Advances in Environmental Biology

Advances in Environmental Biology, 8(11) Special 2014, Pages: 1387-1394
AENSI Journals
Advances in Environmental Biology
ISSN-1995-0756
EISSN-1998-1066
Journal home page: http://www.aensiweb.com/AEB/
The Introduction of Chemical Contaminants Present in the Effluent Pulp and
Paper Industry and Reviews the Methods Determine the Extent of the Degree of
Pollution of Organic Compounds
Jafar Azimvand and Aazam Monfared
Payam Noor University of Tehran
ARTICLE INFO
Article history:
Received 15 April 2014
Received in revised form 22 May
2014
Accepted 25 May 2014
Available online 15 June 2014
Keywords:
Paper industries, industrial effluents,
lignin, chlorinated compounds, resin
acids, BOD, COD, TOD
ABSTRACT
In addition to lignin and its compounds, Wood extractives such as tannins, fatty acids,
aromatic acids, terpenes and plant gums With the creation of the suspended organic
matter, coloring and inorganic solids, in paper pulp production processes also play a
major role in establishing biochemical contamination. These pollutants are mainly
polar, hydrophobic, negatively ionic charged, high molecular weight and are containing
functional groups, hydroxyl, carboxyl attached to the aromatic rings, alkenes bonds,
organic- metal complexes, radicals free and quinonic buildings. The major pollutants in
the water supplies of the paper industry originate of two important chlorinated
compounds based on bleached processes unsaturated resin acids in pulp . Different
measures designed to detect and measure the amount of organic pollutants in
aqueous,that the most important parameters is DO ،BOD ، COD ، TOD and TOC .
Values obtained for the COD was between 5000 to 6000 that is representing highly
concentrated wastewater and contaminated. The COD (total organic compounds in
sewage) Most of the BOD is an indicator of biodegradation organic matter . So the ratio
COD / BOD can be used as a criterion be considered for the biological degradation of
the aquatic environment . Whatever this ratio is closer to 1,destruction of biological
compounds was more and Fewer toxic effects may lead to . COD test for most organic
compounds have shown good agreement with the values of the TOD, However, the
BOD value indicate lower values almost always . The reason for this is the lack of
complete oxidation aqueous biological . Also comparison BOD data with TOC does not
appropriate based on the equations and BOD5/TOC rate is always between 1/2 and 2 are
variable.
© 2014 AENSI Publisher All rights reserved.
To Cite This Article: Jafar Azimvand and Aazam Monfared., The Introduction of Chemical Contaminants Present in the Effluent Pulp and
Paper Industry and Reviews the Methods Determine the Extent of the Degree of Pollution of Organic Compounds. Adv. Environ. Biol.,
8(11), 1387-1394, 2014
INTRODUCTION
Paper industry despite the growing need to produce, However, are one of the largest industries in the
production of contaminated wastes. The wastewater due to various compounds extracted from trees such as
lignin, resin and other polymer pollutants, In addition, very intense color, also strongly affects on aquatic life
and has a heavy environmental consequences [24]. The colored wastewater discharged to the environment be
prevented photosynthetic activity of plants, so reducing the influence of sunlight to the water and reduction of
the amount of oxygen dissolution, apart from the direct effects of acute and chronic toxicity on aquatic. These
issues determines the necessity of the discharge of effluents before discharge into rivers or the environment. The
pollution load reduction and color removal from wastewater, Has been one of the greatest research topics during
a few decades ago and many efforts have been done in this field,to the addition to the practical effect of local
standards, is Economic justification of the appropriate. production wastes Color in the paper industry is one the
most important pollutants. Generating of colors in the wood and paper effluents have a large variety. The most
important of them is lignin that has the organic-polymer structure . Lignin derivatives which are formed due to
the destruction and degradation are also important factors in the production Color. Other components of wood
extractives such as resin, wood extracts, synthetic pigments, tannins (gallic acid), organic acids aromatic
terpenes and degradation products from Chlorine and lignin reaction of and …are other resources of
colorimetric in the wastewater. These compounds due to the negatively charged are ions. Because of
Corresponding Author: Jafar Azimvand, Payam Noor University of Tehran.
1388
Jafar Azimvand and Aazam Monfared, 2014
Advances in Environmental Biology, 8(11) Special 2014, Pages: 1387-1394
macromolecules, are high molecular weight. Compounds are hydrophobic and polar structure. The severity of
pollution and the importance of preserving natural ecosystems, apparent necessary to study in more serious
about the of the wastewater treatment of paper manufacturing [22,11].
1 - Measure and determine the degree of severity of organic pollution in wastewater:
To assess and determine the degree of severity of organic wastewater contaminants, used of the specific
tests,that Some of them are discussed in the following explanation.
1-1 - dissolved oxygen (Do):
The amount of dissolved oxygen in the water and wastewater depends on the activity of biochemical,
chemical and physical water environment. Test (Do) is a major and determinant in the evaluation water and
wastewater treatment and control of waters pollution biological process. The amount of dissolved oxygen in the
water and wastewater depends on the chemical and biochemical activities and physical on the water [18].
1-2 - biochemical oxygen demand (BOD):
The amount of dissolved oxygen consume during the biochemical oxidation of organic matter by bacteria
and aerobic microorganisms is called the BOD. Because this value is a function of time and temperature are
measured at 20 C
̊ . In biological processes, organic matter or reach nutrients consumed by the bacteria Or on the
Oxidation of And break bonds with the enzyme secreted by substances such as phosphates, Are converted to
other substances such as CO2, H2O and NH3 or is the mere formation of new cell mass [21,8].
1-3 - chemical oxygen demand (COD):
COD is the total amount of oxygen for the oxidation of organic matter in the solution, whit convert to the
water and CO2. This is the criterion for diagnosis amount Sewage contaminated and wastewater organic
impurities. Also by having BOD and COD values the possible options, the maneuver for refining operations the
further. For example, what the BOD and COD values are closer to me, It is more possible capability wastewater
treatment by biological methods. This feature can be estimated based on the ratio of COD/DOD and if this ratio
was larger of 5, It seems appropriate treatment by biodegradation. COD values are always higher than BOD,
Because this the parameters are indicated total the material that both biological and chemical that have the
ability to oxidize. COD less than 400ppm reagent diluted sewage and COD higher than 1500ppm reagent waste
is highly concentrated [4,16,5,3].
1-4 - total organic carbon (TOC):
Carbon total in the sample solution is called TC and carbon total attached to the organic material in the
sample solution is called TOC. overall organic carbon in water and wastewater (TC), is Contains a number of
organic compounds in different oxidation states. Some of these compounds can be oxidized during chemical and
biological treatment. Therefore, BOD and COD parameters are used to determine this the quantity . But TOC
unlike BOD and COD, is independent of the oxidation state of the organic matter and is not measured the
amounts of other elements such as oxygen and nitrogen that the bound in organic matter, [2].
1.5 - total Oxygen Demand (TOD):
2 - Building pigment and Chromogenic compounds found in wastewater:
2-1 - The origin of color in waste paper industry:
Color is the most important pollutants in paper waste to remove it is always are important in terms of waste
control and environmental conditions . Among the polymeric complex compounds available in wood, such as
lignin and its derivatives, the most Pollutants and productive colors in the paper waste. In addition to lignin and
its derivatives, Wood extractives such as resin, tannins, fatty acids, aromatic acids, terpenes, plant gums and also
play an important role in the development of the contaminants. These are compounds polar and hydrophobic and
having the negative charge, the ionic, high molecular weight, hydroxyl and carboxyl groups that whit cations
are held and by physical methods are separable easily . Along those chemical materials are used during the
production process with additives and pigments, are major causes of pollution and effluent color paper. Another
part of dyes wastewater, extractives are that the effect of heat treatment of wood before burning isolated of the
wood and the causing Colored effluents. The main Color in the paper industry wastewater, occurs of the chips
production process of pulp and black liquor bleaching process and another portion of the carbohydrate analysis
of available of wood building. Major causes of color in paper industry waste is formed by the quinone, free
radicals, organic-metal complexes, alkenyl groups (-CH = CH-) and carbonyl groups (C = O) attached to the
aromatic ring. Among the above, the double bond groups attached to the aromatic ring and the quinone groups,
been announced the main causes of color in the effluent. Also results of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in
the waste water produced in the Kraft process, Showed that the chemical groups caused the Color, are benzilic
compounds, aromatics, acid anhydride, cyclic aromatics, ketones, phenols, carboxylic acids and alkynes [17,12].
1389
Jafar Azimvand and Aazam Monfared, 2014
Advances in Environmental Biology, 8(11) Special 2014, Pages: 1387-1394
2-2 - lignin and its derivatives:
Lignin is a major contributor in establishing effluent color, Lignosulfonatha is the Compounds derived from
lignin degradation and are very complex. Because a variety of factors including color, dual band, benzene ring
and the carbonyl group are present in lignin, identifying and separating them is a very difficult of the paper
Waste. Hydroxyl groups, phenyl, benzyl hydroxyl, carbonyl group have the important role of the chemical
activity of lignin. Lignin in normal mode insoluble in water and many solvents. Lignin has a high affinity for
reaction and this feature is controlled by the Group of phenolic and aliphatic hydroxyl. The presence of carbon
in the diphenyl carbon rings, have been introduced the main factor of stability of lignin and its derivatives . Due
to lignin react with strong oxidizing agents, Lignin components are divided into two groups of the acidic
solution (such as aromatic compounds by low molecular weight) Insoluble acid groups (including aliphatic
components with high molecular weight). The second part consists of a mass production of color is due to
lignin. In both groups,carry of negative with a high density in aqueous solution, So they exist in solution as
colloidal. Shown that over 63% of TOC in the paper industry effluent is Consequently, the presence of acid
insoluble lignin (15,30,12].
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Organic pollutants may cause odor, color, flavor unpleasant to water. Because of the great variety of
organic materials and requires to the long tests, The usual procedure is that organic impurities are reported with
some testing on these indexes.
1. Chloride measurements:
This is the method involves titration with bromine chloride or silver nitrate standard at approximately
neutral pH and exposed to chromate ions as reagent. At the end appears brick-red precipitate of silver chromate.
This method is used for relatively transparent waters. To do this experiment, if the sample is highly color, 3cc of
aluminum hydroxide was added and shake, then smooth it. If there is a sulfide ions in the sample, with the
addition of the hydrogen peroxide solution to the value of 1ml remove the Disturbance . Then we set the PH of
the sample Between 7-10 by the hydroxide sodium solution and hydrochloric acid 1N. adding 1ml of Potassium
chromateas the indicator, and titration with a solution of 0.0141 N silver nitrate. The final point is seen whit a
brick red precipitate. Do the same operation with distilled water. Use silver nitrate to distilled water is between
0.2 and to 0.3/ml [12].
2. Measure dissolved oxygen (DO) to the method iodometry (Method Winkler):
In this method, the dissolved oxygen in the water with the manganese salt Produces manganese oxide and
the effect Hydrochloric acid to produce oxygen, That is the result of oxygen causes of the release of iodine of
the(KI), and (2I-) released by 0.01N sodium hyposulphite Be measured in the presence of starch adhesive. The
oxidation of Mn+ 2 to Mn+ 4 in an alkaline environment by oxygen, and then Mn+4 iodide ion (I-) in acidic
environment (H2SO4) is oxidized to Free iodine (I2). And amount of free iodine can be measured by titration
with sodium thiosulfate [18].
For this experiment in the BOD bottles Pour to the extent 250ml water samples. adding of 2ml manganese
sulfate and 2ml alkaline iodide reagent (KI, NaOH), If there is oxygen is formed Brown sediment Mno2.
Mn 2  2OH   MnOH 2
1
MnOH 2  O2  MnO2   H 2O
2
Then we adding amount 2ml of concentrated acid (H2SO4), to be solved the sediment .
MnO2  2 I   4 H   Mn 2  I 2  2 H 2O
Finally, the amount of 200ml of the solution was titrated with thiosulfate until the appearance of yellow
color.
I 2  2 NaS 2O3  Na2 S 4 O6  2 NaI
Iodine against Starch adhesive is blue that to reduction I2 to I- is colorless. In order to eliminate nitrite
interference is used of the Sodium azide that the conversion of nitrite to N2 gas. Finally, we note the volume of
thiosulfate used and to obtain of the following equation in terms mg/l of the amount of dissolved oxygen
[20,31,6,27,12,19,28,9].
A  N  8000
DO  mg  
l 

Vsam
1390
Jafar Azimvand and Aazam Monfared, 2014
Advances in Environmental Biology, 8(11) Special 2014, Pages: 1387-1394
A = volume consumed of thiosulphate
N = thiosulfate normality
Vsam = volume of sample (200 ml)
3. Measuring biological oxygen demand (BOD):
Is one of the indicators the Water pollution in the organic material. This index shows the contaminants that
aerobic bacteria are able to decompose it. This test is not present in the Toxic Substances and are present all the
essential nutrients required for bacterial growth, such as nitrogen and phosphorus. should be present Group of
organisms called seed. To perform this test, two bottles are filled from a contaminated water. The DO level is
measured, then is another bottle into the water flow to the 5 days. After 5 days, measured the DO the second
dish and DO difference dish the first two determine the BOD 5. The test must be performed at a temperature
20°C [20,31,6,27,12,19,28,9].
Then the dilution water Not been seeding:
D  D2
BOD mg   1
 l 
P
Then the dilution water been seeding:
D  D2   B1  B2 1  P 
BOD mg   1
l


P
D1 = DO of diluted sample after 15 minutes
no seeds volume +water volume) / volume of waste
P with
= (wastewater
D2 = DO of diluted sample after 5 days of incubation with no seeds
B1 = DO of diluted sample containing seeds after 15 minutes
B2 = DO of diluted sample after 5 days in an incubator containing seed
P = dilution factor (percentage of samples diluted)
4. Measuring chemical oxygen demand (COD):
Another test that can be done in addition to BOD on the Sewage samples to assess the amount of organic
material (organic load), is C.O.D test. This test is used to determine the oxygen required for the oxidation of
organic material in the sample, which is talented oxidation by a strong oxidizing agent such as permanganate or
dichromate.
Cn H aOb N c  dCr2O7
2

 8 d  c H  

nCO2 
a  8 d  3c

H 2O  cNH 4  2dCr 3
2
d
2n a b c
  
3 6 3 2
So COD test results are usually greater than BOD. COD test can be done much faster than BOD and only
takes 3 to 4 hours but BOD takes at least 5 days. To determine the amount of residual potassium dichromate in
the COD test, Use of a substance that contains bivalent iron, having high regenerative power and are the titration
by residual potassium dichromate. This article is called ferrous ammonium sulfate (FAS). Here for the removal
of nitrite ions, chlorine and bivalent iron is used respectively of the soulfumic acid, mercuric sulfate and
phenanthroline [2].
We need to COD test to the a control sample and a sample of sewage. In the control sample is used of the
Distilled water. First, 20cc distilled water Pour into the distiller flask and then adding 0.4gr of mercury sulfate.
Then adding 10cc of potassium dichromate 0.25N . adding amount 30cc of concentrated sulfuric acid the
top of the condenser and distilled in the temperature 150°C and for 2 hours. 2 to 3 drops adding of ferroin to be
blue. Finally, Will titrated with ammonium ferrous sulphate, Beginning the solution color convert of the blue to
Green. Then the much titers continue to be a soluble the red-brown. Color changes from green to red-brown is
shown in the below [20,31,6,27,12,19,28,9].
2
6 Fe3  Cr2O7  14H   6 Fe3  2Cr 3  7 H 2O
This test need to a control always. Ferroin reagent in the following reaction will change from blue to red.
Ph 3 Fe 3  e   Ph 3 Fe 2
Then put it in the following formula:
8000  A  B   N
COD  mg  
l 

Vsam
1391
Jafar Azimvand and Aazam Monfared, 2014
Advances in Environmental Biology, 8(11) Special 2014, Pages: 1387-1394
A: ferrous ammonium sulfate used to control
B: ferrous ammonium sulfate, for example
N: ferrous ammonium sulfate normality
5. Total organic carbon (TOC):
If the effluent sample is heated . Carbon and organic matter available in the samples burned, and is
converted to the carbon dioxide, So carbon dioxide produced by heating the sample, is a good measure of the
concentration of organic matter in samples,that the TOC test is based on it. In the TOC test method is used to
heat, oxygen, ultraviolet radiation, chemistery Oxidizing, and TOC measures with an infrared analyzer or other
devices . In fact some of the organic compounds such as lignin, tannin, humic substances, and various aromatic
compounds are found naturally in water and wastewater, that strongly absorb UV light [2].
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The amount of oxygen absorbed by the flow of contaminated water can be measurement and estimated with
the methods of BOD5, COD, TOC, and TOD. The most common test is, biological oxygen demand(BOD5)in the
5-day.But apply the BOD test data is not easy. And knowledge of the properties of the tested water
It is essential [10,32].
Since the BOD5 test takes 5 days, For faster access the Many attempts have been made to achieve faster test
methods and techniques. As compared to BOD and TOC data show (diagram 1), Between BOD and each of
these tests, there is no substantial correlation.
Diagram 1: Comparison of TOC and BOD5 samples mixed in seven factories bleached kraft pulp.
In the case of some of the wastewater has been observed Strong correlation (diagram 2), But rapid detection
one or two the BOD waste flow, does not provide sure basis for pollution control and decisions [10].
Diagram 2: Total soluble Solids in comparison to the BOD5 filtrate Solution.
Toxic pollution:
Intense toxicity not considered In the case of pulp and paper industry of effluents usually. But the number
of toxic components in this type of waste are :
A. chlorine Phenols: The most important cause of toxic contaminants in the paper industry, Discharge of
effluent from bleached with is based processes chlorine compounds. Many chlorinated organic compounds, are
produced chlorinated lignin remaining in the pulp [25].
For the detection and measurement of halogenated organic compounds, is used of the Chromatographic
separation techniques and mass spectrometry. But for everyday testing in industrial units, Use these methods are
1392
Jafar Azimvand and Aazam Monfared, 2014
Advances in Environmental Biology, 8(11) Special 2014, Pages: 1387-1394
not practical and most used to the general measure methods. The first method for measuring the total amount of
halogenated organic compounds is TOX and the method second AOX. TOX represents the amount of organic
halogen samples are smooth, while AOX is measured the sample not smooth [25].
Dioxins are of particular groups of the chlorinated organic compounds that are associated with pulp and
paper production. Dioxins are worrying because of its toxicity extremely high. In terms of molecular, dioxins
are divided into two categories Poly-chloro di-benzyl-dioxins (PCDD5) and poly-chloro di-benzyl- furan
(PCDF5) [25].
B. Resin and unsaturated acids: Is known that resin acids in pulp, especially acids from of the softwoods,
are high toxicity to aquatic organisms. The amount this of the material in the wood of different species vary
greatly (Table 1) [25].
Table 1: Levels of resin acids in wood of different.
Typical
Normal
lobeloly
monterey
southern
Pine
Pine
pines
pines
Resin
3.3-17
3.9-12.3
6.9-15.2
6.5-3.3
acids
)gr/ton(
White
cypress
1.2-2
sysco
cypress
7.2
douglas
yew
2-4
alpine
yew
0.3
western
hemlock
8.0
red cedar
21
Toxicity of each of these materials is also variable (table 2).
Table 2: Introduced Toxicity of resin acids.
resin
dehydroabietic
palustric
acids
acid
acid
96h L
1.1
0.5
C50
(mg/l)
abietic
acid
0.7
Isopimaric
acid
0.4
Pimaric
acid
0.8
neoabieti
c acid
0.6
sandara copymaric
acid
0.4
levopimaric
acid
0.7
The main limitation is that the traditional toxicological tests,only fatal and severe toxic effects just
detectable and is not considered cumulative poisoning of long-term [25,32].
A comparison of the theoretical oxygen demand, chemical and biological, Some of the chemicals material
are listed in Table 3.
Table 3: Comparison between TOD, COD and BOD multiple chemical contaminants in food.
Chemical composition
TOD
COD
Glucose
C6H12O6
1.2
1.1
Acetic acid
CH3COOH
1.06
1.05
Phenol
C6H5OH
2.38
2.24
Formic acid
HCOOH
0.34
0.34
BOD
0.6
0.5
1.8
0.2
COD/BOD
1.83
2.1
1.24
1.7
The experiment determination of COD for most organic compounds are consistent with the values of the
TOD. But the amount of BOD almost always shows the less values. The reason for this is the lack of complete
oxidation of aqueous environment (Biological). The ratio of COD/BOD can be used as a criterion for biological
degradation of the water environmen, Whatever this is closer to 1 ratio, is more destruction of biological
compounds. In the discharge of industrial food, we're dealing usually, with a mixture of food with the unknown
combination. As a result could not be determined by TOD, Hence the amount of COD to be determined by
laboratory methods. Determination of COD or BOD that represents the amount of dissolved oxygen, appropriate
criteria to determine the effects of effluent on the receiving water resources. A simulation of the pollution effect
of food on the water is drawn in the diagram 3
.
Diagram 3: Models discharge an effluent containing nutrients (sewage) on a river.
1393
Jafar Azimvand and Aazam Monfared, 2014
Advances in Environmental Biology, 8(11) Special 2014, Pages: 1387-1394
Conclusions:
In the process of the production of paper and cardboard industries, to consume large volumes of water. In
this industry the natural plants are used as raw materials. In this process, a chemical material added to natural
plants, and the resulting mixture is cooked at a certain temperature. Finally, the from mixture is extracted only
cellulosic materials and the remaining impurities are excreted the form of wastewater.
Pulp and paper industry is among the most polluting industrial waterways. This industry generates blackbrown Effluent with a large quantity that is achieved of pulping and bleaching Processes.
Pulp and paper industry as the fifth economic industry in developed countries generate a significant amount
of pollution the form of BOD, COD, TOD, toxicity and color. Indeed the high consumption of water per ton of
product produced large amounts of wastewater.
Change the type of wood used in paper production, May severely affect on the wastes and required special
and differential treatment. Therefore the preparatory and information is necessary for each type of the process.
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
[18]
[19]
An-Jie Li, Xiao-Yan Li, Han-Qing Yuc, 2011. Effect of the food-to-microorganism (f/m) ratio on the
formation and size of aerobic sludge granules, process biochemistry, 46: 2269-2276.
Bassam Mrayyana, Mohammed N. Battikhi, 2005, Biodegradation of total organic carbons (toc) in
jordanian petroleum sludge, journal of hazardous materials, b120: 127-134.
Davut Hanbay, Ibrahim Turkoglu,Yakup Demir, 2007. Prediction of chemical oxygen demand (cod) based
on wavelet decomposition and neural networks, 35(3): 250-254.
Donata Dubber and Nicholas F. Gray, 2010. Replacement of chemical oxygen demand (cod) with total
organic carbon (toc) for monitoring wastewater treatment performance to minimize disposal of toxic
analytical waste, journal of environmental science and health,part a 45: 1595-1600.
Emhemmed A. Youssef, Muhammad B.I. Chowdhury, George Nakhla, Paul Charpentier, 2010. Effect of
nickel loading on hydrogen production and chemical oxygen demand (cod) destruction from glucose
oxidation and gasification in supercritical water, internatonal journal of hydrogen energy, 35: 5034-5042.
Erfanmanesh, 1381. Book of Environmental Pollution, "Water, Soil and Air",ardakan Publications, Second
Edition.
Ewald Woii, Martin Gschwentner, Johannes Furst Sabine Hofer,Gabriele Buemberger Andreas Jungwirth,
F. Xavier Simona, Ywann Penrua, Andrea R. Guastallia, B. Joan Llorensa, Sylvie Baig, 2011,
improvement of the analysis of the biochemical oxygen demand (bod),of mediterranean seawater by
seeding control, talanta, 527-532.
Karia, G.L., R.A. Christian, 2006. Wastewater treatment concepts and design approach,, prentice-hall 0f
india private limited.
Gary Smoke, 1387. Pulp and paper technology, translate MIrshkraei.S.A, aeij Publication, Second Edition.
Duygu Ozsoy, H., J. (Hans) Van Leeuwen, 2010. Removal of color from fruit candy waste by activated
carbon adsorption, journal of food engineering, 101: 106-112.
Heshmati, M., 1390. Chemical treatment methods of the paper industry waste looks at the environmental
(dissertation), isfahan university of technology.
Hongchen Zhai, Pierre Chavel B., Yi Wang, Siyuan Zhang, Yanmei Liang, 2005. Weighted fuzzy
correlation for similarity measure of color-histograms, optics communications, 247: 49-55.
Tsilika, I. Eleftheriadis, Th. Kehagias, E. Pavlidou, Th. Karakostas, Ph. Komninou, 2010. Crystallization
process of thermally treated vitrified eafd waste, journal of the european ceramic society, 30: 2009-2015.
Qudsieh, Y., 1A. Fakhru’ L-Razi, N.A. Kabbashi, M.E.S. Mirghani, K.G. Fandi, M.Z. Alam, S.A. Muyibi,
M. M.Liu Chen1, Wu Guangxi, Mu Huanzhen, Yuan Zonghuan, Tang Lianyi, Lin Xiangwei, 2008.
Synthesis and application of lignin-based copolymer lsaa on controlling non-point source pollution
resulted from surface runo, journal of environmental sciences, 20: 820-826.
Badmus, M.A.O. and t.O.K. Audu, 2009. Periwinkle shell: based granular activated carbon for treatment
of chemical oxygen demand (cod) in industrial wastewater, |the canadian journal of chemical engineering,
87: 69-77.
Mahdi Khosravi, Gagik Badalians Gholikandi, Amin Soltanzadeh Bali, Reza Riahi, Hamid Reza
Tashaouei, 2011. Membrane process design for the reduction of wastewater color of the mazandaran pulppaper industry, iran, water resour manage, 25: 2989-3004.
Mark A. Saarinen, Julie S. Reece, Mark A. Arnold and David W. Murhammer, 2003. Monitoring and
controlling the dissolved oxygen (do) concentration within the high aspect ratio vessel (harv), biotechnol.
Prog., 1335-1341.
Metcalf, Eddy, Tata Mcgraw-Hill, 2003. Wastewater engineering, treatment and reuse, publishing
company limited, fourth edition.
Monzavi, 1373. Wastewater book, Tehran University Press, Volume II, Fifth Edition.
1394
Jafar Azimvand and Aazam Monfared, 2014
Advances in Environmental Biology, 8(11) Special 2014, Pages: 1387-1394
[20] Nga-Yan Kwok, Shaojun Dong, Waihung Loa, Kwok-Yin Wong, 2005. An optical biosensor for multisample determination of biochemical oxygen demand (bod), sensors and actuators, b 110: 289-298.
[21] Nishter Nishad Fathima, Rathinam Aravindhan, Jonnalagadda Raghava Rao, Balachandran Unni Nair,
2011. Stabilized protein waste as a source for removal of color from wastewaters, journal
ofappliedpolymer science, 120: 1397-1402.
[22] Kavouras, P., Ph. Komninou, Th. Karakostas, 2004. Effect of composition and annealing temperature on
the mechanical properties of a vitrified waste, journal of the european ceramic society, 24: 2095-2102.
[23] Refugio Bernardo, Garcia-Reyes and Jose Rene Rangel-Mendez, 2009. Contribution of agrowastematerialmain components (hemicelluloses, cellulose, and lignin) to the removal of chromium (iii)
from aqueous solution, j chem technol biotechnol., 84: 1533-1538.
[24] Roberts, 1386. Paper chemistry, translated Mirshkraie.S.Ahmad, Sadeghi far.H, aeij Publication, Second
Edition.
[25] Ronald E. Wrolstad, Terry E. Acree, Eric A. Decker, Michael H. Penner, David S. Reid, Steven J.
Schwartz, Charles F. Shoemaker, Denise Smith, Peter Sporns, 2005. Handbook of food analytical
chemistry: pigments, colorants, flavors, texture, and bioactive food components, john wiley.
[26] Shariat Panahi, 1373. Principles of quality water and wastewater treatment, Tehran University Press, third
edition.
[27] Soli J. Arceivala, 2004. Wastewater treatment for pollution control,, tata mcgraw-hill publishing
companylimited, fifth edition.
[28] Pearl, T.P., S.B. Darling, L. Niu, D.D. Koleske, D.J. Gaspar, S.F. King, S.J. Sibener, 2002. Influence of
oxygen dissolution history on reconstruction behavior of a stepped metal surface, chemical physics letters,
364: 284-289.
[29] Theodor Malutan, 2008. Contribution To The Study Of Hydroxymetylation Reaction Of Alkali Lignin,
Bioresources, 3(1): 13-20.
[30] Torkian, A., 1374. Book of Environmental Engineering, translator, kankash publisher, First Edition.
[31] Urban Svedberg, Caroline Petrini and Gunnar Johanson, 2009. Oxygen depletion and formation of toxic
gases following sea transportation of logs and wood chips, ann. Hyg., 53: 779-787.
[32] Yamagata, Y., C. Wiegand T. Akiyama and M. Shibayam, 1988. Water turbidity and perpendicular
vegetationindices for paddy rice flood damage analyses, remote sensing of environment, 26: 241-251.
[33] Yin Liu, Haining Liu, Li Cui, Kaisong Zhang, 2012. The ratio of food-to-microorganism (f/m) on
membrane fouling of anaerobic membrane bioreactors treating low-strength wastewater, desalination, 297:
97-103.
[34] Young-O Kim, Hai-Uk Nam, Yu-Ri Park, Jong-Hyun Lee, Tae-Joo Park and Tae-Ho Lee, 2004. Fenton
oxidation process control using oxidation-reduction potential measurement for pigment wastewater
treatment, korean j. Chem. Eng., 21(4): 801-805.