31 Advances in Environmental Biology, 2(1): 31-39, 2008 ISSN 1995-0756

31
Advances in Environmental Biology, 2(1): 31-39, 2008
ISSN 1995-0756
© 2008, American-Eurasian Network for Scientific Information
This is a refereed journal and all articles are professionally screened and reviewed
O RIGINAL A RTICLE
Biodiversity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in China: a Review
Fa Yuan Wang, and Zhao Yong Shi
Agricultural College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, H enan Province, 471003,
P.R. China
Fa Yuan W ang, and Zhao Yong Shi,: Biodiversity of Arbuscular M ycorrhizal Fungi in China: a
Review, Adv. Environ. Biol., 2(1): 31-39, 2008
ABSTRACT
In the symbiotic associations of plant and fungi, arbuscular mycorrhiza, which is formed between plants
and Glomeromycota fungi, has the widest distribution in the nature. AM fungi inhabit a variety of ecosystems
including agricultural lands, forests, grasslands and many stressed environments, and colonize the roots of most
plants, including bryophyte, pteridophyte, gymnosperm and angiosperm. A total of 122 AM fungi species
within 11 genera, including 8 new species, have been reported in various environments in China since 1980’s.
Advances in the last 20 years in AM fungal biodiversity, including species diversity, habitat diversity and host
diversity, are reviewed in this paper. Some future trends in the biodiversity of AM fungi are also discussed.
Key words: Arbuscular mycorrhiza, Species diversity, Habitat diversity, Host diversity, China
Introduction
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are
extremely comm on symb ioses in terre strial
ecosystems, associating with about 80% of plant
families worldwide. They are recognized as an
important, widespread component of most terrestrial
ecosystems, benefiting plant establishment by
enhancing plant nutrient acquisition, improving soil
quality, and increasing resistance to environmental
stresses[53], and also playing an important role in
plant biodiversity, ecosystem variability and
productivity. According to the latest taxonomy, AM
fungi belong to the Glomeromycota phylum,
including 4 families and 12 genera. To date, although
only fewer than 200 species of AM fungi have been
described[44], numerous studies on AM fungal
diversity in different ecosystems worldwide have
shown that AM fungi distribute globally[57].
China is situated in the eastern part of Asia, with
a coastline of 18, 000 km and a total land area of
9.6 million km 2 . Its territory extends over 50° of
latitude from north to south, embracing the equatorial
belt, the tropics, the subtropics, the moderate
temperate zone, and the cold temperate zone. From
east to west, China extends over 62° of longitude
with land covered by forests, grasslands, deserts,
plains, hills, and mountains. China has a marked
continental monsoonal climate characterized by great
variety. Northerly winds prevail in winter, while
southerly winds reign in summer. China has 94.97
million ha of cultivated land, 400 million ha of
grasslands, and 133.7 million ha of forests. The
diversity of plant species in China is extraordinary,
about 30,000 or one eighth of the world total.
Studies on AM fungal biodiversity in China
began in the 1980’s. In 1984, Tang and Zang
reported the first new AM fungus Glomus
citricolum[54]. Thereafter, more and more survey
work and classification of AM fungi within China
were carried out. Over the past 20 years, more than
100 papers on AM fungal biodiversity have been
published. This review aims to summarize the
advances in AM fungal biodiversity, including
species diversity, habitat diversity and host diversity
within China.
Corresponding Author
Fa Yuan Wang, Agricultural College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang,
Henan Province, 471003, P.R. China.
E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]
Adv. Environ. Biol., 2(1): 31-39, 2008
32
Table 1: AM fungi reported in China
AM fungus
References
Acaulospora bireticulata Rothwell & Trappe
Peng et al, 1990 [42]
Acaulospora capsicula Blaszk.
Cai et al., 2007 [4]
Acaulospora cavernata Blaszk.
Zhang et al., 2007 [94]
Acaulospora delicata W alker, Pfeiffer & Bloss
Zhao et al., 2006 [95]
Acaulospora denticulata Sieverding & Toro
W u et al., 1995 [75]
Acaulospora dilatata M orton
Zhang et al., 1998 [87]
Acaulospora elegans Trappe & Gerd.
H u, 1988 [24]
Acaulospora excavata Ingleby & W alker
Zhang et al., 2001 [90]
Acaulospora foveata Trappe & Janos
W u and Chen, 1986 [69]
Acaulospora gedanensis B³aszk.
Gao et al., 2006 [16]
Acaulospora koskei Blaszk.
Zhang and Guo, 2005 [93]
Acaulospora lacunosa M orton
Gai and Liu, 2000 [13]
Acaulospora laevis Gerd. & Trappe
W u and Chen,1986 [69]
Acaulospora longula Spain & Schenck
Zhang and W ang, 1991 [83]
Acaulospora m ellea Spain & Schenck
H u, 1988 [24]
Acaulospora m orrowae Spain & Schenck
H u, 1988 [24]
Acaulospora m yriocarpa Spain & Schenck
H u, 1988 [24]
Acaulospora nicolsonii W alker, Reed & Sanders
Zhang et al., 2007 [94]
Acaulospora polonica Blaszk.
Zhang et al., 2001 [90]
Acaulospora rehm ii Sieverd. & Toro
Shi et al., 2003 [49]
Acaulospora rugosa M orton
Zhang et al., 1998 [87]
Acaulospora scrobiculata Trappe
W u and Chen, 1986 [69]
Acaulospora spinosa W alker & Trappe
H u, 1988 [24]
Acaulospora taiwania H u*
H u, 1988 [24]
Acaulospora tuberculata Janos & Trappe
Zhao and Du, 1997 [96]
Acaulospora undulata Sieverd.
Zhang et al., 2001 [90]
Am bispora leptoticha W alker, Vestberg & Schuessler
H u, 1988 [24]
Archaeospora trappei (Am es & Linderm an) M orton & Redecker emend Spain
W u and Chen, 1986 [69]
D iversispora spurca (Pfeiff., W alker & Bloss) W alker & Schüssler
Zhang et al., 2007 [94]
D iversispora versiform e (Karst) Berch
Zhang and W ang, 1991 [83]
Entrophospora baltica Blaszk., M adej & Tadych
Cai et al., 2007 [4]
Entrophospora infrequens (H all) Am es & Schneid.
W u and Chen, 1986 [69]
G igaspora decipiens H all & Abbott
Liu et al., 2002 [36]
G igaspora gigantea (N icol. & Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe
W u and Chen, 1986 [69]
G igaspora m argarita Becker & Hall
Peng et al., 1990 [42]
G igaspora ramisporophora Spain, Sieverd. & Schenck
Cai et al., 2007 [4]
G lom us aggregatum Schenck & Sm ith
H u, 1988 [24]
G lom us albidum W alker & Rhodes
W ang and Hu, 1989 [63]
G lom us ambisporum Sm ith & Schenck
W ang and Hu, 1989 [63]
G lom us australe (Berk.) Berch
Zhang et al., 2003 [92]
G lom us badium O ehl, Redecker & Sieverd.
Zhang et al., 2007 [94]
G lom us brohultii H errera, Ferrer & Sieverd.
Bao et al., 2007 [3]
G lom us caledonium (N icolson & Gerd.) Trappe & Gerd.
W u and Chen, 1986 [69]
G lom us canadense (Thaxter) Trappe & Gerd.
Shi et al., 2004 [51]
G lom us citricolum Tang & Zang*
Tang and Zang, 1984 [54]
G lom us claroideum Schenck & Sm . em end W alker & Vestberg
Peng et al., 1990 [42]
G lom us clarum N icolson & Schenck
H u, 1988 [24]
G lom us clavisporum (Trappe) Alm eida & Schenck
W u and Chen, 1986 [69]
G lom us constrictum Trappe
Fang et al., 1986 [10]
G lom us convolutum Gerd. & Trappe
Zhang et al., 2003 [[92]
G lom us corem ioides (Berk. & Broom e) Redecker & M orton
W u and Chen, 1986 [69]
G lom us coronatum Giovann.
Zhang et al., 2007 [94]
G lom us cunnigham ia H u*
H u, 1988 [24]
G lom us delhiense M ukerji, Blattacharjee & Tewari
Liu et al., 2001 [37]
G lom us diaphanum M orton & W alker
Peng et al., 1990 [42]
G lom us dim orphicum Boyetchko & Tewari
W ang et al., 1998 [67]
G lom us dolichosporum Zhang & W ang*
Zhang et al., 1997 [86]
G lom us eburneum Kenn., Stutz & M orton
W ang et al., 2006 [64]
G lom us etunicatum Becker & Gerd.
W u and Chen, 1986 [69]
G lom us fasciculatum (Thaxter) Gerdem ann & Trappe em end. W alker & Koske
W u and Chen, 1986 [69]
G lom us flavisporum (Lange & Lund) Trappe & Gerd.
Gao et al., 2006 [16]
G lom us formosanum W u & Chen*
W u and Chen, 1986 [69]
G lom us fulvum (Berk. & Broom e) Trappe & Gerd.
W u et al., 2001 [73]
G lom us geosporum (N icol. & Gerd.) W alker
W ang and Hu, 1989 [63]
G lom us gibbosum Blaszk.
Zhang et al., 2003 [92]
G lom us globiferum Koske & W alker
Zhang et al., 2003 [92]
G lom us glom erulatum Sieverd.
Liu et al., 2001 [37]
G lom us halonatum Rose & Trappe
Ren et al., 2005 [45]
G lom us heterosprum Sm ith & Schenck
Zhang et al., 2003 [92]
G lom us hoi Berch & Trappe
W ang and Hu, 1989 [63]
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Adv. Environ. Biol., 2(1): 31-39, 2008
33
Table 1: Continued
G lom us hyderabadensis Swarapu, Kunwar, Prasad & M anohar
W ang et al., 2006 [64]
G lom us intraradices Schenck & Sm ith
Fang et al., 1986 [10]
G lom us inverm aium H all
Gao et al., 2006 [16]
G lom us lam ellosum Dalpe, Koske & Tews
Zhang et al., 2007 [94]
G lom us liquidam baris (W u & Chen) Alm eida & Schenck*
W u and Chen, 1987 [70]
G lom us macrocarpum Tul. & Tul.
H u, 1988 [24]
G lom us luteum Kenn., Stutz & M orton
Zhang and Guo, 2005 [93]
G lom us m agnicaule H all
Shi et al., 2003 [49]
G lom us m anihotis H oweler, Sieverd. & Schenck
W u et al., 1994 [74]
G lom us melanosporum Gerd. & Trappe
W ang and Liu, 2002 [59]
G lom us microaggregatum Koske, Gem m a & O lexia
Zhang et al., 1996 [85]
G lom us microcarpum Tul. & Tul.
H u, 1988 [24]
G lom us monosporum Gerd. & Trappe
Zhao, 1998 [97]
G lom us mosseae (N icol. & Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe
Fang et al., 1986 [10]
G lom us m ulticaule Gerd. & Bakshi
Zhao and Du, 1997 [96]
G lom us m ultiforum Tadych & Blaszk.
Zhao et al., 2006 [95]
G lom us pakistanica Iqbal & Bushra
H u, 1988 [24]
G lom us pallidum H all
Peng et al., 1990 [42]
G lom us pansihalos Berch & Koske
W ang and Liu, 2002 [59]
G lom us pustulatum Koske, Friese, W alker & D alpe
W ang and Liu, 2002 [59]
G lom us reticulatum Bhattacharjee & M ukerji
Gai et al., 2000 [15]
G lom us rubiform e Gerdem ann & Trappe
W u and Chen, 1986 [69]
G lom us sinuosum Alm eida & Schenck
W ang et al., 1992 [62]
G lom us spinosum H u*
H u, 2002 [25]
G lom us taiwanense (W u & Chen) Alm eida & Schenck*
W u and Chen, 1987 [70]
G lom us tenebrosum (Thaxt.) Berch
W ang and Liu, 2002 [59]
G lom us tortuosum Schenck & Sm ith
W u et al., 2000 [72]
G lom us verruculosum Blaszk.
Li et al., 2004 [30]
G lom us viscosum N icolson
Li et al., 2004 [30]
G lom us zaozhuangianus W ang & Liu*
W ang and Liu, 2002 [60]
Kuklospora colom biana Spain & Schenck
Zhang et al., 2003 [92]
Kuklospora kentinensis W u & Liu*
W u et al., 1995 [71]
Pacispora boliviana O ehl & Sieverd.
Gao et al., 2006 [16]
Pacispora chim onobam busae (W u & Liu) W alker, Vestberg & Schuessler *
W u et al., 1995 [71]
Pacispora scintillans W alker, Vestberg & Schuessler
H u, 1988 [24]
Paraglom us occltum (W alker) M orton & Redecker
Peng et al., 1990 [42]
Scutellospora aurigloba (H all) W alker & Sanders
Peng et al., 1990 [42]
Scutellospora calospora (N icolson & Gerd.) W alker & Sanders
H u, 1988 [24]
Scutellospora cerradensis Spain & M iranda
W ang et al., 2006 [64]
Scutellospora coralloidea (Trappe, Gerd. & H o) W alker & Sanders
Pan et al., 1997 [41]
Scutellospora dipurpurescens M orton & Koske
Zhao et al., 2006 [95]
Scutellospora erythropa (Koske & W alker) W alker & Sanders
Pan et al., 1997b [41]
Scutellospora fulgida Koske & W alker
W ang et al., 1998 [67]
Scutellospora gilm orei (Trappe & Gerd.) W alker & Sanders
H u, 1988 [24]
Scutellospora gregaria (Schenck & N icol.) W alker & Sanders
Zhao, 1998 [97]
Scutellospora heterogam a (N icol. & Gerd.)W alker & Sanders
W u et al., 1994 [74]
Scutellospora nigra (Redhead) W alker & Sanders
H u, 1988 [24]
Scutellospora pellucida (N icol. & Schenck) W alker & Sanders
H u, 1988 [24]
Scutellospora persica (Koske & W alker) W alker & Sanders
Zhao, 1998 [97]
Scutellospora reticulata (Koske, M iller & W alker) W alker & Sanders
W ang et al., 1998 [67]
Scutellospora trirubiginopa Pan & Zhang*
Pan et al., 1997 [40]
Scutellospora verrucosa (Koske & W alker) W alker & Sanders
Y ang et al., 2004 [78]
N ote: The scientic nam es are am ended according to the internet inform ation (http://www.lrz-m uenchen.de/~schuessler/am phylo/); * N ew
species from China.
AM fungal species diversity
A total of 122 AM fungi species within 11
genera have been reported in the rhizosphere of
different plants in various environments of China,
including 12 new species (Table 1). The most
common and widely distributed genera is Glomus
(64 species), and then Acaulospora (26 species) and
Scutellospora (16 species).
AM fungal habitat diversity
It
has
been
shown
th a t,
besides
farmlands[14,42,83], fruit lands[28,34], vegetable
lands[65], forest lands[11,24], grasslands[3,5,61,76],
AM fungi occurred widely in tropical rain
forests[49,50,98,99], tropical virgin forests[19],
tropical secondary forest[11], artificial forests[20,81],
natural secondary forests [8], greenhouse vegetable
la n d [ 3 5 ] , n atura l re se rve s[4 5 ,7 2 ], a ltip la n o
grassland[5].
AM fungi occurred in all kinds of landforms all
over the China, such as mountains[52,83],
plateaus[5,40,41], hills[13], plains[13], islands[35],
basin[65]. However, AM fungal biodiversities differ
from different soil climatic zones, varying with
various environmental factors[87,88].
In recent years, AM fungal diversities in fragile
ecosystems and polluted environments received more
attraction, such as deserts [2, 27, 56], saline-alkaline
Adv. Environ. Biol., 2(1): 31-39, 2008
34
Table 2: Plant species reported to be AM in China
Food crops [14,39,42,65,83,85,91]
Arachis hypogaea L.
Pisum satuvum L.
Avena nuda L.
Sesam um indicum L.
Eriogonum fasciculatum Benth.
Setaria italica (L.) Beauv.
G lycine max M errill.
Sorghum vulgare Pers.
H ordeum vulgare L.
Triticum aestivum L.
Ipom oea batatas (L.) Lam .
Vigna rabiata (Linn.)W ilczek
M anihot esculenta Crant.
Vicia gem im iflora Trautv.
O ryza sativa L.
Zea m ays L.
Econom ic crops [10,39,42,63,91]
Agave sisalana Perrine.
G ossypium arboreum Linn.
Boehm eria nivea (L.)
H elianthus annuus L.
Cam ellia sinensis (L.) O . Kuntze.
M orus alba L.
Cannabis sativa L.
Nicotiana tabacum L.
Coffea arabica L.
Piper nigrum L.
G audich H evea brasiliensis M üll.Arg
Saccharum sinense L.
Fruits [4,34,39,54,66,74,83,84,85,100]
Actinidia chinensis Planch.
G ingko biloba L.
Ananas comosus (L.) M err.
Juglans regia L.
Averrhoa caram bola L.
Litchi chinensis Sonn.
Canarium album Raeusch
M acadam ia ternifolia F.M uell
Carica papaya L.
M alus pum ila M ill.
Carya cathayensis Sargent.
M angifera indica L.
Castanea m ollissim a Blum e.
M anilkara zapota (Linn.) Van Royen.
Citrus aurantium L.
M orus alba L.
Citrus grandis O sbeck.
M usa sapientum L.
Citrus lim on Burm ann
M yrica rubra Sieb. et Zucc.
Citrus sinensis O sbeck.
Pistacia vera L.
Citrus sunki Hot.
Prunus arm eniaca L.
Cocos nucifera L.
Prunus cerasus L.
Corylus heterophylla Fisher.
Prunus m um e Siebold & Zucc.
Crataegus pinnatifolia Bunge.
Prunus persica L.
D im ocarpus longana Lour.
Prunus salicina Lindl.
D iospyros kaki Lf. var. dom estica
Psidium guajava L.
M akino.
Punica granatum L.
Eriobotrya japonica Lindley.
Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.
Ficus carica L.
Rubus occidentalis L.
Fortunella m argarita (Lour.) Swingle
Vitis vinifera L.
Fragaria x ananassa D uch.
Zizyphus jujuba M ill.
Vegetables [33,39,42,43,83,84,91]
Allium cepa L.
Lactuca sativa L.
Allium fistulosum L.
Lnffa cylindrica Rom e.
Allium fistulosum Linn.
Lycopersicon esculentum M ill.
Allium porrum L.
M om ordica charantia L.
Allium sativum Linn.
Phaseolus vulgaris L.
Allium tuberosum Rottl.
Phaseolus vulgaris Linn.
Am aranthus mangostanus L.
Pim pinella brachycarpa N akai.
Apium graveolens L.
Pisum sativum L.
Asparagus officinalis L.
Solanum m elongena L.
Capsicum annuum L.
Solanum tuberosum L.
Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.)
Spinacia oleracea L.
M atsum and Nakai
Toona sinensis (Juss.) Roem .
Cucum is sativus L.
Vigna sesquipedalis Koern
D aucus carota L.
Vigna unguiculata (L.) W alp.
D ioscorea batatas D ecne
Zanthoxylum schinifolium Zucc.
Ipom oea aquatica Forsk.
Zingiber officinale Roscoe
Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet
Zizania caduciflora H and.
Flowers [22,31,33,39,81,84]
Aloe vera L.
Lilium longiflorum Thum b.
Cym bidium ensifolium Sw.
Lonicera japonica Thunb.
D endranthem a m orifolium Ram
M im osa pudica L.
G erbera Jam esonii Bolus
M yosotis sylvatica Ehrh.ex H offm .
G ladiolus gandavensis Van H outte
Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews.
G ynostemm a pentaphylla (Thunb.)
Petunia hybrida Vilm .
M akino
Rosa chinenses Jacq.
H am elia patins
Rosa x hybrida H ort.
Jasm inum sam bac (L.) Ait.
Saintpaulia ionantha H .W endl.
Leucaene leucocephala (Lam .) de W it.
M edical plants [17,29,39,46,67,68,77,79,84]
Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz.
Panax notoginseng (BurK1) F1H 1C hen
D atura stram onium L.
Panax quiquefolium L.
G entiana scabra Bge.
Phellodendren am urense Rupr.
Lonicera japonica Thunb.
Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A. DC.
Lycium chinensis M ill.
Salvia m iltiorrhiza Bunge
M entha haplocalyx Briq.
Schizonepeta tenuifolia Briq.
Panax ginseng CA M ey
Scutellaria laterifolia L.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Adv. Environ. Biol., 2(1): 31-39, 2008
Table 2: Continued
Forage grasses [3,5,39,76,84]
W ild weeds [1,7,13,15,36,59,84]
Forest trees [1,9,12,19,20,21,24,49,50,69,72,83,86]
35
M edicago sativa L.
Trifolium repens L
Trifolium pretense L.
Aeluropus littoralis var. sinensis D ebx.
Agrostis stolonifera L.
Alopecurus aequalis Sobol.
Artemisia lavandulaefolia DC.
Arthraxon hispidus (Thunb.)M akino
Belam canda chinensis (L.) DC.
Brom us rem otiflorus (steud.) Ohwi
Cirsium setosum (W illd.) M B.
D endranthem a indicum (L.) D es M oul.
D igitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koel.
D igitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.
Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn
Eragrostis pilosa (L.)Beauv.
Erigeron acris L.
Abies fargesii Franch
Acacia L.
Alnus L.
Betula alnoides H am lit
Burretiodendron hsienmu Chun et H ow
Cunningham ia lanceolata (Lam b.) Hook.
Cupressus L.
D ipterocarpaceae
soils[48,55,59,82], degraded grasslands[61], eroded
soils[40,41], sewage irrigated soils[18], petroleum
polluted soils[26], coal mine heaps[61], heavy metal
polluted soils[32], mining disturbed soils[90], mine
tailings[6], abandoned mine lands[32].
AM fungal host diversity
AM fungi are ubiquitous in natural ecosystems,
associating with about 80% of terrestrial plant species
wo rld wid e[53]. M ost plant phyla, includ ing
b r yo p h y te , p t e r id o p h y t e , g y m n o s p e r m a n d
angiosperm, are all able to form mycorrhizae with
AM fungi. In China, crops, wild plants, tropical
plants, alpine plants, halophytes, xerophyte,
hydrophyte, geophyte, parasitic plants, are all found
to be mycorrhizal. Only a few families, such as
C y p e r a c e a e , B r a s s ic a c e a e , C a r yo p h ylla c e a e ,
Juncaceae, Chenopodiaceae and Amaranthaceae, are
assumed never to form mycorrhizal associations
or to do so rarely[23]. In recent years, mycorrhizae
on plants of these families have been observed,
such as Cyperaceae[38], Amaranthaceae[1,7,80],
Caryophyllaceae[7], and Chenopodiaceae[36,59].
China has about 30,000 plant species, accounting
for about one eighth of the world total. Chinese
researchers have done a considerable amount of work
on the mycorrhizal status of plant species in
terrestrial ecosystems and have examined a total of
nearly 800 plant species belonging to 150 families.
These plants include food crops, economic crops,
vegetables, fruits, ornamental plants, Chinese medical
plants, wild weeds, trees, etc (Table 2). Interestingly,
even some forest trees, such as Eucalyptus and
Dipterocarpaceae, usually considered to be typically
ectomycorrhizal, have been recently found to have
AM colonization[20,49,50].
Aneurolepidium chinense (Trin) Kitag.
Festuca rubra L.
Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzvel.
Eulalia specisa (Debeaux)Kuntze
Im perata cylindrica var. m ajor (N ees)
C.E. H ubb.
Kum m erowia striata (Thunb.) Schindl.
O rostachys fim briatus (Turcz.)Berger
Papaver nudicaule L.
Plantago asiatica L.
Poa pratensis L.
Polypogon fugax N ees ex Steud.
Puccinellia distans (L.) Parl.
Setaria viridis (L.)Beauv.
Vitex negundo Linn.var. heterophylla
(Franch)
Eucalypt us L.
Fagaceae
Phoebe L.
Poplus L
Q uercus L.
Schim a superba Gardner & Cham p.
Sophora L.
Taiwania cryptom erioides H ayata
U lm us pum ila L.
Future study
Although considerable research efforts have been
carried out on AM fungal biodiversity, these studies
are unsystematic and not enough and most are
limited on regional scale or on specific host plants.
China has a large area of land and diverse
ecosystems with various environmental factors, thus
A M fungal germ plasms may be abundant.
Unfortunately, so far, only 8 new AM fungal species
have been reported in China. Obviously, maybe a
large number of unknown AM fungal species need to
be explored, which must be firstly strenghthened in
the future.
Secondly, AM biodiversity in special habitats
especially in extreme environments needs more
attention. These AM species may have specific genes
that allow them to resitant extreme environmental
conditions, which may be of great value in future
agriculture or environetal remediation such as
bioremediation with mycorrhizae. The relative genes
need to be cloned and identified.
Furthermore,
AM
fungal genetic diversity
needs to be studied and effective molecular tools
need to be developed. Most above-mentioned studied
by Chinese researchers on the taxonomy and
identification of AM fungi still are based on the
morphology of their spores, but the morphological
characters of spores are sometimes variable,
which may lead to incorrect results. Effective
molecular tools have recently been developed to
identify AM fungi and a new monophyletic phylum,
the Glomeromycota, for AM fungi has been
established b ased o n SS U rRN A ge ne
sequences[47,58]. It is therefore important and urgent
for Chinese scientists to manipulate these molecular
tools in future studies on the biodiversity and
ecology of AM fungi in China.
Adv. Environ. Biol., 2(1): 31-39, 2008
36
Acknowledgments
This work is supported by Talent Foundation of
Henan University of Science and Technology (05008) and the Scientific Research Foundation of
Henan University of Science and Technology
(2006ZY035).
11.
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