Advances in Environmental Biology

Advances in Environmental Biology, 8(22) November 2014, Pages: 158-164
AENSI Journals
Advances in Environmental Biology
ISSN-1995-0756
EISSN-1998-1066
Journal home page: http://www.aensiweb.com/AEB/
The Effect of Irrigation Interval on the Uptake and Accumulation Nutrients of
Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium in Different Planting Patterns of Mung Bean
1Hamid
Reza Abyar, 2Tayeb Saki Nejad, 3Seyed Hashem Mousavi
1
Master of Science, Department of Agronomy, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran.
Member of Faculty, Department of Agronomy, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran.
3
University Instructor, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Ramin Mollasani University of Agriculture and Natural Resources,
Khuzestan, Iran.
2
ARTICLE INFO
Article history:
Received 25 September 2014
Received in revised form
26 October 2014
Accepted 25 November 2014
Available online 29 December 2014
Keywords:
water
stress,
geometrical
arrangement, nitrogen, phosphorus,
potassium.
ABSTRACT
In order to study the effect of irrigation interval and different planting patterns on
Uptake nutrients of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of mung bean (Vigna radiata
L. Wilczek),a split plot experiment in the form of randomized complete block design
with four replications was carried out in the research field of Agriculture and Natural
Resources University of Ramin located in Molasani in the summer of 2013.
Experimental factors included three levels of irrigation intervals I1=7 days, I2=11 days
and I3=15 days as the main factor and four planting patterns including A: one-row
furrow, B: two-row cross, C: two-row zigzag and D: manual planting as the sub factor.
The results showed that as the irrigation interval increased from 7 to 15 days all the
studied traits decreased. However, application of two-row planting patterns
significantly increased most of the traits. The highest percentage of nitrogen uptake
belonged to 11-day irrigation interval and the highest percentage of phosphorus and
potassium uptake belonged to 7-day irrigation interval and two-row planting pattern
particularly two-row zigzag pattern. According to the results of the research it can be
said that in order to achieve the highest percentage of necessary nutrients uptake in the
mung bean, irrigation with shorter intervals and application of two-row planting pattern
particularly tow-row zigzag planting pattern will be appropriate.
© 2014 AENSI Publisher All rights reserved.
To Cite This Article: Hamid Reza Abyar, Tayeb Saki Nejad, Seyed Hashem Mousavi., The Effect of Irrigation Interval on the Uptake and
Accumulation Nutrients of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium in Different Planting Patterns of Mung Bean. Adv. Environ. Biol., 8(22),
158-164, 2014
INTRODUCTION
Legumes are considered as one of the most important food sources full of protein in many developing
countries. Mung bean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) is a valuable legume which is rich in protein and contains
about 25% protein and it grows in tropical and subtropical regions in Iran in irrigation conditions. Due to its
short period of growth, mung bean is able to fix nitrogen in air, to improve land, and to prevent soil erosion and
thus is preferred to other plants for second cultivation and in some areas it can be used as the green manure in
crop rotations in order to achieve sustainable agriculture provided that it is economically affordable [14]. There
is good ecological condition for its cultivation in Khuzestan. In arid and semiarid areas such as Khuzestan, water
is the main restricting factor for agricultural development. Most of the mechanisms of absorption and transport
of nutrients in plants such as mass flow, diffusion, or uptake and transport via osmotic phenomenon are more or
less affected by the amount of moisture in soil and root and if the moisture decreases, the intensity and the rate
of nutrients uptake will change. Even though some of elements translocation systems such as diffusion need less
moisture content to absorb nutrients and in this regard the absorption and translocation of some nutrients will
continue by the roots even if the moisture content decreases to the critical threshold, mass flow is highly
dependent on the moisture content and if the moisture content decreases, the elements which are transported by
this flow will show a negative absorption trend [6]. Saki Nejad [21] studied the effect of water stress on the
uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and sodium in different growth periods of the maize and concluded
that by applying different levels of water stress, the uptake and accumulation trend of nitrogen and phosphorus
decreased and the accumulation trend of potassium and sodium, especially potassium, significantly increased in
comparison to the control treatment (without water stress).
Corresponding Author: Hamid Reza Abyar, Master of Science, Department of Agronomy, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad
University, Ahvaz, Iran.
E-mail: [email protected]
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Advances in Environmental Biology, 8(22) November 2014, Pages: 158-164
One of the effective factors in producing crops is the optimal use of solar energy and in this regard
changing the planting pattern for optimal and effective use of solar energy is highly important. Planting
arrangement which is the geometric position of plants on the row has some advantages. For instance, it
decreases the completion between plants within the rows for receiving light, water, and nutrients. In order to
achieve the highest yield plant must be able to receive maximum active photosynthetic radiation. When other
environmental factors are in optimal level, limitation in receiving solar energy due to the plant canopy can
reduce the rate of crop production [12]. Power [19] stated that nutrients uptake is under the direct influence of
soil moisture and indirect influence of water on parameters such as the root growth and expansion, percentage of
salt solubility in soil and the change of plant growth and development metabolism. For instance, a study was
conducted in this regard on the effect of drought stress on concentration of N-P-K in the leaves of maize In Iva.
Despite the gradual addition of N-P-K to the soil in different experiments and applying constant levels of water
stress, the concentration reduction of N-P-K in the maize leaves was reported which could be due to the
decrease of growth and development of the root resulting from improper concentration of planting pattern and
insufficient solubility of desired elements in low humidity [6].
Even though mung bean generally grows in tropical regions and needs a lot of water, it is possible to
decrease its consumption of water moderately by selecting appropriate planting pattern because within an
appropriate planting pattern more radiation energy is absorbed by plants and the roots develop more and
consequently, they can have maximum nutrients absorption and photosynthesis. With regard to the conducted
studies on the development of sustainable agriculture it seems like that appropriate planting pattern and also
optimal use of supplies such as water can improve nutrients uptake by the plants. This research was planned and
implemented in this regard.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Site climate and geograghical situation:
This research was carried out in the summer of 2013 in the research field of Ramin Molasani University of
Agriculture and Natural resources 35 km from the southeast of Ahvaz at latitude 31°36´N and longitude
48°53´E and 22 m above the sea level which is classified as an arid and semiarid area in terms of climate
classification. According to the results of soil test on the depth of 0-30 cm, the soil texture of the experiment site
was clay loam, pH = 7.5, EC=1.2 mmhos/cm and the total amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were
6.3, 7, and 128 ppm respectively.
Field experiment and treatments:
The experiment was carried out as split plots in the form of randomized complete block design with four
replications. The main treatment included three levels of irrigation intervals (I 1=7 days, I2 = 11 days, I3 = 15
days) which were applied during 6-8-leaf stage and the sub treatment included four levels of planting pattern as
A: one-row furrow (density of 5.32 plant/m2), B: two-row cross furrow (density of 10.64 plant/m2), C: two-row
zigzag furrow (density of 10.64 plant/m2) and D: manual planting (density of 8 plant/m2). The total area of the
land was 1800 m2 by 60 × 30. In this research each block (replication) included 3 big plots so that each plot was
as long as 18 m and as wide as 5 m. the space between big plots was 2 m. Each big plot included 4 small plots
and there were 5 planting lines in each small plot and the space between the furrows was 75 cm conventionally.
The space between plants on the row was 25 cm.
Operation and sampling method:
Land preparing operation began in the mid of July including flatting the land. One week after flatting and
preparing the land in terms of moist conditions for entering tractors, the land was plowed by the tiller at the
depth of 25-30 cm and then in order to loosen the clog resulting from plowing, vertical disk was used twice.
Then, leveling operation was done using a trowel and the base fertilizer was injected into the soil. As
recommended by the center of agricultural research and education, 150 kg/ha triple superphosphate fertilizer
was used to provide phosphorus and 60 kg/ha urea (one half as the base fertilizer and the second half as fertilizer
road during 6-8-leaf sage of mung bean growth) was injected into the soil to provide nitrogen. Then, the ridge
and furrow were made 75 cm spaced from each other by a slot machine. Finally, according to the plan the creeks
were made. After preparing the land and implementing the plan, the seeds were planted manually and based on
the type of the treatments in July 17, and 2-3 seeds were planted in each stack. The first irrigation was done in
July 23. At 4-leaf stage the plants were thinned (except treatment D) to maintain the desired density. The grass
weeds were cut by hand. When the majority of the pods got black, the ultimate harvest was done on October 10,
from the central lines (2, 3, 4) manually in an area of 1 m2 and the plants were cut off from the bottom.
In order to determine the percentage of absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium from the soil two
grams of dry leaves of the mung bean were ground and sieved and weighed carefully and then transferred to the
porcelain crucible. Then the ash was separated and the organic materials were burned by placing the porcelain
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crucibles in electric furnace four two hours at the temperature of 550°C. After cooling the crucibles, 5 ml of
normal hydrochloric acid II was added to each one gram of the sample of plant and by gentle heating of the
crucibles on the Bain-marie bath the ashes were dissolved in acid. Then the prepared solution passed through the
funnel and filter paper which were already washed by acid and the extracts related to each treatment were
collected in separate Joje balloons. Finally, sufficient amount of distilled water was added to Joje balloons so
that the ultimate volume of the extract increased to 100 ml. By shaking each Joje balloon, the extract was
completely mixed and kept for chemical analysis. Total nitrogen was measured via titration method after
distillation using the automatic system and with the help of Kjeldahl device. Phosphorus was measured via
calorimetric method (vanadate molybdate yellow color) and by means of spectrophotometer at the wavelength
of 470 nm, and potassium was measured through flame atomic emission spectroscopy method using flame
photometer instrument.
Data Variance analysis and draw the figures:
SAS software was used to analyze the data and Excel was used to draw the figures. The means of the data
were compared using Duncan's multi range test at 5% level.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The ANOVA results showed that the effect of irrigation interval, planting pattern and the interactive effect
of irrigation interval and planting pattern on the uptake percentage of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were
significant at 1% level (Table 1).
Table 1: The ANOVA results of the percentage of nutrients uptake.
Potassium
Phosphorus
Nitrogen
df
S.O.V
0.72
0.21
0.01
3
Replication
8.82**
0.41**
0.67**
2
Irrigation interval
0.21
0.01
0.01
6
Major error
17.1**
0.54**
0.53**
3
Planting pattern
0.81**
0.08**
0.05**
6
Irrigation interval × planting pattern
0.14
0.01
0.01
27
Minor error
6.66
13.12
5.47
CV (%)
ns, *, ** respectively mean non-significant difference, significant difference at 5% and 1% probability levels.
Percentage of Nitrogen Uptake:
The mean comparison of the interactive effect of irrigation interval and planting pattern on percentage of
nitrogen uptake showed that the highest percentage of nitrogen uptake by 2.42% belonged to the treatment with
11-day irrigation interval and two-row zigzag planting pattern and the lowest percentage of nitrogen uptake
1.6% belonged to the treatment with 15-day irrigation interval and two-row cross planting pattern (Figure 1).
Nitrogen in comparison to other necessary nutrients for plants has a greater effect on crops growth and yield and
plays the main role in many physiological and biochemical processes of plants. Providing sufficient moisture to
improve the efficiency of nitrogen consumption in farms is one of the major factors. The movement of this
element in soil to reach the root and consequently its absorption depends on the moisture content of the soil. As
the availability of moisture increases, the responses of plants to applied nitrogen will increase as a quadratic
model [3]. If the root need is not met by the flow of water, nutrients uptake by the root or near the surface of the
root will reduce nutrients concentration and absorption [9]. Higher concentration of nitrogen in shoots is
desirable because in this case due to the increasing demand of plant for this element during the growth season,
nitrogen will be mobilized into grain and thus the yield will improve [10]. Al-Thabet [1] believes that light
consumption efficiency is mainly controlled by genetic factors, but it is affected by environmental factors and
managerial operations such as density distance between plants, sowing date, cultivar and soil fertility changes
particularly by the accessible nitrogen. Differences in nitrogen absorption and consumption might be associated
with the root geometry, plants ability to absorb it sufficiently in lower concentrations, plants ability to solubilize
nutrients within the root environment, better mobilization, distribution, and consumption of nutrients by plants
and the balanced relationship between source and sink [8]. It seems that at 11-day irrigation interval and tworow zigzag planting pattern due to optimal density and better distribution of plants and further expansion of the
roots, the competition between them had decreased and has led to better use of environmental factors and
consequently the increase of nitrogen absorption and accumulation. The results are consistent with the findings
of Saki Nejad [21] and Beheshti [2] on maize.
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Fig. 1: the interactive effect of irrigation interval and planting pattern on the percentage of nitrogen uptake.
Percentage of Phosphorus Uptake:
Phosphorus is essential for the growth and reproduction of plants and is considered as a major nutrient
along with nitrogen and potassium. The functions of phosphorus can't be compensated for by ant other nutrients
and without sufficient supply of phosphorus a plant cannot reach its maximum yield [15]. Comparison of the
means showed that the highest percentage of phosphorus uptake belonged to the treatment with 7-day irrigation
interval and two-row zigzag planting pattern by 1.5% and the lowest percentage of phosphorus uptake belonged
to the treatment with 15-day irrigation interval and manual planting pattern by 0.71% (Figure 2). Phosphorus is
an immobile element. Less access to water reduces access to phosphorus and its absorption; therefore, sufficient
moisture within soil-plant system is essential for the movement and absorption of this element because sufficient
moisture provides conditions for the dissolution and release of phosphate fertilizers in soil and their subsequent
uptake by plants [21]. As the water content of soil decreases the extent of water-filled pores decreases and thus
phosphorus mobility decrease, too [17]. The interactive effect of phosphorus and water availability on growth
and development of pearl millet in sub-coastal conditions has been reported [13]. For the majority of crops
phosphorus uptake efficiency is highly important in growth and development of plant. The efficiency of
phosphorus absorption from the soil mainly depends on "the size of root system" and "inward flow" [5]. Inward
flow which is actually the movement of phosphorus into the root is expressed based on mol per area unit or the
root length and per time unit. Phosphorus inward flow is associated with absorption ability of plant on one hand,
and the limitations of its movement in soil, on the other hand. The phosphorus ability to move in soil, root
exudates, and mychorrhiza effect on phosphorus uptake are the factors that influence the inward flow [18].
Fageria et al. [11] believe that phosphorus uptake by plants is affected by climatic factors and the factors
associated with soil and plant. Important climatic factors which control the plant access to phosphorus include
soil temperature, moisture content, and solar radiation. Important factors associated with soil which control the
access to phosphorus include its concentration in soil solution, soil texture, organic matter content, soil pH,
presence of other essential nutrients in terms of quantity and their ratio and microbial activities. Species and
genotypes within species also affect the absorption of this element. It can be inferred that at 15-day irrigation
interval and manual planting pattern due to lack of water resulting from long irrigation intervals, and the drought
stress applied to the plant, less penetration of light into canopy, and also the decrease of plant nutritional space
due to high density of plants, the development of the roots is reduced and less volume of soil is provided for
plant and this reduction indicates the decrease of water and nutrients uptake by plant. The results are consistent
with the findings of Bhadoria et al. [5] on wheat and the findings of Lynch et al. [16] on beans.
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Fig. 2: the interactive effect of irrigation interval and planting pattern on the percentage of phosphorus uptake.
Percentage of Potassium Uptake:
Although potassium is not a structural component of the plant, it is nearly involved in all essential processes
that the plant needs for its survival. Among the three widely used nutrients by plants, potassium is more helpful
in absorption than nitrogen and phosphorus and plays an important role photosynthesis, root enforcement,
regulation of respiration, keeping inflammation and reduction of water loss and wilting [20]. Mean comparison
results showed that the highest percentage of potassium uptake belonged to the treatments with 7-day irrigation
interval and two-row cross planting model and two-row zigzag planting model by 7.12% and 7.38%,
respectively and the lowest percentage of potassium uptake belonged to the treatments with 15-day irrigation
interval and manual planting model by 3.6% (Figure 3). Soil moisture is an important factor influencing the
diffusion of K+ within the root environment and its uptake. The low content of soil moisture reduces K + uptake
by plant roots due to the decrease of K+ diffusion resulting from the lack of moisture [24]. Changes in the
content of soil moisture had a greater effect on the rate of K + diffusion that the changes in soil temperature.
Shaff and Skogly [22] found that as the content of soil moisture increased from 10% to 28% (w/w), the rate of
K+ diffusion increased 2.8 times in average. This increase was compared with the 1.6-1.7-time increase of
diffusion rate as the temperature increased from 5 to 30° C. As the soil moisture decreases, the concentration of
bivalent ions such as Ca2+ and Mg2+ increases in the soil solution faster than the concentration of K +. This leads
to the decrease of K+ concentration and the increase of soil moisture suction and consequently the decrease of
potassium absorption [4]. A lot of factors such as soil, climate, plant arrangement, density, and also their
interactions for absorption of nutrients by the plant affect the potassium uptake [9]. According to the results of
the research, two-row planting models had the highest efficiency in potassium uptake. Potassium concentration
in plant is a factor that controls the yield and at the same time it is influenced by the availability of potassium in
soil. This availability is influenced by the rate of exchanged potassium and its concentration in the soil solution
and the soil moisture [23]. Moreover, potassium uptake in the shots is influenced by the dry weight of the shoot
during the growth cycle [7].Therefore, it is inferred that the more the amount of water in the soil is, the more
rate of potassium will be exchanged between plant and soil and the plant will uptake it more effectively from the
soil and will use it for doing its vital processes. Therefore, it is observed that the increase of soil moisture and
the increase of plant nutritional space resulting from appropriate planting pattern have led to the increase of
potassium uptake. The results are consistent with the findings of Thalooth et al. [24].
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Fig. 3: the interactive effect of irrigation interval and planting pattern on the percentage of potassium uptake.
Conclusion:
Generally, the results of the research showed that all three nutritional elements responded to irrigation
intervals differently. Treatments with 7-day and 11-day irrigation intervals were always superior to 15-day
irrigation interval which indicates that in case of lack of water limitation in the region where the mung bean is
planted irrigation with less interval and application of appropriate planting pattern can increase the uptake
percentage and accumulation of nutrients. This subject indicates the fact that wherever sufficient water and
nutrients are supplied for the plant, the plant response is positive and leads to the significant increase of
absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Moreover, in this research it was observed that two-row
planting patterns were superior to one-row furrow and manual planting patterns which indicates that two-row
planting pattern, particularly two-row zigzag planting pattern has a higher absorption ability due to better use of
the space by plants, light penetration into the depth of the filed vegetation and also the possibility of relative
benefit of each plant from water and food sources, and when there is not sufficient water it can be a good
planting pattern for cultivation. Therefore, according to the results of the research, in order to achieve maximum
uptake of nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in the mung bean, irrigation with shorter
intervals and two-row planting pattern particularly two-row zigzag planting pattern seem to be appropriate.
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