Advances in Environmental Biology

Advances in Environmental Biology, 8(8) 2014, Pages: 2632-2639
AENSI Journals
Advances in Environmental Biology
Journal home page: http://www.aensiweb.com/AEB/
3-D Cartesian Method in Characterisating of Mechanical Properties of Bamboo
Polyester Composites
1,2Kannan
Rassiah, 1M.M.H Megat Ahmad, 1Aidy Ali and 3Haeryip Sihombing
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM) Kem Sg. Besi, 57000,
Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA.
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politeknik Merlimau (PMM). KB 1031, Pejabat Pos Merlimau, 77300, Melaka, MALAYSIA.
3
Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka
MALAYSIA.
ARTICLE INFO
Article history:
Received 28 February 2014
Received in revised form 25 May 2014
Accepted 6 June 2014
Available online 20 June 2014
Keywords:
Laminates Mechanical Properties
3D Cartesian Unsaturated Polyester
Bamboo Strip Composite
ABSTRACT
Natural fiber reinforced composites are necessary in order to increase use of polymer
composite technology. Among natural fiber, bamboo has an exclusive form which
corresponds to unidirectional, fiber-reinforced composite with many internodes along
culm. In this study, the mechanical properties of culm fiber composites from inner to
outer layer of bamboo strips with various thicknesses are investigated. Unsaturated
polyester (UP) and bamboo fiber (BF) Strips were prepared in 1.5 mm to 2.5 mm
thickness of bamboo strip through the hand lay-up technique using 3 mm thick
aluminium mould found that the optimum values of bamboo strip/unsaturated polyester
composite are in middle layer with 2.5 mm thickness. This study proposed the use of 3
Dimension (or 3-D) Cartesian to determine the optimum values of various mechanical
properties results.
© 2014 AENSI Publisher All rights reserved.
To Cite This Article: Kannan Rassiah, M.M.H Megat Ahmad, Aidy Ali and Haeryip Sihombing, 3-D Cartesian Method in Characterisating of
Mechanical Properties of Bamboo Polyester Composites. Adv. Environ. Biol., 8(8), 2632-2639, 2014
INTRODUCTION
In recent years, as a result of growing environmental awareness, agro-fillers have been increasingly used as
reinforcing fillers in thermoplastic and thermoset composite materials. The agro- filler has been regarded as a
promising alternative to conventional composites, such as a reinforced composite synthetic. Natural agro–
reinforced resin matrix composites have to overcome many challenges, especially on their susceptibility to
moisture and poor dimensional stability, in order to be used commonly as engineering materials. Among these,
vegetable fibers are getting more attention, because they are renewable and show excellent reinforcing
properties for polymer composites [3,11,20]. Among the various lignocellulosic fibers, bamboo was recognized
that has a high percentage of lignin (32 %) and its microfibrillar angle is relatively small (2o – 10o) [6]. This
factors lead to the extremely high tensile strength, flexural strength, and rigidity of the fiber’s polylamellate wall
structure. These advantages place the natural fibers composites among high performance composite having
economical and environmental advantages with good physical properties [12].
Polyester resins are a special family of polymers. Polyesters, as the name implies, are polymers that contain
ester linkages. Unsaturated polyester has a special interest as a matrix in natural fiber composites for many
reasons. First good all-around properties because of the high content of aromatic vinyl groups, the crosslinked
polyester is easily susceptible to thermooxidative decomposition, which reduces the long-term application
temperature. Second ease of fabrication without high pressure moulding equipment; third require minimal setup
costs and physical properties that can meet the specific applications. At lasts the unsaturated polyester versatile
with the possibility of maintaining the finished parts in many ways without affecting the physical properties [2].
The comparisons mechanical properties of unsaturated polyester with selected matrix materials can be seen in
Table 1.
The mechanical properties of polyester are most often obtained application in the fibers, films, engineering
resins, and biomedical uses (Sawyer 2008). Further, it has been indicated that this reinforcement fiber
dependence is inherent to polyester resin due to their unique molecular structure and is quite different from
configuration and or other environmental factors. Based on the above reason, various concentrations of natural
fiber and analysis approaches must be adopted for natural agro- based polymer materials to determine the
manner in properties. Bamboo fiber is a good candidate as reinforcement in composite materials because it is an
Corresponding Author: Kannan Rassiah, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Universiti
Pertahanan Malaysia (UPNM) Kem Sg. Besi, 57000, Kuala Lumpur Malaysia.
Tel: +6 0127931306 E-mail: [email protected]
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Advances in Environmental Biology, 8(8) 2014, Pages: 2632-2639
abundant natural resource available in many countries and one of the fastest growing grass plants [18,16,15,9,4].
In addition, bamboo has excellent specific mechanical properties because its fibers are aligned longitudinally
[8,5,17,19,7,10].
Table 1: Room Temperature Mechanical Properties of Matrix Materials (Ahmad 2009).
Matrix
Density (mg/m3 )
Young’s modulus (GPa)
Unsaturated Polyester, UP
1.10-1.23
3.1-4.6
Epoxy, EP
1.10-1.20
2.6-3.8
Phenolics (Bakelite)
1.00-1.25
3.0-4.0
Bismaleimide, BMI
1.20-1.32
3.2-5.0
Vinylesters, VE
1.12-1.13
3.1-3.3
Tensile strength (MPa)
50-75
60-85
60-80
48-110
70-81
Strain to failure (%)
1.0-6.5
1.5-8.0
1.8
1.5-3.3
3.0-8.0
Understanding the potential of bamboo as strong fiber in composite, this study aim to investigate and
explore the properties of laminated BF/ UP composites. In this work, the mechanical properties of three
different fiber strips with various thicknesses were analysed and also proposed the using of 3 Dimension (or 3D) Cartesian to find the optimum values of various mechanical properties results.
Experimental and Mechanical Testing:
Selection of Resin Matrix:
Unsaturated polyester resin is a rigid, low reactivity, thixotropic general-purpose of orthophthalic type was
selected. The matrix system consisted of unsaturated polyester (UP) type of Reversol P-9509 with the specific
gravity at 25°C: 1.12, viscosity: 450-600 cps volumetric shrinkage 8% and acid value, mg KOH/g solid resin
29-34 was used. It is pre-promoted for ambient temperature cure with addition of methyl ethyl ketone peroxide
(MEKP) as catalyst. The bamboo species used in these test were Gigantochloa Scortechinii (Buluh Semantan)
and cut down into lumber strip fiber parts with different thickness such as 1.5 mm, 2.0 mm, and 2.5 mm. All of
the specimens were washed with water and then dried in an oven at 60 0C for 72 hours for reduce its moisture.
The formulation for unsaturated polyester and bamboo strip is divided into three main parts of inner, middle and
outer bamboo layer, which have been cut according to the thickness. Figure 1 show the methodology flow chart.
Fig. 1: Methodology Chart.
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Laminate Fabrication:
Composite laminate of bamboo layer and unsaturated polyester were prepared by simple hand lay- up
practice in a mould 120 mm x 120 mm x 3 mm which represent length, width and thickness respectively at
laboratory temperature. At first, a scrapper was used to clean the dirt inside surface of the mould and a rag was
used to wipe the mould surface. Then silicon release agent was applied to the surfaces to facilitate sample easy
removal from mould. Unsaturated polyester which was mixed with the methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKP) as
catalyst 100: 2 were stirred until its changes its physical colour from light pink to pale yellow. The mixture was
poured inside the mould until it close the lowest surface. Then 10 BF strips was placed slowly on the top of the
lowest surface to wetting it. After that, mixture was poured again on top surface on the strips and brushes it in
one way to ensure it fully close the strips. Finally the laminate was removed from the mould and cured at room
temperature for one hour.
Testing Standard:
Tensile and flexural properties for pure bamboo and laminated UP/BF at temperature 25±3 °C with 50 % of
humidity were measured using Instron 5569 A (USA) capacity 50 KN at a cross head speed of 2 mm/min
according to ASTM D3039 and ASTM D790 standard testing method. The hardness tests were conducted
according to ASTM D2240. The Shore D Durometer/ Digital Shore Tester DSAS/DSDS hardness were used to
measure the depth of penetration of loaded indenter in to the material. The tests were performed at 25±3 °C with
50% of humidity. While for the Charpy resistance test was carried out at 120° by using the "Pendulum Charpy
Tester Model: Eurotech ET-2206" complete with hammer 50 J impact force and the operating conditions at 25 ±
2 ° C with 50% humidity. The test conducted in accordance to ASTM D6110 in order to determine the values of
Charpy Impact Strength (J / mm2).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Bamboo strip with various thicknesses was laminated with unsaturated polyester. The mechanical
properties in terms of tensile, flexural, impact and hardness properties of the bamboo laminated are tabulated in
Table 2.
Table 2: Mechanical Properties.
BAMBOO
Composition
Thickne
ss (mm)
Series
1.5
1.5
2
2
2.5
2.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
2
2
2
2.5
2.5
2.5
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
S7
S8
S9
S10
S11
S12
S13
S14
S15
Charpy
Impact
CI
(J/mm2
)
2.383
2.435
2.458
2.517
2.6
2.617
2.486
2.508
2.502
2.488
2.493
2.46
2.525
2.608
2.508
BAMBOO
Composition
Thickness (mm)
1.5
1.5
2
2
2.5
2.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
2
2
2
2.5
2.5
2.5
Flexural
Stress
FS
(MPa)
Flexural
Modulus
FM (MPa)
Charpy
Impact
CI
(J/mm2)
Hardness
H
(Shore)
INNER LAYER
Tensile
Tensile
Stress
Modulus
TS
TM
(MPa)
(MPa)
/
/
/
/
/
/
27.383
24.142
26.242
28.725
28.033
28.317
21.075
19.7
20.975
29.814
28.241
31.607
30.489
31.608
32.705
31.884
28.646
29.733
33.094
30.59
31.983
39.126
41.957
40.877
43.235
45.503
46.458
48.368
50.573
52.581
48.872
46.241
47.649
60.291
57.153
58.573
70.888
73.271
75.271
2683.43
2604.26
2769.44
2809.22
3492.11
3496.96
3649.72
3333.41
3514.94
3489.27
3749.79
3566.84
4105.1
3865.56
4441.89
2.475
2.408
2.5
2.5
2.54
2.553
2.593
2.604
2.588
3.467
3.483
3.433
4.2
4.183
4.083
Hardness
Series
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
S7
S8
S9
S10
S11
S12
S13
S14
S15
1756.07
1805.77
2058.52
2236.88
2456.88
2488.81
2298.11
2196.61
2005.82
2485.89
2562.28
2600.13
3307.54
3273.64
3327.83
Charpy Impact
Hardness
CI (J/mm2)
2.486
2.442
2.808
2.917
3.017
3
2.592
2.592
2.617
3.083
3.3
3.2
3.617
3.6
3.667
H (Shore)
/
/
28.608
28.875
32.2
34.125
49.742
49.383
46.992
52.142
49.642
51.467
56.833
57.125
58.683
H
(Shore)
MIDDLE LAYER
Tensile
Tensile
Stress
Modulus
TS
TM
(MPa)
(MPa)
Flexural
Stress
FS
(MPa)
Flexural
Modulus
FM
(MPa)
/
/
/
/
6.717
7.033
38.083
39.942
37.708
46.183
45.867
48.142
50.108
48.842
49.817
30.186
31.008
35.647
37.99
40.941
37.989
35.307
34.881
37.489
38.588
40.49
39.889
48.767
46.983
45.889
48.724
50.161
55.182
55.372
56.665
57.586
52.673
54.572
48.858
65.11
61.982
68.655
78.841
85.623
82.07
2913.7
3065.75
3333.41
3057.27
3628.08
3830.98
4590.56
4096.3
4181.79
4485.6
4703.45
4096.3
5208.65
5086.17
5235.38
OUTER LAYER
Tensile
Tensile
Stress
Modulus
TS (MPa)
TM (MPa)
30.004
1840.68
29.877
1689.66
38.367
2467.88
38.989
2476.33
44.429
2503.81
42.871
2991.56
29.987
2099.89
31.889
2193.76
30.23
2678.45
36.125
3106.56
40.005
3042.01
38.58
3234.79
44.87
3023.87
45.526
3687.71
43.564
3772.02
1980.43
2043.13
2335.47
2508.75
2588.98
2895.43
2778.91
2504.25
2689.26
2830.44
3327.52
3059.55
3897.21
3781.32
3670.72
Flexural
Stress
FS (MPa)
53.143
50.27
56.148
59.009
60.82
61.807
53.664
51.771
50.797
63.343
65.26
66.342
69.402
70.507
72.023
Flexural
Modulus
FM (MPa)
3125.6
2859.8
3141.89
3105.1
3448.34
3492.11
4443.83
3847.65
4215.1
4593.86
4453.45
4114.6
4485.6
4698.14
4896.55
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Inner Layers:
Table 2 shows the mechanical properties increased linearly for both pure bamboo series 1 to 6 and
laminated bamboo series 7 to 15. The results showed that mechanical properties of the laminated are enhanced
with increasing the thickness of bamboo for inner layer. The Charpy impact of bamboo laminated from series 7
to 15 was higher than the pure bamboo strip. While for the same series flexural stresses of bamboo laminated
were found higher than tensile stress. The similiar increasing also occurred towards the bamboo laminated
flexural modulus were higher than tensile modulus. The pure bamboo strip and laminated sampled for tensile
stress, tensile modulus, flexural stress, and flexural modulus from series 1 to 6 and 7 to 15 with 1.5 mm, 2.0 mm
and 2.5 mm going enlarges with 66.9 %, 87.9 %, 87.7 %, and 88.8 % respectively.
The results of tensile stress, flexural stress, and charpy impact in three views dimensional of cartesian
coordinate is illustrated in Figure 2. For the graph of X- axis, the maximum values of flexural stress vs. tensile
stress is 37.4 MPa to 42.0 MPa (39.126 MPa, 41.957 MPa and 40.877 MPa), while to graph of Y- axis is 64.6
MPa to 75.3 MPa (70.888 MPa, 73.271 MPa & 75.271 MPa). The maximum values of both axis occured to the
series 13, 14 and 15 respectively. The border level of X-axis, Y-axis, and Z-axis graphs to charpy impact vs.
tensile stress and charpy impact vs. flexural stress are 37.4 MPa to 42.0 MPa , 64.6 MPa to 75.3 MPa and 2.55
J/mm2 to 2.65 J/mm2 for tensile stress, flexural stress, and charpy impact respectively. The graph based on
TS∩FS∩CI shows the optimum value found on series 14 with the values of tensile stress, flexural stress, and
charpy impact were 41.957 MPa, 73.271 MPa, 2.608 J/mm2 respectively.
Fig. 2: The 3 Dimensional Cartesian Inner layers.
Middle Layers:
The mechanical properties of the laminated bamboo are also enhanced with increasing the thickness of
bamboo strip for middle layer (Table 2). Based on the comparison between pure bamboo strip and laminated,
the testing results of the tensile stress, tensile modulus, flexural stress, flexural modulus, and charpy impact on
1.5 mm, 2.0 mm, and 2.5 mm showed enlarges for each thickness. The values of tensile stress were 75.9 %, 61.6
%, and 79.4 %, while for tensile modulus were 98.1 %, 90.3 %, and 106.9 % respectively. For the flexural stress
testing, the results showed 57.9 %, 77.1 %, and 115.8 %, while for flexural modulus were 115.2 %, 107.9 %,
and 108.2 % respectively. The values of charpy impact test were 59.4 %, 107.7 %, and 144.8 % respectively.
The result of hardness test of laminated bamboo on 2.5 mm thickness was 981.9 % higher than pure bamboo
strip.
Figure 3 illustrate the results of tensile modulus, charpy impact, and hardness values in cartesian coordinate
axis of X, Y, and Z respectively. Based on X- axis and Z- axis, the higher values of the tensile modulus and
hardness test occurred between 3258.3 MPa to 3897.2 MPa and 33.4 to 50.1. The results showed the values are
3897.21 MPa, 3781.32 MPa, 3670.72 MPa, 3327.52 MPa (X-axis) and 50.108, 48.842, 49.817 and 45.87 (YAxis) for series 11, 13, 14, and 15 respectively. However, for hardness value vs. tensile modulus and hardness
value vs. charpy impact, the graph shows the higher value of tensile modulus, charpy impact, and hardness
located in X- axis, Y- axis, and Z- axis with the border between 3258.3 MPa to 3897.2 MPa, 3.6 J/mm 2 to 4.2
J/mm2 and 33.4 to 50.1 for series 13, 14, and 15 respectively. Figure 3 shows the optimum value for tensile
modulus were 3897.21 MPa, 3781.32 MPa, 3670.72 MPa, while for charpy impact were 4.2 J/mm2, 4.183
J/mm2, and 4.083 J/mm2 and then for hardness were 50.108, 48.842, and 49.817. This three Dimension of
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Cartesian coordinate indicates the series of 13, 14, and 15 are located in optimum condition based on
TM∩CI∩K.
Fig. 3: The 3 Dimensional Cartesian Middle Layers.
Fig. 4: The 3 Dimensional Cartesian Outer Layers
Outer Layers:
Table 2 shows that the mechanical properties of outer layer bamboo laminated are also enhanced with
increasing their thickness. The results found that the values of tensile stress, tensile modulus, flexural stress,
flexural modulus, charpy impact, and hardness for laminated bamboo strip were increased towards 1.5 mm, 2.0
mm and 2.5 mm thickness. For the tensile stress were 24.5 % and 45.4%, while for tensile modulus are 34.6 %
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& 50.4 %. For flexural stress and flexural modulus were 24.8 %, 35.7 % and 5.2 %, 12.6 % respectively. For
charpy impact were 22.8 % and 39.5%, while for hardness test are 4.9 % & 18.2 %. The values of outer layer
laminated bamboo for tensile stress, tensile modulus, flexural stress, flexural modulus, charpy impact and
hardness showed 51.8 %, 92.1 %, 65 %, 107.3 %, 69.6 % and 281.2 % greater mechanical properties than pure
bamboo strip.
The higher values of flexural stress and charpy impact test found in the area with border between 64.8 MPa
to 72.0 MPa (X- axis) and 3.3 J/mm2 to 3.7 J/mm2 (Y- axis) for series 11, 13, 14 , and 15 respectively. However,
the higher values of flexural stress and hardness occurred on area with border between 64.8 MPa to 72.0 MPa
(X- axis) and 39.1 to 58.7 (Y- axis) for series 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15. For the hardness value vs. charpy impact,
Figure 4 shows the Y-axis and Z-axis border level is 3.3 J/mm2 to 3.7 J/mm2 for charpy impact and 39.1 to 58.7
for hardness value. This graph indicates that series 11, 13, 14, and 15 were located in optimum condition based
on FS∩CI∩K.
Selected Compositions:
Table 3 shows the selected mechanical properties for inner, middle, and outer laminated bamboo. The
results showed that mechanical properties of the laminated bamboo are enhanced with increasing the thickness
of bamboo strip for inner, middle and outer layer. This is consistent with the study of Okubo et al. (2004), that
bamboo fibers bundles had an adequate specific strength. According to Verma et al. [17], the tensile and
flexural in [00/00/00/00] laminated configuration with 2 mm thickness give the higher values. [19] stated the
flexural concert as the finger length increases from 12 mm to 15 mm and 18 mm for the laminated bamboo.
Table 3: Selected Bamboo Composition Mechanical Properties
Bamboo
Charpy
Hardness
Composition
Impact
Thickness
Series Layers
CI
H
(mm)
(J/mm2)
(Shore)
2.5
S14
Inner
2.608
19.7
2
S11
Middle
3.483
45.867
2.5
S13
Middle
4.2
50.108
2.5
S14
Middle
4.183
48.842
2.5
S15
Middle
4.083
49.817
2
S10
Outer
3.083
52.142
2.5
S13
Outer
3.617
56.833
2.5
S14
Outer
3.6
57.125
2.5
S15
Outer
3.667
58.683
Tensile
Stress
TS
(MPa)
41.957
40.49
48.767
46.983
45.889
36.125
44.87
45.526
43.564
Fig. 5: The 3 Dimensional Cartesian Selected Compositions
Tensile
Modulus
TM
(MPa)
3273.64
3327.52
3897.21
3781.32
3670.72
3106.56
3023.87
3687.71
3772.02
Flexural
Stress
FS
(MPa)
73.271
61.982
78.841
85.623
82.07
63.343
69.402
70.507
72.023
Flexural
Modulus
FM
(MPa)
3865.56
4703.45
5208.65
5086.17
5235.38
4593.86
4485.6
4698.14
4896.55
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As shown in Table 2, the middle layer has higher mechanical properties than inner or outer layer. For
middle layer series 14 incorporated of 2.5 mm, the impact strength increased from 2.608 J/mm 2 to 4.183
J/mm2, which is about 60.4 % when compared to inner layer same series. While for the 2.5 mm middle layer
series 13, the tensile stress, tensile modulus, flexural stress, and flexural modulus increased from 44.87 MPa to
48.767 MPa, 3023.87 MPa to 3897.21 MPa, 69.402 MPa to 78.841 MPa, and 4485.6 MPa to 5208.65 MPa,
which is about 8.7%, 28.9 %, 13.6 % and 16.1% respectively when compared to outer layer same series.
However, the hardness value of series 15 with 2.5 mm thickness was decreased from outer to middle layer
58.683 to 49.817, which is about 15.1 %.
Figure 5 shows the 3-dimensional cartesian graph towards the actual optimum condition for tensile stress,
flexural stress and hardness for inner, middle and outer layer. The higher values located in X- axis and Z- axis
border for tensile stress and hardness were between 44.6 MPa to 48.9 MPa and 45.7 to 58.7. The values were
48.767 MPa, 46.983 MPa, 45.889 MPa, 44.87 MPa, and 45.526 MPa for tensile stress, while for hardness are
50.108, 48.842, 49.817, 56.833, and 57.125 respectively (series 13 middle & outer, 14 middle & outer, and 15
middle). However, based on the higher value of tensile stress and flexural stress were found on series 13, 14 ,
and 15 middle layer, where for X- axis were 44.6 MPa to 48.8 MPa , while for Y- axis are 77.7 MPa to 85.6
MPa, and 45.7 to 58.7 for Z- axis. The 3-D graph shows the optimum value for tensile stress were 48.767 MPa,
46.983 MPa, and 45.889 MPa, while for flexural stress are 78.841 MPa, 85.623 MPa, and 82.07 MPa, and then
50.108, 48.842, and 49.817 for hardness with series 13, 14, and 15 middle layer respectively. This three
Dimension Cartesian coordinate indicates that series 13, 14, and 15 were located in optimum condition of
TS∩FS∩K.
Conclusion:
The possibilities of using various bamboo strip thickness in unsaturated polyester matrix was studied by
investigation of the mechanical properties of the laminated produced. These studies showed that the mechanical
properties of pure bamboo and unsaturated polyester/ bamboo laminated improve, while thicknesses of bamboo
increased.
In this study, the optimum mechanical properties results obtained in the tensile test, flexural test, hardness
test, and charpy impact test were depicted using 3 Dimension (or 3-D) Cartesian graph. The mechanical
properties with A= TS/FS/CI, B=TM/FM/CI, C= TS/CI/H, D=TM/CI/H, E= FS/CI/H, F=FM/CI/H, G=TS/FS/H
and K=TM/FM/H (A∩B∩C∩D∩E∩F∩G∩K) performance for middle layer. Series 13, 14 and 15 of middle part
with thickness 2.5 mm show the best tensile stress, tensile modulus, flexural stress, flexural modulus, charpy
impact and hardness value among the rest, with the value range 45.889 MPa to 48.767 MPa, 3670.72 MPa to
3897.210 MPa, 78.841 MPa to 85.623 MPa, 5086.17 MPa to 5235.38 MPa, 4.083 J/mm 2 to 4.2 J/mm2 and
48.842 to 50.108 respectively.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors acknowledge the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS) 1/2013/TK01/UPNM/01/2 and
Universiti Pertahanan National Malaysia (UPNM) for supporting the research work, as well as The Mechanical
Engineering Department Polytechnic Merlimau Melaka and The Coordinator of Composite Engineering
Laboratory (FKP/UTeM) for granting permission to use all available equipments.
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