An Empirical Analysis of Ecological City Evaluation Index System

An Empirical Analysis of Ecological City Evaluation Index System
LIU Xingguo,ZHANG Yongmei
School of Management, University of Jinan, Jinan, China, 250022
[email protected]
Abstract AS transitional society, many Chinese city faces at increased pressure on serious ecological
damage, increasing population and limited resources. Therefore, the research on ecological city
development is necessary and important. In this article, we develop a reasonable eco-city evaluation
index system in order to guide the construction of ecological city in China.
Key Words Ecological city building Index system Empirical research
；
1
；
The definition of ecological city
Ecological city is a complex ecosystem with person and nature mutual promotion and mutual
symbiosis. With the principles of ecology to guide the construction of urban, including in infrastructure,
layout, waste discharge, urban environment building and so on, achieving a ecological system with
economic, social, environmental elements coordinated development.
The development of eco-city is a complex system. The effect evaluation and scanning is important
to distinguish the urban development target for local government, promoting the develop process
rationally.
2. The indicator system and classification standards
2.1 Evaluation index system of Eco-city
The evaluation index system is divided three levels: the senior level index is urban ecological
index, the sub-index include ecological system structure, function and coordination. Fist-level index is
made of indicators selected from second-level index; second-level index is made of indicators selected
from third-level index. Table 1 shows the Eco-city evaluation index and criteria.
Tab.1 Eco-city evaluation indicators and criteria [5-7]
Fist-leve
l index
Second-level
index
Demographic
structure
infrastructure
Third-level index
unit
population
density(city
domain)
High Education number of
10000(Metropolitan Area)
Road area per person(urban)
Person/km²
standa
rd
3500
person/10000
520
m² /person
28
housing area per person(urban)
m² /person
16
Clinic Beds
10000(urban)
Noise(Urban)
number/1000
0
dB(A)
90
50
m²/person
16
according
European status
quo
Beijing
status
quo
London status
quo
Structure
Urban
environment
number
of
green area per person (urban)
（
）
Urban Greening
Green area urban
Pollution control
Industrial
wastewater
discharge rate (urban)
111
%
%
5
100
Tokyo
status
quo
Domestic city
status quo
International
standard
Max number of
domestic city
Shenzhen status
quo
International
standard
Function
Resource
allocation
coordina
tion
production
effect
Social Security
Urban
civilization
Sustainability
Industrial waste gas discharge
rate (urban)
Living
water
per
person(Urban)
telephone
number
of
100(Urban)
GDP per person(Urban)
%
100
L/d
455
number/100
55
International
standard
Standard of New
York, Paris
Domestic city
1000 Yuan
5.0
Shenzhen
unemployment rate (urban)
%
1.2
Collection
number
per
10000(Urban)
the proportion of science and
education investment in GDP
income comparison between
urban and rural
List / 10000
2.5
%
2.5
0—1
0.8
International
standard
International
standard
International
standard
International
standard
2.2 Index calculation[5]
2.2.1 calculation of third-level evaluation index
The formula of evaluation index is as follows: When the indicators are positive, higher the number ,
higher level of the ecological extent of the city: Qi=1-(Si-Ci) /(Si-Cmin) (i=1 2 3……);When the
indicator is negative, less the result, higher level of the ecological extent of city: Qi=1-(Ci-Si)/(Cmax-Si)
(i=1 2 3……). In this equation: Si is the standard value of the third-level indicator, Ci is the status quo
of the third-level indicator, Cmax is the maximum value of the city’s indicators multiplied by 1.05,
Cmin is the minimum value of the city’s indicators divided by 1.05.
2.2.2 Calculation of second-level evaluation index
The second-level index is the arithmetic mean of the third-level indicators. The formula is: Vi=
，，
，，
m
∑
( i = 1 Qi) /m. Qi is the value of a third-level indicator; m is the number of the third-level indicators in
the second indicator.
2.2.3 Calculation of First-level evaluation index
The second-level indicators multiplied their respective weight and add the result together get the
n
first-level index (Ui).The formula is:Ui=
∑
Vi Wi: Vi is the value of second-level indicators; Wi is
i =1
the corresponding weight of the second-level indicators; n is the number of second-level indicators of
the first-level indicator.
2.2.4 Calculation of urban ecological composite index
The first-level index multiplied by the respective weights, then added the result followed get the
urban ecosystem composite indicator (ECI).
n
The formula is as follows: ECI=
∑
UiWi. Ui is the first-level indicators; Wi is the weight of the
i=1
first-level indicator; n is the number of first level indicators.
2.3 Determination of the weight
The weight of this paper induced from Yong-Chang Song’s data [6], which accessed by professional
consulting method (table 2).
112
Tab.2 the weight of first-level index and second-level index [6]
Grand
index
weight
index
first-level
index
second-level
index
weight
index
weight
sturcture
0.372
Function
0.325
Coordination
0.303
Demographic
structure
0.260
Material
reduction
0.310
Social Security
0.320
Infrastructure
0.230
Resource
allocation
0.360
Urban
Civilization
0.310
Urban Environment
0. 270
Production
efficiency
0. 330
Sustainability
0. 370
Urban Greening
0. 240
2.4 The evaluation standards of urban ecology level
This paper introduced five-level criteria in evaluating a city's ecological level (Table 3).
Tab.3 The five-level evaluation criteria of urban ecological degree [6]
classification
ecological Composite Index (ECI)
Implication
Ⅰ
Ⅱ
Ⅲ
Ⅳ
Ⅴ
ecological degree is very high
ecological degree is high ecological degree is
general
ecological degree is low
ecological degree is bad
>0.80
0.60—0.80
0.45—0.60
0.25—0.45
<0.25
Rank
Rank
Rank
Rank
Rank
3. The empirical ecological evaluation of six cities in Shandong
3.1 Data resource and measurement
Most data of this paper are come from "Statistical book of Shandong" and " Statistical book of City
in Shandong. Few of them collected from Shandong statistic information websites and Jinan statistic
information websites [8-13].
3.2 Evaluation of eco-system
Table 4 and Table 5 show the ecological evaluation value in 2000 and 2005 of six cities, including
Jinan, Weifang, Yantai ,Weihai, Qingdao, Taian.
Tab.4 The ecological evaluation index of six cities in 2000
City
Jinan
Taian
Rand
Second-level
indicators
First-level
indicators
Yantai
Weihai
Qingdao
Weifang
Demographic
structure
Infrastructure
0.01615
0.015
0.01
0.3735
0.03785
0.058
0.067
0.05
0.05
0.094
0.4703
0.256
Urban Environment
0.382
0.42
0.40
0.652
0.359
0.33
Urban Greening
0.0995
0.083
0.1015
0.53105
0.116
0.431
Structure
0.1466
0.14872
0.14646
0.422
0.170721
0.2665
113
Second-level
indicators
First-level
indicators
Second-level
indicators
First-level
indicators
Ecological index
Pollution control
0.3584
0.23
0.562
1.0
0.5214
0.851
Resource allocation
0.025
0.08
0.02
0.0395
0.0415
0.288
Production
efficiency
Function
0.024
0.01
0.03
0.039
0.02
0.064
0.1280
0.1034
0.19132
0.33709
0.1832
0.38861
Social Security
0.12
0.32
0.287
0.583
0.026
0.29
Urban Civilization
0.1783
0.15
1.31
0.823
0.628
0.090
Sustainability
0.304
0.08
0.09
0.0375
0.099
0.281
Coordination
0.2074
0.1785
0.53411
0.4614
0.23989
0.22467
0.1567
0.143
0.280
0.406
0.1955
0.294
The ecological structure index value of six cities in 2000 is ranked from higher to lower:
Taian<Jinan<Qingdao<Yantai<Weifang<Weihai.
0.8
0.75
0.7
0.65
0.6
0.55
0.5
0.45
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0.406
0.143
0.1955
0.1567
0.294
0.28
Ecological index
Taian
Jinan
Qingdao Yantai Weifang Weihai
１ Ecological system structure index of six cities in 2000
Fig
Tab.5 The ecological evaluation index of six cities in 2005
City
Jinan
Taian
Rand
Second-level
indicators
First-level
indicators
Second-level
indicators
Yantai
Weihai
Qingdao
Weifang
Demographic
structure
Infrastructure
0.9369
0.015
0.1235
0.0215
0.37495
0.033
0.613
0.89
0.443
0.66
0.5744
0.995
Urban
Environment
Urban Greening
0.508
0.379
0.35
0.355
0.555
0.475
0.337
0.32
0.491
0.60725
0.4161
0.318
Structure
0.6026
0.38773
0.34634
0.39898
0.393201
0.442
Pollution control
0.7245
0.8435
0.675
1.0
0.886
0.915
Resource
allocation
0.405
0.22
1.095
0.0625
0.10875
0.604
114
First-level
indicators
Second-level
indicators
First-level
indicators
Ecological index
Production
efficiency
Function
0.456
0.14
0.486
0.68
0.524
0.202
0.5209
0.387
0.76383
0.5569
0.4867
0.568
Social Security
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.167
0.077
0.10
Urban Civilization
0.07
0.03
1.420
0.469
0.085
0.103
Sustainability
0.054
0.119
0.265
0.1255
0.5275
0.439
Coordination
0.06478
0.07573
0.56135
0.247
0.247
0.22636
0.4238
0.2931
0.547
0.404
0.479
0.418
The ecological structure index value of six cities in 2005 is ranked from higher to lower:Taian<
Weihai < Weifang < Jinan < Qingdao < Yantai.
Ecological index
0 .8
0 . 75
0 .7
0 . 65
0 .6
0 . 55
0 .5
0 . 45
0 .4 0. 2 9 3 1
0 . 35
0 .3
0 . 25
0 .2
0 . 15
0 .1
0 . 05
0
T a ia n
Fig 2
0 .4 0 4
0.418
W e i h a i W ei f a n g
0.4238
Jinan
0 .4 7 9
0. 5 4 7
Q i n g d a o Y an t a i
Ecological system structure index of six cities in 2005
3.3 Result analysis
3.3.1 The analysis of Ecological system structure index.
Weihai ranked first one in 2000, which is benefit from the ecological development concepts of
local government. Jinan is the highest rank in 2005 because the government gradually realized the
importance of ecological system. In recent years, the government focuses on the urban infrastructure
improvement and construction work, the effect is obvious.
3.3.2 Analysis of eco-system function index.
The coastal cities have higher rank in this index in 2000, because the coastal cities pay more
attention to wastewater and waste gas discharge with more harsh emissions standards. Jian and Weifang
got rapid growth in this index in 2005 with strengthening enforcement capacity of environment
protection law.
3.3.3 Analysis of the eco-system coordination index.
In 2000, the coastal cities have higher rank in this index, which is related to economic development
level. Jinan increased rapidly in this index in 2005, which shows the outstanding effect of local
government’s eco-system building policy.
3.3.4 Analysis of ecological composite index.
In 2000 the coastal city ranked higher with higher development level. In 2005 Jinan’s rank increased
115
quickly because ecosystem structure has improved effectively in recent years with the support of local
government.
4. The construction measures of eco-city building in Shandong Province
4.1 improving social awareness of environmental protection
The local government could build special environmental education plans to consciously create the
ecological protection awareness, developing the habit of protection ecological environment.
4. 2 Improve environment-protected legislation
The government should draw on more ecological protection regulations, building a legal basis to
ecological urban development. At the same time, the environment-protected institutions should punish
the companies with destruction ecological behaviors.
4.3 With characteristics of local cities
Every city has its own unique geographical environment, history, culture conditions, so each city
can combine their own characteristic in building eco-city development program.
4.4 Pay attention to cooperation of inter-city, inter-regional
Cities development is interdependent and mutually reinforcing. So Eco-city building needs the
collaboration and coordination within regions with learning each other and knowledge sharing.
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Author in brief:
LIU Xingguo 1965- , male, associate professor in the university of jinan, the head of the department of
administration management. research field: management.
Contact information:
School of Management University of Jinan, 106Jiwei Road, Jinan, 250022,Shandong, China
Email:[email protected]
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