Pollution Prevention Countermeasures of Chemical Industry in the Haihe Basin

Pollution Prevention Countermeasures of Chemical Industry in the
Haihe Basin
ZHANG Yuan1, LIU Jiangfan2, YANG Yuchuan3
1. River and Coastal Environmental Research Centre, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental
Sciences, Beijing, China, 100012
2. School of Natural Resources and Environment, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872
3. Foreign Economic Cooperation Office Ministry of Environmental Protection, Beijing, China, 100044
[email protected]
Abstract: Chemical industry in Haihe Basin is the second largest polluting industries. The emissions of
COD and NH3-N of chemical industry in 2007 accounted for 18% and 44% of the total watershed, while
the emissions of COD less than paper industry and the emissions of NH3-N more than that. Based on the
environmental statistics of Haihe Basin in 2007, the paper analyzes the rate of standard reaching,
structural pollution characteristics, water use efficiency and the level of pollution control of chemical
industry in the Haihe Basin. It suggests that, if all the enterprises achieve the secondary standard, the
emissions of COD and NH3-N can decrease by 38% and 11%; If they can meet the primary standard, the
emissions of COD and NH3-N can decrease by 62% and 70%. Eventually, the pollution control
measures such as achieving or raising the emission standards, adjusting industry structures are proposed
Keywords: Haihe Basin, chemical industry, structural pollution, countermeasures
As for water environment, chemical industry is the secondary primary polluting industry just after paper
making industry. COD occupies the majority of the pollution emission in paper making industry, while
for chemical industry, it is NH3-N. Adjusting industry structure is the main measure to control pollution
in industries in China, however, in many places, chemical industry is the main industry for local
economic, and thus it is impossible to implement the procedure of adjusting industry structure in these
areas, which makes pollution control a problem in chemical industry. Haihe is located in the center of
economic development in China, and the pressure of water resources and water environment exists
intensely. For many years, chemical industry and paper making industry are the major sources for
pollutions in Haihe. In recent years, pollution caused by paper making industry has been limited by all
kinds of measures taken by the government, while behaviors of adjusting and controlling the pollution
coming from chemical industry have been ignored. In this perspective, it seems obviously necessary to
analyze the characteristics of pollution caused chemical industry in Haihe and propose effective
measures to control pollutions.
1 Pollution Characteristics for Chemical Industry
1.1 Low rate of achieving pollution emission standard
Achieving the pollution emission standard is the first step to control pollution in industries. Enterprises
are able to control pollutions further in other measures as long as they can reach the standard set by the
government. Nowadays, various pollution emission standards are executed in different provinces and
cities along the Haihe. Among them, the city of Beijing, Tianjin and Shandong Province are carrying out
local standards, while Henan Province, Hebei Province and Shanxi Province are under Country
second-level emission standard(GB8978-1996)(Table 1).
1
Authors: ZHANG-Yuan, Ph.D., professor of River and Coastal Environmental Research Centre, Chinese Research
Academy of Environmental Sciences. E-mail: [email protected].
Funded by China GEF-Hai Basin Integrated Water and Environment Management Project (No. TF053183)
26
Table 1 Standards of chemical industry executed by different provinces in the Haihe Basin
Unit mg/l
Beijing
Tianjin
Hebei
Henan
Shandong
Shanxi
COD Density Standard
60
60
150
150
100
150
Ammonia Density Standard
10
8
50
50
10
50
Analyzing the situations of pollution emission in the Haihe Basin in 2007 based on the standards above,
the result is shown by Table 1. From the perspective of Table 1, we come to the conclusion that among
29 cities analyzed, there are 23 cities not achieving the COD density standard, while there are 13 cities
below the standard for NH3-N.
The concentration of pollution caused by some rubber enterprise in Shanxi Province is the highest
among all the enterprises surveyed. The emission concentration of COD is 6 times higher than the
standard, while that of NH3-N is 5 times higher. The emission concentration of COD from some
chemical enterprise in the city of Hengshui in Hebei Province is 100 times higher than the standard, and
there are more than 27 enterprises holding the emission concentration of more than 1000mg/l. From
Figure 2, we come to the conclusion that in the perspective of pollution emission achieving the standard,
the situation of NH3-N is better than COD for chemical industry in the Haihe Basin.
NH3-N concentration
COD discharge standard
NH3-N discharge standard
Jinan
Shuozhou
Tianjin
Beijing
Changzhi
Puyang
Jinzhong]
Jincheng
Chengde
Hebi
Langfang
Handan
Yangquan
Jiaozuo
Baoding
Liaocheng
Dezhou
Xinzhou
Xinxiang
Shijiangzhuang
Anyang
Binzhou
Tangshan
Cangzhou
Xingtai
Qinhuangdao
Zhangjiakou
Datong
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
Hengshui
mg/l
COD concentration
Figure1 Comparison between pollution discharge concentration and standard of chemical industry in cities
of Haihe basin
NH3-N
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Hengshui
Shijiazhuang
Tangshan
Qinhuangdao
Handan
Xingtai
Baoding
Zhangjiakou
Chengde
Cangzhou
Langfang
Jinan
Binzhou
Dezhou
Liaocheng
Datong
Yangquan
Changzhi
Jincheng
Shuozhou
Xinzhou
Jinzhong
Anyang
Hebi
Xinxiang
Jiaozuo
Puyang
Beijing
Tianjin
%
COD
27
Figure 2 pollution discharge compliance rate of chemical industry in cities of haihe
1.2 The characteristics of structural pollution stand out
By analyzing the environmental statistics in 2007, the output value is much different from the
contribution rate of pollutants in provinces in the Haihe Basin.(Figure 3). From Figure 3, only in Beijing
and Shandong Province, the contribution rate of output value is higher than that of pollutants, while in
other provinces the contribution rate of output value is lower than that of pollutants, especially in Tianjin,
Shanxi Province, and Hebei Province, it turns out to be seriously structural pollution. In Tianjin, the
contribution rate of output value in chemical industry is 10%, however, the contribution rate of COD is
in proportion of 33%, while NH3-N is 66%. Therefore, it suggests NH3-N pollution is the main source in
chemical industry.
chemical industry output
waste water
COD
NH3-N
70
60
%
n50
o
i
t
a40
r
t
n30
e
c
n
o20
c
10
0
Beijing
Tianjin
Shanxi
Shandong
Henan
Hebei
Figure 3 Contribution rates of industrial output and pollutants of chemical industry in the province of haihe
1.3 Improve Pollution Control Abilities
Water using efficiency and pollution control abilities represent the technical level of the chemical
industry in a region. Water using efficiency can always be shown by water per 104 yuan. Because of the
lack of the statistics of water per 104 yuan for chemical industries nationally, the paper adopts national
statistics of water per 104 yuan for industry to conduct the comparable analysis. The result is shown in
Figure 4. From Figure 4, it comes to the conclusion that water per 104 yuan of chemical industry for
Beijing and Shandong Province both exceed average level nationally.
water consumption of per 10000 yuan chemical industry output
water consumption of per 10000 yuan nationwide industry output
500
m 3/104yuan
400
300
200
100
0
Figure4 water consumption of per 104yuan chemical industry output in province of haihe
Beijing
Tianjin
Hebei
Henan
28
Shandong
Shanxi
To analyze pollution control abilities for different provinces and cities, the paper adopts wastewater per
104 yuan, COD emission per 104 yuan and NH3-N emission per 104 yuan, etc to make comparison, the
conclusions are shown by Figure 5, Figure 6 and Figure 7.
wastewater discharge per 10000 yuan at 2007
wastewater discharge per 10000 yuan at 2005
average level in haihe at 2007
average level in haihe at 2005
70
t/10 4 yuan
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Hebei
Henan
ShanDong
Shanxi
Tianjin
Beijing
kg/104yuan
Figure 5 wastewater discharge per 104 yuan of chemical industry in province of haihe
CODdischarge per 10000 yuan at 2007
COD discharge per 10000 yuan at 2005
average level in haihe at 2007
average level in haihe at 2005
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Hebei
Henan
ShanDong
Shanx
Tianjin
Beijing
Figure 6 COD discharge per 104 yuan of chemical industry in province of haihe
NH3-N discharge per 104 yuan at 2007
NH3-N discharge per 104 yuan at 2005
average lever in haihe at 2007
average lever in haihe at 2005
7
kg/104yuan
6
5
4
3
2
Figure7 NH3-N discharge per 104 yuan of chemical industry in province of haihe
1
0
Hebei
Henan
ShanDong
29
Shanxi
Tianjin
Beijing
From the three figures above, we can draw the conclusion followed: (1) Compared with the year of 2005,
the modulus for all kinds of output value per 104 yuan have declined, COD holds larger decrease, while
the other two are smaller. (2) By comparing the statistic of pollutant emission per 104 yuan in 2005 with
that of 2007, it shows that in Shanxi Province, except COD emission per 104 yuan, other modulus are all
rising, while modulus of other provinces are all declining. It is obvious Shanxi Province needs to
improve the behaviors on technology and pollution control.
1.4 More small-scale enterprise
Based on the environmental statistics of 2007, the paper basically proposes the standard of how to
divide the scale of an enterprise. And according to the standard, the scales of chemical enterprise in the
Haihe Basin are divided(Figure 8).
Table 2 The standard of dividing the scales of chemical enterprise in the Haihe Basin
X is output value(104yuan)
sacle
X>=100000
Super-large-scale
10000<=X<100000
Large-scale
1000<=X<10000
Medium-scale
500<=X<1000
Small-scale
X<500
Below scale
Below scale
Small-scale
Medium-scale
Large-scale
Super-large-scale
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Hebei
Henan
Shandong
Shanxi
Tianjin
Beijing
Figure 8 the situation of current chemical industry scale in province of haihe
Take Hebei Province for example, analyzing pollutant producing index for different scale enterprise, it
shows that with the declining of the enterprise scale, pollution control abilities are also decreasing.
Table 3 Index of pollution emission per 104 yuan for different scale chemical enterprise in Hebei Province
Scale
Waste
water
per
104 COD
emission
per NH3-N emission per 104
4
4
4
yuan(t/10 yuan)
10 yuan(kg/10 yuan)
yuan (kg/104yuan)
Super-large-scale
9.36
0.01
0.15
Large-scale
47.13
0.03
2.11
Medium-scale
84.89
0.09
4.45
Small-scale
154.39
0.23
7.74
30
Below scale
207.35
0.21
8.11
2 Current situation of pollution control in the Haihe Basin
2.1 Related policies and current situation into practice
Since “Industrial structure instruction table of contents” was implemented in 2005 by the national
government, it is executed strictly by the cities and provinces in the Haihe Basin, and a couple of related
policies come out with excellent effect (Table 4). However, as an important industry in the Haihe Basin,
it is hard to adjust chemical industry, which will need more effective policies or policy inclining to
achieve the goal of reducing the emission of chemical industry.
Laws and
regulations
Normative
documents
Table 4 Contents of Industry Policies for Chemical Industry
People's Republic of China The 42nd article: The country forbids newly built production
water pollution prevention projects which do not conform to the country industrial policy such
law
as small papermaking, the leather making, the printing, the dye, the
coking, to build up the sulfur, to build up the arsenic, to build up
the mercury, the refinery, the galvanization, the agricultural
chemicals, the asbestos, the cement, the glass, the steel and iron,
the thermal power as well as other production project pollutes the
water environment seriously.
certain opinions to speed up The resource-consuming parts must strengthen the management on
the development circulation resource consumption of energy, raw material, water, etc. related to
economy by the State major industries such as to the metallurgy, colored, the electric
Council (in 2005)
power, the coal, the petrochemical, the chemical industry, the
building materials (builds), the light industry, the spinning and
weaving, the agriculture and so on. The development zone and the
densification concentration of industries area must defer to the
circulation economy requests to carry on the plan, the construction
and the transformation, to the enterprise which enters needs to
propose integrated control request referring to the land, the energy,
the water resources use and the waste emissions. Executing the
development action of related industries based on the core
resources and regarding the effects of gathering industries and the
industry ecological effect, which would form the resources highly
effective circulation by the industrial chain, and enhance the
resource output efficiency.
Announcement
on Limit the application of highly water-consuming technology and
strengthening
the
coal
devices, encourage the application of water-saving technology,
chemical industry project
and promote strongly wastewater, water, mine water reuse and
management to promote the
other coal chemical technology.
healthy development of the
notification by National
Development and Reform
Commission (2006)
Ecological construction and
environmental protection in
Tianjin eleventh Five-Year
Plan
Based on the basic model “economic develops rapidly, resource
consumption develops slowly and environment pollution develops
negatively”, and the principles of reduction, reuse and resources, it
is requested to lay the foundation on proper exploration and use of
water and energy, and set economic and technology development
31
Tentative methods to close
small chemical enterprise
which pollute seriously in
Tianjin
Announcements to promote
environmental protection and
reduction
of
pollutant
emission by EPA in Henan
Province
(JiHuan
(2007)No.3)
Announcement to urge to
promote the water pollution
control in chemical fertilizer
(chemical industry) in the
entire province
Henan
Province, 2006
）
（
Announcement to promote
the pollution control in
Sulfuric acid industry in the
entire province Yu Huan
Wen (2009) No. 21
（
）
zone in Tianjin and ecology industry zone in Dagang as samples.
Put emphasize on four industrial chain of Petrochemicals,
metallurgy, automobiles, electricity and desalination. And
combining adjustment of economic structure and industry layout, it
is requested to formulate circular economic promotion plans and
related policies, standards, and judging system; strengthen
technology development and the establishment of innovation
system; fasten the development of circular economic, transform the
methods of economic development, enhance the quality and
efficiency of economic development.
Executed since 2005
Key points need to be pointed out; Eliminate strongly the process
of poorly energy generation in the industries as electric power,
steel and iron, building materials, electrolytic aluminium, coal,
chemical industry and papermaking.
Control duties and water pollution control technically standards are
stated in the announcement. “Technology standards” set differently
basic control standards for different types of chemical fertilizer
(chemical industry) enterprise, which is the basic condition for
chemical fertilizer (chemical industry) enterprise to emit pollutant
stably, for instance, urea industry demands to have high school
pressure steam condition in urea manufacturing enterprises,
referring to adopt the high-handed or medium voltage analytical
technology to carry out analysis on handicraft condensation liquid,
which makes the NH3-N of the emission water is below 10
mg/L(High pressure) or 50mg/L(medium pressure), analysis tower
adopts the type of tower of analyzing in the above part and
hydrolyzing in the below part.
Limit the development of the device of sulphur relieving
hyperacidity below the output of 200000t/year, and the device of
sulphurous iron ore relieving hyperacidity below the output of
100000t/year; Eliminate the device of sulphurous iron ore relieving
hyperacidity below the output of 40000t/year.
2.2 Technology improvement
(1) “Zero emission” of waste water technology. Coal chemical industry implements “Zero emission”
technology. “Zero emission” technology of producing NH3-N, which is spread by the city of Jincheng, is
the one proposed by Nitrogen Fertilizer Institution to accomplish the waste water zero emission by film
technology handling cooling water, and the technology has been in practice. After using in Zhengyuan
Chemical Industry Corps. In Shijiazhuang, it has been executed in Three Gorge Reservoir Area, Huai
River Basin and some more than 50 cities and provinces. Predicted by the professors, if this kind of
technology can be conditionally spread in the entire industry, it would lead to the cooling water saving
up to 10×108 m3 per year.
32
(2) Water-saving Technology. Considering the features of chemical industry individually, the major
water consuming process in chemical industry is cooling water, boiler feedwater and handicraft use
water. Cooling water occupies a most portion of the entire water consuming, about 60%-70% of the
entire device water consumption, especially in the industries of nitrogen fertilizer and fundamental
industrial chemicals. After the using of cooling water, except for the relatively higher temperature,
basically, the water quality is clean and no pollution, which can be reused with water quality stabilizing.
Consequently, reducing the using of cooling water is the prime way to save water in the chemical
industry, among which seawater cooling technology has a boom in coastal areas. Primarily it is recently
used in Qingdao Alkali Factory and Tianjin Alkali Factory.
3 Pollution Control Strategies
3.1 Execute emission standards strictly and heighten standards
Based on the analysis of 1.1, the rates of achieving the pollution emission standard in the chemical
industry are low, and reaching the emission concentration standards strictly is the key to control the
pollution in the chemical industry. Assuming under the circumstances of the existing emission standards
and waste water amounts, all the enterprise are within the standard, the rate of eliminating COD down to
38%, the rate of NH3-N down to 11%(Table 5), and if they can meet the primary standard, the rate of
COD decrease can reach 62%, while NH3-N 70%. In consequence, emitting pollutants with the
standards is the prime duty for the chemical industry recently. For some over-emission enterprise, for
instance, Shanxi synthal Corp. limited liability company and the Heng Shui City priority contaminate
enterprise, they need to be requested to control the pollution in a certain time and restart manufacturing
until the emission comply the standard.
Table 5 The amounts and rates of pollutant reduction in the chemical industry executing different emission
standards
Standards in Practice
pollutants
Reduction amounts t
Reduction rate %
COD
44000
38
Secondary Standard
NH3-N
2457
11
COD
73000
62
Primary Standard
NH3-N
15000
70
Haihe Basin suffers the lack of water resources for a long time, the amount of the pollutant emission
highly overpasses the environmental capacity. Referring to the local situation, establishing the emission
standards actively and properly and executing the emission standards strictly can lead to the goal of
reducing total pollution quantity. The Nation has announced the certain areas in Tai Lake executing the
specific emission limits in 2008, July, and has stipulated the first class of national emission standards
containing 13 kinds of specific limiting qualities which should be in practice in a limited time. In this
way, it strengthen the power of pollutant emission control in the areas where are environmentally
sensitive like Tai Lakes, resulting in a positive effect. Therefore, considering the practical situation of
Haihe, proposing the execution of specific emission limitation in some areas can alleviate the situation
of water environment being polluted severely.
3.2 Adjust industry structure and decrease the structural pollution
The problems of the structural pollution have been researched by many scholars in China, Lu Zhenglan
(2005) analyzes the interrelations among all kinds of structural factors in the economic system, pointing
out that improper industry structure is the prime reason for structural pollution and adjustment of
industry structure would be the effective way to solve structural pollution problems in China. Jia
Xiaojuan (2008) assumes that the structural relation with the structural pollution is the industry structure,
and different industry constitutions in certain areas result in different environmental problems and
33
environmental impacts. If the conformation of the industry structure is under the limitation of the
environmental capacity, the effect of industry structure on environmental quality could be less,
otherwise, leading to negative effects irreversibly.
Haihe Basin suffers the lack of water resources, thus enhancing water efficiency is the inevitable choice
to control water environment pollution. Based on the analysis of water efficiency for the cities and
provinces in Haihe Basin, Haihe Basin need to increase the technology funding invested dynamics and
create more advanced water saving technology.
It is true that Haihe Basin has done some work on industry structure adjustment and received some
positive effects, especially on the adjustment of paper making industry. However, there still exist
unreasonable industry structure in certain areas, while enterprise against “Industry Structure Adjustment
Guiding Contents” exist, which threaten the region’s water environment. Based on the research of
industry structure adjustment in Xinxiang and Dezhou, it shows that by changing industry structure,
industry structure is improved, which restricts the industry of highly polluting and highly water
consuming, eliminates structural pollution and decreases the pollution emission obviously. The emission
of COD could be declined to 70%-80% in 2030 by industry structure adjustment, while NH3-N to
69%-82%, and the industries need to lessen are paper making industry and chemical industry in
Xinxiang city.
Consequently, it is necessary to continue to increase the elimination dynamics and close the enterprise
against “Industry Structure Adjustment Guiding Contents”. At the same time, small enterprise with
poorly technology and enterprise in the similar scale with low-level technology in the same industry
should be closed. Referring to enterprise with the ability of technology transformation, they need to be
requested to control pollution in a certain time. Encouraging the consolidation of small-scaled enterprise
and imposing formalization management can not only resist the risks of economic crisis, but also
improve the pollution control ability of the enterprise.
3.3 Establish the policies suited for local regions as soon as possible
Zhang Ruijia (2008) concludes two measures to control pollution of chemical industry in Tai Lakes
aroused by the government: One is directly administrative order behavior, i.e. being forced to close
enterprise or stop production, even canceling business license, as a result of not reaching pollution
emission standards. The other one is made as the economically compensative measure towards initiative
reforming enterprise. The primary energy in Shanxi Province is coal, and a number of raw material for
the chemical industry is coal chemical industry. Coal chemical industry is one with high pollution level
and high requests for security, whose operation cycle is long, technical processes are abundant and
complex. Every process is faced with all kinds of pollutants and problems of local environment capacity.
Meanwhile, coal chemical industry demands highly on water resources. Among chemical industry
enterprise ranked by the amount of COD emission in Shanxi Province, half of the top 10 are chemical
industry enterprise based on the raw material of coal. Among these 10 enterprise, two of them achieve
the standards on the concentration of NH3-N emission, while 4 out of 10 on that of COD.
To attain the national policies of industry structure adjustment and environmental policies, cities and
provinces in the Haihe Basin establish related documents actively to guarantee the execution of the
national policies. Shanxi Province takes slow actions on policy establishment, in the aspect of the
existing policies in the chemical industry, Shanxi Province basically has no related policies set up.
Shanxi Province should set up related industry policies to guide the development of the chemical
industry. Currently, the government is skill encouraging the development of the coal chemical industry,
however, as for Shanxi Province, considering the resistance of water resources, it is improper to form
large-scaled coal chemical industry.
National Development and Planning Commission promulgated “Announcement about strengthening the
building and management of the coal chemical projects to enhance the industrial development healthily”,
in which the statement that resistance on projects of gasification and liquefaction of coal in water
scarcity areas need to be carried on. It is said that the application of technology and device with high
34
water consumption should be limited, and water saving technology, as well as some coal chemical
technology such as wastewater, reuse water, and pit water recycling should be adopted. The developing
plan for the coal chemical industry in Shanxi Province need to be established to direct the healthy
development of the coal chemical industry in the local region, based on “Announcement about
strengthening the building and management of the coal chemical projects to enhance the industrial
development healthily”.
3.4 Build ecological industrial zones in conditional areas
There already exist many industrial zones in the Haihe Basin, individual city and province has its own
industrial zones, which always accumulates the advantages on technology, finance, resources and
policies. Lubei Enterprise Corps. In Shandong Province (Chemical fertilizer industry) values
environmental protection highly and forms green cultural strategy. They also keep pace on technology
creation, chase the balance and harmony among economic development, social development and
ecological friendly, to conceive the new developing strategy of sustainability. The Corps. established
three green ecological industrial chains, which involve ammonium phosphate - sulfuric acid – cement
combining production, the ocean water “One water, multiple uses”, cleaner generation and salt-alkali
combining production, setting up the system of ecological industry and solving the contradictories
between industrial development and environmental protection, becoming the national sample of
enhancing circular economy by using ecology tech industry technology. Promoting the construction of
the ecological industry zones continually by chemical industry primarily plays a positive role on
pollution reduction.
References
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University(Social Sciences Edition), 2005, 4(1):39—43.(in Chinese)
[2]. Jia xiaojuan, industry structure adjustment based on the limited of resource and environment in
“Two-oriented” society, Theory Monthly, 2008, 1: 86—88. (in Chinese)
[3]. Report of water pollution planning management and industry structure adjustment in Haihe basin,
2009. (in Chinese)
[4]. Zhang ruijia, Mechanism of Economic Stimulating Systems in Environmental Regulation——A
Legal and Economic Analysis of the Event of Algae Flooding Lake Taihu, Western Law Review,
2009, 1:108—112. (in Chinese)
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