Evaluation of average of moisture and matric potential in root... model in superabsorbent presence situations

Advances in Environmental Biology, 7(11) Oct 2013, Pages: 3246-3251
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Advances in Environmental Biology
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Evaluation of average of moisture and matric potential in root zone by water uptake
model in superabsorbent presence situations
1
D. khodadadi Dehkordi, 1H.A. Kashkuli, 2A. Naderi
1
2
Department of Irrigation, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khouzestan, Iran.
Department of Agronomy, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khouzestan, Iran.
A RTI C L E IN F O
Article history:
Received 17 August 2013
Received in revised form 24
October 2013
Accepted 5 October 2013
Available online 14 November 2013
Key words:
ABSTRACT
The present paper aims to evaluation of average of moisture and matric potential in
corn root zone by water uptake model in superabsorbent presence situations. In this
regard, used from a simple way to achieve the average of matric potential and
moisture of corn root zone in along of growth season in superabsorbent presence
situations by using of water uptake function and water retention curve of sandy soil.
The results showed that with increase of superabsorbent ratios, the average of matric
potential of corn root zone in along of growth season, reduced significantly. And
with increase of superabsorbent ratios, the average of moisture of corn root zone in
along of growth season, increased significantly.
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INTRODUCTION
Root water uptake is an important element in distribution of water and salines in soil profile especially in
unsaturated situations. Root water uptake happens in the forms of active and inactive [2]. Active uptake happens
by Osmotic force when transpiration is low and inactive uptake happens by adhesion force between water
molecules when transpiration is high. Generally, water uptake models there are in the forms of macroscopic and
microscopic. In macroscopic models assumes that water uptake by plant is equal to real transpiration [2].
Several researches have done on this matter by: Homaee et al [13,14,15,16]; Homaee and Feddes [12]; Skaggs
et al [23]; Feng et al [6,7]; Thorburn and Ehleringer [24]; Marino and Tracy [19] and Feddes et al [8,9,10].
Microscopic models reported by Gardner [11] for first time and other researchers corrected it for permanent
mode like: Passioura and Cowen [22]; Molz and Remson [20] and Hillel et al [18]. But some of other
researchers like: Homaee [17]; Mathur and Rao [21] and Abbasi [2] believe that microscopic models had not
been functional in solving uptake functions. Because microscopic models assume all of uptake points on root
surface are uniform and water flow toward root is radial. Also model inputs are not available.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
1-3: Geographical location and Weather characteristics:
This study was conducted in a farm that was located at a distance of 10 km from the Ahwaz city. Gross area
of this project was approximately 1072 m2 with longitude and latitude of 48o46’15’’ eastern and 31o48’30’’
nothern respectively and its height was 11 meters above sea level. This study was carried out in the spring and
summer of 2012 year. According to the 50-year statistics, the average of annual rainfall was 213 mm, the
average of air temperature was 25 °C, the average of maximum temperature was 32.8 °C and the mean
minimum temperature was 17.6 °C.
2-3: Soil and Irrigation water characteristics:
Composite samples of 5 random points from 0-30 and 30-60 cm, depth of cultivated land, in the farm were
taken. The results are presented in Table 1.
Table 1: Some physical and chemical properties of the soil before planting test
Relative frequency and size
Soil
EC
Organic
of soil particles (percent)
pH
texture
(dS/m)
carbon (%)
Clay
Silt
Sand
8
4
88
Sand
3
8.1
0.42
8
2
90
Sand
2.8
8
0.35
Soluble
phosphorus
(ppm)
10.4
14.1
Soluble
potassium
(ppm)
166
151
Depth
(cm)
0-30
30-60
Corresponding Author: D. Khodadadi Dehkordi, Department of Irrigation, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad
University, Khouzestan, Iran.
E-mail: [email protected]
3247
D. Khodadadi Dehkordi
Advances in Environmental Biology, 7(11) Oct 2013, Pages: 3246-3251
Irrigation water was provided from Karkheh Noor River. Analytical results of irrigation water samples are
shown in Table 2.
Table 2: Qualitative analysis of the water
Anions (meq/lit)
So4=
ClHco3Co3=
16.2
18.1
4
0
Cations (meq/lit)
K+
Na+
0.12
20
Mg++
9
Ca++
10
pH
EC (dS/m)
7.3
2.9
3-3: Corn varieties used in the plan:
Corn variety used in this project, entitled as the SCKaroun701. This variety is a new corn variety that is
tolerant to dry stress and suitable for cultivation in subtropical regions that is introduced by Agricultural
Research Center of Safi-Abad Dezful, Kuzestan, Iran.
4-3: Experiment plan:
This plan was performed as a split plot in a randomized complete block design with 12 treatments and three
replications. Different irrigation water depths considered as the main treatment including I1, I2 and I3 equal to
100, 75 and 50 percent of needed water for the plant respectively. Different ratios of superabsorbent considered
as the secondary treatments. They were S0, S1, S2 and S3 equal to 0 (for control group), 15, 30 and 45 gr/m2
respectively. Thus, with 12 treatments and three replications, a total of 36 plots were tested.
5-3: Farming operations:
The size of each plot was 4 * 4.5 m2 including 6 lines. The superabsorbent for each line in each plot was
distributed in a depth of 30 cm from the soil surface. The corn vareity of this plan (SCKaroun1701) was planted
manually in March (2012) as spring planting and in July (2012) as summer planting. The space between
planting rows were 75 cm and the space between each plant in each line was 17 cm, so a total density of
planting was 78430 plants per hectare. Deficit irrigation treatments were started after 4 to 5 leaf stage (seedling
settlement stage).
6-3: Applying different irrigation treatments in the farm:
This method was according to usage of soil moisture index or soil metric potential. In this method, the soil
moisture percentage was measured thorough sampling of plant root (about 80 cm and from 3 plots) per each 20
cm, days before irrigation. When the weight mean of soil moisture reached the allowed depletion (according to
full irrigation treatment) the irrigation process happened. Finally, the irrigation cycle was determined based on
the non-water stress treatment. At the same time, all of the plan treatments were irrigated through fixed
irrigation cycle and different irrigation depths. For applying different water regimes and each treatment
coefficient, the following equation used [1]:
SMD = (θ fc − θ i ).Bd .Dr . f
(1)
Where SMD: soil moisture deficit (cm), θfc: field capacity moisture, θi: weight percent of available moisture
in the soil of farm, f: each treatment coefficient (0.5, 0.75 and 1), Bd: bulk density (gr/cm3) and Dr: plant root
development depth (cm). It should be noted that the deficit irrigation treatments took place in the 4 to 5 leaf
stage, after full settlement of seedlings. Because of deep underground water and porous soil texture,
groundwater contribution was also ignored. Meantime, rainfall measured by the rain gauge at the farm.
7-3: Water uptake model in non-saline situations:
On the base of Feddes et al [8] research, water relative uptake is equal to plant relative yield:
α (h ) =
Y
YMax
Where,
α (h ) : water relative uptake and
(2)
Y
: plant relative yield. General perspective of α (h ) function
YMax
toward absolute value of matric potential (h) is showed in figure 1.
3248
D. Khodadadi Dehkordi
Advances in Environmental Biology, 7(11) Oct 2013, Pages: 3246-3251
Fig. 1: General perspective of α (h ) function toward absolute value of matric potential (h)
Where h1: minimum matric potential that plant root starts to water uptake (cm), h2: the matric potential that
plant root starts to water uptake optimally (cm), h3h: the matric potential that in severe transpiration (Thigh )
water uptake of plant root starts to being reduced (cm), h3l: the matric potential that in mild transpiration (Tlow )
water uptake of plant root starts to being reduced (cm), h4: the matric potential that water uptake of plant root is
stopped.
Van Genuchten (1987) reported a corrective function for water uptake of plant root:
α ( h) =
1
 h 

1 + 
 h50 
(3)
p
Where, h: the matric potential of root zone, h50: the matric potential that water uptake of root zone is halved
in it, p: is an empirical factor that Van Genuchten and Hoffman [26] reported it 3, if reducer function be smoothS-form [23,13].
The function (3) was corrected toward matric potential threshold value (h*) by Dirksen and Augustijn [3]
and Dirksen et al [4] in the form of following fuction:
α ( h) =
1
 h* − h 

1 +  *
 h − h50 
(4)
p
Where,
Ρ=
hmax
hmax − h*
(5)
and
hmax = h50
The critical amounts of matric potential for some agricultural plants toward
showed in table 3 [27].
(6)
α (h )
in reducer function, are
3249
D. Khodadadi Dehkordi
Advances in Environmental Biology, 7(11) Oct 2013, Pages: 3246-3251
Table 3: The critical amounts of matric potential for some agricultural plants toward
α (h ) in reducer function
h1
h2
h3high
h3low
h4
Productions
-10
-10
0
-10
-15
-25
-25
-1
-25
-30
-320
-320
-500
-200
-325
-600
-600
-900
-800
-600
-16000
-16000
-16000
-8000
-8000
Potato
Sugar beet
Wheat
Pasture
Corn
Soil matric potential (bar)
8-3: Determination of water retention curve of farm sandy soil:
For determination of water retention curve of farm sandy soil, used from the composite sample of farm
sandy soil. Then, this sample was put in presssure plate apparatus and determinated moisture of soil in different
suction points. The water retention curve of farm sandy soil is showed in figure 2.
15
14.5
14
13.5
13
12.5
12
11.5
11
10.5
10
9.5
9
8.5
8
7.5
7
6.5
6
5.5
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
4.3
5
5.8
6.4
7.3
12
30.1
Soil moisture (cm3/cm3)
Fig. 2: Water retention curve of farm sandy soil
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
1-4: The average of matric potential and moisture of root zone at different experimental treatments in along of
growth season:
For evaluation of average of matric potential and moisture of root zone in along of growth season, can use
of water uptake models. In this research, used from function (4) for evaluating of matric potential of root zone in
growth season along. After determination of matric potential of root zone, used from water retention curve of
farm sandy soil for determination of moisture in everyone of matric potential points. The parameters amounts of
function (4) with company of average of matric potential and moisture of corn root zone in growth season along
are showed in table 4. For achieving table 4, used from figure 1 and table 3 for corn.
Table 4: The parameters amounts of function (4) with company of average of matric potential and moisture of corn root zone in growth
season along
α(h)
The average of matric
Treatment
The average of moisture of
Relative yield
h50
h*
potential
of
root
zone
p
3
3
s
root zone (cm /cm )
(relative water uptake by
(cm)
(cm)
(h) (cm)
root)
6.07
2236
0.66
1.09
3837
325
S0
6.29
1484
0.77
1.09
3837
325
S1
I1
6.59
890
0.88
1.09
3837
325
S2
7.3
325
1
1.09
3837
325
S3
5.1
5045
0.42
1.09
3837
325
S0
5.59
3589
0.52
1.09
3837
325
S1
I2
6
2566
0.62
1.09
3837
325
S2
6.24
1870
0.71
1.09
3837
325
S3
4.58
10967
0.23
1.09
3837
325
S0
4.8
7642
0.31
1.09
3837
325
S1
I3
4.96
5828
0.38
1.09
3837
325
S2
5.56
4546
0.45
1.09
3837
325
S3
3250
D. Khodadadi Dehkordi
Advances in Environmental Biology, 7(11) Oct 2013, Pages: 3246-3251
12000
The average of matric potential of corn
root zone (cm)
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
I1S0
I1S1 I1S2
I1S3
I2S0
I2S1
I2S2
I2S3
I3S0
I3S1
I3S2
I3S3
Treatments
Fig. 3: The average of matric potential of corn root zone in along of growth season in superabsorbent presence
situations
According to figure 3, with increase of superabsorbent ratios, the average of matric potential of corn root
zone in along of growth season, reduced significantly.
The average of moisture of corn root zone
(cm3/cm3)
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
I1S0
I1S1 I1S2
I1S3
I2S0
I2S1
I2S2
I2S3
I3S0
I3S1
I3S2
I3S3
Treatments
Fig. 4: The average of moisture of corn root zone in along of growth season in superabsorbent presence
situations
According to figure 4, with increase of superabsorbent ratios, the average of moisture of corn root zone in
along of growth season, increased significantly. Water uptake function that’s used in this regard, is one of the
valid functions in this field that can be used for evaluating of matric potential of root zone in superabsorbent
presence situations.
Totally, According to figures of 3 and 4, found out that superabsorbent could in storage and continuation of
water in root zone and raise water retention capacity of sandy soil be succeeded properly. So, it could provide
the suitable situations for plant growth and raise its yield.
Conclusion:
Considering the results of this research, found out that there is a simple way to achieve the average of
matric potential and moisture of root zone in along of growth season in superabsorbent presence situations by
using of water uptake function and water retention curve of soil. Water uptake function that’s used in this regard,
is one of the valid functions that can be used for evaluating of matric potential of root zone in superabsorbent
presence situations. Also, found out that with increase of superabsorbent ratios, the average of matric potential
of corn root zone in along of growth season, reduced significantly. And with increase of superabsorbent ratios,
3251
D. Khodadadi Dehkordi
Advances in Environmental Biology, 7(11) Oct 2013, Pages: 3246-3251
the average of moisture of corn root zone in along of growth season, increased significantly. It could be because
of storage and continuation of water in root zone and raise water retention capacity of sandy soil by presence of
superabsorbent.
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