor
Medium
Poor
Poor
Medium
Rich
Poor
Medium
Medium
Medium
Poor
Poor
Medium
Medium
Medium
Poor
Production of
pollen
Medium
Rich
Rich
Medium
Medium
Medium
Rich
Rich
Poor
Poor
Poor
Poor
Rich
Poor
Medium
Rich
Medium
Poor
Poor
Poor
Bad
Fair
Good
Bad
Fair
Bad
Good
Fair
Good
Good
Bad
Good
Fair
Bad
Bad
Good
Good
Bad
Good
Quality
Bad
Good
Fair
Bad
Good
Fair
Bad
Bad
Bad
Bad
Fair
Bad
Bad
Bad
Bad
Good
Good
Bad
Bad
Bad
The pollen viability:
By the vital coloring:
The pollen viability measured by acetocarmine method is higher than 75% for all the palm trees. Several authors
noted that the viability of the fresh pollen of date palm has been almost always higher than 75%
[36,8,40,3,28,7,17].
By in vitro germination:
The germination percentage of the studied pollen grains varies between 45 and 95%. The pollen variation of
“Deglet Nour”, “Degla Beida”, “Ghars” and “D’guel” types was 58-92%, 60.67-94.67%, 54-91% and 45.6787.67%, respectively.
Table 5 shows the analysis of variance to only one parameter for the physiological characteristics of vital
coloring and in vitro germination tests. It shows a significant difference (P˂0.05) between the four types. This
confirms the results obtained by [2,8,3,22,23,24] who reported also a highly significant difference (P˂0.01)
between the four types. Similar results were obtained by [27,39]. Table 5 shows also a very highly significant
difference (P˂0.001) between these types. However, this result is noted by [40]. The differences in pollen
viability among studied male types can be used to study the variability in their genetic characteristics. A positive
correlation (r= 0.92) exist between the two tests of viability (table 6).
Descriptive Analyses of the male palm trees characteristics:
The figure 2 shows that the majority of the studied male palm trees are of good quality (60%), well irrigated and
well maintained (42%), early (47%) and produce a high number of spathes (43%). Thus, 38% of these palm
33
Bilal Benamor et al, 2014
Advances in Environmental Biology, 8(24) December 2014, Pages: 29-36
trees produce a low quantity of pollen and 36% of them produce a medium quantity. Nasr et al. [31] noticed that
from the 601 male palm trees studied in Saudi Arabia, 46.06% produce pollen of fair quantity. The evaluation of
the production of “Daouia” station allowed us to consider that the “Dokkars” flowering period is seldom
extended until the month of May. This is the case in almost every oasis of the potential production zones of the
date palms in the world [29,21,33].
Table 5: Analysis of variance of viability parameter.
Parameters
% of viable pollen
grains
% of germination
Source of variations
D. f.
Male
Error
Total
Male
Error
Total
3
76
79
3
76
79
Mean
square
368.89
35.39
F
F
F
P
*10.43
**10.43
***10.43
0.000
982.19
141.19
*6.96
**6.96
***6.96
0.000
*: significant at 5%.
**: significant at 1%.
***: significant at 0.1%.
Table 6: Pearson’s correlation coefficient of the physiological parameters.
Parameters
% of viable pollen grains
% of viable pollen grains
1
% of germination
0.92
% of germination
0.92
1
Fig. 2: The qualitative characteristics of the male palm trees.
Results of the factorial correspondence analysis:
Table 7: Viability parameters and the descriptive characters of the male palm trees subjected to the factorial correspondence analysis.
Parameters
N° of created classes
The names
Definition of the classes
Interval of the classes
Vp1
very high
(90-100%)
% of viable
3
Vp2
Fair
(85-90%)
pollen grains
Vp3
very low
(75-85%)
G1
very high
(75-95%)
% of “in vitro”
3
G2
Fair
(65-75%)
germination
G3
very low
(45-65%)
Lo1
A
Localization of
3
Lo2
B
males
Lo3
C
M1
Early
Maturity of
3
M2
Seasonal
males
M3
Late
Ps1
Many
Spathes
3
Ps2
Medium
Production
Ps3
Few
Pp1
Rich
Pollen
production
3
Pp2
Medium
Pp3
Poor
Q1
Good
Pollen Quality
3
Q2
Fair
Q3
Bad
Figure 3 demonstrates that the projection of the first two axes (1 and 2) gathers a significant part of the
variance (43.03%). There is a gathering of the pollen characteristics in 3 groups of the associated palm trees:
34
Bilal Benamor et al, 2014
Advances in Environmental Biology, 8(24) December 2014, Pages: 29-36
From a positive side, the group “I” corresponds to the characteristics of mean pollen quality (Q2): medium
percentage of viable pollen grains (Vp2= 85-90%) and medium percentage of germinated pollen (G2= 65-75%).
The male palm trees are well irrigated and badly maintained, seasonal (mid flowering) and produce a medium
number of spathes and a medium quantity of pollen. The majority of them are of types “Deglet Nour” (26%),
“Degla Beida” (26%) and “Ghars” (26%).
From a negative side, the group “II” corresponds to the characteristics of bad pollen quality (Q3): a very
low percentage of viable pollen grains (Vp3= 75-85%) and very low percentage of germinated pollen (G3= 4565%). The male palm trees are badly irrigated and badly maintained, late and produce a few of spathes and a
poor quantity of pollen. Most of them are of type “D’guel” (42%).
From an intermediate side, the group “III” corresponds to the characteristics of good pollen quality (Q1): a
very high percentage of viable pollen grains (Vp1= 90-100%) and a very high percentage of germinated pollen
(G1= 75-95%). This result is noticed by several authors who confirmed that the percentage of germination of
good quality pollen is higher than 75% [32,7]. The male palm trees are well irrigated and well maintained, early
and produce a great number of spathes and a great quantity of pollen. Most of them are of types “Deglet Nour”
(37%) and “Degla Beida” (37%).
Figure 3 enables us to distinguish the male palm trees of bad quality (A2, A8, A9, A16, B8, B15, B17, B19,
C2, C3, C4, C5, C7, C12, C15, C16, C18, C19, D1, D4, D7, D8, D9, D10, D12, D13, D14, D15, D18, D19 and
D20), of mean quality (A3, A4, A10, A14, A18, B2, B3, B11, B14, B20, C1, C6, C9, C10, C14, D3, D6, D11
and D16) and of good quality (A1, A5, A6, A7, A11, A12, A13, A15, A17, A19, A20, B1, B4, B5, B6, B7, B9,
B10, B12, B13, B16, B18, C8, C11, C13, C17, C20, D2, D5 and D17).
When the dominance of male date palms of types “Deglet Nour” and “Degla Beida” in the good group
quality is more than the mean quality group. Thus, the FCA shows that most of the male palm trees of good
quality are of types “Deglet Nour” and “Degla Beida”, of mean quality are of type “Ghars” and of bad quality
are of type “D’guel”.
When the results of the statistical analysis were compared by FCA and the farmers’ observations, a
contradiction in the quality of pollens of the following trees were noted; A2, A3, A4, A8, A9, A16, B2, B3, B8,
B11, B14, B15, B17, B19, B20, C3, C4, C10, C18 and D16.
Fig. 3: Results of the factorial correspondence analysis.
Conclusion:
The majority of the studied male palm trees are in good state for all the descriptive parameters held by
farmers (well localized, early, and producing a great number of spathes and a good quality of pollen), except the
pollen production parameter (a little or medium quantity of pollen is produced).
The estimation of the pollen viability revealed that the percentage of viable pollen grains oscillates between
75 and 100%. The percentage of germination of the good quality pollen is higher than 75%. The viability
characteristics vary considerably from one type to another. Consequently, there is a high heterogeneity between
the various types of male palm, and every one of them contains specific characteristics.
The factorial correspondence analysis shows that the selection of the best productive trees of good pollen is
based primarily on six parameters; the very high percentage of viable pollen grains, the very high percentage of
germination, a good irrigation and maintenance, precocity, production of a great number of spathes and a rich
quantity of pollen. It shows a contradiction about the quality according to farmers on some male palm trees.
Thus, the farmers’ observations are not effective to evaluate pollen. For that, the quality parameters should be
35
Bilal Benamor et al, 2014
Advances in Environmental Biology, 8(24) December 2014, Pages: 29-36
studied in laboratory for the confirmation or the invalidation; as in the case of pollen viability test studied in this
work.
The final aim of the actual research is to select, on the level of “Daouia” station, the best male palm trees,
which had presented a good genetic potential in order to multiply them vegetatively and eliminate the bad
“Dokkars”. Moreover, some palm trees of fair quality may give, in other climatic conditions, good pollen. For
that, a confirming investigation is suggested to carry out this experimental work again in the coming seasons in
order to recognize and determine the stable parameters and consider them as quality indicators.
REFERENCES
[1] Akhtar, W., A. Rasheed, Z.K. Shinwari, S.M.S. Naqvi and T. Mahmood, 2014. Genetic characterization of
different Pakistani date palm varieties. Pak. J. Bot., 46(6): 2095-2100.
[2] Al-Jibouri, A.A.M., F.A. Fattah, I.S. Alsaadawi, M. Selbi and M. Kgazal, 1990. Morphometrics and
scanning electron microscopy of pollen of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.). Arab Gulf Journal Scientist
Research, 8(2): 109-117.
[3] Al-Khalifah, N.S., 2006. Metaxenia: Influence of pollen on the maternal tissue of fruits of two cultivars of
date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.). Bangladesh J. Bot., 35(2): 151-161.
[4] Al-Shawaf, A.M., A. Al-Shagag, M. Al-Bagshi, S. Al-Saroj, S. Al-Bather, A. M. Al-Dandan, A. Ben
Abdallah and J. R. Faleiro, 2013. A quarantine protocol against red palm weevil Rhynchophorus
ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleptera: Curculiondae) in date palm. Journal of Plant Protection Research, 53(4):
409-415.
[5] Al-Shreed, F., M. Al-Jamal, A. Al-Abbad, Z. Al-Elaiw, A. Ben Abdallah and H. Belaifa, 2012. A study on
the export of Saudi Arabian dates in the global markets. Journal of Development and Agricultural
Economics, 4(9): 268-274.
[6] Babahani, S., 2004. La sélection paysanne des “Dokkars” existe-elle en Algérie: Etude de cas dans la région
d’Ouargla. Revue des Régions Arides, Numéro Spéciale, 847-852.
[7] Babahani, S., 2011. Analyse biologique et agronomique de palmiers mâles et conduite de l’éclaircissage des
fruits chez les cultivars “Ghars” et “Deglet Nour”, thèse de Doctorat en sciences agronomiques, E. N. S. A.
El- Harrach, Alger.
[8] Bacha, M.A.A., M.A. Aly, R.S. Al-Obeed and A.O. Abdul-Rahman, 2000. Compatibility Relationships in
Some Date Palm Cultivars (Phoenix dactylifera L.). J. King Saud Univ., Agric. Sci., 12(2): 81-95.
[9] Bodian, A., M. Nachtigall, L. Frese, M.A. Elhoumaizi, A. Hasnaoui, K.N. Ndir and D. Sané, 2014. Genetic
diversity analysis of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivars from Morocco using SSR markers. Journal
of Biodiversity, Bioprospecting and Development, 1(3): 1-8.
[10] Boughediri, L., M.C. Carbonnier-Jarreau, 1993. Note sur la viabilité du pollen de palmier dattier au cours
de sa conservation à long terme. Réseau Amélioration Production Agronomique Milieu Aride, 5: 267-278.
[11] Boughediri, L.,N. Bounaga, 1991. Etude de la conservation du pollen de palmier dattier (Phoenix
dactylifera L.). I- Résultats préliminaires. Annales Sciences Naturelles, Botanique, Paris, 11: 119-124.
[12] Boughediri, L., 1994. Le pollen de palmier dattier (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Approche multidisciplinaire et
modélisation des différents paramètres en vue de créer une banque de pollens, thèse de Doctorat en
botanique tropicale, Université de Paris 6, France.
[13] Boughediri, L., F. Maanani, M. Missaoui, N. Bounaga, J.C. Dore, 1994. Analyse typologique d’une
population de palmiers dattiers mâles (Phoenix dactylifera L.) au moyen de différentes approches
multiparamétriques. Réseau Amélioration Production Agronomique Milieu Aride, 6: 263-277.
[14] Brewbacker, J.L. and B.H. Kwack, 1963. The essential role of calcium ion in pollen germination and tube
growth. Amer. J. Bot., 50: 859-865.
[15] El-Sharnouby, G.A., S.M. Aleid and M.M. Al-Otaibi, 2014. Production of Liquid Sugar from Date Palm
(Phoenix dactylifera L.) Fruits. Advances in Environmental Biology, 8(10): 93-100.
[16] Esmaeilifar, A., 2013. Influence of irrigation, phosphorus and mycorhiza on date palm. Advances in
Environmental Biology, 7(1): 123-130.
[17] Farag, K.M., A.S. Elsabagh and H.A. El-Ashry, 2012. Fruit Characteristics of “Zaghloul” Date Palm in
Relation to Metaxenic Influences of Used Pollinator. American-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 12(7):
842-855.
[18] Furr, J.R. and V.M. Enriquez, 1966. Germination of date pollen in culture media. Date Grower’s Inst., 43:
24-27.
[19] Gaceb-Terrak, R., F. Rahmania, 2012. Détection et identification de saponines stéroïdes de type spirostane
chez le palmier dattier Phoenix dactylifera L. (Arecaceae). Acta Botanica Gallica: Botany Letters, 159(4):
477-483.
36
Bilal Benamor et al, 2014
Advances in Environmental Biology, 8(24) December 2014, Pages: 29-36
[20] Hosseinkhani, H., M. Euring and A. Kharazipour, 2015. Utilization of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.)
pruning residues as raw material for MDF manufacturing. Journal of Materials Science Research, 4(1): 4662.
[21] Hussein, F., 1983. Pollinisation du dattier et son effet sur la production et la qualité des fruits in: King
Faisal University. In the first symposium on the date palm, pp: 15-24.
[22] Iqbal, M., 2005. Effect of various dactylifera males and pollination innovation in fruit setting and yield of
cv. Dhakki, Ph. D. thesis in agriculture, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan.
[23] Iqbal, M., M. Munir and M. Niamat Ullah, 2011. Effect of different dactylifera males and their whorl pollen
grain on fruit set, fruit drop and fruit characteristics of Dhakki date palm. J. Agric. Res., 49(4): 507-516.
[24] Iqbal, M., Jalal-ud-Din, M. Mounir and M. Khan, 2009. Floral characteristics of the different male date
palms and their response to fruit setting and yield of cv. Dhakki. Pakistan J. Agric. Res., 22(1-2): 36-41.
[25] Kabiru, S.M., O. C. Abiodun and Y. S. Abdul Rahman, 2014. Control of Oryctes Monoceros on Date Palm
Field in Sudan-Savannah Vegetative Zone of Nigeria. World Journal of Agricultural Research, 2(6): 285290.
[26] Marsafari, M. and A.A. Mehrabi, 2013. Molecular identification and genetic diversity of Iranian date palm
(Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivars using ISSR and RAPD markers. Australian Journal of Crop Science, 7(8):
1160-1166.
[27] Mortazavi, S.M.H., K. Arzani and A. Moieni, 2010. Optimizing storage and in vitro germination of date
palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) pollen. J. Agr. Sci. Tech., 12: 181-189.
[28] Moustafa, A.A., Z.A. Ibrahim, S.A.S. El-Yazel and M.A. El-Anwer, 2010. Evaluation and selection of
some seedling date palm males grown in Fayoum Governorate, Egypt. Acta Hort. (ISHS), 882: 69-80.
[29] Munier, P., 1973. Le palmier dattier. G. P. Maisonneuve et Larose, Paris.
[30] N’Guyen, J.M., F. Mauny et Έ. Albuisson, 2009. Corrélation et régression. Biostatistique, Eds., Beuscart,
R., J. Bénichou, P. Roy et C. Quantin. Omniscience, 2 rue Paul Eluard- 93100 Montreuil, France, pp: 245267.
[31] Nasr, T. A., M.A. Shaheen and M.A. Bacha, 1986. Evaluation of seedling male palms used in pollination in
the central region of Saudi Arabia. Date Palm Journal, 8: 163-175.
[32] Osman, A. M. A. and M.I. Asif, 1983. Study of variation in date pollen material. In the first Symposium on
the date palm, pp: 62-65.
[33] Peyron, G., 2000. Cultiver le palmier dattier. Cirad, Montpellier.
[34] Racchi, M.L., A. Bove, A. Turchi, G. Bashir, M. Battaglia and A. Camussi, 2014. Genetic characterization
of Libyan date palm resources by microsatellite markers. 3 Biotech, 4: 21-32.
[35] Saporta, G., 1990. Probabilités, analyse des données et statistique. Technip, Paris.
[36] Shaheen, M.A., T.A. Nasr and M.A. Bacha, 1986. Date palm pollen viability in relation to storage
conditions. In the second symposium on the date palm, pp: 331-336.
[37] Shahraki, A.S. and E. Gholipoor, 2012. Economical management of Date fertilization using statistic quality
control Case Study: Date groves of Sistan and Baluchestan Province, IRAN. Advances in Environmental
Biology, 6(8): 2296-2300.
[38] Six, P., F. Mentré, 2009. Les tests de comparaison des moyennes. Biostatistique, Eds., Beuscart, R., J.
Bénichou, P. Roy et C. Quantin. Omniscience, 2 rue Paul Eluard- 93100 Montreuil, France, pp: 203-217.
[39] Soliman, S.S. and R.S. Al-Obeed, 2013. Investigations on the pollen morphology of some date palm males
(Phoenix dactylifera L.) in: Saudi Arabia. Australian Journal of Crop Science, 7(9): 1355-1360.
[40] Tirichine, A., H. Saka, A. Zaki, S. Chaouki, B. Moussaoui, B. Amara et A. Kermiche, 2001. Evaluation
préliminaire des caractéristiques inflorescentielles de quelques palmiers dattiers mâles de la région de Touat
au Sud-Ouest algérien. Institut National Recherche Agronomique Algérie, 8: 5-11.