Effect of Arginine or Putrescine on Growth, Yield and Yield... Sowing Wheat.

Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 6(2): 177-183, 2010
© 2010, INSInet Publication
Effect of Arginine or Putrescine on Growth, Yield and Yield Components of Late
Sowing Wheat.
1
H.A.M. Mostafa, ²R.A Hassanein, 1 S.I Khalil., ²S.A. El-Khawas, 1 H.M.S. El-Bassiouny,
1
A.A. Abd El-Monem,
1
Department of Botany, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
²Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
Abstract: Two pot experiments were carried out in the screen of National Research Centre during two
successive seasons 2004/05 – 2005/06 to clarify the role of arginine or putrescine (0.0, 1.25 and 2.5 mM)
in increasing the tolerance of wheat cultivar (Giza 168) to late sowing conditions (high temperature stress
during different stages of growth). Delaying the date of sowing for one month induced a marked reduction
in the growth, duration of plant from sowing to maturity by about 30 days, yield and its components
(number of spikes per plant; weight of grains per plant; weight of 1000 – grains; straw yield per plant
& crop and harvest index) as compared with sowing at normal date. The late sowing of wheat produced
poor grains quality (decrease in both carbohydrate and protein percentage) as a result of exposing the
wheat plants to the natural high temperature of environment during different developmental processes as
compared with those sown at normal date. Foliar application of arginine or putrescine (1.25 and 2.5 mM)
on the normal or delayed sowing wheat exhibited significant increments in the growth and all yield
parameters in comparison to the late sowing plants or the untreated control sown at normal date.
Moreover, arginine or putrescine foliar treatments on plants sowing at late date induced significant
increases in the carbohydrate and protein percentages of wheat grains above those of the corresponding
plants sown at late date without foliar treatments, and in some cases (in carbohydrates) above those of
the untreated control plants sown at normal date. The magnitude of increments was much more
pronounced in response to 2.5 mM of either arginine or putrescine. The mode of action of arginine or
putrescine in alleviating the adverse effect of late sowing was discussed according to the results of the
present work and those of other investigators.
Key words: Arginine, Putrescine, W heat, Late sowing
hastened the emergence of seedling, maximum tillering
stage, emergence of flag leaf and spike, in turn
shortening the total growth duration of wheat plants. In
addition,[7 ] indicated that, delayed sowing of wheat
plant by one month from normal date of sowing
reduced the height of plant ,number of shoots/pot ;
spike length; leaf area / shoot; leaf area / pot; total dry
weight / pot and dry weight / shoot.
The reproductive (spike initiation to anthesis) and
ripening (anthesis to maturity) growth phases; of late
sown wheat crop; were generally exposed to high
temperature stress during the months of March and
April (at anthesis stage), which in turn reduced the
yield and quality of grains mainly by shortening the
reproductive and ripening growth phases [8 ]. This
condition could cause sterility and in turn low yields
[9]
. Late sowing decreased 1000 – grain weight and
yield of wheat [1 0,5 ,6 ]. Moreover poorer grain and straw
yields were obtained from late sowing wheat[1 1 ] . The
grain weight and number of grains per spike decreased
in late sown plants of wheat exposed to warmer
INTRODUCTION
In Egypt, wheat is grown mostly after harvesting
of summer crops. Sowing wheat usually gets delayed
beyond November due to late harvesting of rice, cotton
or sugarcane etc. In such case, wheat growth and yield
are adversely affected due to high temperature during
growth and reproductive phases.
The duration of grain filling in cereals (wheat) is
determined principally by temperature [1 ] . Exposure to
high temperatures during early spike development
reduced the number of spikelets per head or the
number of kernels per spike [2 ] . In wheat, high
temperature (< 31 o C) can decrease the rate of grain
filling [3,4 ] .
Late sowing reduced the duration of vegetative
phase and decreased the dry matter accumulation in
growth period [5 ,6 ] . Singh and Pal[7] found that, delayed
sowing in general caused marked reduction in growth
and morpho-physiological characters such as dry weight
per shoot of wheat at anthesis. Also, delayed sowing
Corresponding Author: H.A.M. Mostafa,Department of Botany, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
177
J. Appl. Sci. Res., 6(2): 177-183, 2010
temperature during reproductive phase which led to 67
% fewer grains per spike[12 ] . The total biomass at
maturity, grain number per spike, 1000 – grain weight
and yield / m 2 decreased significantly with delay in
sowing [1 3 ].
The stimulative effect of PAs on growth and yield
component may be due to the effect of PA which
serves as specific protective agents in plants adapted to
extreme environment[1 4 ] . Lin and Kao [1 5 ] demonstrated
that, seedlings of rice increased (fresh weight) by
addition of either L–arginine or putrescine in
endosperm and shoots. Moreover, [1 6 ] and [1 7 ] indicated
that, Put treatments enhanced the growth rate and yield
of wheat. Locke et al.[1 8 ] showed that, exogenous
polyamines (putrescine, spermidine and spermine) at
1µM concentration stimulated the growth of barley
seedling. Also, M ansour et al. [19 ] showed that,
polyamines pretreatment (2.5 mM putrescine, 5 mM
spermidine and 2.5 mM spermine) induced growth of
wheat plants. Addition of arginine or putrescine
induced significant increases in root growth (fresh and
dry weights) of bean plants [2 0 ] . Exogenous application
of putrescine on periwinkle transplants increased plant
growth at successive developmental stages [2 1 ] .
Paschalidis and Roubelakis–Angelakis [2 2 ] reported that,
polyamines, their precursor arginine and their
biosynthetic enzymes are involved in the stimulation of
cell division, expansion and differentiation and vascular
development in tobacco plant. Iqbal et al. [2 3 ] found
that, polyamines were effective in improving grain
yield of wheat plants.
Concerning the effect of the late sowing date on
the quality of wheat grains (Carbohydrate and protein
%)[11 ] showed that, late sowing induced the highest
protein content (11.55 %) in wheat. However, [2 4 ,2 5 ]
confirmed the effect of the late sowing on increasing
wheat grain N (protein) concentration and gave good
quality grain. In respect to the effect of high
temperature (during late sowing conditions) on the
protein contents of the wheat grains yield, the rate of
temperature increase exerted a significant influence on
the accumulation of total wheat protein. Clearly, any
disruption in the amount of normal protein synthesizes
in the wheat grain is likely to induce an impact upon
grain protein percentage and hence important properties
[2 6 ]
. Heat stress induced an increase in the wheat grain
protein percentage as compared to the control, [2 7 ,2 8 ].
Also,[2 9 ] added that, there was a tendency for heat
shock treatment to increase grain protein percentage
compared with the control either during grain filling or
at maturity of wheat. The protein concentration of
wheat was increased when high temperature was
imposed 10 days after anthesis [3 0 ] . El–Bassiouny and
Bekheta[1 7 ] indicated that, Put treatments increased
proteins contents of wheat grains.
The carbohydrate contents of wheat grains exposed
to high temperature stress. Savin and Nicolas [3 1 ] found
that, 10 days of daily exposure of barley to short
episodes of high temperature (6 hrs at 40 o C) reduced
capacity to accumulate starch even when returned to
cooler conditions. These findings were supported by [3 2]
they found that, barley grains from heat treated plants
accumulated 30 % less starch than grains from control
plants. Also,[3 3 ] found that, high temperature affected
the quality of wheat grain through reducing starch
content. Moreover,[1 7 ] indicated that, Put treatments
increased carbohydrates contents of wheat grains.
The present investigation is directed to study the
effect of foliar application of arginine or putrescine on
alleviating the harmful effect of the late sowing
treatment (warmer condition) on yield components of
wheat plants.
M ATERIELS AND M ETHODS
The experimental plant used in this investigation
was wheat (Triticum aestivum var. Giza 168). Pure
strain of grains obtained from Egyptian Ministry of
Agriculture.
The chemicals used in the present work were (i)
arginine (one of the essential amino acids), (ii)
putrescine (member of polyamine group). The structure
formulas of these compounds are:
NH 2 – COOH – CH (CH 2 ) 3 NH – C – NH – NH 2
and H 2 N - (CH 2 ) 4 - NH 2 respectively. They were
supplied from SIGMA – ALDRICH.
This experiment was carried out to investigate the
effect of spraying of arginine or putrescine on
alleviating the harmful effect of the late sowing
treatment (warmer condition) on wheat plants. The
mean of maximum and minimum temperatures during
wheat growing season from November to April at 2
successive years in Dokki – Giza region are presented
in Figs (1 and b).
This study was carried out on 20 / 11 / 2004
(normal date) and 20 / 12 / 2005 (late date) and
repeated at 20 / 11 / 2005and 20 / 12 / 2006. A
homogenous lots of wheat grains Triticum aestivum
var. Giza 168 were sown in pots (50 cm in diameter)
containing equal amounts of clay soil. Fertilization was
done with the recommended dose i.e (5 g phosphorous
/ pot as triple phosphate, 6 g nitrogen / pot as urea and
5 g potassium / pot as potassium sulphate) during
preparation of pots and after sowing. After 15 days
from sowing thinning was carried out, so three uniform
plants were left in each pot for studying the effect of
different treatments on the yield components.
The pots were divided into 5 groups each
composed of 10 pots. The plants of each group were
foliar sprayed with 0, 1.25 and 2.50 mM arginine or
178
J. Appl. Sci. Res., 6(2): 177-183, 2010
putrescine, respectively. The treatments were carried
out twice after 30 and 37 days after sowing. Growth
criteria of produced plants were measured at 45 day
old plants. The plants were left to analyze yield
components, carbohydrate and protein percent of
yielded grains.
and its impacts on the growth and productivity of
wheat plants,[39 ,3 8 ] . In this connection,[7 ] indicated that,
the late cultivation of wheat by one month reduced the
mean duration from sowing to maturity by 20 day. The
delay in wheat cultivation exposed the plants to high
temperature during the different physiological and
reproductive stages. In this connection, rising
temperature during February (<19 o C) accelerated the
transition from vegetative to reproductive phase and
consequently the duration of tillering. Further increase
in temperature (<23 o C) during March reduced grain
filling period and in turn produced less grains, spikes
and test weight [40 ,3 7 ] . M oreover,[6 ] confirmed these
effects of late sowing (high temperature stress) on
reducing the vegetative and reproductive phases in
wheat.
Exposure of wheat plants to high temperature
stress due to late cultivation appears to be more severe
during anthesis. This harmful effect influenced the
pollination process. In this respect,[4 1 ] found that grain
set is reduced by temperature warmer than 30 o C during
period from the onset of meiosis in the male generative
tissue to the completion of anthesis.Grain abortion due
to high temperature was stated by several authors [1 ,4 2]
C hemical A nalysis: Total carbohydrates were
determined using method described by[3 4 ] . Protein
percentage was estimated according to the method
described in [3 5 ].
The results were statistically analyzed using
M STAT- C software. The mean comparisons among
treatments were determined by Duncan,s multiple range
test at 5 % level of probability [36 ] .
RESULTS AND DISCUSION
The presented data (Table 1) showed that, sowing
wheat at the late date (20/12) decreased significantly
the fresh and dry weight of shoot per plant and area of
leaves per plant as compared with that of the
corresponding treatments sown at normal date (20/11).
Spraying wheat plants with different concentrations
(1.25 and 2.5 mM) of arginine or putrescine at the
two dates of sowing normal date or late date at 45
DAS, induced significant increases in fresh and dry
weights of shoot per plant and area of leaves per plant
compared to the control (Table 1). It is worthy to
mention that, the treatment with 2.5 mM arginine of
plants sowing lately exhibited significant increases in
the fresh and dry weight of shoot per plant over the
control plants sowing at normal date. These results are
in agreement with those obtained by [1 6] and [1 7 ] who
indicated that, Put treatments enhanced the growth rate
and yield of pea and wheat plants, respectively
W heat yield is adversely affected due to low
temperature during crop cultivation and high
temperature during reproductive phase [3 7] . Due to these
factors, the reproductive and ripening growth phases of
wheat crop is generally exposed to high temperature
stress during March and April, which in turn reduces
growth, yield and quality of grains [8,38 ] .
It has been found in the present investigation that,
the late sowing of wheat at 20/12 exhibited a marked
reduction in the duration from sowing to maturity by
about 30 day as compared with plants sowing at
normal date 20/11. Foliar application of arginine or
putrescine has no effect on the duration of wheat plant
sowing at late date as compared with that of the
untreated plant sowing at the same date (Table 2).
These results may be attributed to the relatively higher
temperature prevailing during the critical stages of
growth in late sowing plant. Several investigators
pointed to the harmful effects of late wheat cultivation
Yield Components: It has been found in the present
investigation that, late wheat sowing (20/12) caused
significant decreases regarding plant height by 10.1 %,
number of tillers per plant by 20 %; number of spikes
per plant by 33.3 %; weight of spikes per plant by 33
%; weight of 1000 – grain by 17.5 %; straw yield per
plant by 5.3 %, crop index by 29.4 % and harvest
index by 21.20 % compared with those of plants sown
at normal date (20/11), (Tables 1 and 3).
The decrease in grain yield of wheat can be
attributed to the decline in grain number & weight per
plant; spikes number per plant; weight of 1000 – grain
and crop & harvest index. These results are in a good
harmony with those obtained by several investigators
[37 ,.4 3 ,13 ,1 2 ]
. Moreover,[7 ] found that, late sowing caused
shortening in the total growth duration and a significant
reduction in the biological and economic yields through
reduction in the number of spikes per pot, number of
grains per spike, weight of 1000 – grain and grain dry
weight per shoot.
Foliar application of different concentrations of
either arginine or Put on wheat shoots (late sowing)
exhibited significant increments in all yield parameters
and in some cases over the untreated plants sowing at
normal date. These results may be due to the
stimulatory effects of both Put and its precursor
arginine in increasing vegetative growth under normal
or high temperature stress, growth promoters [4 4]
antioxidant enzymes [45 ] ; endogenous PAs, endogenous
amino acids, and their translocation to the produced
179
J. Appl. Sci. Res., 6(2): 177-183, 2010
grains [4 6 ] . In the same time, these treatments induced
decrement of lipid peroxidation [4 5 ] and ethylene
biosynthetic activity [4 6 ] . These results are in agreement
with those obtained by [1 6 ,1 7] who indicated that, Put
treatments enhanced the growth rate and yield of pea
and wheat plants, respectively. Moreover, [1 4] stated
that, the stimulative effect of PAs on yield component
may be due to the effect of PAs which serves as
specific protective agents in plants exposed to extreme
environment.
Chemical Analysis of Yielded Grains: The late wheat
sowing produced poor grains quality (decrease in both
carbohydrate and protein percentage) as a result of
exposing to high temperature stress during different
developmental processes as compared with those sown
at normal date (Table 4). These results may be
attributed to the reduction in grain weight which
associated with the reduction of starch accumulation
and the disruption of normal protein synthesis under
high temperature stress.
Table 1: Effect of foliar treatm ent with arginine or putrescine at 30 days after sowing and sowing dates on grow th of w heat plants at 45 D AS.
Plant (cm )
N o.of tillers/plant
Area of
Fresh weight plant (g)
D ry weght/ plant (g)
Leaves/plant (cm 2 )
----------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------Treatm ent
Sowing date
----------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------N orm al
Late
N orm al
Late
N orm al
Late
N orm al
Late
N orm al
Late
(20/11)
(20/12)
(20/11)
(20/12)
(20/11)
(20/12) (20/11)
(20/12)
(20/11)
(20/12)
Control (0.00)
55.42 a
49.82 b
2.0 e
1.6 f
52.54 h
46.53 i
2.82 ef
2.27 gh
0.786 h
0.765 i
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Arginine (m M ) 1.25
25.32 f
22.18 gh
5.0 a
3.0 c
98.72 b
70.14 f
3.45 b
2.98 d o
1.156 b
0.8362 f
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2.50
23.18 g
20.24 i
4.1 b
2.8 d
86.95 c
64.55 g
3.75 a
3.26 c
1.382 a
0.863 e
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Putrescine (m M ) 1.25
33.64 c
27.34 e
4.0 b
2.8 d
84.7 d
63.25 g
3.00 d
2.75 f
0.9414 d
0.763 i
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2.50
31.06 d
25.86 f
5.3 a
3.2 c
105.36 a
75.08 e
3.31 bc
2.85 d ef
1.063 c
0.796 g
Effect of foliar treatm ent w ith arginine or putrescine at 30 days after sowing and sowing dates on duration from sowing to m aturity
of wheat plants at harvest.
Sowing to m aturity
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Treatm ent
Sowing date
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------N orm al
Late
(20/11)
(20/12)
Control (0.00)
145
115
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Arginine (m M )
1.25
145
115
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2.50
145
115
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Putrescine (m M )
1.25
145
115
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2.50
145
115
Table 2:
Table 3: Effect of foliar treatment with arginine or putrescine at 30 days after sowing and sowing dates
Number of
Grains weight
1000-grains
spikes/ plant
/plant (g)
weight (g)
----------------------------------------------------------------------Treatment
Sowing date
----------------------------------------------------------------------Normal
Late
Normal
Late
Normal
Late
(20/11)
(20/12)
(20/11)
(20/12)
(20/11)
(20/12)
Control (0.00)
3.0d
2.0e
4.36e
2.92g
35.75f
29.48J
on yield components of wheat plants at harvest.
Straw yield
Crop index (%)
/plant (g)
-----------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------
--------------------------Normal
Late
(20/11)
(20/12)
8.11d
7.68o
------------------------------Normal
Late
(20/11)
(20/12)
34.96f
27.55h
---------------------------Normal
Late
(20/11)
(20/12)
53.8f
38.0h
Harvest index (%)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Arginine (mM)
1.25
5.0b
3.0d
7.50c
4.46e
40.64d
33.82j
11.10a
9.86b
67.6c
45.2g
40.34c
31.14g
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2.50
5.0b
3.0d
8.95a
4.93e
45.25a
36.46e
10.86a
8.36cd
82.40b
59.0e
45.19b
37.09d
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Putrescine (mM)
1.25
5.0b
3.0d
7.04d
3.92f
43.16c
34.26h
8.50c
6.85g
82.8b
57.22f
45.33b
36.40e
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2.50
6.0a
4.0c
7.60b
4.54e
44.98b
35.11g
180
7.65e
7.18f
99.35a
63.23d
49.84a
38.74d
J. Appl. Sci. Res., 6(2): 177-183, 2010
Effect of foliar treatm ent with arginine or putrescine at 30 days after sowing and sowing dates on chem ical analysis of wheat grains
at harvest.
Carbohydrate (% )
Protein (% )
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Treatm ent
Sowing date
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------N orm al
Late
N orm al
Late
(20/11)
(20/12)
(20/11)
(20/12)
g
i
d
Control (0.00)
48.5
45.4
14.12
12.46 i
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Arginine (m M )
1.25
52.4 c
49.36 f
16.54 b
13.63 f
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2.50
56.1 a
51.6 d
16.75 a
13.81 e
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Putrescine (m M )
1.25
50.4 e
47.8 h
16.08 c
13.12 h
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Table 4:
2.50
53.7 b
50.3 e
These results are in agreement with those obtained
by [4 7 ] who reported that, protein content in grains of
wheat significantly reduced by any duration of heat
treatment. The synthesis of putative protein is largely
replaced by that, of constitutive protein (heat shock
protein) during a heat shock event [48 ] . Stone & Nicolas
[2 7 ]
found that, sudden exposure to high temperature
reduced the rate and duration of protein accumulation
in wheat. Moreover, [4 7 ] demonstrated that, the
reduction in the carbohydrate content in the produced
wheat grains after the exposure to high temperature
stress may be attributed to a reduction in endosperm
cell size [4 9 ] ; a truncated duration of grain filling [5 0 ];
reducing the activity of soluble starch synthase [5 1 ] or
impaired initiation of â – type starch granules [5 2 ,5 3 ]
which may be related to the reduced duration of grain
filling.
Concerning the effect of external supply of either
arginine or Put on wheat shoots sown at late date, the
results indicated that, all concentrations used of either
arginine or Put induced significant increases in the
carbohydrate and protein percentage of wheat grains as
compared with that of the corresponding plants sowing
at late date without foliar treatments, and in some cases
over the untreated control plants sowing at normal date.
The magnitude of increments was much more
pronounced in response to 2.5 mM of either arginine
or putrescine. These results may be attributed to the
role of PAs in antagonizing the harmful effect of high
temperature stress during late sowing by manifesting
assimilate accumulation in wheat treated plant. The
same observations were detected by [5 4 ] who found that,
the increase in protein % of the yielded pea seeds may
be due to the increase in the protein synthesis and the
translocation of amino acids from shoots to seeds.
Finally one can conclude that foliar application of
arginine or putrescine can be used to maximize the
growth and yield components of wheat plant cultivar
Giza 168. The most effective concentration of both
substances is 2.5 mM .In addition, arginine or
putrescine foliar application can protect wheat plants
16.42 b
13.46 g
cultivated at late date (20 / 12) against the unsuitable
environmental factors particularly, high temperature
stress during reproductive and grain filling.
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