A O

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Advances in Environmental Biology, 6(7): 1922-1927, 2012
ISSN 1995-0756
This is a refereed journal and all articles are professionally screened and reviewed
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Necessary of human relationship in current life: Do SMS addiction is threat or
opportunity?
1
Ramazan Hassanzadeh. Ph.D and 2Atefeh Beydokhti (M.A)
1
2
Department of Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Sari- Branch (Iran).
Master of Psychology, Islamic Azad University-Sari Branch
Ramazan Hassanzadeh. Ph.D and Atefeh Beydokhti (M.A); Necessary of human relationship in current
life: Do SMS addiction is threat or opportunity?
ABSTRACT
Objective :Aim of this research is study of necessary of human relationship in current life.The use of the
mobile and other technology tools has increased considerably over the last few years. With this increasing
number of mobile users, the problem of SMS addiction has attracted high attention from psychiatrists,
psychologists and educators. Materials and Methods: In this study the descriptive method used. All of the
student of Islamic Azad university Mazandaran Province were considered as population of this research. The
sample included 345 students were selected by using Kerejcie and Morgan's table. The research instruments was
Social Anxiety and SMS addiction questionnaires. As for the reliability of the instrument, Cronbach -Alpha
coefficients were calculated 0.81. and 0.76. The scores obtained from both questionnaires were subjected to a
number of descriptive and inferential statistics. Results :Results of research showed that: There is a relationship
between students SMS addiction and their social anxiety (r= 0.389, P<.05). There is significant difference
between SMS addiction in Married and No married students (t= 2.648, P<.05 ).There isn’t significant difference
between social anxiety in students of university with different age. (F= 0.706, P>.05 ). Conclusion: Cellular
phone use (CPU) is an important part of today life. Text-message dependency may be based on an acute need
for interpersonal communication . SMS addiction not only is a threat for life but also it have many
opportunities for success and achievement.
Key words: social anxiety, SMS addiction, college students.
Introduction
Internet addiction and text-message dependency
or SMS addiction is handled as a dependent tendency
on some particular behavior in relation to usage of
the communication media rather than as a unique
psychiatric disorder [44]. Some of researchers
believe that text-message dependency would be
mainly induced by certain predispositions such as
impulse control problems and social anxiety. In other
words, Internet and text-message dependency should
be treated with more care for its antecedents and may
have some threats for good human relationship. In
today life ,world of technology, SMS and Internet
addiction is a relatively common problem especially
among students. Text messaging or instant
messaging, is on the rise among young people. SMS
and Internet addiction have symptoms such as poor
human relationship ,loneliness ,low self esteem
,negative attitudes toward others etc [13,14]. The
Internet was once used by adolescents to fulfill their
needs for entertainment or to learn new information
[42]; however, today they are increasingly using it to
interact with friends. Problematic CPU could be
considered as one form of technological addictions.
Because DSM-IV-TR does not offer a category for
addictions [1], confusion has reigned in the
diagnosis, treatment, and research of these
conditions. A popular response, reflected in the work
of addictions researchers such as Griffiths [10], is
that non-substance addictions are compared to the
diagnostic criteria for established substance
addictions to provide both a biopsychosocial context
and a direction for a comprehensive model of
addiction [9,39]. Cell phone use is also on the rise
among young people. A recent Pew Internet research
study reported that approximately 33% of teens not
only have a cell phone [25], but approximately 64%
of them said they send text messages on a regular
basis. Mirroring the uses of IMs, young females also
tend to use text messaging more so than do males.
Although some research suggests that computer
mediated technologies and socially interactive
technologies promote and even increase face-to-face
social interaction [30], others argue that these
technologies allow users to avoid or replace face-toface communication [34]. If the person is shy
(socially anxious) and feels uncomfortable with face-
Corresponding Author
Ramazan Hassanzadeh. Ph.D., Department of Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Sari- Branch
(Iran).
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Adv. Environ. Biol., 6(7): 1922-1927, 2012
to-face interactions, these technologies may serve as
a useful tool for avoiding such unpleasant situations
and
therefore
may
replace
face-to-face
communication.
Social
anxiety
influences
technological versus face-to-face communication.
Although the widespread availability of textmessages provides a convenient way of
communication, it has been pointed out that some
people show overdependence on text-messages in
their daily lives, or the so-called ‘text-message
dependency’ [17]. According to the definition and
the characteristics of Internet dependency introduced
above, this study operationally defines text-message
dependency as “text-messaging-related compulsive
behavior that causes psychological/behavioral
symptoms resulting in negative social outcomes.”
Although this definition involves broader ranges of
phenomenon caused by text-messages, this study
particularly aims to focus on the relationship between
psychosocial factors and psychological/behavioral
symptoms throughout the process of text-message
usage.
In terms of text-message dependency,
interpersonal relationships with intimate friends are
considered to be a significant trigger [32,41]. The
contextual mobility of mobile phones provides
freedom of choice to users in both private and public
situations [20]. In particular, text-message
dependency may be based on an acute need for
interpersonal communication. Text-messages are
exchanged mainly within existing social networks
composed of acquaintances who have already known
each other [19]. Although text-messages are useful
for maintaining weak and strong relationships, they
also cause ‘text-messaging ostracism’ that leads to
isolation or exclusion in text-message-mediated
friendship networks [40]. Thus, some people may be
obsessive about receiving and sending text-messages
to avoid rejection, implying that text-message
dependency is related to a compulsion for gaining
approval from intimate friends. Compulsive use of
communication media may produce negative social
outcomes.
Due to excessive time spent online,
psychological/behavioral symptoms, such as sleeping
disorder and social withdrawal, come to appear [46].
Existing research has revealed a strong positive
relationship
between
psychological/behavioral
symptoms and the amount of time spent on the
Internet [46]. In fact, while people who use the
Internet for many hours can become dependent on
the Internet, it is also plausible that one can spend
large amounts of time on the Internet without
experiencing psychological/behavioral symptoms.
For example, recent research has reported that first
year college students in Japan exchange 20.1 textmessages on average in a day [17]. Recently,
Igarashi et al. [19] proposed three factors of selfperception related to psychological/behavioral
symptoms of text-message dependency. The first
factor is the perception about excessive use of textmessages. Heavy message users spend a substantial
amount of time exchanging messages throughout the
day and may perceive themselves as being too
involved in text-messages without self-control. The
second factor is the perception about relationship
maintenance function of text-messages by means of
an alternative for face-to-face communication. While
text-messages are most frequently used among
adolescents, there is evidence that adolescents
especially yearn for building close relationships and
having a strong anxiety toward failure in
communication [25].
Although there is no specific personality factors
predicting Internet dependency, several studies have
examined the relationship of Internet dependency
with individual dispositions, such as self-esteem [2],
perceived social skills [5], and loneliness [17].
However, CPU may result in physiological and
psychological complications. For example, cellular
phone radiation can lead to the change of genetic
regulation [47] and exacerbate oxidative stress in
corneal and lens tissues [3]. Long-term CPU can
cause neck, shoulder and low back pain [11].
Frequent computer-related activities increase the risk
of neck–shoulder and low back pain in adolescents.
Previous studies also found that long-term CPU
might lead to brain tumors [12,15]. Although it is
still controversial whether CPU can replace smoking
in adolescents [6,22], intensive CPU has been found
to be associated with adolescent alcohol drinking and
weekly spending money [22] and increased body
mass index [24].
Kamibeppu and Sugiura [21] also found that the
insecure feeling about not receiving a reply message
or call on cellular phones would make adolescents
start staying up late at night engaged in message
exchange, and their regular daily schedules were
interfered with. Meanwhile, while there is legislative
control for CPU when driving in many countries, it is
evident that people disregard such bans in favor of
using their cellular phones in the face of potential
danger [23]. Researchers and psychologists need to
be concerned about the behavioral and psychological
aspects that play a role in defining problematic CPU
behavior [4,44].
However, gender gaps in usage extensity and
intensity soon narrowed, and in many places, women
even began to lead after 1998.In his Norwegian study
of 2001, Rich Ling found that among teenagers,
more females than males were in possession of a
mobile phone [28], while among young adults (over
20), the reverse was the case. In this advanced age,
more males than females owned a handset, and they
used it more intensively [29,27]. Women reached
their peak usage intensity relatively early, at 18,
while men reached it much later, at about 23, when
they sent significantly more calls than women of the
same age [27,8]. The researchers concluded that
when access to a readily borrowed mobile telephone
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Adv. Environ. Biol., 6(7): 1922-1927, 2012
is reduced – that is when they move away from home
– young women are not motivated to the same degree
as boys to establish their own subscription. In
accordance with this hypothesis, Ling [27] also
found that more boys than girls pay their phone bill
themselves, instead of getting “subsidies” from
home. However, psychological gender divergences
may also be involved because it has been found that
women seem to become more reluctant to talk on
mobile phones when they get older than 25-30. [28].
Mobile phone use is banned or illegal under certain
circumstances
and
in
some
jurisdictions.
Nevertheless, some people still use their mobile
phones despite recognized safety concerns,
legislation, and informal bans [4]. The men and
women have always been found to maintain quite
different attitudes toward the phone and to give it a
different place in their whole “communicative
economy” [33,37]. In a very early study of mobile
phone usage, Rakov and Navarro hypothesized that
the mobile telephone was reinforcing conventional
gender patterns, e. g. by emphasizing the role of the
woman as an “accessible nurturer” and a person in
need of male protection [38]. Without corroborating
the need for such dramatic typological
characterizations, later studies have nevertheless
confirmed that the motivations and goals of cell
phone usage patterns vary in accordance with rather
conventional gender roles. The symptom of “giving
up or reducing important social, academic, or
recreational activities because of CPU” was the
symptom that was most associated with functional
impairment caused by CPU. Compared with other
symptoms of problematic use, this symptom was
easier to be detected by others [43].
Materials and Methods: The method of the study
was descriptive. All of the student of Islamic Azad
university Mazandaran province were considered as
population of this research. The sample included 345
students were selected by using Kerejcie and
Morgan's table. The research instruments was Social
Anxiety and SMS addiction questionnaires .A shortversion of the self-perception of text-message
dependency scale [18] serves to measure the way in
which people perceive their usage of text-messages
along with their attitude toward compulsive use of
text-messages in the context of interpersonal
relationships. The original scale consists of three
subscales: perception of emotional reaction(1-5),
excessive
use(6-10),
and
relationship
maintenance(11-15). The emotional reaction subscale
measures sensitive responses to text-messages (e.g.,
“I feel disappointed if I don’t receive any textmessages”). The perception of excessive use subscale
involves self-perception about compulsive usage of
text-messages (e.g., “I sometimes spend many hours
on text-messages”). The relationship maintenance
subscale is composed of items related to fear of
disruption of relationships without text-messages
(e.g., “I cannot maintain new friendships without
text-messages”). For the current study, we chose five
representative items from each subscale based on the
factor loadings of the original scale1. Respondents
were asked to rate each of the item on a 5-point scale
anchored by strongly agree to strongly disagree. As
for the reliability of the instrument, Cronbach -Alpha
coefficients were calculated 0.81. and 0.76. The
scores obtained from both questionnaires were
subjected to a number of descriptive and inferential
statistics.
Methods:
Results:
Table 1: Brief results of t- test.
Groups
N
No married
236
Married
109
M
39.0636
41.8532
SD
9.10273
9.07971
Hypothesis number one. In this study, the t-test
(t=2.648, p<0.05) showed that there is significant
Table 2: Brief results of ANOVA.
Source of
SS
variations
Between
200.917
Groups
Within
19305.211
Groups
Total
19506.128
t
2.648
P-Value
P<.05
difference between SMS addiction in Married and
No married students.
df
MS
F
P-Value
5
40.183
0.706
P>.05
339
56.948
344
Hypothesis number two. In this study, the F-test
(ANOVA) (F= 0.706, P>.05) showed that there isn’t
Table 3: Brief results of Pearson’s correlation.
hypothesis
N
1
345
dF
343
Ro
0.389
significant difference between social anxiety in
students of university with different age.
rc
0.195
dF
343
P-Value
P<.05
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Adv. Environ. Biol., C(): CC-CC, 2012
Hypothesis number three. In this study ,since
coefficient of correlation (r=0.389)with degree of
freedom of df=343 in confidence level of 95 percent
(α=0.05) is more than critical coordination
coefficient(r=0.195),H0 is rejected and research
hypothesis is approved. It is concluded that there is a
relationship between students SMS addiction and
their social anxiety.
Discussion:
Results of research showed that students of
university have social anxiety and SMS addiction
.There is a relationship between students SMS
addiction and their social anxiety. There is significant
difference between SMS addiction in Married and
No married students .There isn’t significant
difference between social anxiety in students of
university with different age .Interpersonal
transactions are a fundamental element of society,
and by extending the reach and immediacy of
communication, the mobile phone has changed the
scope of interpersonal interaction [36]. Sometimes, if
people with text message dependency do not receive
an instant reply to the message they send, they may
feel neglected or isolated, have negative feelings
about others, and their anxiety about being ostracized
would increase [35]. Introduced to the Australian
market in 1987, mobile phone connections exceeded
the number of landline connections by 2001, and a
nationwide estimate in 2004–5 revealed that at least
81% of the Australian population used a mobile
phone. The phenomenal uptake of this technology
indicates that it has struck a strong chord within the
community in a way that some other technologies
might not have [16]. Hence a consideration of factors
associated with the uptake of the mobile phone may
be informative when contemplating other
innovations. Nevertheless, despite having a
tremendous impact on the lives of many people, the
mobile phone and internet, with some side effects
such as anxiety, loneliness, low self esteem ,poor
human relationship etc., [13,14]. has only recently
started to attract the interest of psychologists and
experts. As a communication tool, the mobile phone
is used mostly for either business or social purposes,
but as it is such a personal device it is also used as an
illustration of status, security and identity [36]. It is
therefore highly likely that the personality of an
individual will predict types of mobile phone use [4].
In modern times, we can trace the desire to call
certain behaviors without drugs “addictions” to the
rise and popularity of coin-operated and home video
games in the 1970s and 1980s. Really, is SMS and
texting an addiction, or just the latest technological
fad that people obsess about for awhile? Cellular
phone use (CPU) is an important part of current life
in many developed countries [7]. In the Asia Pacific
region, Taiwan is the first economy to have more
than 100 subscribers of cellular phones per 100
inhabitants . To moderate such obstacles in face-toface situations, adolescents may prefer indirect
communication via text-messages. Consequently, it
may cause compulsive use of text-messages, and thus
psychological/behavioral symptoms are incurred.
Finally, the third factor is emotional reaction to textmessages. Since text-messaging is asynchronous
communication, people with text message
dependency would pay excessive attention to
message replies. Most people would attribute a delay
in response to inevitable causes, such as the receiver
being busy at work, or already being engaged in a
conversation with another person. However, if
people with text message dependency do not receive
an instant reply to the message they send, they may
feel neglected or isolated, and increase their anxiety
about being ostracized. Thus, these perceptions,
rather than the actual amount of text-messages,
would be potential causes of psychological/
behavioral symptoms. However, the use of the
mobile and other technology tools has increased
considerably over the last few years. With this
increasing number of mobile users, the problem of
SMS addiction and effect of text message
dependency on good communications has attracted
high attention from psychiatrists, psychologists and
educators.
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