Document 2448614

Advances in Environmental Biology, 8(5) April 2014, Pages: 1267-1272
AENSI Journals
Advances in Environmental Biology
ISSN-1995-0756
EISSN-1998-1066
Journal home page: http://www.aensiweb.com/aeb.html
Saffron (crocus sativus l.) Flowering Duration Changes Under Different
Management Strategies in Astaneh Ashrafiyeh
1
1
2
3
Hamid Reza Bozorgi, 2Mona Bakian, 3Maral Moraditochaee, 1Ebrahim Azarpour
Young Researchers and Elite Club, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran.
Department of Ornamental plants (and Landscape design), Faculty of Agriculture, Guilan university, Rasht, Iran.
Department of Agriculture, College of Agricultural Science, Takestan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Takestan, Iran.
ARTICLE INFO
Article history:
Received 14 Feb 2014
Received in revised form 24
February 2014
Accepted 29 March 2014
Available online 14 April 2014
Key words:
Saffron, Foliar spraying, A. nodosum,
Methanol, Iron
ABSTRACT
for investigation of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) flowering duration changes under
different management strategies in north of Iran, an experiment in factorial format
based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Astaneh
Ashrafiyeh Township located in 37° 16' latitude and 49° 56' longitude (north of Iran) in
2011 was conducted. Factors of experiment was consists of foliar spraying of A.
nodosum with two levels (A1: control and A2: 2 g/L concentration), foliar spraying of
methanol with two levels (M1: control and M2: 20% (V/V) concentration) and foliar
spraying of iron fertilizers with five levels (I1: control, I2: pure iron, I3: chelate iron,
I4: iron humichelate and I5: nano iron chelate in 2 g/L concentration). Results showed
that, the effect of A. nodosum extract, methanol and iron fertilizers foliar spraying and
also interaction level of A×M on flowering duration was significant at 1% probability
level. Also, the interaction levels of A × I, M × I and A × M × I were significant at 5%
probability level.
© 2014 AENSI Publisher All rights reserved.
To Cite This Article: Hamid Reza Bozorgi, Mona Bakian, Maral Moraditochaee, Ebrahim Azarpour., Saffron (crocus sativus l.) Flowering
duration changes under different management strategies in astaneh ashrafiyeh. Adv. Environ. Biol., 8(5), 1267-1272, 2014
INTRODUCTION
One of the important factors in saffron yield is flowering duration. Ours aim from this experiment is study
effects of different management strategies in providing nutrition needs for saffron and its flowering duration.
We used from Ascophyllum nodosum, methanol and iron fertilizers in this experiment
Ascophyllum nodosum is brown seaweed known to grow abundantly in temperate countries such as Canada,
France, Iceland, Ireland, Norway, and the United Kingdom. This seaweed is usually replaced or mixed with
other related species such as Fucus sp. in the most exposed or iced scoured areas [1]. It is sustainably harvested
by hand cutter rake in The Maritimes, Canada [2,3]. with an estimated 7,500 WT in 2004. Ascophyllum
nodosum is the most important commercial seaweed in Canada and it is the dominant perennial seaweed in the
intertidal zone along the Atlantic coastline of the Maritimes where it forms extensive beds. The extract products
of A. nodosum, both liquid concentrate and soluble powder, are traded globally for agricultural farming purposes
[5]. Foliar and soil applications of A. nodosum extracts have been demonstrated to increase endogenous
antioxidant activity and subsequent stress tolerance of several turfgrasses [6]. Application of A. nodosum
extracts has been shown to increase the yield of cauliflower, lettuce, and maize [7,8].
More recently, scientists are seeking to find compounds to be used in field, to raise plant internal CO 2
concentration and to stabilize their yield. Many Researches have done in recent years on using some compounds
such as methanol, ethanol, bothanol, propanol and some amino acids like as glycine, aspartat and glutamate, to
improve yields of, especially, C3 crops [9]. In general, these compounds play primarily a role in preventing
increasing photorespiration induced in stressed plants [10]. It is important, because 25% of total plant carbon
gain is using in photorespiration [11]. It was first reported at the early 90s that foliar application of methanol
solutions on crops will improve their yields, accelerate ripening, reduce impacts of drought and decline crop
water requirements [9,12].
In plant, micronutrients play an important role in the production and productivity. Among micronutrients,
Iron (Fe) is a cofactor for approximately 140 enzymes that catalyze unique biochemical reactions [13]. Hence,
iron fills many essential roles in plant growth and development, including chlorophyll synthesis, thylakoid
synthesis and chloroplast development [14]. Iron is required at several steps in the biosynthetic pathways.[15].
concluded that spraying iron would cause a 38-42% increase in the peanut yield in alkaline soils. [16]. with
Corresponding Author: Hamid Reza Bozorgi, Young Researchers and Elite Club, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University,
Rasht, Iran
E-Mail: [email protected]
1268
Hamid Reza Bozorgi et al, 2014
Advances in Environmental Biology, 8(5) April 2014, Pages: 1267-1272
study effect of nitrogen and iron fertilizers on seed yield and yield components of safflower genotypes was
reported that, use of foliar spraying of iron fertilizer (sulphate of iron) had significant effect on seeds per head
and seed yield of safflower genotypes.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In order to study different management strategies effects on flowering duration in saffron plant, an
experiment in factorial format based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Astaneh
Ashrafiyeh Township located in 37° 16' latitude and 49° 56' longitude (north of Iran) in 2011 was conducted.
Location of study area was showed in figure 1.
Fig. 1: location of study area.
Factors of experiment was consists of foliar spraying of alga in two levels (A1: control and A2: 2 g/L
concentration), foliar spraying of methanol in two levels (M1: control and M2: 20% (V/V) concentration) and
foliar spraying of iron fertilizers with five levels (I1: control, I2: pure iron, I3: chelate iron, I4: iron humichelate
iron and I5: nano iron chelate). Soil analysis results show that (Table 1), the soil texture was loam and pH, 7.5.
Foliar spraying with Ascophyllum nodosum extract, methanol and also iron fertilizers was done for three times,
at early vegetative stage, one week before flowering and two weeks after flowering. Corms planted in
September. Three corms per each hill and with spacing of 35×20 cm2. The studied trait was flowering duration.
The data was analyzed using MSTATC software. The Duncan’s multiple range tests (DMRT) was used to
compare the means at 5% of significant.
Table 1: some physical and chemical properties of experimental filed soil.
Characteristics
Amount
Characteristics
Sand (%)
35.5
Nitrogen (%)
Silt (%)
44
Phosphorus (%)
Clay (%)
20.5
Potassium (%)
Soil texture
Loam
Iron (ppm)
pH
7.5
EC (dsm-1)
Amount
0.02
39.19
340.53
0.43
8.5
1269
Hamid Reza Bozorgi et al, 2014
Advances in Environmental Biology, 8(5) April 2014, Pages: 1267-1272
Results:
With regard to obtained results from variance analysis related to flowering duration (Table 2), effect of
marine brown alga A. nodosum extract foliar spraying on flowering duration was significant at 1% probability
level. With regard to comparison of means (Figure 2), the highest flowering duration with 13.7 days, was
recorded from foliar spraying of A. nodosum extract with 2 g/L concentration. Also, the lowest amount of this
trait was recorded from control treatment (without foliar spraying of A. nodosum extract) with 10.1 days.
Results of variance analysis showed that (Table 2), foliar spraying application of methanol on flowering
duration had significant difference at 1% probability level. With attention to comparison of means between
methanol application levels (Figure 3), the maximum amount of flowering duration was obtained from foliar
application of methanol with 20 volumetric percentage concentration with 13.3 days. On the other hand, the
minimum flowering duration was recorded from control treatment (without foliar spraying of methanol) with
10.5 days.
Effect of iron fertilizers on flowering duration was significant at 1% probability level (Table 2).
Comparison of means related to flowering duration showed that (Figure 4), the highest value of this trait with
15.5 days, was obtained from nano iron chelate fertilizer application with 2 g/L concentration. Also, foliar
spraying of iron humichelate fertilizer with 2 g/L concentration statistically placed in same level with nano iron
chelate fertilizer application. On the other hand the lowest amount of flowering duration was recorded from
control treatment (without foliar spraying of iron fertilizer) with 8.3 days.
Interaction effect of marine brown alga A. nodosum extract and methanol foliar spraying on flowering
duration was significant at 1% probability level (Table 2). With attention to comparison of means between
interaction levels, the highest amount of flowering duration with 16.20 days, was found from foliar spraying of
A. nodosum extract with 2 g/L concentration and methanol with 20 volumetric percentage concentration. Also
the lowest flowering duration was recorded from A1M1 treatment (without application of A. nodosum and
methanol) with 9.80 days (Figure 5).
Results obtained from variance analysis of current experiment data related to flowering duration showed
that (Table 2), interaction effect of marine brown alga A. nodosum extract and iron fertilizers application on
flowering duration was significant at 5% probability level. with attention to comparison of means between
interaction levels of A. nodosum extract and iron fertilizers application on flowering duration (Figure 6), the
highest amount of this trait with 18 days, was obtained from interaction level of 2 g/L A. nodosum foliar
spraying and 2 g/L nano iron chelate fertilizer application. Also, the interaction treatment of A. nodosum foliar
spraying with 2 g/L concentration and iron humichelate fertilizer with 2 g/L concentration statistically placed in
same level with A2I5 treatment. On the other hand, the lowest amount of flowering duration with 7.33 days, was
recorded from interaction treatment of A1I1 (without application of A. nodosum and iron fertilizers).
The interaction effect of foliar spraying of methanol and iron fertilizers on flowering duration was
significant at 5% probability level (Table 2). The maximum value of flowering duration with 17.17 days, was
recorded from interaction treatment of methanol spraying with 20 volumetric percentage concentration and nano
iron chelate fertilizer with 2 g/L concentration. Also, the interaction treatment of methanol spraying with 20
volumetric percentage concentration and iron humichelate fertilizer with 2 g/L concentration statistically placed
in same level with M2I5 treatment. On the other hand, the lowest amount of flowering duration was recorded
from M1I1 treatment (without application of methanol and iron fertilizers) with 7.66 (Figure 7).
Table 2: Variance analysis table related to effect of A. nodosum extract, methanol and iron fertilizers application on flowering duration.
Degree
of 0.1
Source of variance
freedom
MS
Replication (R)
2
0.217ns
A. nodosum extract (A)
1
194.400**
Methanol (M)
1
117.600**
Interaction of A × M
1
68.267**
Iron fertilizers (I)
4
111.475**
Interaction of A × I
4
7.192*
Interaction of M × I
4
6.392*
Interaction of A × M × I
4
8.142*
Error
38
2.427
Coefficient of Variation (%)
13.06
ns, * and ** respectively: non significant, significant at 5% and significant at 1% probability level.
Variance analysis results showed that (Table 2), the interaction effect of A. nodosum extract, methanol and
iron fertilizers foliar spraying on flowering duration was significant at 5% probability level. With attention to
comparison of means between interaction treatment levels (Table 3), the maximum value of flowering duration
with 21.33 days, was obtained from foliar spraying of A. nodosum extract with 2 g/L concentration, methanol
with 20 volumetric percentage concentration and nano iron chelate fertilizer with 2 g/L concentration (A 2M2I5).
Also, the interaction level of foliar spraying of A. nodosum extract with 2 g/L concentration, methanol with 20
volumetric percentage concentration and iron humichelate fertilizer with 2 g/L concentration (A2M2I4)
1270
Hamid Reza Bozorgi et al, 2014
Advances in Environmental Biology, 8(5) April 2014, Pages: 1267-1272
statistically placed in same level with A2M2I5 treatment. On the other hand, the lowest flowering duration with
6.66 days, was recorded from A1M1I1 treatment (without application of A. nodosum, methanol and iron
fertilizers).
Fig. 2: Effect of A. nodosum extract foliar spraying on flowering duration.
Fig. 3: Effect of methanol foliar spraying on flowering duration.
Fig. 4: Effect of iron fertilizers foliar spraying on flowering duration.
1271
Hamid Reza Bozorgi et al, 2014
Advances in Environmental Biology, 8(5) April 2014, Pages: 1267-1272
Fig. 5: Interaction effect of A. nodosum extract and methanol foliar spraying on flowering duration.
Fig. 6: Interaction effect of A. nodosum extract and iron fertilizers foliar spraying on flowering duration.
Fig. 7: Interaction effect of methanol and iron fertilizers foliar spraying on flowering duration.
1272
Hamid Reza Bozorgi et al, 2014
Advances in Environmental Biology, 8(5) April 2014, Pages: 1267-1272
Table 3: Comparison of means between interaction effects of A. nodosum extract, methanol and iron fertilizers application on flowering
duration.
Interaction treatments
Flowering duration
(day)
A1M1I1
6.667 g
A1M1I2
8.667 efg
A1M1I3
9.333 efg
A1M1I4
11.33 de
A1M1I5
13.00 cd
A1M2I1
8.00 fg
A1M2I2
9.00 efg
A1M2I3
9.333 efg
A1M2I4
13.00 cd
A1M2I5
13.00 cd
A2M1I1
8.667 efg
A2M1I2
9.667 ef
A2M1I3
10.00 ef
A2M1I4
13.33 cd
A2M1I5
14.67 c
A2M2I1
10.00 ef
A2M2I2
11.67 de
A2M2I3
17.67 b
A2M2I4
20.33 a
A2M2I5
21.33 a
Means followed by the same letter in each column are not significantly different (DMRT, P< 0.05).
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
Sharp, G.J., 1986. Ascophyllum nodosum and its harvesting in Eastern Canada. In: case studies of seven
commercial seaweed resources. FAO Tech Rep., 281: 3-46.
Ugarte, R., G. Sharp, 2001. A new approach to seaweed management in Eastern Canada: The case of
Ascophyllum nodosum. Cah Biol Mar., 42: 63-70.
Sharp, G.J., R. Ugarte, R. Semple, 2006. The ecological impact of marine plant harvesting in the Canadian
Maritimes, implications for coastal management. Science Asia, 32(Supplement 1): 77-86.
Ugarte, R.A., G. Sharp, B. Moore, 2006. Changes in the brown seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum (L. Le
Jol.) Plant morphology and biomass produced by cutter rakes harvests in southern New
Brunswick,Canada. J Appl Phycol., 18: 351-359.
Anicia, Q., H. Aster, Yunque, Aster D. Yunque, K. Tibubos, A.T. Critchley, 2009. Use of Acadian marine
plant extract powder from Ascophyllum nodosum in tissue culture of Kappaphycus varieties. J Appl
Phycol., 21: 633-639.
Zhang, X., E.H. Ervin, 2004. Cytokinin-containing seaweed and humic acid extracts associated with
creeping bentgrass leaf cytokinins and drought resistance. Crop Sci., 44: 1737-1745.
Abetz, P., C.L. Young, 1983. The effect of seaweed extract sprays derived from Ascophyllum nodosum on
lettuce and cauliflower crops. Bot Mar., XXVI: 487-492.
Jeannin, I., J.C Lescure, J.F. Morot Gaudry, 1991. The effects of aqueous seaweed sprays on the growth of
maize. Bot Mar., 34: 469-473.
Nonomura, A.M., A.A. Beson, 1992. The path to carbon in photosynthesis: Improved crop yields with
methanol. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 89: 9794-9798. PMID: 1409701.
Ramberg, H.A., J.S.C. Bradley, J.S.C. Olson, J.N. Nishio, J. Markwell, J.C. Osterman, 2002. The role of
methanol in promoting plant growth: An update. Rev. Plant Biochem. Biotechnol., 1: 113-126.
Fall, R., A.A. Benson, 1996. Leaf methanolthe simplest natural product from plants. Trends Plant Sci., 1:
296-301. DOI: 10.1016/S1360- 1385(96)88175-0.
Rajala, A., J. Karkkainen, J. Peltonen, P. Peltonen-Sainio, 1998. Foliar application of alcohols failed to
enhance growth and yield of C3 crops. Ind. Crop Prod., 7: 129-137.
Brittenham, G.M., 1994. New advances in iron metabolism, iron deficiency and iron overload. Current
Opinion in Hematology, 1: 549-556.
Miller, G.W., I.J. Huang, G.W. Welkie, J.C. Pushmik, 1995. Function of iron in plants with special
emphasis on chloroplasts and photosynthetic activity. In: Abadia, J., (Ed.), Iron nutrition in soils and
Plants. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordecht, pp: 19-28.
Singh, A.L., B.D. Dayal, 1992. Foliar application of iron for recovering groundnut plants from lime
induced iron deficiency chlorosis and accompanying losses in yield. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 15(9):
1421-1433.
Zareie, S., P. Golkar, G.H. Mohammadi Nejad, 2011. Effect of nitrogen and iron fertilizers on seed yield
and yield components of safflower genotypes. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 6(16): 3924-3929.