Research on Topographic Map Updating with Incremental

Physical and Numerical Simulation of Geotechnical Engineering
2nd ISSUE, March 2011
Research on Topographic Map Updating with Incremental
Mode Based on Remote Sensing Images
XIONG Junnan, JIA Hongliang, YANG Yanmei
Southwest Petroleum University, School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Chengdu 640500, China
[email protected]
ABSTACT: With the completion of the database of 1:5 million, and the basic geographic information
database of 1:1 million were begin construction, how to quickly update the map data, and ensure the
current situation of map data has become an important challenge which GIS Field facing . This paper
analyzes the current map update methods, focuses on the key technologies and technical process on
the use of remote sensing images updating 1:5 million topographic map, after the experiments on
updating topographic in Wenchuan earthquake affected area use remote sensing image, The results
show that the use of remote sensing images update topographic maps is a fast, effective method.
KEYWORDS: Remote sensing image, potential, Map update, Incremental mode
1 INTRODUCTION
*
1:5 million topographic maps are basic maps in various
departments of the national economy and national defense
construction, has played a significant role in the local,
national, global economic growth, environmental quality
and stability, and social development. Currently, the
construction speed of national economy accelerated, the
surface feature changed more than 5% each year in cities,
about 4% in rural towns and residents to dense, at the same
time, disasters occur frequently in recent years, such as the
5.12 Whenchuan earthquake, August 7 Zhouqu large debris
flow, resulting in a lot of damage to residential and
landscape changes, so the original topographic map of the
potential and accuracy are reduced. Therefore, accelerating
the speed of updating topographic maps, in the national
economic construction and social development in terms of
basic mapping support is important.
At present, the reality of data update is not so optimistic,
the United Nations statistics show that 90 of the last
century, the global topographic map of the update rate is far
behind its production rate. China built a 1:25 million, 1:5
million scale basic geographic information database. 1:5
million scale topographic map data base have about 19,000
pieces of data, and its update work are very huge and
difficult. Therefore, topographic map updating method of
theory and technology is a premise to achieve quick update
topographic maps.
2 METHOD OF TOPOGRAPHIC MAP
UPDATING
The purpose of Topographic map update is to make the
contents of map line with realities on the ground, according
*
This study was supported by the technology fund of Southwest
Petroleum University (2010XJZ180), Technological innovation
seedling projects of Sichuan Province (2010-01)
© St. PLUM-BLOSSOM PRESS PTY LTD
to the current mapping pattern, specifications reprinted to
meet the needs of economic construction, national defense,
science and technology development. Topographic map
updating methods include orthophoto updated, aerial
mapping method a sub-painted, three-dimensional mapping
update, digital mapping update, remote sensing image
updates etc.
A sub-painted aerial mapping method is widely used in
90s last century, it use the latest photogramme-try data and
Previous research, take analytical method block adjustment
encryption control points on the instrument in
three-dimensional mapping Revision and geomorphology,
revision and surface features, the sub-version of carving,
painting and finishing outside the business supplement,
updated version of original map in one time. It’s an
effective method to update mountainous and hilly areas
topographic maps. For flat areas, use photo to update are
much better. Orthophoto map update is the corrected
orthophotos and topographic maps for the original
registration, use of superposition of two plans to identify
and detect changes to update the original topographic
Remote sensing for updating topographic maps, is
registration high-resolution images with the original DLG,
use the superposition of two graphs, identify changes in
surface features, and digitize the changed surface features
to update existing surface features, to achieve topographic
map updates.
Current research concentrates on how to use
high-resolution remote sensing image automatic
registrati-on with target data of digital vector maps; how to
automatically extract spatial variations elements from the
remote sensing image, and intelligent update vector digital
maps; image data and vector data Pattern matching and
information conversion.
With resolution of remote sensing image become more
and more high, making observations surface detail changes
in a smaller spatial scale become possible. Therefore, by
high resolution remote sensing images to achieve the
topographic map updating has become a more efficient
Research on Topographic Map Updating with Incremental Mode Based on Remote Sensing Images
DOI: 10. 5503/J. PNSGE. 2011. 02. 009
means. The choice of image data directly affect the
accuracy of topographic map updating and quality, so, we
need to select reasonable Spatial resolution and band, clear
remote sensing images as a data source. The image data
which Meet the precision require of variety scale
topographic map update are list in Table 1.The main
technical process of map update are shown in Figure 1.
Tab.1 Updated topographic maps and remote sensing image data source correspondence
Scale topographic map
1:100 0000
1:25 0000
1:50000
1:10000
1:5000,1:2000
1:1000,1:500
Remote sensing image data
LandsatMss or Landsat TM
Landsat TM
Landsat ETM+
SPOT5
Multi-spectral bands
QuikBird Panchromatic bands
IKNOS-2 Panchromatic bands
QuikBird Panchromatic bands
Aerial Image Data
Spatial resolution /m
80/30
30
15
10
0.61
1
0.61
projection features), therefore, images and maps to ensure
accuracy of the relative alignment, with the obvious time
and the corresponding surface features should be selected
points, usually a scene should be at least 50 control points
selected and should be evenly distributed throughout the
image.
For the region have undulating terrain, needs to be
ortho-rectified using DEM. First of all to carry out format
conversion, change the DEM data adapt image processing
platform; if DEM is the other coordinate system, there must
be a projection transformation; DEM generally less than the
range of areas of the image, and therefore the DEM mosaic.
3 THE KEY TECHNOLOGIES OF USE
REMOTE SENSING UPDATING
TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS
3.1 The registration of Remote sensing images and
topographic maps
3.2 Automatic Discovery Feature Change
Currently in the process of updating topographic maps,
the found of feature changes mainly use the way of visual
judging, after registration the image map with topographic
map, by comparing the change in interpretation of various
features on the location, according to the change collect
feature points like screen digital.
Change detection and update automatic are the best way
for people to pursue, it can realize real-time, on-orbit (that
is intelligent sensors), but it also the most difficult method.
Professor Li Deren think that, detection method can be
divided into two categories of seven methods according to
the two factors of image registration and change detection.
The first detection method is to do the image rectification at
first, and the second method is change detection
synchronized with the image registration. Which old and
new images based on change detection, based on new
images and old DLG change detection, based on the
number of old and new images and old maps of the change
detection, multi-source image based on the new and old
images / old maps for change detection is the first after
image registration method for change detection. Based on
the existing DEM, DOM, and new images for change
detection is not correct, based on the old DLG, DRG, and
the new image change detection is not correct, based on
existing products and new three-dimensional 4D
overlapping three-dimensional image change detection
Figure.1 Technical process of use Remote sensing
image update topographic map
Update topographic maps using remote sensing image
data in general practice: ① compared images and maps,
manual select control points; ② Relative correction for the
images and maps; ③ compare with superimposed images
and the map, add "new surface features", delete or modify
Old (have been removed or changed) features.
Because the terrain maps are the result of processing and
symbolic, and images are surface features of the "photo",
both of which have many difference, such as the width of
the railway on the vector map (usually the centerline) and
the width of the image is different Some surface features on
the vector maps, landscape changes may have occurred, the
central projection of the remote sensing image and surface
features compared with map are exist "shift"(ortho-image
of its above ground buildings and other remains a central
41
Research on Topographic Map Updating with Incremental Mode Based on Remote Sensing Images
DOI: 10. 5503/J. PNSGE. 2011. 02. 009
method Change detection is synchronized with the image
registration method.
in the database does not change the original information
fusion, to form the current potential of the new integrated
database. Original data may be added, disappear, change
and other changes in the type, the corresponding processing,
including:
(1) Inserted. The surface features will be added to the
database information.
(2) Deleted. Surface features would have been lost to
delete information from database.
(3) Match and replace. According to similarity criteria,
the spatial form and location change of surface features to
match the original data to determine the replacement object,
then the new data replaces the contents of the changed
In this process, key issues that need attention include:
(1) Evolution of data models. Different periods of data
acquisition and collection are often based on different data
models, resulting in the expression of the same terrain with
multiple objectives, and its topological, semantic and
metadata are different and need to be matched.
(2) The standard of Scale and data quality . The scale of
data acquisition and collection of data quality standards
vary and will result in data gaps; the same data model,
multiple access will also coordinate the different position
and different features on the interpretation of some
differences, need to be eliminated.
(3) Need to provide sufficient metadata to track the
update process
(4) Matching method include artificial matching,
interactive matching, automatic matching, especially in the
automatic assessment of matching points, automatic
matching algorithms and tools is the current hotspot, it is
worth noting that not all of the update process can be
automated.
3.3 Collect Change information
After registration and find updating region, we can use
ARCVIEW GIS software to complete Topographic map
updates.
(1) The generation of digital contours can make in
ARCVIEW GIS-3D Analyst extension module. Application
system conversion (Convert to Grid) will be converted
DOM into GRID, and then use "Create Contours" from the
Grid to complete the conversion to digital contour lines,
isopleth are Prepared for update the contour lines.
(2) DRG hierarchical vector and construct database.To
update the topographic map, you must first stratified vector
DRG, all the pixels of DRG based on their geometric
features extracted as point-like hierarchical elements (such
as bridges, etc.), linear elements (such as roads, single river,
canal Etc.), area feature (such as residential, independent
mining, forest, etc.) three categories. Because ARCVIEW
GIS has a strong function of vectorization, in order to avoid
errors when data import, the vector process carried out in
the ARCVIEW GIS. In ARCVIEW GIS layer for each
vector corresponds to an attribute database should be
building a database in the process of vector At the same
time. With complete the work, will be done by the old
topographic maps to digital maps of the transition.
(3) Layer by layer Updated based on image
interpretation.
Layer by layer update refers to the vector for each layer
of spatial data and attribute data synchronized, that is not
only complete update each pixel in the geometric properties,
but also complete property database updates. Each element
of the vector layers and satellite images were superimposed
display, and with reference to DRG, visible details of the
two images of the landscape, and an objective reflection of
the orthophoto real landscape near the ground, easy to read
and use, increase amount of information, at the same time
raster images and vector graphics complement each other,
carefully looking for change and change, and other
information that add and disappear through the
interpretation of satellite images to complete the step by
step update. In addition, county and township industry
sector according to the requirements and other
administrative boundaries of land use data and information
on the Home Office to adjust, geographic names and other
attribute data by government departments, local updates the
information provided; and contour line layer is from the
DEM the number of contour lines generated to update the
composite. Updating the end point layer, but also
completed a topographic map 1:5 million basic geographic
information database and old topographic maps generated
by the electronic map updates.
4 EXPERIMENT
Study area is located in northwest Sichuan, hit area of
Wenchuan earthquake, which is the jurisdiction of Jiangyou
City, terrain elevation greater maximum elevation of
2402m, the minimum elevation of 590m. Overall the study
area in the low mountain topography in the main, east and
west was quite high, the central part and north-south
low-lying, and there are two more open mountain valleys,
rivers, roads and towns along the north-south trending. The
area lies in earthquake intensity is 7 degrees area, the
earthquake triggered a large number of landslides, collapse
hazard, some houses were damaged and residents to
landscape changed significantly. Topographic map of the
last century the early 90's aerial mapping, part of the study
area, the terrain are shown in Figure 2, the current situation
and geometric accuracy are difficult to meet the needs of
reconstruction, it is imperative to carry out the update
topographic maps.
3.4 New data fusion with not changed data.
This is a multi-source, multi-scale data sets of the fusion
process, the new collection is about to change information
42
Physical and Numerical Simulation of Geotechnical Engineering
2nd ISSUE, March 2011
maps and remote sensing is the key problem of ensure
update result accuracy.
(2) Experiments show that the use images to updates
topographic map is a practical and fast methods should be
promoted to accelerate the pace of reconstruction, can do
important role in rehabilitation of infrastructure affected
areas .
Figure.2 The original topographic map
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Figure.3
The remote sensing image use to Update
[4].
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[5].
[6].
[7].
5 CONCLUSION
[8].
(1) Using remote sensing images to update Topographic
maps, after select remote sensing images to meet the
accuracy requirements, registration accurate of topographic
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