O A

1133
Advances in Environmental Biology, 7(6): 1133-1137, 2013
ISSN 1995-0756
This is a refereed journal and all articles are professionally screened and reviewed
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Effects of Mobile Phone Radiation on Liver Enzymes in Immature Male Rats
1
4
Shahrbanoo Ghaedi, 2Kargar Jahromi Hossein, 3Farzam Mohammad, 3Azhdari Sara,
Mahmoudi Teimourabad Saeid, 5Bathaee Hamid
1
MSc, Animal Physiology, Islamic Azad University of Jahrom Branch, Jahrom, Iran.
PhD, Comparative Histology, Young Researchers Club, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom,
Iran.
3
PhD, The Department of Anatomy and Embryology, International branch, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran .
4
PhD, Department of Histology, International branch, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
5
MSc, Physiology, Institution of Supreme Education and Industery of Maragheh
2
Shahrbanoo Ghaedi, Kargar Jahromi Hossein, Farzam Mohammad, Azhdari Sara, Mahmoudi
Teimourabad Saeid, Bathaee Hamid: Effects of Mobile Phone Radiation on Liver Enzymes in
Immature Male Rats
ABSTRACT
Introduction: In recent decades many studies to investigate the relationship between electromagnetic fields
with different intensities on the incidence of fetal developmental disorders, infertility, sleep disorders,
gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, various neoplasms including hematological disorders or hematopoietic growth
process has taken place. The results of these studies have been inconsistent and very often, so the research of
this field is still wide. The effect of mobile phone radiation on the liver has been studied. Methods: 40 immature
male Wistar rats weighing 10 ± 60 g were prepared and divided into 4 groups of 10 categories, including:
Control, experiment 1, experiment 2, respectively. Control group received no radiation, Controls on the subject
of mobile phones, but no phone calls similar to that used in the experimental group (with the same conditions)
were used. Experimental groups 1 to 5 times per day for 1 month, and every 10 minutes on the phone calls were
exposed and experimental groups 2 to 5 times per day for 1 month, and 20 min were exposed to mobile calls.
Then at the end of a month, changes in liver enzymes ALT, AST, ALK and liver weights were measured to
compare the effects of different doses of the toxin, the statistical analysis of ANOVA followed by Tukey's post
hoc test was used. Results: Liver weight was significantly increased in the experimental group than the control
group is 2. Enzymes AST and ALK experimental group 2 (20 min) showed a significant increase compared to
the control group (P<0.05). ALT enzyme levels in the experimental group 1 (10 min) and experimental group 2
had a significant increase compared to the control group (P<0.05). Discussion: According to the results obtained
with the sounds of the liver alters liver enzymes are secreted and time-dependent radiation damage effects less
leaves. So it is not recommended to use mobile phones at an early age.
Key words: Wave Mobile, Liver enzymes, Rats, Immature.
Introduction
Communication through mobile phones has
increased dramatically in recent years. Currently half
of the world population is using mobile phones to
communicate. Consists of electromagnetic waves
emitted by mobile phones (RF) that living tissues are
capable of causing ionization, but with different
mechanisms have the ability to cause damage to the
tissues. RF electromagnetic influence on the mind,
body, brain and etc. About the potential dangers of
cell phone radiation on the biological environment,
there are many reports and international
organizations such as WHO is currently conducting
extensive research in this area has started a lot of
time waiting for the results to be achieved. The
human body has long been under the influence of
ionizing radiation on the human body, and that this
radiation was thought to be safe or low risk. With
new technology and making the machines, effects on
the human body, has attracted attention of many
researchers. According to the new waves of the
nervous system and the communication between
cells in the nervous tissue affected and thus control
the functions of the system are affected. Research
shows that the energy of the waves is suitable for
Ions tremble. People who use cell phones are more of
a headache is a pain in the jaw, neck, arms and
shoulders. These cases are dizziness and fatigue and
a feeling of heaviness in their ears area. Meningitis
and inflammation of the auditory nerve has been
reported in individuals exposed to radiation.
Corresponding Author
Shahrbanoo Ghaedi, Islamic Azad University of Jahrom Branch, Jahrom, Iran.
Tel: 09361902076; E-mail: ghaedib @ ymail.com
1134
Adv. Environ. Biol., 7(6): 1133-1137, 2013
According to the widespread effects of
electromagnetic radiation on the nervous system can
be expected that the incidence of pathological
conditions such as depression, aggression, agitation,
insomnia and mood changes are observed in exposed
individuals [1]. Baharara and colleagues in 1383,
simulated effects of cell phone radiation on the
gonads of rat examined, the results show that cell
phone radiation on the gonads of rat alters the
ultrastructure of oocytes and reduced mating success
of female rat [3]. Gangane in 2007 showed 2450
MHz electromagnetic waves per second, which can
penetrate several centimeters into biological
materials. These waves are absorbed by the tissue is
converted into heat. Polar molecules in tissue, such
as water waves are strongly influenced by the
movement and the cause of heat [4]. Crauzier
experiment in 2009 came to the conclusion that
electromagnetic waves can increase the concentration
of free radicals in chemical that the presence of free
radicals that cause problems are uncontrollable
directly [5]. According to the mobile communication
technology, a new technology, still not well
understood long-term biological effects of
electromagnetic fields [6]. So according to the above
risks and the effects of radiation from mobile phone
radiation on liver enzyme changes and liver weight
as a vital organ of the body is of great importance
that the main objective is to study the problem.
keep out radiation. Conversation mode set to make
waves in the mobile phone and to ensure the
radiation on the aluminum sheet was placed over the
cages. The rats were randomly divided into 4 groups
of 10.
Conditions imposed on the five groups as
follows:
- No more than the control group did not receive
radio waves, and were kept under normal conditions.
- Controls: The group exposed to light, but no
phone calls using the same phone in the experimental
group (with the same conditions) were used.
- Experimental groups: per day for 1 month and
5 times, each time for 10 minutes of phone calls was
exposed.
- Experimental group two to five times per day
for 1 month, and 20 min were exposed to mobile
calls.
In the end, all groups of rat after anesthesia, directly
into the heart, blood samples were taken and serum
was separated. The outdoor activities of enzymes
AST, ALT and ALP were measured. To compare the
effects of different sounds waves, the statistical
analysis of ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc
test was performed using SPSS software, and the
level of significance (P <0.05) were selected. The
results of the survey results are shown in chart to
Excel.
Results:
Methods:
In all of the research ethics of working with
laboratory animals have been observed. 40 adult
male Wistar rats weighing 60 ± 10 g and 30 to 35
days were provided. A week before the experiment
the animals were given that they will start getting
used to the new circumstances test period. Animals
in laboratory conditions include a temperature of 22
± 2 ° C and 12 h light and 12 h dark cycle was used.
Rodents used in food animals and food and water
were free. It was how to create waves that we use
three phone numbers that are attached to one side of
the cage. Rats were kept in cages inside the
aluminum box and a 5 means it was not put back to
The results of measurements of liver weights in
the experimental groups that the immature 20-minute
experimental group increased significantly compared
to controls has been observed in liver weight and
immature 10-minute change in the experimental
group was not significant (P<0.05). diagram (1).
Results obtained in the AST concentrations
measured in the experimental group showed that the
immature 20-minute experimental group increased
significantly compared to controls has been observed
in serum AST and immature 10-minute change in the
experimental group was not significant (P<0.05)
diagram (2).
Diagram 1: Compares the average liverweight after wave of mobile in immature…
1135
Adv. Environ. Biol., 7(6): 1133-1137, 2013
The results showed that ALT concentrations
measured in the experimental group that the
immature 20-minute experimental group increased
significantly compared to controls has been observed
in serum ALT and immature 10-minute change in the
experimental group was not significant (P<0.05)
diagram (3).
The
results
obtained
from
measured
concentrations showed ALK that both immature 20minute experimental group than the control group
showed no significant changes occurred and the
experimental group than the control group, no
significant change was observed in immature 10minute chart (4).
Diagram 2: Compares the mean seran AST enzymes in immature rats
Diagram 3: Compares the mean seran ALT enzymes in immature rats
Diagram 4: Compares the average concentration of ALK enzymes in immature rats
1136
Adv. Environ. Biol., 7(6): 1133-1137, 2013
Discussion:
Studies have shown that liver enzymes (aspartate
aminotransferase and alanine amino transferase) in
the liver cells and in the serum of patients with
hepatocellular damage are entered. It is a sign of
increased liver cell damage [7]. In the past, the
increase in AST levels was shown that the liver
enzyme increases the risk of fatty liver disease,
cirrhosis of the liver and increases [8]. The study of
ALT and AST in the second experimental group
showed a significant increase, ALK enzyme
concentration of 1 and 2 has increased significantly
in the experimental group than the control group.
Many studies only in the advanced stages of liver
disease (cirrhosis), which overcomes the ALT AST
increase is seen [10]. In the present study, the
concentration of the enzyme AST is greater than
ALT indicates liver damage. It also showed that free
fatty acids can be a cause of excessive fibrosis and
necrosis of the lobules and the result is an increase in
liver enzymes [9]. So the changes and increased liver
enzymes in the experimental groups, especially in the
second experimental group received longer waves is
indicative of damage to the liver tissue. Also stated
that free radicals generated by exposure of the cells
have been demonstrated [11]. The waves are also
environmental factors that even low intensities it is
also stressful due to the side effects can affect the
health of organisms [11]. Studies have shown that
mammalian and human cells that electromagnetic
radiation generated free radicals cause oxidative
stress and impaired antioxidant system and genotoxic
effects like chromosomal instability and aneuploidy
increases [12,13]. Researchers have also found that
the formation of free radicals under the influence of
electromagnetic radiation is the main cause
devastating effects these waves have been reported
[14]. Normally, the immune system, neutralize free
radicals that are formed as a result of physical
activity. But in some cases exceeded the rate of
adverse effects to the body is not able to fight free
radicals and the construction and operation of
radicals’ damage cells and cause disease [15,16],
thus, it is likely that elevated liver enzymes indicate
damage to the kidney tissue through the production
of free radicals, which is consistent with previous
research. In another study conducted in the past, has
also increased the size of the liver that can cause
tissue disorders, or edema of liver tissue that causes
weight gain [17]. The investigation of the impact of
two 2-minute pulse, pulse is less than 4 minutes. Due
to the characteristics of age (body size, reproductive
frequency) minors do not recommend the use of a
mobile phone is to nearer intensity is gestational age
[1]. If there are more destructive changes in the
groups 20 minutes and liver weights were
significantly increased in the experimental group has
20 minutes that indicates that liver damage is
dependent on the length and duration of the radiation
beam. Also available sex vitro laboratory is also
involved. This is also a great thing to be exposed for
the short waves, respectively. Thus it is conceivable
that the short duration that have a significant effect
on the enzymes AST and ALK was observed in
experimental group 1. The most severe effects of
electromagnetic fields have increased body
temperature. The main effect of temperature fields of
the body, though many studies have shown that skin
and subcutaneous tissue temperature rises sharply
and sometimes the skin will cause burns. High
temperatures and cause damage to internal body
organs, vessels, internal bleeding causes. In fact, one
of the mechanisms that cause cell damage, which is
why hypothermia [18]. The investigation found that
many factors in micronucleus formation in blood
cells (the most common short-term test for genotoxic
in In vitro) are involved, such as the temperature
increases
[19],
Increased
frequency
of
micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in
animals indicate that the induction of chromosomal
damage [20]. It is likely that the increase in body
temperature due to exposure to electromagnetic
fields caused that induce chromosomal damage in
hepatocytes in the present study and resulting in
damage to the liver and increased liver weight and
resulting in an increase in liver enzymes are listed
experimental groups.
Conclusions:
The investigation will be concluded that cell
phone radiation induces the production of free
radicals and the body temperature rises rests the
induction of aberrations chromosomal and resulting
in increased levels of liver enzymes indicative of
liver damage. In the present study, the more damage
is increased with exposure time. So long shining
waves and cell phone use is effective in severe
damage to the liver. Thus, the use of mobile minors
should be done with caution.
References
1.
2.
3.
4.
Refahi, S., A. Mardi, Z. Tazakari, M. Maasofi,
2006. Mobile communication and its risks
.Global Technology Conference - Community
and Mental Health. Isfahan.
Mortazavi, M.J., M. Nazer, A.R. Sayadi, H.
Karimi, 2009. The effect of microwave radiation
emitted from cell phones of GSM on short-term
memory .Journal of Rafsanjan University of
Medical Sciences, 7(4): 251-258.
Baharara, J., Ashraf Ali, M. Jafari, et al. 2004.
Effects of simulated cell phone radiation on
male reproductive glands , Journal of Islamic
Azad University of Mashhad, pp: 35-48.
Gangane, N., M.S. Mukerji, 2007. Utility of
microwave processedcell blocks as a
1137
Adv. Environ. Biol., 7(6): 1133-1137, 2013
complement to cervico_vaginal smears. Diagn
Cytopathol., 35(6): 338-41.
5. Crouzier, D., A. Perrin, G. Torres, V. Dabouis,
2009. Pulsed electromagnetic fied at 9.71 GHz
increase freeradical production in yeast
(saccharomy
cescescerevisiae).
Pathologie
Biologio, 57(3): 245-251.
6. Dcosta, H., G. Trueman, I. Tang, et al. 2003.
Human brain wave activity during exposure to
radiofrequency field emissions from mobile
phones. Australas phys eng sci med, 26(4): 1627.
7. Jamali, R.,
M. Khonsari, S. Merat, M.
Khoshnia, E. Jafari, A. Bahram Kalhori, et al.,
2008. Persistent alanine aminotransferase
elevation among Iranian general population:
prevalence and causes. World J astroenterol.,
14(18): 2867-71.
8. Pauline, J., S. Jean-Marc, M. Dominique, M.
Simon, M. Charlotte, L. Severine, H. Florence,
C. Benoit, 2007. relationship between
Obstructive
Sleep
Apnea
and
Liver
Abnormalities in Morbidly Obese Patients: A
Prospective Study. OBESITY SURGERY,
17(4): 478-485.
9. Tanne, F., F. Gagnadoux, O. Chazuilleres, B.
Fleury and et al. 2005. Chronic liver injury
during obstructive sleep apnea. Hepatology,
41(6): 1290-1296.
10. Lee, D.S., J.C. Evans, S.J. Robins, P.W. Wilson,
I. Albano, C.S. Fox, et al. 2007. Gamma
glutamyl transferase and metabolic syndrome,
cardiovascular disease, and mortality risk: the
Framingham Heart Study. Arterioscler Thromb
Vasc Biol., 27(1): 127-33.
11. Jacobson,
J.I.,
1997.
Influence
of
electromagnetism on genomic and other
biological structures . J Indian Med Assoc.,
95(7): 429-433.
12. Mashevich, M., D. Folkman, A. Kesar, A.
Barbul, et al. 2003. Exposure of human
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
peripheral blood lymphocytes to electromagnetic
fields associated with cellular phones leads to
chromosomal instability. Bioelectromagnetics.
24: 82-90.
Sgambato, A., R. Ardito, B. Faraglia, A.
Boninsegna, et al. 2001. Resveratrol, a natural
phenolic compound, inhibits cell proliferation
and prevents oxidative DNA damage. Mutation
Research/Genetic
Toxicology
and
Environmental Mutagenesis., 496: 171-180.
Zmyslony, M., J.M. Jahre, 1998. The role of free
radicals
in
mechanisms
of biological
functionexposed to weak constant and net
magnetic fields . Med Pr., 49(2): 177-86.
Maes, A., G.U. Van, L. Verschaeve, 2006.
Cytogenic
investigation
of
subjects
professionally exposed to radiofrequency
radiation. Mutagenesis, 21(2): 139-142.
Scarfi, M.R., 2004. The cytokinesis – blok
micronucleus assay : experimental procedure
and application in bioelectromagnetics research .
Electromagnetics Sending of Environment., 27:
460-466.
Jamali, R., A. Jamali, 2010. A review of liver
disease. CME article., 14(2): 169-181.
Cook HF. 1992. A physical investigation of heat
production in human tissues when exposed to
microwaves. Brit J Appl Physics, 3: 1-6.
Asanami, S., K. Shimono, 1997. High body
temperature induced micronuclei in mouse bone
marrow. Mutatation Research / Genetic
Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis.,
390(1): 79-83.
Jagetia, G.C., P.S. Jacob, 1992. Vinblastin
treatment induced dose – depended increases in
the frequency of micronuclei in mouse bone
marrow. Mutation Research / Genetic
Toxicology and environmental Mutagenesis.,
280(2): 87-92.