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UVMPhysics @ Staff Notes Faculty Notes
A PUBL I CAT I ON OF T H E U N IV E R S IT Y O F V E R MO N T DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS SUM M ER 2013 @UVMPhysics Staff Notes Faculty Notes James (Tom) Warnock, our lab coordinator, retired after 18 years of service. Tom started his career as a high school teacher, taught for a number of years, then came to UVM for his Masters degree. He stayed ever since. Tom is remembered by many of our graduate student alumni as the “point man” who introduced them to the intricacies, pitfalls but also joy of teaching in our department. Over the years, he was instrumental in developing new experiments, modernizing the equipment and teaching methods in our labs and seeing that all labs ran smoothly. Tom cared deeply about our students; he estimates that about 5,000 undergraduates have been “coordinated” by him, and he was passionate about his teaching. He never hesitated to fill in at the last moment for absent lab or recitation instructors. We wish him many happy seasons of sugaring on his farm in the Northeast Kingdom. Professor Adrian Del Maestro presented new research results at the International Symposium on Quantum Fluids and Solids held in Matsue, Japan this summer. The work, a collaborative effort involving an experimental team of investigators from McGill University with the theoretical efforts of Professor Del Maestro, concerns the anisotropic superfluid density and the breakdown of the two-fluid model in lowdimensional helium. Succeeding Tom, Dr. Luke Donforth joined the physics staff in June. Dr. Donforth graduated from UC Davis in 2001 with a thesis on superfluid Helium under Professor Rena Zieve. He went on to earn a Ph.D. in physics from Cornell University in 2009 doing carbon nanotube transistor work under Professor Paul McEuen. In addition to his research, he’s accumulated laboratory and teaching experience at a variety of levels, from pre-school through university, having worked at museums like the Connecticut Science Center and schools like Vermont Commons and Champlain College. He’s a member of the American Association of Physics Teachers and the Nanoscale Informal Science Education Network. He also volunteers at ECHO Lake and Aquarium Science Center. Luke is an avid contra dancer and professional contra dance caller, helping to run a monthly dance in Burlington. He’s excited to be contributing to the physics department at UVM and seeing how long he can keep up biking to work. In memoriam Dr. Robert W. Detenbeck, Emeritus Professor of Physics, died on Aug. 8, 2013, in the Arbors, in Shelburne. He received his B.S. degree in physics at the University of Rochester and his Ph.D. in physics at Princeton University. His research field was originally experimental nuclear physics done at University of Maryland for eight years. Later at the University of Vermont, his research was primarily in optical physics until his retirement in 1995. But his real love was teaching students, and for this he was recognized with an award for his teaching at Maryland and the George V. Kidder Outstanding Faculty Award in 1995 from UVM. He was very active in the American Association of Physics Teachers, receiving their award for distinguished service in 1968. He leaves a lasting legacy of the many students he has influenced and mentored over his career. Recent Grants Professor Madalina Furis, “MRI: Development of a Free Space Optical Spectroscopy System for Chemistry, Materials Science and Biophysics Research and Education in the 25-T Split Coil Helix,” NSF, $146,907 over two years. Professor Randall Headrick, “Real-Time Studies of Solution-Processed Organic Semiconductor Thin Films,” NSF, $371,921 over three years. PAGE 2 PHYSI CS@UVM Awards and Honors Two departmental awards were presented to physics undergraduates at the College of Arts and Sciences’ Honors ceremony held in Ira Allen Chapel on May 17, 2013. Thomas J. Howard was the recipient of the Albert D. Crowell Award for experimental physics. Richard W. Kenyon received the David W. Juenker Prize for outstanding scholarship in physics. Richard was also selected as a co-recipient of the award for outstanding senior in mathematics. Richard W. Kenyon (left) and Thomas J. Howard with Professor Clougherty at CAS Honors Day in Ira Allen Chapel. (Photo courtesy of Sally McCay.) Lane Manning named GTF of Year Lane Manning, a Ph.D. candidate in Materials Science, was named Graduate Teaching Fellow of the Year in the Department of Physics. Lane received a certificate of achievement and a membership to the American Association of Physics Teachers at the physics department awards reception on May 1, 2013. Professor Del Maestro with Lane Manning, Physics Graduate Teaching Fellow of the Year at the physics reception on May 1, 2013. PHYSI CS@U VM PAGE 3 Undergraduate Honors Theses Adam Z. Doherty, “Quantum Sticking of Atomic Hydrogen on Suspended Graphene.” Adviser: Dennis P. Clougherty, Ph.D. Darcy E. Glenn, “Working with a Thermosyphon: The Atmosphere That Hangs on a Wall.” Adviser: Christopher Danforth, Ph.D Phi Beta Kappa Senior Physics majors Richard W. Kenyon and Erik Horak were inducted as new members into Phi Beta Kappa honor society in a ceremony held in Royall Tyler Theatre on May 18, 2013. Phi Beta Kappa is the oldest honor society in the country, and among the most prestigious. From the society’s website: “The ideal Phi Beta Kappan has demonstrated intellectual integrity, tolerance for other views, and a broad range of academic interests. Each year, about one college senior in a hundred, nationwide, is invited to join Phi Beta Kappa.” The Alpha Chapter of Vermont was chartered in 1848. In 1875, it became the first chapter in the nation to admit women to its membership. 2012 Sigma Pi Sigma Inductees Five undergraduates were inducted in the UVM chapter of Sigma Pi Sigma in May 2013: Daniel G. Allman; Matthew T. DiMario; Matthew T. Feeley; Joshuah T. Heath; and Cole Van Seters. Founded in 1921, Sigma Pi Sigma is the national physics honor society. Sigma Pi Sigma honors outstanding scholarship and service in physics, encouraging and stimulating members in their scientific pursuits. Nota Bene We would enjoy hearing from all UVM physics alums and friends. Send your email to [email protected]. PAGE 4 P HYSI CS@UVM Path Integral Monte Carlo Study of Proximity Effects in Confined Helium-4 By Adrian G Del Maestro UVM Materials Science PhD student Max Graves was selected as one of five finalists in the physical science, mathematics and engineering category at the President’s Student Poster Competition on Wednesday October 3rd. Max’s poster, entitled “Path Integral Monte Carlo Study of Proximity Effects in Confined Helium-4” displays his recent numerical work on how the thermodynamic properties of Helium-4 atoms confined to localized regions of space are affected by coupling to neighboring regions at low temperatures. This study was motivated by recent experiments performed by the Gasparini group at SUNY Buffalo that showed that Helium-4 under these conditions exhibits an enhanced superfluid response as well as an excess specific heat. Max and Prof. Del Maestro believe that these strange phenomena are due to the intrinsic indistinguishability of the bosonic Helium-4 atoms, and they plan to test their hypothesis by studying both quantum and classical atoms. For the classical distinguishable atoms, they conjecture that this exotic behavior should be absent, and that the phenomena is a macroscopic manifestion of quantum mechanics. Max Graves at the President’s Student Poster Competition held at the UVM Davis Center. PHYSI CS@U VM PAGE 5 Student Research Dan Orfeo, an undergraduate physics major, was awarded a UVM Undergraduate Research Summer Internship. Dan's summer project titled “Investigating the Partially Filled, Rotating-Subbeam-Carousel Model for Radio Pulsar B0751+32” will be supervised by Professor Joanna Rankin. Dan will present his research results at UVM’s Student Research Conference in April 2014. Joshuah Heath ’15 presents a poster of his research as part of UVM Student Research Day at the Davis Center on April 23, 2013. His project titled “Computational Study of Ferromagnetic Phase Transitions in the Ising and XY Models via the Monte Carlo Method” was supervised by Professor Del Maestro. Physics major Joshuah Heath at the UVM Davis Center. Outreach Professor Madalina Furis participated in the “Scientist in Residence” Program at the Jericho Elementary High School. She gave a presentation about what it means to be a physicist that included physics demonstrations to nine different classes ranging from 1st to 4th grade. PAGE 6 PHYSI CS@UVM 2013 Graduates Bachelor of Science degree recipients Brad M. Diamond Michael R. Durant Adam Z. Doherty Darcy E. Glenn Eric H. Horak* Thomas J. Howard# Richard W. Kenyon# Evan W. Laird Cody J. Lamarche *Magna Cum Laude #Cum Laude Cody Lamarche, Brad Diamond, Darcy Glenn, Richard Kenyon, Michael Durant, Erik Horak, Adam Doherty and Thomas Howard (left to right) with Professor Clougherty at UVM Commencement 2013 Congratulations graduates! PHYSI CS@U VM PAGE 7 NanoDays 2013 The UVM chapters of the Society of Physics Students and Sigma Pi Sigma organized a series of events for NanoDays 2013, an annual national celebration of nanoscale science, technology and engineering that includes hands-on activities, demonstrations and lectures for the general public. The ECHO Science Center hosted the event. This is the seventh year of the UVM Physics-ECHO partnership. (Photos are courtesy of Dr. Furis.) Physics major Darcy Glenn points out aspects of 3D imaging during NanoDays 2013. Making polymers with Materials Science graduate student Sanghita Sengupta at NanoDays 2013. Ph.D. candidate Owen Myers (right) at UVMECHO Nanodays. UVM graduate student Max Graves explains magnetic storage at ECHO Science Center during NanoDays 2013. Fun with nanogold. David Hammond (right) led the team of UVM physics students in NanoDays 2013. David Hammond, Peter Harnish, Cole Van Seters, Joshuah Heath, Jeffrey Ulbrandt, Erik Horak, Darcy Glenn, TJ Howard, Max Graves, Sanghita Sengupta and Owen Myers (right to left). PAGE 8 PHYSI CS@UVM NSF Summer Program on Complex Materials Funded by the National Science Foundation, the UVM summer program on complex materials brings talented undergraduates from universities across the country to Burlington to work on research projects with UVM faculty in the materials science program. UVM has the only NSF Research Experience for Undergraduates (REU) site in Vermont. The nine-week program culminates with oral presentations of summer research results by the student participants. (Photos are courtesy of Dr. Furis.) Ashleigh Bristol (left), an undergraduate from University of Mississippi, working UVM graduate student Tianxin Miao in the laboratory of Professor Rachael Oldinski, a faculty member of the complex materials REU. Colin Campbell, a 2013 REU program participant from Georgia Tech, worked with Professor Del Maestro on theoretical studies of superfluid Helium in nanocavities. Professor Matt Liptak (right) with Jill Chipman (center), an undergraduate at Hamilton College, and UVM graduate student Cheryl Lockhart. Jill’s project was titled “CD Investigation of Axial Ligand Effects on IsdG Secondary Structure.” 2013 program participants with Professor Medsker, REU program coordinator. Front row: Catherine Groschner, Jill Hamilton, Ashleigh Bristol, and Sabrina Rosa (left to right). Back row: Nicholas Gould, Colin Campbell, Dr. Medsker, Noah Kohlhorst, Alexander Sylvester, and Chan Tran (left to right). We thank the faculty members of the complex materials program for supervising the research of the REU participants this summer: Professors Adrian Del Maestro, Madalina Furis, Randall Headrick, Valeri Kotov, Matthew Liptak, Larry Medsker, Rachael Oldinski, Frederic Sansoz, Rory Waterman and Adam Whalley. Here’s a complete list of the REU students with their summer project titles: Ashleigh Bristol (Characterization of RGD Surface Conjugation of AA-g-PEG Microcarriers), Colin Campbell (Macroscopic Superfluid Properties of Liquid Helium), Jill Chipman (CD Investigation of Axial Ligand Effects on IsdG Secondary Structure), Nicholas Gould (Excitonic Properties of Tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP) Thin Films), Kate Groschner (The Role of Pressure, Atmosphere, and Power on the Formation of WSi2 and Si Nanoclusters), Noah Kohlhorst (Production & Characterization of Organic Molecular Crystals Behaving as Electric Semiconductors), Sabrina Rosa (Synthesis of the First As-C Polymer), Alexander Sylvester (Attraction Between Graphene Layers) and Chan Tran (Simulation Study on the Properties of Nanowires). PHYSI CS@U VM PAGE 9 A Sound Way to Stop Stowaways By Joshua E. Brown Eighty percent of world trade is carried by ships. A big cargo ship docks in the United States about every six minutes. It unloads goods that can come from any port on the planet. Unfortunately, these ships also often unload invasive species — unwanted hitchhikers, like zebra mussel larvae and purple loosestrife seeds — travelling in the ship’s ballast water. This, too, can come from any port on the planet. In the U.S., dumped ballast water may be the leading source of invasive species found in freshwater and marine ecosystems, according the Environmental Protection Agency. From the Caspian Sea to Lake Champlain, communities have suffered profound damage — like collapsed fisheries and clogged pipes — due to invaders that arrived in ballast water. Efforts to remove species from ballast water have proven very difficult, often toxic, and expensive. But Junru Wu, a physicist at the University of Vermont, has invented a promising new approach: blast them to death with sound. He and Meiyin Wu (no relation), an ecologist at Montclair State University in New Jersey, have been collaborating for nearly a decade to create a device — they call it BallastSolution. The machine will treat ballast water, as ships take it in and dump it out, with a lethal dose of ultrasound. (Lethal, that is, to wee beasties; it’s harmless to people.) In recent tests, “we thought we’d be happy if we could kill close to ninety percent” of the small clams, water fleas, and e. coli bacteria sent into the machine, said Junru Wu, “but the results were over ninety-nine percent.” Stricter rules Ballast water is essential to cargo ships (as well as cruise-liners and sailboats) allowing them to stay at the proper depth, steer correctly, and not tip over. But as ships take on and unload cargo, they also pump and dump enormous quantities of water. Globally, twelve billion tons of the stuff is dumped each year — with some ten thousand species being carried across the oceans each day in the ballast water of cargo ships, according to expert testimony before the U.S. Senate. “These species introductions are one of the leading causes of losing biodiversity around the globe,” says Meiyin Wu, “so we’re trying to plug the hole.” “The results are fantastic,” says Junru Wu, “much better than expected.” So are new tougher global regulations of ballast water. The U.S. Coast Guard rolled out rules in March requiring ocean-going ships to have an onboard ballast treatment system and limiting how many organisms they can release in coastal waters. And the U.N.’s International Maritime Organization will require all ships to have a treatment system by the end of 2016. More demand than supply “There will be a lot of market demand for ballast treatment systems,” says Meiyin Wu. “There are millions of ships out there that will have to comply with these new regulations.” Bubble solution The scientists anticipate that their machine, once commercialized, could be mounted inside the engine room of ships and available for use whenever needed, either in dock or as ships change their ballast at sea. The device relies on what physicists call “cavitation,” the formation and implosion of tiny bubbles within the organisms. These bubbles in liquid, created by mechanical waves from the ultrasound, “basically rip them apart,” says Junru Wu. The ultrasound has advantages over other treatments, like ultraviolet light that has a hard time penetrating murky water, or chemical treatments, like chlorine, which have environmental problems. “Our goal is to produce a system that doesn’t produce secondary pollution,” says Meiyin Wu. The patented BallastSolution device, funded by a $673,000 grant from the U.S. Department of the Interior, is made from twenty ultrasound transducers, arranged in a spiral, that protrude into a pipe about ten inches wide on the interior. As the ballast water pumps through, the transducers oscillate at frequencies above the range of human hearing. This fall, the BallastSolution machine will be shipped to Wisconsin for a next round of testing by an independent laboratory under guidelines approved by the International Maritime Organization and the U.S. Coast Guard. If it passes these tests, it can be submitted to the IMO for approval and international use. Current treatment technologies can cost millions of dollars to install on a medium-sized ship, Meiyin Wu says — which is why there is a global hunt to find new systems that work and are affordable. “There are a lot of people and companies working on ballast treatments,” she says. “But there is simply no way that that the supply will be enough for the demand by 2016.” Three companies have shown interest in licensing the BallastSolutions technology, Meiyin Wu says. “We’re hoping it will be ready before 2016,” she says, noting that the cost of a commercial version of their machine is very hard to predict at this early stage -- and will depend on the size of the ship and the complexity of retrofitting it. “We’re researchers. We’re not in the place or business to commercialize this,” she says. Which is why she and Junru Wu are looking for investors. And considering new research applications for ultrasound. “We’re looking at ways it could be used to treat invasive jellyfish,” she says, “or clean swimming pools.” In goes a load of potential bad guys at one end -- and out comes nearly sterile water at the other. At least that’s what the first tests have shown. The machine, built at UVM by Junru Wu and post-doctoral researcher Di Chen, was delivered to Meiyin Wu at the beginning of 2012 for testing in her laboratory in New Jersey. Quake, zebra mussel. Junru Wu, professor of physics has invented a machine to kill invasive species lurking in the bottom of boats. (photo: courtesy Professor Wu) PAGE 1 0 PHYSI CS@UVM Chameleon Star Baffles Astronomers By Joshua Brown Few astronomical objects are as baffling as pulsars, and despite nearly fifty years of study, they continue to defy theorists’ best efforts. A pulsar with glowing cones of radiation stemming from its magnetic poles. New observations reported in Science re-open an old debate about how these spinning stars work. (Image: European Space Agency/ATG medialab) Pulsars — tiny spinning stars, heavier than the sun and smaller than a city — have puzzled scientists since they were discovered in 1967. Now, new observations by an international team, including University of Vermont astrophysicist Joanna Rankin, make these bizarre stars even more puzzling. The scientists identified a pulsar that is able to dramatically change the way in which it shines. In just a few seconds, the star can quiet its radio waves while at the same time it makes its X-ray emissions much brighter. The research “challenges all proposed pulsar emission theories,” the team writes in the Jan. 25 edition of the journal Science and reopens a decades-old debate about how these stars work. Unexpected X-rays Like the universe’s most powerful lighthouses, pulsars shine beams of radio waves and other radiation for trillions of miles. As these highly magnetized neutron stars rapidly rotate, a pair of beams sweeps by, appearing as flashes or pulses in telescopes on Earth. Using a satellite X-ray telescope, coordinated with two radio telescopes on the ground, the team observed a pulsar that was previously known to flip on and off every few hours between strong (or “bright”) radio emissions and weak (or “quiet”) radio emissions. Monitoring simultaneously in X-rays and radio waves, the team revealed that this pulsar exhibits the same behaviour, but in reverse, when observed at X-ray wavelengths. This is the first time that a switching X-ray emission has been detected from a pulsar. University of Vermont astrophysicist Joanna Rankin. Flipping between these two extreme states — one dominated by X-ray pulses, the other by a highly organized pattern of radio pulses — “was very surprising,” says Rankin. “As well as brightening in the X-rays we discovered that the X-ray emission also shows pulses, something not seen when the radio emission is bright,” said Rankin, who spearheaded the radio observations. “This was completely unexpected.” No current model of pulsars is able to explain this switching behavior. All theories to date suggest that X-ray emissions would follow radio emissions. Instead, the new observations show the opposite. “The basic physics of a pulsar have never been solved,” Rankin says. Looking for the switch The research was conceived by a small team then working at the University of Amsterdam, including UVM’s Rankin, who has studied this pulsar, known as PSR B0943+10, for more than a decade; Wim Hermsen from SRON, the Netherlands Institute for Space Research in Utrecht, and the lead author on the new paper; Ben Stappers from the University of Manchester, UK; and Geoff Wright from Sussex University, UK. These researchers were joined by colleagues from institutions around the world to conduct simultaneous observations with the European Space Agency’s X-ray satellite, XMM-Newton, and two radio telescopes, the Giant Meter Wave Telescope (GMRT) in India and the Low Frequency Array (LOFAR) in the Netherlands, to reveal this pulsar’s so-far unique behavior. “There is a general agreement about the origin of the radio emission from pulsars: it is caused by highly energetic electrons, positrons and ions moving along the field lines of the pulsar’s magnetic field,” explains Wim Hermsen. PHYSI CS@U VM PAGE 11 Chameleon Star Baffles Astronomers, continued “How exactly the particles are stripped off the neutron star’s surface and accelerated to such high energy, however, is still largely unclear,” he adds. By studying the emission from the pulsar at different wavelengths, the team’s study had been designed to discover which of various possible physical processes take place in the vicinity of the magnetic poles of pulsars. Instead of narrowing down the possible mechanisms suggested by theory, however, the results of the team’s observing campaign challenge all existing models for pulsar emission. Few astronomical objects are as baffling as pulsars, and despite nearly fifty years of study, they continue to defy theorists’ best efforts. Of the more than 2,000 pulsars discovered to date, a number of them have erratic behavior, with emissions that can become weak or disappear in a matter of seconds but then suddenly return minutes or hours later. B0943+10 is one of these erratic stars. Discovered at Pushchino Radio Astronomical Observatory near Moscow, “this star has two very different personalities,” that were uncovered by Svetlana Suleymanova in the 1980s, says Rankin. “But we’re still in the dark about what causes this, and other pulsars, to switch modes,” Rankin says. “We just don’t know.” “But the fact that the pulsar keeps memory of its previous state and goes back to it,” says Hermsen, “suggests that it must be something fundamental.” Recent studies indicate that the switch between “radio-bright” and “radio-quiet” states is correlated to the pulsar’s dynamics. As pulsars rotate, their spinning period slows down gradually, and in some cases the slow-down process has been observed to accelerate and slow down again, in conjunction with the pulsar switching between bright and quiet states. This correlation between a pulsar’s rotation and its emission has led astronomers to wonder about a connection between the star’s surface and the much-larger surrounding magnetosphere, which may extend up for 30,000 miles. These new observations “strongly suggest that a temporary ‘hotspot’ appears close to the pulsar’s magnetic pole which switches on and off with the change of state,” says Geoff Wright, one of the team’s astronomers from the University of Sussex. But the new results also suggest that something in the whole magnetosphere is changing suddenly and not just at the poles or other hotspots. “Something is happening globally,” Rankin says, across the whole star. In order for the radio emission to vary so radically on the short timescales observed, the pulsar’s global environment must undergo a very rapid – and reversible – transformation. “If that is true, it means the entire magnetosphere is alive and connected in very important ways,” Rankin says, allowing a change in the pulsar’s basic mode of shining in about one second, less time than it takes it to spin once on its axis. “Since the switch between a pulsar’s bright and quiet states links phenomena that occur on local and global scales, a thorough understanding of this process could clarify several aspects of pulsar physics,” says Hermsen. “Unfortunately, we have not yet been able to explain it.” No model works The team planned to search for the same pattern in X-rays that has been observed in radio waves – to investigate what causes this switching behavior. They chose as their subject PSR B0943+10, a pulsar that is well known for its switching behavior at radio wavelengths and for its X-ray emission, which is brighter than might be expected for its age. “Young pulsars shine brightly in X-rays because the surface of the neutron star is still very hot. But PSR B0943+10 is five million years old, which is relatively old for a pulsar: the neutron star’s surface has cooled down by then,” explains Hermsen. Astronomers know of only a handful of old pulsars that shine in X-rays and believe that this emission comes from the magnetic poles – the sites on the neutron star’s surface where the acceleration of charged particles is triggered. “We think that, from the polar caps, accelerated particles either move outwards to the magnetosphere, where they produce radio emission, or inwards, bombarding the polar caps and creating X-ray-emitting hot-spots,” Hermsen adds. There are two main models that describe these processes, depending on whether the electric and magnetic fields at play allow charged particles to escape freely from the neutron star’s surface. In both cases, it has been argued that the emission of X-rays follows that of radio waves. Monitoring the pulsar in X-rays and radio waves at the same time, the astronomers hoped to be able to discern between the two models. “The X-ray emission of pulsar PSR B0943+10 beautifully mirrors the switches that are seen at radio wavelengths but, to our surprise, the correlation between these two emissions appears to be inverse: when the source is at its brightest in radio waves, it reaches its faintest in X-rays, and vice versa,” says Hermsen. The new data also show that the source pulsates in X-rays only during the X-ray-bright phase – which corresponds to the quiet state at radio wavelengths. During this phase, the X-ray emission appears to be the sum of two components: a pulsating component consisting of thermal X-rays, which is seen to switch off during the X-ray-quiet phase, and a persistent one consisting of non-thermal X-rays. Neither of the leading models for pulsar emission predicts such behavior. In the second half of 2013, the team plans to repeat the same study for another pulsar, PSR B1822-09, which exhibits similar radio emission properties but with a different geometry. In the meantime, these observations will keep theoretical astrophysicists busy investigating possible physical mechanisms that could cause the sudden and drastic changes to the pulsar’s entire magnetosphere and result in such a curious flip in how they shine. Department of Physics Cook Physical Science Building 82 University Place Burlington, VT 05405-0125 Giving Opportunities Your gift to the Department of Physics is invaluable and deeply appreciated. We offer naming opportunities for capital gifts in support of our departmental priorities, and we accept gifts in all amounts to any one of our departmental funds listed on the right. We also welcome deferred gifts and other gift-planning vehicles, which we understand can often make more substantial gifts possible. Contributions can be made online at https:// alumni.uvm.edu/giving/ • Physics Fund • Albert D. Crowell Research Fund • Physics Colloquium Fund For more information, please contact: UVM Development & Alumni Office 411 Main Street Burlington, VT 05401 (802) 656-2010 physics.uvm.edu