Chapter 8 THE LAND-LOCKED COUNTRIES (Afghanistan, Laos and Nepal)

Chapter 8
THE LAND-LOCKED COUNTRIES
(Afghanistan, Laos and Nepal)
INTRODUCTION
Three countries of the ECAFE region which are
setting out to advance their economic development
after centuries of isolation and seclusion are A fghanistan, Laos and Nepal. T heir isolation and its consequences for their development are partly due to the
fact that they are all entirely land-locked (th at is,
they have no direct access to the sea ). They have,
therefore, along with their distinctive individual
features, a num ber of problem s in common which
invite analysis.
Afghanistan gradually evolved into a national
State from the middle of the nineteenth century and
adopted an economic policy for development only in
September 1953. Laos achieved independence in
December 1954 after a long period of French adm inistration. Nepal introduced a dem ocratic system of
government in F ebruary 1951.
Afghanistan, a m ountainous country with an area
of 650,000 square kilometres, is bounded on the north
by the Soviet Union, on the west by Ira n and on the
east and south by West Pakistan. It has four
geographical regions— the endless slightly undulating
plains in the north stretching through Central Asia
and as fa r as the frontier of China, a high plateau
in the H azarajat and Kabul districts in the centre,
the lowlands of Jelalabad and Laghm an to the east,
and the fertile valleys of H erat and K an d ah ar to the
west.
Laos lies astride the Mekong R iver in the
Indochinese peninsula. It has common boundaries
with China and Burm a in the north, T hailand in the
west, Viet-Nam in the east and Cam bodia in the
south. The country covers nearly 237,000 square
kilometres and consists of two areas, each with its
distinctive physical characteristics. U pper Laos, cut
by the Mekong River, is a complex of m ountains,
while Lower Laos extends from the crests of the
Annamite Chain over the plateaux sloping westward
to the Mekong.
Nepal, a rectangular area of over 140,000 square
kilometres, is bordered on the n o rth by T ibet and
on the west, south and east by the Indian states of
U ttar Pradesh, B ihar and West Bengal. The three
regions of the country (i.e., the lower, central, and
northern or Him alayan regions) have their own
geographical and historical peculiarities. The lower
region includes the tarai, or plains, and the forest-clad
slopes of the lower h ills; the central region is composed
of a series of m ountain ranges gradually rising from
4 ,000 to 10,000 feet; the north ern region includes the
m ain H im alayan chain w ith altitudes of 10,000 to
29,000 feet, on which forests grow up to 8,500 feet.
The density of the population in all three countries
is relatively low— especially so in the case of the first
two. In A fghanistan, no com prehensive census of
population has been taken, but the m ost reliable figures
released by Afghan officials indicate a total of 12
million inhabitants. The same uncertainty exists with
reg ard to Laos, where population estimates range from
1.5 to 2 million. Nepal has perhaps about 8.4 million
in habitants.1 If these figures are accepted, the density
of the population per square kilom etre is 18 for
A fghanistan, about 6 to 8 for Laos and 60 fo r Nepal.
M ore than 90 per cent of the population of these
countries is engaged in agriculture, b u t the total area
u nder cultivation is very lim ited and, though no
adequate m easurem ents are available, it is generally
considered that about four-fifths of A fghanistan and
Laos are covered by m ountains, and fully one-half
of Nepal. It has been estim ated that only about 3
per cent of A fghanistan’s total area is cultivated,
three-fourths of the tilled land lying no rth of the
H indu K ush in the sparsely populated valley of the
Oxus River.2 Nepal is estim ated to have one-half
of its area under forests, one-fourth cultivated or
cultivable, and the rest either Alpine m eadows or under
perpetual snows.
Although these three countries are norm ally
self-sufficient in food, shortages occur from time to
time, largely because of drought, poor tran sp o rt and
the fact th at m uch of the agricultural output is
consum ed on the farm and therefore not m arketed.
In consequence, im ports of foodgrains are sometimes
necessary. In A fghanistan, for example, dro u g h t and
other adverse factors led to the im portation of 10,000
to 40,000 tons of w heat from the U nited States in
1947, 1952 and 1953 and 1956. In Laos, occasional
1 For
the purpose of the first scientific census the country was
divided into tw o zones— East N epal and W est Nepal. T h e census
o f East N epal was taken in 1952 and show ed a population of 3.76
m illion; th at of W est N epal, taken in 1954, added 4.66 million.
Census Com mission, Interim Census Report (in N epali), 1955.
2 US D epartm ent of C om m erce, Basic Data on the E conom y of
A fghanistan, (W ashington, 1955), p .2.
Chapter 8.
The Land-Locked Countries
rice shortages used to be met by imports from
Cambodia and Viet-Nam. In 1957, the Government
of Nepal estimated that 50,000 tons of rice were
needed, of which 30,000 tons could be procured
internally from districts where there was a surplus
of foodgrains, and in November the Government
approached the Union of Burma to see whether it
could purchase 20,000 tons of rice. A part from local
shortages in poor years, even in good crop years
there are large price differentials as between one part
of the country and another.
Industry is under-developed and practically nonexistent.
All three countries, therefore, depend
heavily on imports for their requirements of m anuf a c t u r e d goods, capital equipm ent and consumer
goods, including even m any daily necessities. In
Afghanistan, however, domestic cotton textiles have
recently replaced a part of form er imports, and
imports of m achinery and other capital goods have
increased.
Thus, foreign trade, though uncertain and costly,
is in a sense particularly vital for these countries.
But foreign trade necessarily depends to an unusual
extent on the policies of neighbouring countries, with
which transit facilities have to be arranged.
It is not possible to obtain accurate foreign trade
figures, since there is a considerable volume of u n recorded transactions arising out of the difficulties of
establishing comprehensive customs control at the
frontiers, particularly where such frontiers are not
clearly m arked and where the terrain facilitates
smuggling . 1 However, in general terms, these countries’ exports probably come to less than 1 0 per cent
of national production, and finance only a small
portion of imports. The m ain exports are agricultural
and forest products. All three countries im port more
than they export and suffer from serious trade and
payment deficits, especially when bad weather has cut
down agricultural production. These deficits have in
recent years been met (and made possible) largely
by external aid.
In order to stand on their own feet, the countries
will clearly have to develop their economies on a
fairly considerable scale. Their governments, conscious of the need to accelerate the pace of economic
development, are pursuing program m es of integrated
economic growth through co-ordinated development
1 For example, in Nepal, arrangem ents are only now being m ade
for the establishment of a statistical organization to draw up a
comprehensive range of statistics, including those on foreign trade.
It is reported that, to start w ith, the proposed D epartm ent will
compile the export and im port statistics of Nepal for the last four
years.
183
plans . 2 In view of the preponderance of agriculture
and lack of transport facilities, their plans place
special stress on those sectors. However, in the face
of financial and other difficulties, progress has been
rather irregular to date and the plans are subject
to frequent revisions, depending among other things
on the availability of the required resources.
Of the num erous difficulties from which all underdeveloped countries of the region suffer, several are
aggravated for the land-locked countries by reason of
their special geographical situation. The two aspects
which will be dealt with in particular below are lack
of transport facilities and the related problem of
transit trade, and secondly the inadequacy of the
present monetary and financial system to sustain
development in the basic agricultural and industrial
fields.
T R A N S PO R T DIFFICULTIES
The m ain factor impeding the development of
transportation in the land-locked countries is the
generally rugged topography, breaking here and there
into high mountain ranges. In Afghanistan, the
Hindu Kush mountains running from north to south
form a natural dividing line. The lowest mountains
here are about 1 0 , 0 0 0 feet high, and the mountain
chains branching out from the Hindu Kush extend
over the whole area, form ing narrow passes and
valleys. T hrough these flow swift streams and rivers
which tend to burst their banks during the rainy and
flood seasons. In Laos, the mountains are lower, but
still render m any parts of the country inaccessible.
In Nepal, even in the construction or expansion of
the highway system to join im portant points, it is
usually necessary to choose circuitous routes so as
to by-pass the mountains and hills, which greatly
increases the road-length required, or else resort to
the expensive method of drilling long tunnels.
Afghanistan, in spite of its substantial size, has
only 5,100 kilometres of gravel roads, of which only
two-thirds are motorable all the year round. Unsur2 Expenditure estimates from the plans of the three land-locked
countries are shown in the following table (in millions).
E x p e n d itu r e
C o u n tr y
Afghanistan . . .
Laos
Nepal . . .
P la n
p e rio d
U n it
o f c u rr e n c y Total
1956/57US
1960/61 dollars
215
1958-1962 Kips 6,897a
Oct. 1956- Nepal
Oct. 1961 Rupees 330
A g r ic u ltu r e a n d
ir r ig a tio n
T r a n s p o r t M a n u fa c a n d com tu r in g
m u n ic a and
tio n
m in in g
71
326a
86
3,636a
104
112
37
—
24
a Provisional figures only (from the proposed plan submitted
to the Council of Ministers in August 1957).
184
faced roads (at times blocked by floods and snow)
connect the principal cities and jo in the Pakistan
highway system at Torkham a, about 60 kilometres
from Peshawar, and at Chaman. In 1954/55, work
started on widening the Torkham a-K abul highway
with the aid of a $2.3 million loan from the United
States Export-Im port Bank, and a road m aintenance
unit was established to train personnel in heavy
construction techniques.
Laos has about 5,700 kilometres of roads and
dry weather tracks, which are in m ost parts narrow
and inadequately m aintained. In all, there are about
1,900 kilometres of surfaced roads of which about
two-thirds are in southern Laos. A fter the Second
World W ar and till the country became independent,
the standards of highway maintenance and the conditions of the roads deteriorated. Between 25 and
30 per cent of the public works reconstruction funds
is now being spent on bridges and roads. Only
certain sectors of the entire length of the Mekong
River are usuable by vessels. The effective use of
the River as a means of com m unication for Laos is
limited by the existence of rapids.
In Nepal there are only 500 kilometres of roads,
mostly in the capital and in the tarai region. There
are in addition a num ber of footpaths, some of which
are difficult even for pack animals. It was not till
the advent of the democratic system of government
in 1951 that some attention was paid to transport
development. The m ain road of 125 kilometres
(Tribhuvana Raj P ath) from K athm andu, the capital,
to Raxaul, a railway term inus on the Indian border,
was completed only in 1956, with the help of the
Government of India under the Colombo P lan.1 The
five-year plan (October 1956 to October 1961) gives
first priority to the development of transport, assigning
to it over one-third of the total proposed development
outlay.
Nepal is the only one of the three countries
which has railways (127 kilometres) ; the m ain line
runs from Amlekhganj to Raxaul on the Indian side.
A further feature of N epal’s tran spo rt system is a
ropeway (aerial cable) about 28 kilometres long
constructed in 1927, connecting D hursing with Matatirth near K athm andu.
In Afghanistan and Nepal, air service was started
quite recently. In Afghanistan, the Departm ent of
Civil Aviation has been particularly interested in
1 “A t its highest point (th e road) scales m ountains 8,168 ft. high,
then comes dow n as low as 2,300 ft., and again rises to a height
of 4,700 ft w hen it approaches K a th m a n d u . . .A t present the
G overnm ent earns about Rs 1,000 daily as road cess.” Colombo
Plan Inform ation Unit, N epal on the Road to D evelopm ent, (May,
1957) p.2.
P a rt II.
Postw ar P roblem s of Economic Development
establishing an international airp o rt at K a n d ah ar and
in setting up a domestic airline. Two weekly flights
to K abul from New Delhi, K arachi and T ehran are
scheduled, in addition to daily domestic flights. In
Laos, which has its own airline, a ir comm unications
are longer-established and m ore extensive than in
Afghanistan or Nepal and provide in m any parts of
the country the only scheduled and regular service for
passenger or cargo traffic. A bout fifteen airfields
along the Mekong are supplem ented by airfields in
the uplands, m ainly used fo r transporting cargo. In
1952, the airlines carried one-third the num ber of
passengers and one-fifth the volume of freight tran sported by river carriers on the Mekong. In Nepal,
there is a regular a ir service from K athm andu to
P atn a (India) and, in addition to an all-weather
airp o rt at the capital, there are fair-w eather landing
strips at Sim ra, B hairahaw a, P o k h ara and B iratnagar.
Even today, a substantial portion of A fghanistan’s
public transportation is provided by donkeys and
camels or hum an backs. L aotian surface routes,
being greatly affected by climatic conditions, do not
offer dependable m eans of transp ortation throughout
the year. Most of N epal’s internal and external trade
is carried over inadequate tracks. The airlines,
therefore, seem likely to have a big future role to
play, and for non-local passenger transport, at least,
air travel m ay become a serious com petitor to road
or river craft.
To sum up, such few roads or other com m unications as exist are concentrated in or arou nd the capital
cities and a few other centres and generally do not
provide connexion with each other or with the networks in the neighbouring countries. In Afghanistan,
“ when northern karakul breeders com plain about low
returns fo r their lam b skins or when K an d ah ar
consum ers resent high prices for wheat and barley
shipped from the south-west, they can blam e the high
cost of freight which is due to terrible roads.” 2 In
lower Laos, the provinces of Savannakhet, Thakhek,
and V ientiane generally trade with each other and
with Tonkin, not with the southern provinces. In
upper Laos, the lack of transp ortatio n facilities for
the movement of foodstuffs from surplus to deficit
areas has resulted in local famines. In Nepal, there
are no direct relations between some of the hilly parts
in the interior (like Tansen and D oti) and the tarai
region. Such conditions lead to differences in prices
between one region and another, and to local shortages
and gluts.
The first step to rem edy this situation evidently
lies in a co-ordinated development of the m eans of
transport to provide adequate an d econom ical tra n s2 H u m a n Relations Area Files, Yale University, N e w
Connecticut, A fghanistan, (1 9 5 6 ), p.247.
H aven,
C hapter 8.
The Land-Locked Countries
portation facilities. It is at the same time necessary
to decide which modes of transport are easiest and
cheapest to develop and which are most suited to
the needs of the country. Except in Nepal’s tarai or
plains area, road construction has proved difficult and
expensive. It was long felt that there was a need
for a railway between Laos and its neighbours, and
several projects were worked out, but, according to
present indications, no railway will be constructed
until the completion of the proposed five-year developm ent plan. There is also a proposal in Nepal’s
five-year plan to extend the present narrow-gauge
railway line up to H itaunra, so as to serve the Rapti
Valley (about 150 kilometres south-west of K ath m andu) now being extensively developed, and thus
make that city a m ajor exporting centre for forest
and other products. However, experience shows that
the construction of high-altitude railways, apart from
lines that m ay be built in the foot-hills to link up
with the transport system on the plains, presents many
difficult engineering problems and is of doubtful
economic utility. Roads, though costly in initial
construction and subsequent maintenance, still appear
to offer the more economic form of overland transport
in mountainous areas , 1 while the aeroplane may
well be an immediate answer to facilitate rapid
development.
Since Nepal has a ropeway, whose capacity the
five-year plan seeks to increase from 5 to 25 tons an
hour, this form of transport deserves special attention.
Ropeways are generally regarded as efficient means of
moving bulky goods, and are preferred to roads for
short hauls in mountainous countries like Switzerland
and certain sections of France, Italy and Spain. For
such hauls, ropeways could be made to play a larger
role in the transportation of goods in the extremely
rugged topography of Afghanistan and Nepal. In
Afghanistan early in 1955 a British firm surveyed the
Sadang ropeway project, intended to shorten the
distance from the northern part of the country to
Kabul. F urther surveys at other suitable sites might
be carried out advantageously.
SPECIAL CHARACTER OF TRANSIT TRADE
In land-locked countries, foreign trade can increase only if suitable transit facilities are accorded
by neighbouring countries. More generally, foreign
trade and communications are greatly influenced
by the state of relations with these neighbouring
countries.
In the past, A fghanistan’s role as a buffer State
between Russia and British India discouraged foreign
1 It is
tripartite
quently)
at a cost
reported that in January 1958 Nepal and India signed a
agreem ent (the U nited States to affix its signature subsefor the construction of 1,440 kilometres of roads in Nepal
of Rs 34.3 million.
185
companies and governments from developing modern
communications within the country to link up with
outside communications.
There are formidable
obstacles, too, in the form of high mountains, narrow
rocky gorges, hot and dusty deserts— whether it is
a question of linking up with the terminal points of
international rail lines (at Kushka or Chaman) or
of connecting Afghanistan’s own business centres
(K andahar and Kabul, K andahar and Herat, Kabul
and M azar-i-Sharif). The frontiers with Pakistan are
in some cases impassable, since the central sectors of
the eastern and most of the southeastern natural
boundaries are studded with mountains and inhabited
by impoverished and warlike Pushtu tribes.
Broadly, Afghanistan has three main routes of
communication for transit trade with the outside
world. The first is from H erat on the western border
to Iran, the second goes northward through Mazar-iSharif across the Oxus River to the Soviet Union,
and the third leads southeastward through Peshawar
to the port of Karachi. The first route is of very
little use, because of the long distance from Herat
to the northeastern parts of Afghanistan and also from
Herat, through the desert in southern Iran with its
very few motorable roads, to the seaport of Chahbar
on the Gulf of Oman. The second route, to the Soviet
Union, is especially im portant to the northern parts
of the country, and has been increasingly used since
the second quarter of 1955. However, the Soviet
railroad terminus of Kushka, a few miles from the
Afghanistan border, is connected with Herat by a
fair-weather road only. The third route, the most
natural one, leads through Pakistan to the port of
Karachi.
Both the Soviet and Pakistan routes entail transfer
of freight from trucks to railway cars and ships.
Before the opening of the Suez Canal and the development of m odern sea transport, Afghanistan allowed
traders and caravans to carry their goods across its
territory without restrictions. The Anglo-Afghan
Treaty, which was signed in 1921 and ratified in
1922, provided for transit trade facilities, and also
covered other aspects of good neighbourly relation
between the two countries. It emphasized the p rinciple of freedom of transit and specified the administrative procedures in regard to the goods imported
by the Afghanistan Government and other commercial
imports destined for Afghanistan. In addition, the
Anglo-Afghan Trade Convention, signed in 1923,
incorporated detailed administrative provisions for
carrying out the purposes of the Treaty. After the
transfer of power in connexion with the establishment
of Pakistan, the provisions of the above Treaty became
a concern between the Government of Pakistan and
the Government of Afghanistan, and the provisions
of the Treaty and Convention have been applied to
trade between Afghanistan and Pakistan.
186
When the border with Pakistan was tem porarily
closed in May 1955, with consequent interruption of
transit trade across Pakistan, A fghanistan concluded
a Transit Agreement with the Soviet Union in June
1955, entitling both countries to enjoy tran sit facilities
for five years. Soviet-Afghan trade has, in fact, been
expanding gradually since 1953, accompanied by
increasing Soviet economic assistance. On the other
hand, the transit trade through the port of Karachi
has not been dwindling; an im portant portion of
exports and imports still passes through Pakistan.
Available statistics show that in 1955/56 the percentage of imports of A fghanistan in tran sit through
Pakistan increased by 41 per cent for woollen textiles;
54.7 per cent for foodstuffs and 6.6 per cent for tea
over the 1954/55 level.1
In Laos during the period of French rule, great
efforts were made to link the country’s com m unication
routes with those of Viet-Nam and Cambodia. As
early as 1905, the Governor-General of Indochina
advocated the construction of a railroad in order to
Consolidate the regime and make Saigon the port of
this whole area. However, Laos is still fairly isolated,
as it has only a few low-capacity road and ferry
connexions with the neighbouring country of Thailand.
As a result of political insecurity in 1952-1954, roads
and communications in general deteriorated considerably. The most im portant route is the Mekong
River, which provides a cheap means of transporting
bulk cargo. A num ber of impassable rapids greatly
limit the usefulness of this artery fo r access to the
sea. Since gaining independence, Laos has attempted
to improve transit trade through Thailand. Form erly,
the traditional transport route was from Vientiane,
the capital, to Savannakhet to Saigon by road. Since
1956 use has been made of a new m eans of access to
the sea through Thailand, utilizing the railway from
Nong Khai to Bangkok.2 Inauguration of this route
has been instrumental in establishing fuller trade relations between these two countries. “ The condition of
transport through Thailand seems to be well established
as a consequence of the last agreement. This system
of transport is also begininng to develop in the
direction of Paksé and Savannakhet by using branch
lines of the railroad through Ubol in T hailand” .3
However, the inadequate network of surface routes
has, as noted, especially stimulated the development
of internal air travel.
1 Figures provided by the Ministry of National Economy, Kabul.
2 Bangkok, the nearest port, is 500 kilometres from Vientiane,
while Saigon is 1,200 kilometres away.
3 Laos, Ministry of Public W orks, Su r la Situation E conom icque
du Laos, 1957, p.3. T he transit agreem ent of 1955 between Laos
and T hailand is referred to below.
P a rt II.
Postw ar Problem s of Economic Development
Since time im mem orial, Nepal has h ad direct
trade relations with India and Tibet. The routes to
the outer world lead southw ard to three different parts
of India by air, by road, by bridle path and by
ropeway; and n orthw ard to Tibet, mostly by bridle
path. In ancient times, trad e between Nepal and
Tibet was not confined to goods of Nepali and Tibetan
origin; Nepal used to export to Tibet im ported goods,
and to im port from Tibet articles originating in
various parts of China. W ith the grow th of m odern
commerce, and owing to the still antiquated system
of transport linking Nepal with Tibet, trad e with India
became increasingly im portant while that with Tibet
gradually declined . 4 Generally the bulk of goods
com ing from India used to be transferred from the
Indian metre-gauge railhead at Raxaul to the narrowgauge Nepali railroad, then shipped to Amlekhganj
for transfer by trucks to D hursing, another 30 kilometres away, and thence by ropeway to Kathm andu.
The completion and opening in 1956 of the main
highway (T ribhuvana Raj P ath ) linking Kathm andu
with Raxaul on the Indian fro ntier has proved
im portant not only fo r the im port of goods via India,
b u t also for the expansion of the export trade and
income of Nepal by opening up the Nepali hinterland,
with its horticultural potential. A sim ilar road, called
Tika Bhairav, is u nd er consideration, also for connecting the K athm andu Valley with the southern p art
of Nepal.
Thus, each of the three land-locked countries is
heavily dependent on one or another of its neighbours
for transit trade— Afghanistan on Pakistan, Laos first
on Viet-Nam and Cam bodia and recently also on
Thailand, and Nepal on India. Even with the gradual
expansion of Soviet-Afghan trade since 1953, about
80 per cent of the exports from , and also of the
im ports into, Afghanistan passed through P akistan in
1954/55. In 1955, of the total im ports of Laos, 47
per cent came from or th rough Thailand, 51 per cent
through Cam bodia and southern Viet-Nam, and 2 per
cent from H ong K ong by air. Of its total exports
about 47 p er cent went to, or through, Cam bodia and
southern Viet-Nam, and 53 per cent through Thailand.
The proportion of trade with T hailand has probably
gone up since. Almost all of the im ports and exports
of Nepal are with or th rough India, and the existing
trade through Tibet, largely because of the difficulties
of transport, is almost negligible.
In the early nineteenth century, countries in a
favourable geographical position used to exact heavy
transit duties. However, recognition of the special
difficulties confronting land-locked countries caused
4 T h e T reaty of T rad e and Friendship betw een the G overnm ent
of Nepal and the Central People’s G overnm ent of the People’s
Republic of C hina signed on 20 Septem ber 1956 m ay encourage
fu rther trade between the tw o countries. H ow ever, difficulties of
transport w ith and throu gh T ibet are considerable.
Chapter 8.
The Land-Locked Countries
transit duties to disappear almost completely towards
the end of the nineteenth century. Subsequently,
under the League of Nations various governments
agreed to the Barcelona Convention on Freedom of
T ran sit . 1 Article 33 of the Havana Charter, signed
in 1948,2 strengthened the provisions on freedom of
transit in the Barcelona Convention, and more recently
the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (G A TT ) 3
also made provisions for freedom of transit.
It is largely with the object of obtaining transit
facilities that land-locked countries have concluded
bilateral agreements with their neighbours. The
Anglo-Afghan Treaty already referred to (signed
November 1921, ratified February 1922), provided
for duty-free transit trade at British Indian (now
Pakistan) ports. The 1955 Afghan-Soviet Agreement
on T ransit Questions provides for duty-free transit
through Soviet T erritory of all categories of goods
bought by Afghanistan in the Soviet Union or other
countries. In July of the same year, an agreement
between Laos and Thailand was signed, providing freedom of transit for the traffic of one country through the
other. The Agreement provides that “ goods in transit
to the territory of either party to this agreement shall
be accorded the in-transit rights in accordance with the
principles and exceptions provided under the terms
of the ‘Statute on Freedom of T ransit’ of the Barcelona
Convention and shall be subject to the laws and
regulations in force in either country.” Similarly,
the Indo-Nepal Treaty of Trade and Commerce, signed
on 31 July 1950, provides fo r freedom of tran sit . 4
These agreements have generally been equitable
to both sides, but the divergence between the interests
of the country affording the transit facilities and those
of the land-locked country have occasionally come
into prominence. F o r example, one of the clauses of
the Indo-Nepal Treaty stipulated that Nepal shall not
levy duties on im ports or exports at rates lower or
higher than those in India. This was agreed upon
1 This Convention, signed in 1921, entered into force on 21
October 1922 and, up to the Second W orld W ar, had been ratified
by thirty-two countries. T h e Convention is still in force, and can
be acceded to by any country desiring to do so. T h e deposit of
ratification can be done with the Secretary-General of the United
Nations.
2 T he H avana C harter in an interpretative note to Article 33
(included in Annex P) provided that a m em ber may grant to a
country which has no direct access to the sea m ore ample facilities
than those given in general.
3 Article 5 of the basic instrum ent of the G A T T (signed on 21
April 1951) provides for freedom of transit, but its interpretative
notes are less extensive than those to Article 33 of the H avana
Charter, particularly in regard to the provision of special facilities
to land-locked countries.
4 T he Agreem ent was, however, modified in July 1953. Freedom
of transit was som ewhat qualified, but, on the other hand, India
agreed not to levy excise duties on Indian exports to Nepal, such
as cotton, sugar, salt, matches, cigarettes, tobacco and betelnuts.
187
by the two countries with a view to preventing possible
smuggling or unfair competition between goods of
Nepalese and Indian origin, since there are few
customs houses on the Nepal border, in the plains.
The Nepal Government considers, however, that
Indian im port and export duty rates are inappropriate
for Nepal because imported commodities thereby
become more costly and Nepalese exports to other
countries are handicapped. Consequently a revised
treaty (originally intended to be finalized by the end
of 1957, bu t delayed) was expected to replace the
provision requiring Nepal to levy customs duties equal
to those in force in India on all exports to and imports
from countries other than India by one leaving the
imposition of customs duties on Nepalese exports and
imports to its unrestricted discretion.
While the existing transit agreements afford
facilities to the land-locked countries, various difficulties and problems arise, particularly in respect of
adm inistrative procedures and practices governing the
various stages through which any commodity passes
from the port of entry to its destination in the
land-locked country . 5 These relate in particular to
transport and storage facilities, procedures at the
boundary, and customs handling of goods in transit.
In all three countries it would appear that, with
very few customs houses along the borders, smuggling
is widespread. In Afghanistan, there are at present
only three m ajor customs points for the official entry
of imported goods, all of which are situated at a
considerable distance from the large consuming
centres, thus increasing the cost of transport for the
movement of imports. A considerable volume of
unrecorded trade is, however, carried on by the
nomadic powindehs and others, operating practically
unham pered owing to the small num ber of officially
guarded passes. Similarly, in the other two countries,
substantial unrecorded trade is carried on.
To avoid delays in the movement of goods from
the point of transit to the destination, adequate
adm inistrative procedures and machinery to implement
them should be established, where they are inadequate.
Special attention could with advantage be given to
the training of officials handling or dealing with
transit trade, not only in the general principles of
such trade but also in their administrative aspects.
To facilitate the smooth and expeditious movement of
5 In this connexion, it may be pointed out that the question of
transit-trade facilities for land-locked countries was considered by
the Commission at its twelfth session in February 1956 and again
by the Sub-Committee on T rade at its second session in November
1956. See A nn u al Report of the Economic Commission f or Asia
and the Ear East (doc. E /2 8 2 1 — paragraphs 270 and 271 ); Report
of the Sub-C om m ittee on Trade (second session), E /C N .11/I& T /
129, paragraphs 82-84. A secretariat study on Problems of Trade
of Land-locked Countries in Asia and the Far East (E C A FE /I& T /
Sub.4 /2 ) was also submitted to the Sub-Committee on Trade at
its second session.
P a rt II.
188
goods in transit, bonded warehouses could be constructed by the Government of Nepal in the ports of
Calcutta and Bombay, by the Governm ent of A fghanistan in K arachi, and by the Governm ent of Laos in
Bangkok, along lines followed by other land-locked
countries such as Switzerland. Measures could also
be taken, by m utual agreement, to reduce smuggling.
Day-to-day problems could perhaps be am icably solved
by establishing jo in t trade commissions sim ilar to the
one provided for in the T ransit Agreem ent between
Austria and Italy.1
UNDER-DEVELOPED FIN A N C IA L SYSTEM
A second factor holding back development is the
lack of an adequate system of banking, m oney and
public finance. Central banking has come to these
countries only recently. In Afghanistan, Da A fghanistan Bank (the Central Bank) was founded two decades
ago, in 1938, and there are at present six com m ercial
banks with a few branches in im portant cities of the
country. The N ational Bank of Laos was created in
January 1955; in addition, there are fo u r other private
banks, with no branches, which deal prim arily in the
issuance of letters of credit and the sale of travellers’
cheques. In Nepal, also, a com m ercial bank with the
prim ary functions of lending and borrow ing has been
in operation for the past twenty years, bu t the Central
Bank, known as the R ashtra Bank, started functioning
only in April 1956. It should be added that, m ore
than in most other countries of the ECAFE region,
there exists in these three land-locked countries a wide
gulf between the monetized u rban sector and the
largely non-monetized ru ral one. This limits the scope
of application of m onetary policy, which probably does
not cover even one-quarter of the total transactions.
Not only the under-developed currency and
banking system in these countries,2 b u t also the
fluctuating m arket exchange rate, has ham pered
economic development. The existence of fluctuating
rates, associated with apparent over-valuation of their
currencies, is largely due to deficit budgets, the
absence of government control over foreign exchange
and trade, and certain peculiarities of financial
custom and tradition. •
1 The Agreem ent regarding utilization of the p ort of Trieste and
the setting up of measures to facilitate and develop Austrian traffic
through this p ort was concluded in October 1955. Article I reads:
“ The Italian G overnm ent and the Austrian G overnm ent, considering the volume of Austrian traffic th ro ugh Trieste, have agreed to
establish w ithin the fram ew ork of the joint Austro-Italian T rad e
Commission, provided for by the T rade A greem ent of 19 May
1949, a Joint Sub-Committee w ith equal m em bership for questions
relating to Austrian overseas traffic via Trieste. T h e Sub-C om m ittee shall be convened at the request of one of the tw o contracting
parties.”
2 In Afghanistan, for example, although branch offices of the
Bank Melli and D a Afghanistan Bank have been established in
almost all m ajor trad ing centres, currency still overshadows bank
deposit money as a means of payment.
Postw ar Problem s of Econom ic Development
In A fghanistan, d urin g the early postw ar period,
there was a m arked dow nw ard tren d of the exchange
value of the currency, and, in Septem ber 1953, when
changes in policy were form ulated u n d er a new
government, the Afghan currency depreciated considerably. In early 1957, the rate on the free m arket
was aro u n d 50 A fghanis to the dollar, in com parison
to the official rate which varied, by com m odity, from
16.8 to 21 A fghanis to the dollar. Thus a multiple
exchange rate system is operative. Different official
rates are given by the B ank fo r the proceeds of lamb
skins, karakul pelts and so on. The existing foreign
exchange control law stipulates th at all export earnings
of karakul, cotton and wool m ust be surrendered to
Da A fghanistan Bank, while earnings of other export
items m ay be spent on im ports by the exporter himself,
or sold at the free m arket rate to any other firm
engaged in foreign commerce. However, it appears
unlikely th at exports of karakul, cotton and wool will
increase appreciably unless the gap between the buying
rate of the Da A fghanistan B ank and the free m arket
rate is narrow ed. The C entral B ank is said to have
tended to “ ignore open m arket dealings in foreign
exchange fo r fear th at regulatory attem pts m ight cause
foreign exchange to be drain ed out of the country
thro u g h illegal channels” .3
In Laos also, there is a g reat disparity between
the official and the free m arket exchange rates— 35
kips to the dollar as against 80-85 kips to the
dollar.4
Nepal, even though a Central Bank was started
in A pril 1956, has a system of “ dual currency” under
which both Nepali and In d ian rupees continue to
circulate5— the In d ian rupee in the prosperous tarai
districts, the Nepali rupee m ostly in the K athm andu
Valley and the hilly districts generally. The exchange
rate between them varies from time to time and from
place to place. The continued depreciation of the
Nepali rupee in term s of the In d ian rupee is a serious
problem . Although, as table 75 shows, the average
degree of depreciation has been gradually reduced
since the establishm ent of the C entral Bank, which
started the sale of In d ian rupees at its own rate for
the approved list of im ports, the basic problem cannot
be said to have been solved.
3 E conom ic Report o f A fghanistan (Istanbul, Septem ber 1955),
presented by the A fghanistan Delegation to the T e n th A nnual
M eeting of the Board of Governors of the International Bank for
Reconstruction and D evelopm ent and the International Monetary
F u n d , p .35.
4 A t one tim e, in a u tu m n 1956, the m ark e t rate reached 120
kips to the dollar.
5 T h e Nepali rupee was form erly k n o w n as the m ohur-rupee, a
term w hich is still in local use to some extent.
Chapter 8.
189
The Land-Locked Countries
that during the past six years the fresh creation of
money in Nepal has generally been followed by an
adverse movement of the exchange rates, suggesting
that deficit financing has been pushed beyond safe
limits.
Table 75. Nepal: Extent of Difference in the Bank
Exchange Rate and the Market Rate, 1956-1957
(Nepali rupees per 100 Indian rupees)
D a te o f c h a n g e in
official r a te
30
6
28
21
14
June 1956 .......................
August 1956 ................ .
December 1956 ......... .
January 1957 .............. .
March 1957 ..................
Source:
O fficial r a te
M a r k e t r a te s
d u r in g th e
su b se q u e n t
p e rio d
(average)
150.50
145.50
140.50
135.50
130.50
155.00
151.00
146.00
136.25
135.00
On the whole, given the under-developed monetary system and absence of any banking tradition,
coupled with inadequate budgetary means and deficit
financing, it is difficult to achieve accelerated and
orderly economic development in these countries.
Since foreign exchange earnings needed to finance
imports are limited, experiments have been carried
on with devices which have been at times unrealistic
and largely ineffective. Neither the multiple exchange
rate system of Da Afghanistan Bank (which, it has
been estimated, controls only about 25 to 30 per cent
of the country’s total foreign exchange receipts), nor
the rigid rate of exchange for imports and other
transactions in Laos, nor the fixing of a rate for an
approved list of im ports by Nepal’s Rashtra Bank has
provided an adequate solution. The gulf between the
monetrized sector of the economy and the non-monetized rural sector is moreover much wider than in
most other countries of the region, as the former is
almost entirely concentrated in the capital cities and
a few other business centres.
In sum, monetary
policies have not yet crystallized, and much remains
to be done all along the line both to carry modern
money and banking practices into the remoter parts
of the country and to enable finance to serve
effectively the purposes of public policy.
Rashtra Bank, Nepal.
Wide fluctuations in exchange rates and wide
disparities between official and m arket rates have
worked indirectly as hindrances to the development
of the land-locked countries. The recurrent budget
deficits during the past few years have in turn partly
arisen from their economic development program m es
— the investment outlays which have claimed fully a
quarter of their total budgeted expenditures in recent
years . 1 The budget deficits shown in table 76 indicate
the recent position.
External aid has helped in each case to finance
a part of the deficit, but it has not been possible to
increase revenue since most sources are inelastic, and
new money has been issued to fill the gap . 2 Though
the data on the total volume of new money created
are incomplete, the inverse relation between the free
m arket value of the currency on the foreign exchange
m arket and the am ount of new money created is
nevertheless quite clear.
One analysis 3 has shown
THE NEED FOR AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
Development of their agricultural resources—
including, in at least Laos and Nepal, their forest
resources— is of great im portance to these primarily
agricultural countries. However, lack of access to
the outside world has prevented the spread of improvements in methods and, because of uncertain rainfall,
lack of irrigation facilities, and other deficiencies,
crop failures have been common.
1 In Afghanistan in 1955/56 and in Laos in 1955 the fraction
appears to have been as m uch as about one-half.
2 In Afghanistan total money supply increased from 1,130 million
Afghanis in 1952/53 to 2,015 million Afghanis in 1955/56.
(Source: Da Afghanistan B ank). In Nepal total money supply
increased from about 30 million Nepali rupees in 1951 to 55 m illion Nepali rupees in September 1957 ( Source: Ministry of
Finance, Currency and Exchagne D epartm ent).
3 Y.P. Pant, P lanning f or Prosperity in N epal (K athm andu,
1957), p.81-82.
Table 76.
Afghanistan, Laos and Nepal:
Government Budgets, 1955-1957
(Millions of national currency units)
C o u n tr y
and
c u r re n c y
1955/56
R eve n u e
Afghanistan
. 1,989
(Afghanis)
490a
Laos (Kips)
34
Nepal (Rupees) ..
N ote:
E xpend itu r e
1,301
1,169a
45
1957/58
1 9 5 6 /5 7
Defic it
R ev en u e
-688
1,276
-6 7 9 a
-11
945
44
E xpend itu r e
b
1,779
1,145b
48
D efic it
R even ue
E xpend itu r e
D efic it
58
66
-8
-503
-200b
-4
T h e fiscal years are as follows: Afghanistan, 21 March to 20 March; Laos calendar year;
Nepal, July to June. Figures are actuals for Nepal 1955/56, revised estimates for Nepal
1956/57 and Afghanistan 1955/56, and estimates in all other cases.
a For 1956.
b For 1957.
190
P a r t II.
Afghanistan is a pastoral country, rich in the
production of wool and karakul skins for export.
It also produces cereal crops, fruits, cotton, beet
and cane sugar, and oilseeds. Table 77 shows the
estimated output of the m ain agricultural products in
two recent crop years.
Table 77. A fghanistan: Estimated Output of Main
A gricultural Products, 1954/55 and 1955/56
(In thousand tons, unless otherwise specified)
C o m m o d ity
1954/55
1955/56
2,090
664
279
270
108
55
60
676
2,032
2,100
175
280
250
P ostw ar Problem s of Econom ic Development
In Laos, only a small portion of the total surface
area is suitable fo r wet-rice agriculture. F arm ing is
of the subsistence type, depending prim arily on rice
and m aize.1 Exports, which consist m ainly of tin
and benzoin, pay for only a small portion of the
im ports of industrial products.2 The balance was
m ainly financed by French aid up to 1954 and by
United States aid since then.
Table 79.
Laos:
Domestic Exports, 1956
I te m
W h e a t ...................................................
M aize ...................................................
Barley ....................................................
Rice .........................................................
Potatoes ...............................................
C otton ....................................................
Beet an d cane su g a r ......................
F ruits ....................................................
K a ra k u l (th o u sa n d sk in s ) ..........
60
M illio n s o f k ip s
P ercen tage
36.8
ore
............................ ............
16.28
B en zo in
............................ ............
8.62
19.4
Coffee
................................. ............
7.43
16.8
W ood
................................. ............
3.30
7.4
....................... ............
2.85
6.4
.................... ............
2.65
6.0
T in
C a rd a m o n s
C a ttle hides
O th ers
................................. ............
T o t a l
Source:
Source:
Afghanistan: Value of M ajor Exports,
1951/ 5 2 - 1955/56
(In million Afghanis)
F isc a l Y e a r
1951/52 . . . .
1952/53 . . . .
1953/54 .
1954/55 .
1955/56 .
Source:
13.2
100.0
M inistry o f F in an ce, G o v e r n m e n t o f A fg h a n ista n .
In spite of the relatively ample cultivable land,
the output of food crops normally provides only a
slender m argin above the subsistence needs of the
population. The precarious position of wheat— a dryweather crop— in most parts of the country is caused
prim arily by the uncertain rainfall and lack of m ajo r
storage reservoirs, as well as by the lack of fertilizers
and insufficiency of organic m atter. F ru it growing
is a speciality in several regions and fru it exports help
substantially to provide exchange fo r the im port of
essential consum er goods. A fghanistan’s m ain export
items have been karakul skins, raw wool, cotton, fruits
and nuts, and woolen carpets. The first fo u r products
account for 80 to 90 per cent of the total value of
current exports (see table 7 8 ). While these exports
help to pay for imports, most of them reduce the
land available for the production of food.
Table 78.
3.14
44.27
T o ta l
exp ort
731
989
950
1,440
1,352
618
922
797
1,292
1,121
F r u i t s Skin s
266
289
298
547
537
163
168
181
310
295
In Nepal, again, m any of the facts about agricultu ral production are not ascertainable statistically,
even as concerns the curren t or recent situation, but
it is known that m ore th an 2.5 million hectares of
land are now u n d er cultivation.3 The production of
jute and rice, some of which is exported, is limited
to the tara i region and the p arts bo rd erin g on India.
The hilly region exports only ghee, wax and medicinal
herbs and roots.
1Rice production is reported to have risen from 510,000 tons
in 1955 to 550,000 tons in 1956. Fo r other crops the annual
production is estimated at 12,000 tons for m aize, 1,500 tons for
g round-nuts, 600 tons for tobacco and 240 tons for coffee. (Colom bo Plan, Sixth A n n u a l R eport o f th e Consultative C om m ittee,
Saigon, October 1957, p.8 5).
2 T h e value of Laos’ imports and domestic exports in 1955 and
1956 was officially given as follows (in m illion k ip s):
Year
M a jo r e x p o r t c o m m o d itie s
T o ta l
Customs Returns of Laos.
W ool,
raw
C o tto n ,
raw
124
178
149
188
148
65
287
169
247
141
M inistry o f N a tio n a l E c o n o m y , K ab u l.
Im ports
E xports
1955 ................... ..............
644
48
1956 ................... ..............
1,291
44
Source:
B ulletin d u C om m erce E xtérieur, Direction des
D ouanes et Régies d u Laos.
3 G overnm ent of Nepal, “ Problems of A gricultural and Economic
D evelopm ent of N e p a l” , paper subm itted by the G o vernm ent of
Nepal to E C A FE ’s second session of the W o rk in g Party on Eonomic
D evelopm ent and P lanning, (Septem ber 1957) p.2. A lthough accurate trade statistics are not available, it is generally agreed that
Nepal usually has a surplus in its com m odity trade. See Econom ic
Survey o f Asia and the Far East, 1954, p. 158.
Chapter 8.
Table 80.
The Land-Locked Countries
Nepal:
191
Aggregate Exports, 1952 to 1954
M illio n s o f r u p e e s
Ite m
Rice (husked and unhusked) ................
Foodgrains
...................................................
60
25
15
Hides and skins ............................................
Raw jute ........................................................
Oilseeds ..........................................................
20
T
Source:
otal
40
60
220
Trade Journal, India, and Shanti Raksha Swayam
Sewak Sangh (K athm andu, 1954).
In all three countries, the expansion of agricultural production depends largely on irrigation,
clearance of land and drainage, and governments
have recently bent their efforts in these directions.
Afghanistan depends largely on wells (worked by the
so-called Persian wheels) for irrigation. In some
very dry areas, water is stored in deep brick reservoirs
built in natural depressions and often fed by underground springs. The main drainage systems are those
of the Helmand, the Amu Darya and the Kabul rivers.
Recent efforts by the Government have been devoted
especially to the Helmand Valley reclamation and
resettlement project, under which it is planned to
resettle on newly reclaimed land about 30,000 families
now residing in the area, and also landless nomads.1
If work proceeds according to schedule, about half
of that number will be settled by 1965. The success
of the project is, however, dependent on the continued
availability of physical and human resources on a
substantial scale.
The Governments of Cambodia, Laos, Thailand
and the Republic of Viet-Nam have been considering
plans for developing the Mekong located within these
countries. In 1951 and 1956 a reconnaissance of the
Lower Mekong Basin was made by ECAFE; the United
States also sent a mission to study the possibilities, and
recently a United Nations survey mission, organized
by the Technical Assistance Administration, has
examined the prospects further. This project, which
will be helpful in the economic development of the
four riparian countries including Laos, provides for
the development of hydro-electric power, improved
navigation facilities, irrigation, drainage and land
reclamation, and flood control. It is estimated that
not less than seven easily accessible sites for hydroelectric power plants are located within reasonable
distance of the potential load centres, and the topography of the river basin would permit the river flow
to be diverted for irrigation. For Laos, the future
development of inland navigation is dependent on the
l A major development effort in the H elm and Valley Project was
started by the G overnm ent in 1946; up to 1955, four main irrigation programmes were completed.
successful implementation of this project. It is
estimated that the area of land under cultivation in
that country could be multiplied several times by a
more effective use of the Mekong waters to provide
irrigation.
In Nepal, irrigation in the tarai region is mainly
a matter of small streams and earthen dams developed
over centuries by individual villages or groups of
villages, with occasional help from the local government. It is known, however, that there are tremendous
untapped water resources, with a vast hydro-electric
potential, between the Mechi River on the east and
the Mahakali on the west. Projects such as the Kosi,
Trisuli and Kali (Krishna Gandaki) can be regarded
as merely a beginning. The development of the Rapti
Valley will serve as a major pilot project, helping
to alleviate local unemployment and food shortages,
and affording a training ground for Nepali administrators and technicians. This valley, 150 kilometres
southwest of Kathmandu, includes a large tract of
virgin territory with good land and water resources
for potential development. The project has been
under way since 1956. Scheduled to be completed
in 1961, it seeks to develop the valley on a multiplepurpose co-ordinated basis. Activities carried out
during the first year of the plan include the construction of 25 kilometres of the proposed 80-kilometre
approach road, a fair-weather air strip and the setting
up of a government demonstration farm. In addition,
a few other river projects have been undertaken
elsewhere for the reclamation of land on a limited
scale. Various other irrigation schemes already
completed or in hand will greatly help agricultural
development.
Another set of problems common to all three
countries are those connected with the prevalence of
small holdings. In sparsely settled Afghanistan, in
the absence of any strong class intermediary between
the Government and the peasants, the farms consist
of a large number of small holdings. In Laos, again,
the population exerts no severe pressure on the land.
Here, however, there are two basic systems of landholdings— peasant proprietorship in the alluvial valleys
and plains, and the village community system where
shifting (rai) cultivation is practiced.2 In Nepal also,
land is generally cultivated in small holdings, but the
prevailing systems of land tenure may be classified
into three broad types—zamindari, Birta and Kipat,
the exact form of each type in turn depending
considerably on local custom and tradition. Under
the zamindari system, the non-official agents, called
zamindars in the plains areas and zimmawals in the
hill districts, act as intermediaries between the government and the tenants, receiving a commission of about
2Tenancy and share-farming are not found am ong the rai
farmers, and are very rare in wet-rice villages.
192
5 per cent of the revenue assessment, plus other
benefits depending on local conditions. Birta land
is “rent free” land given away by the Ranas, the
former ruling family of Nepal, to their followers and
relatives. The Kipat system prevalent in the eastern
parts of the hilly regions is more or less independent
of government control. Every successor to such land
is obliged to surrender a part of his property to the
Government. However, those tribes are so independent that it is difficult even to maintain law and order
among them, not to speak of collecting dues. Nepal’s
five-year plan accepts the urgency of agrarian reform,
but provides no detailed programme. However, a
recent legislative enactment (August 1957) seeks to
control rents of agricultural land and rates of interest,
and prohibits eviction except in cases of non-payment
of rent or non-use of the land. A recent recommendation of the Land Reform Commission that the Birta
land be also taxed, at the same rate as zamindari
land, is said to have been favourably considered by
the Government.
Part II.
Postwar Problems of Economic Development
Although forest resources could be expected to
afford a promising basis for strengthening the national
economies of all these countries, there has until
recently been continuous and reckless exploitation.
Afghanistan, which was at one time covered with
forests, has in fact greatly depleted its resources as
a r esult of continued cutting and the absence of any
protective afforestation policy except in some areas
in the extreme east. Consequently, in many parts of
the country, it is necessary to fall back on poplars
grown in irrigated groves as a source of building
material for houses and for other local construction
purposes.
The forest areas in Laos cover approximately 60
per cent of the country,3 but large portions are not
commercially exploitable since they are regrowth
stands cleared periodically for rai or shifting cultivation—a great threat to the Laotian forest resource
potential. In addition to agricultural crops, however,
Laos exports timber and material for dyes, principally
from the northern forests, which could be further
developed. A project launched in 1954 to discourage
the indiscriminate clearing of the forests is said to
have had encouraging results, and a new programme
of popular education in the field of forest conservation
was planned to start in early 1958. Of late, the
Government has been seriously considering setting up
industries based on forest resources.
Along with the handicaps imposed on agriculture
in these three countries by their geographical isolation
and rugged topography, a further difficulty, connected
with the smallness of the holdings, is the shortage
of private capital either for investment in long-term
projects, such as irrigation, or for short-term agricultural loans. Owing to the limited size of the usual
holdings and the high rates of rent, a large proportion
of the cultivators cannot manage from one harvest to
another without recourse to borrowing. Credit is
necessary not only for subsistence but also to purchase
cattle and carry out cultivation, as well as to meet
other expenses on socio-religious occasions. However,
credit is obtainable only at exorbitant rates of interest
from money-lenders, landlords or merchants. As one
United Nations study has observed, “The cummulative
effect of exorbitant rates of interest paid by cultivators,
low prices received from the sale of agricultural
commodities and various malpractices of moneylenders who are also dealers in agricultural produce,
is that debts, once contracted, keep on accumulating”.1
In recent years, the governments of these countries
have been trying to introduce measures to provide
credit facilities to the cultivators. In Afghanistan,
an Agricultural and Cottage Industry Bank was established in 1953. In Laos the Government decided in
1956 to establish a public institution, the “ Credit
National Laos”, to provide long-term and mediumterm loans for the development of agriculture, trade
and industry. In Nepal, it is expected that a special
co-operative branch will be established by the newly
set-up Central Bank, and will be organized to function
in all the local offices of that Bank.2
The recent efforts of the three governments in
the agricultural field arc encouraging. The first fiveyear plan of Afghanistan recognizes four principles
in rural development: raising productive output and
income by introducing modern techniques, organizing
1 United Nations: Credit Problems o f Sm all Farmers in Asia
and the Far East (Sales N um ber: 1957, 11 F .2), p .12.
2 Nepal, Draft Five-Year Plan, 1956, p.32.
3 A nnuaire des Etats Associés, 1953, p . 181.
4 M.D. Chaturvedi, Proposed Forest Organization
(K athm andu 1954), p.ii.
The potentialities of Nepal’s forest resources are
great. It has been estimated that, with only half the
equivalent forest area, the Uttar Pradesh in India
produces a ten times greater forest revenue.4 In the
autumn of 1956, the Government of Nepal announced
a six-year forestry plan for the conservation and
economic development of forest resources. Main
aspects of this proposal included the division of tarai
forests into well-defined circuits, officers’ training,
nationalization of private forests, wild life preservation
and forest utilization and protection.
In the general scheme for expanding industrialization and raising the productivity of agriculture,
forestry has an important supporting role to play in
these countries. Roads will need to be built to open
up stands, and a sound plan drawn up for the
development of forest industries based on raw material
availabilities and market outlets.
for
N epal
Chapter 8.
The Land-Locked Countries
and establishing recreational centres, providing a
foundation for self-perpetuating economic and social
progress and organizing a rural extension framework.
The proposed five-year plan of Laos endeavours to
stabilize food production in order to reduce foreign
exchange outlays on rice, the staple food of the
population. In the five-year plan of Nepal, one-fourth
of the development expenditure is allocated to village
development. Only a begininng, of course, has thus
far been made. Along with larger agricultural output
for domestic use, exports of agricultural products will
have to be stepped up by the encouragement of cash
crops such as sugarcane, cotton or jute, and the
provision of greatly improved facilities for trade.
Opportunities exist for substantially increasing exports
by introducing scientific methods of cultivation, by
properly grading and packing the produce and by
organizing arrangements for the exports. The additional foreign exchange earninngs thus obtainable are
needed in order to finance purchases of essential
capital goods and other items from abroad.
PROBLEMS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION
Only during the last few years has a beginning
been made in industrialization in the three land-locked
countries. Such consumer goods as are produced
are usually the work of craftsmen. The towns are
centres of trading and administration rather than of
production.
Afghanistan has various types of handicrafts. It
also has two cotton mills, two woollen mills, a beet
sugar factory, another sugar factory in Jelalabad
nearing completion, a cement plant, a number of cotton
ginneries and a few small match, soap and furniture
factories. These works afford employment to about
20,000 workers in all. There are no modern industries
in Laos, but handicraft production is widespread, and
essential commodities are produced by small establishments—brickworks, pottery workshops, rice mills, distilleries, sawmills and so on. In Nepal, on the eve
of the Second World War, a few modern industries
were started with government aid in the eastern tarai
districts of Morang and Dharan. So far, however,
there are only two cotton mills, two jute mills, two
cigarette factories, a few match factories and several
small rice and flour mills scattered in different parts
of the tarai region.
In all three countries, the government has taken
steps to encourage the setting up of industry, but
continuity and co-ordination of policy have been
generally lacking.
In Afghanistan, it was the Bank Melli (the first
commercial bank, founded in 1932) which supplied
the necessary capital and management for the development of industries in the prewar period, particularly
193
textiles and carpets. The Government did not at that
time take direct steps to promote private industry.
In September 1953, a new policy of government
direction of business and industry was inaugurated,
and various controls were imposed on the Bank Melli1
with a view to removing some of the weaknesses in
its operations which led to red tape and frustration
of effort. Meanwhile, the Government has broadened
its control over investment in new plant and has
increased its own participation in industry, as is shown
by the rise of Da Afghanistan Bank’s (the Central
Bank) investments in industrial development.
In Laos, a Department of Industry and Commerce
under the Ministry of National Economy started
functioning towards the end of 1956. There has been
some increase in the number of sawmills in operation,
construction of a plywood factory is projected and
construction of a pulp mill is under study.
In Nepal, it would appear from the fragmentary
data available that, during the past twenty years,
increases in the number and productivity of manufacturing units, including cottage industries, have been
at least offset by liquidations and uneconomic operations resulting in losses. After the winding up of a
number of concerns some years ago, the Government
withdrew its support from the development of industries. In September 1957, however, it announced a
new industrial policy which recognizes the need
to promote and assist the development of private
industries by providing land, tax relief, reasonable
tariff protection and industrial and economic surveys,
and by obtaining technicians through foreign aid
programmes. The five-year plan also refers to the
necessity of priorities, specific objectives and targets
for industrial development, all of which “ will, however,
be set only after surveys and research provide the
necessary data for specific industrial plants”.2
A number of impediments to industrialization
in these countries may be noted— apart from other
generally familiar to almost all countries of the region.
One is a failure thus far to exploit the productive
potentials in minerals, which are in all probability
substantial. In Afghanistan, even after more than
fifteen years of continued efforts by the Government,
mineral production has remained relatively stationary.
Preparations for the working of a cement factory are
under way. Other minerals such as chrome, beryl
and sulphur have only recently received attention.
Although it is estimated that there are ten million
tons of coal deposits, located in various sections of
1 Most im portant of these controls were: the sale of at least 63
per cent of the B ank’s stock in the N orth Cotton Company to the
Ministry of Industries, governm ent control over textile selling
prices, and the sale to the G overnm ent of at least 51 per cent of
the B ank’s stock in the General Electric Company.
2 Nepal, Draf t Five-Year Plan, p.55.
194
Part II.
Postwar Problems of Economic Development
the country, only two mines—both north of the Hindu
Kush mountains—are now in operation. In April
1955, a geological survey section was established
within the Ministry of Mines and Industries. Upper
Laos, regarded as rich in minerals, has not been
systematically surveyed. The recently established Industrial Development Board is said, however, to have
a programme of mining surveys and mineral prospecting. Nepal has just entered the preliminary stage
of exploratory and investigation work on minerals,
with the help of experts from the United Nations
Technical Assistance Administration, the Geological
Survey of India and the United States International
Co-operation Administration.
Secondly, the general lack of transport facilities
previously referred to has not only been a result of
lack of development but has also adversely affected
industrial and general economic development. Most
existing industries are dependent on raw materials
from agriculture and animal husbandry, the regular
supply of which is occasionally disturbed by transport
difficulties.
Thirdly, there is a shortage of power. Numerous
rivers and streams (particularly in Afghanistan and
Nepal) possess a combination of sufficient discharge,
suitable drop, and available storage essential to the
generation of hydroelectric energy on a fairly large
scale. Since the Second World War, hydroelectric
power development has in general been catching up
with incrased demand, but up to now it does not seem
to have expanded sufficiently in any of these countries.
Besides two power stations in Kabul, there are only
a few scattered diesel-driven generators of small
capacity1 in all of Afghanistan. Apart from two
power stations in Kathmandu, there are practically
no sizable stations in Nepal. In Laos, the power
generated by the National Electricity Board and the
Phontiou tin mine is inadequate to meet even present
needs.
A fourth important obstacle to industrialization
is the small supply of industrial labour. Since these
countries are sparsely populated, there is a relative
shortage of surplus rural labour even for the existing
urban industries. The problem of unemployment has
never been studied in these countries, and, in the
circumstances, it is scarcely a matter of urgency. In
Afghanistan where there is a ban on the employment
of women in offices, factories, most services and even
hospitals, there is increasing recognition by the
Government that such discrimination is undesirable.
The problem of labour supply is also affected by the
absence of any form of organization in the labour
market, one result of which is that wages and working
conditions vary a great deal from region to region.
2 For example, a highly advanced country such as Switzerland
has also developed a system of small-scale industries adapted to its
circumstances.
1T h e Sarobi project near Kabul, whose first stage was completed
in mid-1957 to add 22,000 kw of hydroelectric capacity to the
existing capacity of 11,300 kw , has helped to supply hydroelectric
power to a few cotton mills.
3 Since the w ork ing population of these countries is alm ost e n tirely in the low-productivity prim ary sector, per capita income is
inevitably low— probably around $50 a year. N o actual estimates
exist.
The most promising field for immediate development appears to be in small-scale and cottage
industries.
In Afghanistan, carpet weaving, the
making of fur coats and vests, and hand-loom weaving
are well established. Of these products, however,
only carpets are exported to any extent. In Nepal,
woodwork and carpentry have flourished for centuries
in the valleys, and the country has produced its own
style of figure and relief carving for window framing
and other architectural purposes. Such industries are
not necessarily anachronistic in a scheme of industrial
regeneration for a land-locked country.2 The Governments can, perhaps, play a large part in accelerating
the pace of industrial development. In this connexion,
consideration might among other things be given to
establishing an Industrial Development Corporation
with a view to ensuring that the development of
industries in the country should be harmonious and
well-balanced. Such a corporation has in fact been
recently set up in Nepal as a quasi-governmental body.
At the same time there is, again, a need to
provide better transport facilities if industries are to
flourish. This is bound to be a rather slow process.
The land-locked position of these countries, as already
noted, aggravates their international transport difficulties. Domestically, the cost of transporting heavy
products to distant consuming centres is high, particularly in hilly districts, and, as a result, the market
is circumscribed. In some cases industries may have
to be encouraged which will satisfy only the demand
of local and nearby markets.
INADEQUACY OF DOMESTIC RESOURCES OF
DEVELOPMENT: THE NEED FOR FOREIGN AID
It is clear that the strictly limited domestic
resources of the land-locked countries which they can
mobilize at the present time are inadequate to support
rapid economic development.3 Foreign aid in the
form of equipment, supplies and technical personnel
facilitates domestic investment and provides initial
impetus towards growth. The necessity for such help
is all the more apparent because recent expansions of
investment in new productive capacity have strained
both domestic finance and foreign exchange resources.
In all these countries, therefore, the role of foreign
aid has come to be highly important. Foreign loans
and grants are expected to finance one-fourth of the
total of planned expenditures in Afghanistan; they
finance virtually all such expenditure in Laos; they
account fo r more than one-half of the total in Nepal.
Chapter 8.
The Land-Locked Countries
In Afghanistan, the revenue of the Government,
though it had grown by 1953/54 to about 6 per cent
of national income, has not been able to keep pace
with expanding government expenditure. Afghanistan
was one of the first countries (in early 1951) to
request technical assistance from the United Nations
under its Expanded Technical Assistance Programme,
and is now receiving an average of about forty experts
per year. The United Nations Children’s Fund and
various United Nations specialized agencies (International Civil Aviation Organization, International
Labour Organisation, United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization, World Health
Organization) are helping the Government in a
number of projects. United States aid, which has
been available since fiscal year 1952, added up to
about $39 million of obligations and $10 million
of expenditures by mid-1957 under the International
Co-operation Administration and its predecessors, plus
substantial amounts of wheat under Public Law 480.
A large portion of the funds allocated for agricultural
development was in connexion with the Helmand
Valley Projects.1 Soviet Union assistance has also
been forthcoming in recent years in a number of fields,
including civil aviation. In 1954, the government
announced a loan from the Soviet Union equivalent
to $3.5 million for the construction of warehouses, a
flour mill and a bakery under supervision of Soviet
Union technicians. A credit of over $100 million
repayable over 30 years was also granted by the Soviet
Union in early 1956.
During the last three years, Laos has relied
heavily on foreign aid, which has financed the military
budget, imports and economic development.2 The
country receives one of the largest per capita allotments of United States aid of any nation in the
world3—partly in direct aid goods for the use of the
Government and partly in commercial aid imports
paid for by Laotian importers in kips, which are
deposited in a counterpart fund to be used for
economic development, national defence and other
1 Bv mid-1955 three m ajor Point Four projects were under way:
(1) the H elm and Valley advisors, assisting in engineering, health
and farm and com m unity aspects of the irrigation and reclamation
program m e; (2 ) the University of W yom ing team, concentrating
on agricultural education and extension, both at the centre and in
demonstration stations in the field, and (3) the Columbia Teachers’
College team, w orking on teacher training curricula. Peter G.
Frank, “Economic Progress in an Encircled L and,” T h e M iddle
East Journal, Vol.X, N o .1, p.57 (1956).
2In 1956 economic aid am ounting to 1,540 million kips was
received from the United States. French economic and technical
aid amounted to 160 million kips for 1955 and 1956. (Colombo
Plan, Sixth A n n u a l Report o f the Consultative C om m ittee, Saigon,
1957, p.91).
3T he total United States aid for fiscal 1957 amounted to $44.4
million (Ibid, p .195), or $22 - $30 per head of population, depending on the population estimate selected.
195
purposes. Laos has also received the services of
experts from the United Nations and member countries
of the Colombo Plan.
Nepal too has been receiving assistance from the
United Nations and its agencies and from Australia,
the United Kingdom, United States,4 New Zealand,
mainland China, and India for the training of technicians. Some of the developmental projects also are
implemented with the help of these countries. To
help carry out the first five-year plan, a sum of Indian
Rs 100 million is expected from India5 and the
equivalent of Rs 25 million from the United States.
Under the Nepal-China Aid Agreement signed in
October 1956, a sum of Rs 60 million for the following
three years was to be made available to Nepal by
the People’s Republic of China for the implementation
of the plan. The Soviet Union is also said to have
offered to contribute to the five-year development plan.
The magnitude, form and continuity of foreign
aid must, of course, be taken into account when
development programmes are formulated, as far as
uncertainties regarding the size and the timing of
such assistance allow this to be done. Ideally, “the
problem could be solved if the size of external assistance over a period of years could be agreed upon
between assisting and assisted countries. This would
enable more precise foreign exchange budgeting and
would lead to a qualitative improvement in the
development programme”.6 This is perhaps too much
to expect, particularly when foreign aid is being
received from several different sources simultaneously,
but it is gratifying that most of the foreign aid now
being extended to the land-locked countries covers a
period of years.
In some respects the shortage of skills and
technicians in an under-developed country may be
even more crucial than the shortage of capital. Many
of the problems common to all three land-locked
countries stem from the dearth of technical personnel
and the lack of technical and scientific education,
which their developmental plans have only served to
emphasize. For example, many projects have had to
be undertaken in these countries without accurate and
detailed advance surveys. With the increasing im4T h e United States has been extending economic assistance to
Nepal since 1951. Up to mid-1957 United States expenditures
totalled about $5 million (obligation, $10 million) of which
$1,600,000 was for flood relief in fiscal year 1955.
5Of this amount, assistance of Rs.14 million is said to have
already been received by Nepal by the end of 1957. T he main
projects completed so far w ith assistance from India are: the Tribhuvan Raj path, Kakrahw a-L um bini Road, Gauchar airfield, Mahado Khola and T ika Bhairav irrigation projects and Pokhara water
works.
6 United Nations, “ Economic Development and Planning in Asia
and the Far East 1955” ( E /C N .11/4 1 2 ) , p.54.
Part II.
196
portance of developmental activities, the supply of
technical and managerial personnel will have to be
ensured if the targets postulated in the plans are to
be achieved. The question is whether the personnel
who are to assume the new responsibilities can be
trained fast enough, and in adequate numbers. Efforts
are being made to improve educational standards and
the general efficiency of civil servants, but actual
requirements are difficult to meet.
Temporarily, the shortage of skilled personnel can
be solved, in part, by importing personnel from
outside; for example, by hiring foreign technicians,
bringing in foreign instructors to train local technicians, and so on. In the long run, however,
everything depends on the growth of an efficient class
of skilled labour and technical personnel in the
country itself.
CONCLUSION
The developmental problems of the land-locked
countries are all the more difficult to solve because
their geographic position has kept them in comparative seclusion until quite recently. The unfamiliar
demands of technical change are compounded by the
equally unfamiliar demands of greater interdependence
with the rest of the world.
Banking and currency facilities will clearly have
to be improved. Trade will have to be expanded,
and adequate transit facilities will have to be afforded
them by neighbouring countries, if they are to develop
Postwar Problems of Economic Development
their resources, increase their tax revenue and step
up imports and customs receipts. Their transport
system, especially road transport, will have to be
greatly extended in spite of the difficult terrain, and
co-ordinated with those of their neighbours— preferably by means of joint transportation projects, as
in the agreement recently signed by Nepal.
Trade deficits can be bridged for a time by
foreign aid or other foreign capital. Or conceivably
they could be avoided by moving backwards, reducing
interdependence and eliminating imports. The only
fundamental solution in line with the forward drive
toward greater economic development, however, is to
build up local production and exports. The tourist
trade, as a source of invisible exports, appears to hold
promise, especially in Afghanistan and Nepal, for the
time when hotel accommodations as well as transport
facilities will have been substantially improved.
Agricultural and mineral wealth can certainly be
developed, and local processing industries set up.
Handicrafts and other small-scale industries are clearly
important. The experience of land-locked but developed countries like Switzerland and Austria in developing
their export industries may be of help in showing
how industrialization can be achieved.
In view of the limited growth of local private
enterprise to date, the public sector will undoubtedly
have to play a very active role in these countries
both in fostering development directly and in providing conditions under which private enterprise can
gradually assume its share of the task.
ASIAN ECONOMIC STATISTICS
L ist of T a b le s
S P E C IA L T A B L E S
Page
D e m o g r a p h ic s ta tis tic s
A.
A r e a a n d p o p u la tio n
.........................................................................................................................................................
198
......................................................................................
198
B.
C r u d e r a t e s o f live b ir th s a n d d e a th s p e r a n n u m
A g r i c u lt u r e
C.
I n d e x n u m b e r s o f a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c tio n
......................................................................................................
199
D.
A r e a a n d p r o d u c tio n o f s e le c te d a g r i c u l t u r a l co m m o d ities
..................................................................
199
T ran sp o rt
E.
R a ilw a y s : L e n g th a n d r o llin g s t o c k ............................................................................................................................ 202
F.
R o a d s : M o to r v eh icle s in u se ...................................................................................................................................... 203
I n t e r n a t i o n a l tr a n s a c t io n s
G.
I n t e r n a t i o n a l p a y m e n t s ......................................................................................................................................................... 204
H. C o m p o sitio n o f im p o rts
..........................................................................................................................................
206
I. C o m p o sitio n o f e x p o r ts
..........................................................................................................................................
207
P u b lic finance
J.
G o v e r n m e n t r e v e n u e a n d e x p e n d itu r e
.................................................................................................................
208
K. M a jo r c o m p o n e n ts o f t a x r e v e n u e
...............................................................................................................................
209
L. M a jo r c o m p o n e n ts o f g o v e r n m e n t e x p e n d itu r e
...............................................................................................
211
N a tio n a l a c c o u n ts
M. N a ti o n a l in c o m e ...................................................................................................................................................................
214
N.
I n d u s tr ia l o rig in o f n e t d o m e stic p r o d u c t
......................................................................................................
214
O.
E x p e n d i t u r e on g ro ss d o m e stic p r o d u c t ................................................................................................................
216
P.
R e la tio n s h ip s b e tw e e n n a t io n a l in c o m e a n d o th e r a g g r e g a te s
.................................................................... 217
GENERAL TABLES
I. R E G I O N A L S T A T I S T I C S
1.
R e g io n a l s ta tis tic a l s e r i e s ...............................................................................................................................................
II. P R O D U C T I O N
2.
I n d e x n u m b e r s o f p r o d u c t i o n .....................................................................................................................................
3.
P r o d u c tio n o f s e le c te d c o m m o d itie s
.................................................................................................................
III. T R A N S P O R T
4.
V o lu m e o f tra ffic : R a ilw a y s, s e a - b o rn e s h ip p in g a n d civil a v ia tio n
..............................................
IV . E X T E R N A L T R A D E
5.
V a lu e o f e x p o r ts a n d im p o rts a n d b a la n c e o f t r a d e ......................................................................................
6.
D ir e c tio n o f i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r a d e
...........................................................................................................................
7. V a lu e o f im p o r ts b y p r in c ip a l c o m m o d ity g r o u p s
.................................................................................
8. V a lu e o f e x p o r ts b y p r in c ip a l c o m m o d itie s a n d / o r co m m o d ity g r o u p s ................................................
9.
Q u a n t i t y o f e x p o r ts o f se le c te d c o m m o d i t i e s ......................................................................................................
10.
I n d e x n u m b e r s o f u n i t v a lu e , q u a n t u m a n d te r m s o f t r a d e
....................................................................
V. P R I C E
11. I n d e x n u m b e r s o f w h o lesale p r i c e s .............................................................................................................................
12. P r ic e q u o ta tio n s o f i m p o r t a n t e x p o r t c o m m o d itie s
.................................................................................
13. I n d e x n u m b e r s o f p ric e s re c e iv e d a n d p a id b y f a r m e r s ...........................................................................
14. I n d e x n u m b e r s o f c o s t o f livin g .............................................................................................................................
VI. E M P L O Y M E N T A N D W A G E S
15.
E m p lo y m e n t a n d w a g e s ...............................................................................................................................................
V II. F IN A N C E
16.
C u rren cy an d ban k in g
...............................................................................................................................................
218
220
221
223
224
225
231
233
235
236
238
239
241
241
242
243
UNITS AND SYMBOLS EMPLOYED
U n le s s o th e rw is e s t a t e d “ to n s ” r e l a t e to m e tr ic to n s , a n d “ d o lla r s ” r e l a t e to U n ite d S ta t e s dollars.
T h e fo llo w in g sy m b o ls h a v e b e e n u s e d t h r o u g h o u t :
* = a v e r a g e o f six to e le v e n m o n th s .
M n = m illion.
† = 12
m o n t h s b e g i n n in g A p r il o f th e y e a r s ta te d .
...
= n o t av a ila b le ,
† = 12
m o n th s e n d in g S e p te m b e r o f t h e
y e a r s ta te d .
—=
n il o r n eglig ib le.
0 = 12
m o n t h s e n d in g J u n e o f th e y e a r
s ta te d .
r
= r e v is e d fig u re s f r o m th is issue.
I, II, III , a n d I V f o r q u a r t e r s o f y e a r s .
F ig u r e s in ita lic s a r e p ro v isio n al.
F ig u r e s in b r a c k e ts a r e f ro m n a tio n a l sources.
S u b s ta n t ia l b r e a k s in th e h o m o g e n e ity o f a se rie s a r e in d ic a te d e i th e r b y a h o r iz o n ta l lin e ac ro ss th e
co lu m n o r b y v e r ti c a l d o u b le lin e s in a r o w o f fig ures.
SOURCES
T o e n s u r e c o m p a r a b ility , d a t a co m p ile d o r p u b lis h e d b y th e U n ite d N a tio n s S ta tis tic a l Office h a v e b e e n
i n c o r p o r a t e d w h e r e v e r f e a s ib le ; m a te r ia l su p p lie d b y g o v e r n m e n ts , p u b lic a tio n s o f g o v e r n m e n ts , o f th e U n ite d
N a tio n s sp e c ia liz e d a g e n c ie s a n d o f i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o m m o d ity s tu d y g r o u p s h a v e b e e n u s e d a s a d d itio n a l so u rces.
198
A.
SPECIAL TABLES
L ate st c e n s u s
A rea
(Sq. Km.)
A f g h a n i s t a n ............................
British Borneo:
B r u n e i ...................................
N orth B orneo . . . .
S a r a w a k ............................
B u r m a ...................................
C a m b o d i a ............................
...................................
C e y lo n e
C hina:
T a iw a n
............................
M a i n l a n d ............................
H ong K ongn ............................
I n d i a ..........................................
I n d o n e s i a ...................................
J a p a n ..........................................
K o r e a ..........................................
S o u th ern K orea
L a o s ..........................................
M a la y a , F e d e ra tio n of .
N e p a l ..........................................
E a s te rn
............................
W e s t e r n ............................
P a k i s t a n ...................................
P h i l i p p i n e s ............................
S i n g a p o r e ............................
T h a i l a n d ...................................
............................
V iet-N am v
S o u th e rn Viet-N am
D a te
650,000
E stim a te s of m id y e a r p o p u la tio n (th o u san d )
P o p u la tio n
—
1937
2 7 /1 1 /1 9 4 7
4 / 6/1951
2 6 /1 1 /1 9 4 7
1 / 2 /1 9 5 3
1 4 / 2 /1921
2 0 / 3 /1 9 5 3
35,961
9,761,012h
1,013
3,288,375
1,491,562
369.766
220,792
96,929r
237,000
131,287
140,753
1 6 / 9 /1 95 6
3 0 / 6 /1953
7 / 3/1931
1 / 3/1951
7 /1 0 /1 9 3 0
1 /1 0 /1 9 5 5
1 /1 0 /1 9 4 4
1 / 9 /1 9 5 5
1 4 / 2/1921
1 8 / 6/1957
15 Jeth 1952t
15 Jeth 1954t
2 8 / 2 /1951
1 /1 0 /1 9 4 8
1 8 / 6 /1 9 5 7
2 3 / 5 /1947
1 4 / 2/1921
1 4 / 2/1921
40,657
334,141a
546,385
2,940,704c
2,403,000
8,097,895f
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
3,764,757
4,666,780
75,842,165
19,234,182
1,456,000u
17,442,689
15,580,000
3,800,000
6,000
15,445
651
14,492
18,972d
1955
1956
50
347
581
18,859
56
355
592
19,045
58
364
602
19,242
63
373
614
19,434
7,940
8,155
8,385
66
383
626
19,856
4,359
8,929
1957
8,000
568,910j
2,250
367,530
78,300
85,500
21,206
1,356
5,506
3,765
78,912
20,646
1,079
19,193
8,589g
73
395
20,054
8,261m
8,617m
8,907m
9,240m
9,506m
581,390j 594,830j 608,185j 621,225j
2,250
2,277
2,340
2,440
2,583
372,300
377,130
382,390
387,350
392,440
79,700
81,100
82,600
84,000
85,500
86,700
88,000
89,000
90,000
90,900
30,000
21,376
21,212s
21,526sq 21,844s
22,168s
1,320
1,360
1,425d
1.450
5,706
5,889
6,058
6,252
6,277
..
..
8 ,555
..
80,062
21,039
1,123
19,556
25,880
4,667
81,228
21,440
1,167
19,925
26,000
82,439
21,849
1,213
20,302
26,300
9,668
83,603
22,265
1,264
20,686
26,600
12,366
84,777
22,690
1,467
21,076
CRUDE RATES OF LIVE BIRTHS AND DEATHS PER ANNUM
Number of live births or deaths per 1,000 persons.
B runei
45.2a
50.7
57.3
(61.9)
N orth
B orneo
19.0a
26.6
31.6
32.5
S araw ak
B u rm a
(1)
Live births
32.1b
35.6
37.3
39.0
40.4
37.9
36.4
14.0a
22.2
22.9
25.2
3 7 .1c
35.9
22.0
19.7a
18.1
14.0
(13.7)
13.3a
11.9
11.0
10.2
5.9a
11.2
7.1
6.6
C h in a
(Taiw an )d
C e y lo n
(2)
1935-1939
...................................
1940-1944
...................................
1945-1949
...................................
1950
..........................................
1955
..........................................
1956
..........................................
1957
J u n ..........................................
1954
D e riv e d fig u r e b y s u b t r a c t i o n o f a r e a o f T a i w a n a n d O u t e r M o n g o lia f r o m t h e t o t a l o f 11,418,174 s q u a r e k i lo m e tr e s , w h ic h is
p u b lis h e d in th e S t a t i s t i c a l A b s t r a c t o f th e R e p u b lic o f C h in a , 1956.
i. E x c lu d in g t h e o v e rs e a C h in e s e a n d C h in e s e s t u d e n t s a b r o a d . S o u r c e :
C o m m u n i q u e o f th e S t a t e S t a t i s t i c a l B u r e a u o f C h in a o n th e
D e v e lo p m e n t o f N a t i o n a l E c o n o m y a n d th e R e s u l t s o f th e I m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f th e S t a t e P l a n f o r 19.5 4.
j . E x c lu d in g t h e o v e r s e a C h in e s e a n d C h in e s e s t u d e n t s a b r o a d . S o u r c e :
T u n g C h i K u n g T so ( S t a t i s t i c a l B u l l e t i n ) , N o . 11, J u n e 14, 1957.
k . I n c l u d i n g Q u e m o y a n d M a t s u I s la n d s ,
m . E x c lu d in g fo re ig n e rs a n d a rm e d fo rce,
n. C iv ilia n p o p u la tio n .
p . De ju r e p o p u la tio n .
q. E x c lu d in g a lie n a r m e d fo r c e s , c iv ilia n a lie n s e m p lo y e d by a r m e d
fo rc e s , a n d f o r e i g n d ip l o m a t i c p e r s o n n e l .
s. 1 S e p te m b e r e s t i m a t e .
t . N e p a le s e c a l e n d a r .
u. E x c lu d in g C h r i s t m a s I s la n d .
v. C o m p r is in g f o r m e r A n n a m , C o c h in - C h in a a n d T o n k i n .
British B orneo
1935-1939
...................................
1940-1944
...................................
1945-1949
...................................
1950
..........................................
1955
..........................................
1956
..........................................
1957
J u n ..........................................
1953
h.
la tio n f o r I n d ia , J a p a n , F e d e r a t i o n o f M a l a y a a n d S in g a p o r e , see
U n ite d N a tio n s D e m o g r a p h ic Y e a r b o o k 1956.
E x c lu d in g 1,442 t r a n s i e n t a n d 66 m e n o f B r i t i s h a r m e d fo r c e s .
E x c lu d in g p o p u l a t i o n o f L a b u a n , t r a n s f e r r e d f r o m S t r a i t s S e ttle m e n t in 1946 ( p o p u l a t i o n 7,507 a t c e n s u s 1 A p r i l , 1 9 3 1 ).
D e j u r e p o p u l a t i o n i n 252 to w n s a p p r o x i m a t i n g t h e u r b a n a r e a o f
th e U n io n ; th e s e a r e t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e f i r s t s t a g e o f a m u l t i sta g e sam p le census.
31 D e c e m b e r e s ti m a t e .
P o p u la tio n e x c l u d in g n o n - r e s i d e n t m i l i t a r y a n d s h i p p i n g p e r s o n n e l,
n u m b e r i n g 36,606 a t 1946 c en s u s .
P o p u la tio n a c t u a l l y e n u m e r a t e d ; to ta l, b o th sex e s, in c l u d i n g 0 .7 %
a d j u s t m e n t f o r u n d e r e n u m e r a t i o n is 8,154,580.
E s t i m a t e s f o r t h i s a n d p r e v io u s y e a r s n o t y e t re v is e d t o a c c o rd
w ith l a t e s t c e n s u s .
B.
35
295b
440
15,635
3,046d :
5,725
9,863,264k
5,530
582,603,417i 446,930
840,473
1,135
356,879,394 303,626
60,412,962
67,398
89,275,529
70,040
25,120,174p 21,528
21,526,374q
l,0 1 2 d
820,000
6,276,915
4,083
Source: U n ite d N a t i o n s S t a t i s t i c a l Office a n d g o v e r n m e n ts .
G E N E R A L N O T E : F o r e x p l a n a t o r y n o te s o n t h e c o v e r a g e o f p o p u a.
b.
1952
10,972
—
5,765
76,112
121,914
677,950
175,000
65,610
944,824
299,404
742
514,000
329,600
170,831
AREA AND POPULATION
24.5
P h ilip p in e s
T h ailan d
46.0
44.8a
46.4a
45.7
47.8
48.2
33.6
32.5a
30.5a
(32.4)
(34.1)
(34.7)
34.9
35.2
25.1
28.4
(34.2)
16.7
16.6a
13.1a
(11.4)
(9.9)h
(10.5)
16.4
17.3
13.3
10.0
(9.2)
26.8
38.7
39.7
33.8
29.1
27.0
24.9
27.0
27.4
29.2
30.1
29.9
28.2
19.4
18.5
40.2
40.7a
40.5a
42.0
43.0
45.5
31.3
23.9
15.4
55.3
22.6
22.6
17.4
16.3
17.0
10.9
7.8
20.8
2 2. 1
2 0 . 1a
20.8a
20.2
18.3a
13.7a
16.3
12.6
11.0
9.8
. . .
S o u r c e : U n ite d N a tio n s S t a t i s t i c a l Office, e x c e p t f ig u r e s in b r a c k e t s
w h ic h a r e f r o m n a t i o n a l s o u rc e s a n d m a y n o t b e c o m p a r a b le w i t h
p re v io u s fig u re s .
a. A v e ra g e o f less t h a n 5 y e a r s .
b. R e g i s tr a ti o n a r e a o n ly , r e p r e s e n t i n g 82.5 p e r c e n t o f t o t a l p o p u l a tio n a t 1931 c e n s u s .
c. D a ta f o r c e r t a i n to w n s o n ly , n u m b e r i n g 59 i n 1953, 61 in 1955
a n d 62 in 1952 a n d 1954, a n d h a v in g a p o p u l a t i o n o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y
2 m illio n s.
d. B e g i n n in g 1949, e x c l u d in g f o r e ig n e r s . D a t a e x c l u d in g b i r t h s a m o n g
tr i b a l a b o r ig in e s b u t r a t e s a r e c o m p u te d o n p o p u l a t i o n
in c lu d in g
th e m . B ir th s e x c l u d in g liv e -b o r n i n f a n t s d y in g b e fo re
re g is tra tio n o f b irth .
36.1
M a la y a ,
S in g a In d ia e J a p a n f F e d e ra p o re
tion ofg
Death
20.1
2 1 . 1c
21.8
44.7
45.8a
4 1 .1a
43.3
45.3
44.8
Hong
K ong
e.
11.5
8.6
8.0
8.2
8.2
7.9
18.6
16.1
11.7
11.6
11.4
7.5
12.4
8.0
17.5a
15.8
11.5
11.3
7.2
16.3
12.5a
12.1
8.7
8.1
D a t a f o r P a r t “ A ” s t a t e s a n d f o r C o o rg a n d D e lh i o f P a r t “ C ”
s t a t e s ( r e g i s t r a t i o n a r e a ) . P r i o r t o 1947, r e g i s t r a t i o n a r e a o f
f o r m e r B r i t i s h p r o v in c e s , r e p r e s e n t i n g a p p r o x i m a t e l y 75 p e r c e n t
o f fo rm e r In d ia , n o t in c lu d in g B u rm a .
f. J a p a n e s e n a t i o n a l s in J a p a n o n ly . B e g i n n i n g 1952 i n c l u d i n g T o k o r a
A r c h ip e la g o , a n d b e g i n n i n g 1954 i n c l u d i n g A m a m i I s l a n d s a c q u i r e d
f r c m R y u k y u I s l a n d s o n 5 D e c e m b e r 1951 a n d 25 D e c e m b e r 1953
r e s p e c tiv e ly .
g . P r i o r to 1941, t e r r i t o r y o f f o r m e r B r i t i s h M a la y a , i.e. i n c l u d i n g
S in g a p o r e .
h . D a t a f o r r e g i s t r a t i o n a r e a o n ly , c o m p r i s i n g a b o u t 90 p e r c e n t o f
to ta l p o p u la tio n .
199
C.
INDEX NUMBERS OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION
1934 38= 100
SPECIAL TABLES
-
All
Com m od ities
TOTAL WORLD
(E xcluding C h in a m a in la n d , USSR a n d e a s te rn E urope)
1953/54 ............................
1954/55 ............................
1955/56 ............................
1956/57 ............................
ECAFE REGION
In c lu d in g m a in la n d
C h in a
1953/54 ............................
1954/55 ............................
1955/56 ............................
1956/57 ............................
E xcluding m a in la n d
1953/54 ............................
1954/55
1955/56 ............................
1956/57 ............................
BURMA
1953/54 ............................
1954/55 ............................
1955/56 ............................
1956/57 ............................
CEYLON
1953/54 ............................
1954/55 ............................
1955/56 ............................
1956/57 ............................
CHINA (T aiw an)
1953/54 ............................
1954/55 ............................
1955/56 ............................
1956/57 ............................
INDIA
(1936-38 = 100)
1953/54 ............................
1954/55 ............................
1955/56 ............................
1956/57 ............................
130
131
135
138
Per
Per
c a p ita c a p ita
c e re a l
food
C e re a ls
p ro p ro d u ction duction
Food
128
132
132
135
139
122
127
130
107
109
111
114
106
106
110
114
116
118
121
115
113
117
124
88
87
89
90
97
106
109
111
114
105
104
105
106
96
98
99
85
86
85
84
86
86
87
87
122
91
88
91
93
89
95
81
83
84
92
71
71
71
74
67
67
72
146
153
160
157
143
153
162
157
137
191
216
165
98
103
105
98
94
128
140
103
121
126
126
133
120
124
124
131
126
130
124
138
78
77
74
76
81
81
75
80
120
120
122
123
125
117
121
125
97
96
96
95
101
94
95
97
118
118
1 20
1 22
88
INDONESIA
1953/54 ............................
1954/55 ............................
1955/56 ............................
1956/57 ............................
102
92
92
94
95
114
117
121
124
All
Com modities
JAPAN
1953/54
1954/55
1955/56
1956/57
110
128
126
107
117
136
134
94
105
127
114
85
92
106
103
75
83
99
88
107
112
110
118
111
111
81
76
72
63
111
111
111
100
99
107
94
127
133
142
143
103
114
115
123
128
129
132
152
71
76
74
77
108
116
112
120
113
115
109
115
112
100
121
118
94
96
89
94
92
92
79
92
PHILIPPINES
1953/54 ............................
1954/55 ............................
1955/56 ............................
1956/57 ............................
136
137
145
148
145
146
154
156
151
151
158
161
104
103
106
106
108
107
109
109
THAILAND
1953/54
1954/55
1955/56
1956/57
177
153
179
192
166
136
162
174
190
132
169
193
120
137
94
118
132
F e d . of
............................
............................
............................
............................
PAKISTAN
(1936-38 = 100)
1953/54 ............................
1954/55 ............................
1955/56 ............................
1956/57 ............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
G E N E R A L N O T E : F o o d c r o p s c o m p r is e t h e f o ll o w i n g : C e re a ls , s u g a r , r o o t c ro p s , p u ls e s , oilseeds,
a n d liv e s to c k a n d d a i r y p r o d u c ts . C e r e a ls i n c lu d in g : ric e , w h e a t, m a iz e , m ille t, s o r g h u m , b a rle y ,
t h a n fo o d in c l u d i n g : to b a c c o , fib re s , lin s e e d a n d ru b b e r .
D.
86
108
114
75
76
75
66
MALAYA,
1953/54
1954/55
1955/56
1956/57
66
112
90
93
89
88
100
KOREA, so u th e rn
(1930, 1934 & 1936 = 100)
1953/54 ............................
1954/55 ............................
1955/56 ............................
1956/57 ............................
87
96
87
105
117
108
109
116
123
119
119
............................
............................
............................
............................
Food
Per
Per
c a p ita c a p ita
C e re a ls food
c e re a l
p ro production duction
97
113
119
88
86
85
95
f r u i t s , v e g e ta b le s , b e v e r a g e c ro p s,
o a ts, a n d ry e . C om m o d itie s o th e r
AREA AND PRODUCTION OF SELECTED AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES
PRODUCTION
AREA (1,000 h ecta res)
1934
to
1938
RICE (Paddy)
A f g h a n i s t a n ...................................
British Borneo
B r u n e i ..........................................
N orth B o r n e o ............................
S a r a w a k ...................................
B urm aa
..........................................
C a m b o d i a ...................................
C e y l o n ..........................................
C h in a ( T a i w a n ) ............................
H ong K ong ...................................
I n d i a .................................................
In d o n e s ia
...................................
J a p a n .................................................
K orea, s o u t h e r n ............................
L a o s .................................................
M a la y a , F e d e ra tio n of .
P a k i s t a n ..........................................
P h i l i p p i n e s ...................................
T h a i l a n d ..........................................
Viet-N am , s o u th e rn . . . .
1948
to
1952
1956
1955
1954
1957
1934
to
1938
333
180
2
33
241
4,931
650
344
666
23,741
6,321
3,169
1,216
424
297 ǻ
7,562
1,963
3,370
4,382b
3
33
198
3,758
1,127
442
762
16
30,092
5,876
2,982
(994)
825
343
9,003
2,350
5,211
2
1948
to
1952
2
29
(28)
4,048
3,968
3,931
1,250
1,050
1,050
426
520
486
(784)
777
751
9
9
30,735 31,105 31,635
6,692
6,613
6,570
3,079
3,096
3,038
1,097
(1,069)
1,089
600
500
(350)
351
348
9,083
(8,856)
9,593
(2.783)
2,656
2 ,743
5,826
5,356
4,524
2,541
2,162
2,139
(28)
1,100
3,239
(1,103)
2
20
148
6,971
700
340
1,642
32,309
9,987
11,501
2,726
297
513
11,169
(2,086)
4,357
5
42
116
5,309
1,372
572
1,682
37
33,383
9,441
11,939
(2,618)
540
635
(12,151)
(2,738)
6,845
(1,000 to n s)
1957
1956
1955
1954
270
4
2
3
(50)
53
5,804
5,873
1,200
800
741
649
2,108
2,009
25
37,387 40,915
11,747 11,257
11,392 14,818
(3,103)
3,001
510
400
662
678
12,816 (11,080)
3,273
3,203
7,334
5,709
2,631
2,312
6,464
1,530
561
2,223
42,890
11,389
13,080
2,503
(786)
13,718
(3,364)
8,318
3,412
1,100
14,196
(3,179)
3,380
200
SPECIAL TABLES
D.
AREA AND PRODUCTION OF SELECTED AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES (Contd.)
PRODUCTION
AREA (1,000 h e c ta re s)
1934
to
1938
WHEAT
A f g h a n i s t a n ...................................
C h in a ( T a i w a n ) ............................
I n d i a .................................................
J a p a n .................................................
K orea, s o u t h e r n ............................
P a k i s t a n ..........................................
BARLEY
I n d i a .................................................
J a p a n .................................................
Korea, s o u t h e r n ............................
P a k i s t a n ..........................................
MAIZE
I n d i a .................................................
In d o n e sia
...................................
J a p a n .................................................
P a k i s t a n ..........................................
P h i l i p p i n e s ...................................
MILLET AND SORGHUM
C e y lon ( m i l l e t ) ............................
I n d i a .................................................
J a p a n ( m i l l e t ) ............................
K orea, s o u t h e r n ............................
P a k i s t a n ..........................................
SUGAR (cane a n d beet)
A ig h a n is ta n (beet)
C e n trifu g a l (ra w v a lu e ) .
B urm a
C e n trifu g a l (ra w v a lu e )
}
N on -centrifug al
C h in a (T aiw an)
C e n trifu g a l (ra w v a lu e )
}
N on-centrifugal
In d ia
C en trifu g al (ra w v a lu e )e
N on-centrifugal: g u r f
}
In d o n e sia: D ja w a & M a d u r a g
C e n trifu g a l (Telquel) .
N on -centrifug al
.
Japan
C en trifu g al (ra w v a lu e ) (beet)
N on-centrifugal (C ane)
P a k is ta n
C e n trifu g a l (ra w v a lu e )eh }
N on-centrifugal, g u r
P h ilip p in es
C e n trifu g a l (ra w v a lu e )
M ascavado an d P anocha }
T h ailan d
C e n trifu g a l (ra w v a lu e )
C ru d e b ro w n
}
POTATOES
I n d i a .................................................
J a p a n .................................................
K orea, s o u t h e r n ............................
SWEET POTATOES AND YAMS
C a m b o d i a ...................................
C h in a ( T a i w a n ) ............................
C e y l o n ..........................................
H ong K o n g ...................................
I n d i a .................................................
In d o n e sia
...................................
J a p a n (sw eet p o tato e s) .
K orea, so u th e rn (sw e e t p o tato e s)
M a la y a , F e d e ra tio n of .
P h i l i p p i n e s ...................................
V iet-Nam , so u th e rn
(Sw eet p o ta to e s & m anioc) .
SOYBEANS
I n d o n e s i a ...................................
J a p a n .................................................
K orea, s o u t h e r n ............................
T h a i l a n d ..........................................
1
1948
to
1952
1956
2,025
11
13
11, 136
661
4.311
(16)
12,297
657
123
4,568
3,392
978
790
235
3,741
2.176
50
429
(1,568)
10,802
684
135
3,766
14
9,290
743
(95)
4,217
2,669
764
867
197
3,128
982
624
223
3,528
731
248
3,362
992
753
217
2,970
2,048c
51d
329
695
3,349
3,768
2,518
46
434
1,394
3,689
2,042
50
429
1,675
27,705
129
210
1,215
2,020
40
393
969
39
32,500
112
(217)
1,421
10,681
671
116
4,310
121
1,012
1934
to
1938
1957
1955
1954
1954
1955
1956
1957
1,700
13
6,087
1,375
(84)
3,682
2,124
15
8,017
1,516
131
3,742
19
8,919
1,468
108
3,223
(27)
8,707
1,375
118
3,368
9,214
1,252
120
3,647
2,384
2,952
2,583
(948)
158
2,916
2,408
795
125
2,793
2,340
837
150
2,788
2,067
(731)
134
2,165
1,536
57
384
696
2,986
2,721
56
433
770
2,595
1,971
100
3,068
1,905
83
463
920
17
12,045
127
(112)
581
(27)
16,883
95
91
578
(17)
13,959
114
(101)
610
14
14,506
97
(91)
622
4
6
6
7
23
78
12
72
18
113
24
145
44
136
1,030
29
626
12
(755)
15
(795)
866
(28)
1,090
2,680
1,413
2,988
1,881
2,540
2,134
2,413
2 ,340
2,359
913
73
286
82
718
250
851
250
785
250
39
4
21
22
44
26
53
29
66
30
650
57
705
1,220
1,180
120
1,180
1,244
(60)
1,105
(58)
1,047
(134)
1
13,310
615
(144)
4.733
7,411
1,288
3,478
928
(814)
2,258
1,758
862
153
100
3,183
221
2,210
1,978c
75d
364
427
41
(52)
(65)
36,802 36,159 35,102
75
82
91
(165)
167
162
1,415
1,478
1,299
13,484
159
133
504
4
21 Δ
116
21 Δ
85
1,3 2 6 A 1,6 7 2 A
17
6
13
4
304
235
182
151
2
126
206
248
15
84
Δ
36
1,616Δ
1.847Δ
85
98
14
3
17/
412
2
Δ
391
271
58
96
103
237
209
42
212
266
280
1
381
348
(249)
17
44
Δ
7
403
112
105
{
19
15
34
19
40
30
53
30
1,833
1,622
1,647
2,451
227
1,764
2,743
234
1,869
2,908
18
1,279
2,100
25
39
2.557
43
157
374
386
46
(9)
180
(21)
(51)
525
430
258
515
385
269
21
20
827
(40)
204
12
Δ
95
456
907
(897)
(55)
280
208
48
210
(601)
150
{
193
279
376
(43)
9
182
22
{
2,020
279
(230)
8Δ
2,031
1,834
246
16
248
16
4
167
285
354
46
{
38
(92)
(79)
268
232
15
4
150
265
402
42
19
113
Δ
78
171
105i
331c
326
393
3
36 Δ
1948
to
1952
(1,000 to n s)
1,459
3,060
114
365
Δ
...
202
180
228i
(50)
497
383
(270)
24
36
17
901
1,750
6,074
271
198
465
s
{
236c
321
280
4
270
376
(131)
14
10
1,330
2,111
5,226
394
1,252
2,494
7,073
364
(245)
400
376
160
346
507
149
22
2,749
272
1,580
1,898
7,180
(416)
(231)
20
1,089
54
30
(2,568)
47
808
84
32
2.437
55
740
2,007
345
455
(153)
22
3,198
201
SPECIAL TABLES
D.
AREA AND PRODUCTION OF SELECTED AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES (Contd.)
PRODU CTION
AREA (1,000 hectares
GROUNDNUTS (in shell)
C h in a ( T a i w a n ) ............................
I n d i a .................................................
In d o n e s ia
...................................
J a p a n .................................................
P h i l i p p i n e s ...................................
T h a i l a n d ..........................................
V iet-N am , s o u th e rn . . . .
COTTON SEEDS
A f g h a n i s t a n ...................................
B u r m a ..........................................
I n d i a .................................................
K orea, s o u t h e r n ............................
P a k i s t a n ..........................................
T h a i l a n d ..........................................
C O PRA
British B orneo
N orth B o r n e o ............................
S a r a w a k ...................................
C e y l o n ..........................................
I n d i a .................................................
I n d o n e s ia
...................................
M a la y a , F e d e ra tio n of .
P h i l i p p i n e s ...................................
V iet-N am , s o u th e rn . . . .
TEA
..........................................
C e y lo n
C h in a (T a iw a n )n
. . . .
In d ia
..........................................
I n d o n e s i a ...................................
Japan
..........................................
P a k istan Δ
...................................
V iet-N am , s o u th e rn . . . .
TOBACCO
B urm a
..........................................
C h in a ( T a i w a n ) ............................
..........................................
In d ia s
In d o n e sia 5
E sta te s ..........................................
F a r m s ..........................................
J a p a n .................................................
K orea, s o u t h e r n ............................
P a k is ta n s ..........................................
P h i l i p p i n e s ...................................
T h a i l a n d ..........................................
Viet-N am , s o u th e rn . . . .
COTTON (LINT)
A f g h a n i s t a n ...................................
B u r m a ..........................................
I n d i a .................................................
K orea, s o u t h e r n ............................
P a k i s t a n ..........................................
T h a i l a n d ..........................................
JUTE
I n d i a .................................................
P a k i s t a n ..........................................
HEMP FIBRE
In d ia u
..........................................
P h ilip p in e s (A b a ca )v
1934
to
1938
1948
to
1952
30
3,246
237j
80
4,379
285
16
(23)
63
8
7
1954
1955
1956
94
5,483
324
27
28
79
96
5,136
298
26
29
78
(98)
5,302
313
32
(6)
1957
(4,004)
1,495
6
Δ
Δ
Δ
226
42
309
198
39
44
228
35
314
61p
28
(31)
40
1
365
52
7
331
27c
149
35
12
142
67
10
10b
13
106
52
16
69
(44)
33
75
(2 0 )
150
7,561
120
(1,293)
34
233
41
320
162
8,085
162
8,030
(115)
1,453
39
112
1,431
32
229
43
320
1955
1956
50
3,196
263j
57
3,196
280
21
(16)
60
66
4,194
406
39
18
92
67
3,924
339
47
18
94
(82)
4,151
350
50
(18)
101
578
3
14
28
968
42
(488)
14
27
42
1,503
31
(570)
15
13
3k
215
160
715m
188
583
28
20
3
234
178
700
141
(831)
16
27
3
104
12
178
75
49
26
11b
140
4
(43)
35
30
(5)
38
31
(5)
54
54
55
369
6
12
141t
69
24
78
53
54
(3)
111
150
7,561
1,495
6
63
108
5,659
129
1.248
34
349
856
292
68p
342
6
30
373
( 11 )
145t
75
20
151t
76
(2 0 )
99
75
56
(13)
39
1,474
45
(8)
83
76
56
( 8)
1,289
34
162
8,030
115
1,453
39
581
(678)
503
503
704
661
762
(498)
44
67
64
13
151
35
9
8
(65)
90
21
70
(25)
27
(285)
285
242
217
249
217
(232)
5.915
21
737
7
15
485
1 .3 7 4
289
2
245
7
345
1,154
643
(959)
100
h.
i.
j.
k.
m.
n.
p.
q.
s.
t.
u.
v.
183
22
135
105
39
1,422
38
(604)
17
(23)
293
185
730
146
1,103
20
21
(30)
157
1,140
7
43
150
26
129
38
56
(7)
(7)
60
153
(26)
96
14
12
22
18
711
21
309
8
20
22
752
17
284
8
531
846
121
110
761
(1,014)
125
118
(1.264)
22
7
61
113
29
88
30
53
(3)
11
(30)
263
272
48
1957
41
1,678
(32)
(618)
51
(15)
263
68
(2)
343
25
35
49
14
248
24
45
9
247
(12)
170
(13)
304
43
71
25
(4)
(20)
280
32q
40
(2 0 )
172
15
302
44a
73
24
(3)
166
13
292
47a
8b
596
220
183
770
167
942
19
10
2
3
162
8,085
112
1,431
32
120
(5,9 15)
231
320
66
42
31
(8 )
68p
S o u r c e : F A O . e x c e p t fig u r e s in b r a c k e t s w h ic h a r e f r o m n a tio n a l
so u rc e s .
GENERAL NOTE:
(1 ) A r e a r e la te s g e n e r a l ly t o a r e a h a r v e s te d
w h ic h r e la te t o p l a n t e d a r e a s .
e x c e p t th o s e w ith th e s y m b o l
( 2 ) A v e r a g e f o r 1934 to 1938 a n d f o r 1948 to 1952 d o n o t in a ll
c a s e s c o v e r t h e p r e c is e p e rio d s in d ic a te d . (3 ) F o r f u r t h e r d e ta ils
s e e t h e n o te s in t h e Y e a r b o o k o f F o o d a n d A g r i c u l t u r a l S t a t i s t i c s
1956.
a . E x c lu d in g P u ta o , C h in H ills , S h a n S t a te s a n d K a r e n n i.
b . F o r T o n k i n , A n n a m a n d C o c h in c h in a .
c. D ja w a a n d M a d u r a o n ly .
d. I n c l u d i n g d r y e q u iv a le n t o f m a iz e h a r v e s te d g r e e n .
e . W h ite s u g a r , r a w b a s is , d i r e c t f r o m c a n e re fin e d f r o m g u r a n d
k h a n d a s iri.
f . F o r d i r e c t c o n s u m p t io n a s g u r , o f w h ic h a b o u t 9 0 % is f o r h u m a n
c o n s u m p tio n .
g . C a l e n d a r y e a r , T e lq u e l a n d e s ta te s o n ly e x c lu d in g s m a l l h o ld in g s .
Δ
1954
20
108
5,660
129
(1.245)
34
6b
198
8,486
1948
to
1952
81
(16)
75
198
8,486
1934
to
1938
12
(29)
(1,000 to ns)
(50)
58
(7)
840
17
309
1 6
11
766
1,000
137
E x c lu d in g p a l m s u g a r p ro d u c tio n , e s tim a te d a t 115,000 to n s a n n u a lly .
A n n a m a n d T o n k in o n ly f o r 1936 a n d 1937.
D ja w a , M a d u r a , B a li a n d L o m b o k .
E x p o r t s o f c o p r a a n d c o co n u t-o il in c o p r a e q u iv a le n t,
C o p ra F u n d p u r c h a s e s a n d u n re c o rd e d e x p o r ts t o M a la y a ; ex clu d in g u n re c o rd e d e x p o r ts t o t h e P h ilip p in e s ,
C ro p a r e a s r e l a t e to m a t u r e a r e a o r a r e a o f p lu c k in g ,
M a tu r e a r e a o f e s ta te s a t e n d o f y e a r .
E s t a t e p r o d u c tio n in c lu d in g p ro c e ss e d r a w p r o d u c t p u r c h a s e d fr o m
s m a ll h o ld e rs ,
C alen d a r y ear.
H a r v e s te d a r e a o n s m a l l h o ld in g s i n D ja w a a n d M a d u r a ,
S u n n h e m p , a r e a is f o r fib e r, g r e e n m a n u r e a n d fo d d e r,
A r e a r e f e r s t o c ro n y e a r b e g in n in g in t h e y e a r s ta t e d . P ro d u c tio n
r e f e r s t o c a l e n d a r y e a r r e p r e s e n ts b a lin g s , p lu s a n a llo w a n c e
o f 10 p e r c e n t f o r u n b a le d fib er.
202
SPECIAL TABLES
E.
1938
1952
1948
RAILWAYS:
1953
1954
LENGTH AND ROLLING STOCK
1955
1956
1957
1938
1948
.
C a m b o d ia
C e y lo n bC
.
.
.
1,280
339
1,104
1,110
1,110
1,110
1,112
385
1,530
1,438
1,442
1,444
1,445
1,446
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
Number of Locomotives
Length of Railways (K m .)
B u rm aa .
1952
1,446
1,446
369
274
312
312
312
312
249
239
248
253
256
270
273
276
205
253
2,477d
249
257
252
252
252
250e
16
8,627
C hin a:
951
950
950u
939
950
951
24,232 24,690 25,447 26,931 29,071
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
59,126h 40,035 49,221 49,500 49,746 50,205 50,316
I n d ia g . . . .
6,640
3,617
6,640 6,640 6,640 6,640
In d o n e sia .
7,332
17,934 19,752 19,850 19,903 20,008 20,046 20,093 20,186
Japanj . . . .
2,558
2,800 2,805 2,768 2,846k 2,910k 2,938m
K orea, s o u th e rn
2,097
2,098
1,839 1,962 2,090 2,092
1,730
M a la y a , F e d . of .
187
187n
187
187
187
187
209
N orth B orneo .
11,162 11,264 11,264 11,291 11,338 11,337 11,337
P a k is ta n p .
964
964
962
942
866
942
942
P h ilip p in e sq
19
16
16
8,488h
1,279
8,194
584i
8,572
1,004
8,587
4,245
6,283
656
201
5,444
5,468
629
11
1,286
82
16
1,303
96
3,471 m
200
339
456
T a iw a n
882
917
M a in la n d
H o ng K ongf
T h a ila n d
Viet-Nam , s o u th e rn s
3,100
2,569
3,213
3,333
3,333
968
1,044
1,048
3,333
935
3,469
3,377
1,127
900d
17
1,202
.
C h ina:
T a iw a n
479
705
708
753
742
1,324
1,276
1,695
1,731
1,731
1,769
2,176
595
568
569
571
578
3,033
1,20 0d
H o ng K o n g1
I n d ia e . . .
In d o n e sia
1,167
498
M a in la n d
44
.
.
Ja p a n j . . . .
K orea, so u th e rn
M a la y a , F e d . of
35
26,338h 20,979
2,021
3,600
11,533 14,070
1,321
289
N orth B orneo .
P a k is ta n p .
22
2,987
218
P h ilippinesq
T h a ila n d
Viet-Nam, so u th e rn s
456
3,694d
322
453
1,063
5,486
189
14
578
191
14
1,313
95
431
114
193
18
16
9,288
1,064
5,425
528k
196
19
5,387
528m
200
1,286
94
16
1,317
94
1,256
125
16n
1,238
133
372
387
380
380m
Number of Freight Cars
Number of Passenger Cars
B u rm aa . . .
C a m b o d ia .
C e y lo n bc
626
188
1,045
16
8,803
1,065
5,474
527k
2,164
639e
9,690
6,912
5,957
5,830
7,101
7,511
2,286
2,764
2,958
3,092
3,315
3,370
3,352
3,367
4,654
5,703
5.470
5,453
5,483
5,530
5,368
5,275e
12,00 0d 31,354d
262
234
227
227
55
51
90
243
215
36
36
48
36
221,509h 214,320 215,798 224,938 229,724 234,187 243,192
21,340 22,177 22,793 23,335 23,880
2,741 2,813 3,024 3,038 14,261 14,464
27,236
16,690 23,560 23,282 23,925 23,311 23,169
l,1 4 4 k 1,184m 75,292 107,716 109,500 106,626 106,732 1.06,703 106.223 107,157
14,108 14,335 13,900 14,119
974k
337
674
665
766
353
9,318 11,117 11,117 10,777 11,934k 11,522k 10,834m
327
41
4,967
5,122 5,231
5,194
5,441
5,478
320
40n
5,029
293
298
170n
36
2,687
158
169
166
141
175
33
32
23
2,698
80
333
2,690 2,883 2,651 2,681
333
34,702 38,349 38,469 39,530 41,329 40,638 40,397
344
1,829
1,835
365
367
351
658
722m
1,902
1,908
1.850
1,811
1,872
6,401
6,596
6,774m
593
616
622
660
3,833
5,346
6,129
6,212
6,201
N o t e : T h e fig u r e s s h o w s to c k u n d e r t h e c o n tr o l o f th e r a ilw a y s o f
th e c o u n tr y i.e., t h e s to c k o f t h e r a i l w a y s p lu s t h a t h ir e d f r o m ,
less t h a t le a se d to , o th e r . S to c k on s h o r t t e r m lo a n to o r f r o m
o th e r c o u n tr ie s is n o t c o n s id e re d t o b e le a s e d o r h ir e d . T h e r a i l w a y s to w h ic h th e f ig u r e s r e f e r a r e th o s e o p e n t o p u b lic tra ff ic
e x c lu d in g u r b a n a n d s u b u r b a n tr a m w a y s , c a b le a n d f u n i c u l a r r a i l w a y s. P r iv a te ly - o w n e d s to c k r e g is te r e d i n th e r a i l w a y a d m i n i s t r a tio n is c o n sid e re d to be u n d e r th e c o n tr o l o f t h e r a i l w a y in q u e s ti o n .
T h e tim e o f y e a r t o w h ic h t h e s to c k r e f e r s is t h e e n d o f t h e w o r k in g y e a r in m o s t c a s e s.
L o c o m o tiv e s : A ll v e h ic les w ith e n g in e s o r m o t o r a n d m o tiv e p o w e r
o r w ith m o to r s o n ly ( e le c tr ic lo c o m o tiv e s ) d e s ig n e d e x c lu s iv e ly
f o r t r a n s p o r t i n g th e m s e lv e s a n d h a u l i n g o t h e r v e h ic le s . E x c lu d e s
r a ilc a r s .
P a s s e n g e r s t o c k : A ll p a s s e n g e r c a r r y i n g c a r s in c lu d in g r a i l c a r s ,
b a g g a g e c a r s a n d ra ilw a y - o w n e d p o s ta l v a n s .
W a g o n s ( f r e i g h t c a rs ) : A ll g o o d s - c a r r y in g c a r s e x c l u d in g b a g g a g e
v a n s a n d c a r s u s e d e x c lu s iv e ly f o r s e r v ic e tra ffic .
a . E n d o f S e p te m b e r .
b. B ro a d g a u g e a n d n a r r o w g a u g e .
c. F o r p a s s e n g e r c a r s a n d f r e i g h t c a r s , fig u r e s a r e i n u n i t s o f f o u r
w h e els.
114
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
m.
n.
p.
q.
s.
...
E x c lu d in g M a n c h u ria .
E n d of A u g u st.
F o r n u m b e r o f f r e i g h t c a r s : 1948 t h r o u g h 1953:
In c lu d in g 6
g o o d s w a g o n s c o n v e r te d t o t e m p o r a r y 3 r d c la s s p a s s e n g e r c a r s .
195 4: i n c l u d i n g 5 g o o d s w a g o n s c o n v e r te d t o t e m p o r a r y 3 r d c la s s
p a s s e n g e r c a r s a n d 3 g o o d s w a g o n s c o n v e r te d t o m a il w a g o n s . 1955
t h r o u g h 19 5 7 : i n c l u d i n g 5 g o o d s w a g o n s c o n v e r te d t o t e m p o r a r y
3 r d c la s s p a s s e n g e r w a g o n s , 3 g o o d s w a g o n s c o n v e r t e d t o m a il
w a g o n s , a n d 4 g o o d s w a g o n s c o n v e r te d t o a r m y r a t i o n w a g o n s .
B ro ad g a u g e a n d m e tre g a u g e.
In c lu d in g te r r i to r y n o w u n d e r P a k is ta n .
E x c l u d i n g lo c o m o tiv e s u n d e r r e p a i r .
G o v e r n m e n t R a i lw a y s o n ly .
A s of th e end of y ear.
E nd of Ju n e.
E n d o f S e p te m b e r .
N u m b e r o f lo c o m o tiv e s , p a s s e n g e r c a r s a n d f r e i g h t c a r s t h a t a r e
on ra il.
M a n il a R a i l r o a d C o m p a n y .
P r i o r t o 1954, i n c l u d i n g n o r t h e r n V i e t - N a m .
203
SPECIAL TABLES
F.
1938
ROADS:
1948
MOTOR VEHICLES IN USE
1953
1952
1955
1954
1956
1957
Number of Passenger Cars
British Borneo
B r u n e i ..........................................
0.05
0.35
0.58
N orth B o r n e o ............................
0.16
0.16
1.18
0.62
0.93
0.71
S a r a w a k ...................................
0.19
B u r m a .................................................
C a m b o d i a ...................................
6.9
C e y l o n ..........................................
C h in a ( T a i w a n ) ............................
H o n g K ong ...................................
21.0
I n d i a .................................................
I n d o n e s i a ..........................................
88.1d
53.1
J a p a n .................................................
K orea, s o u th e rn 1 ............................
59.3
L a o s .................................................
M a la y a , F e d e ra tio n of .
10.9
9.7
2.0
2.8
27.6
1.64
45.6
2.58
11.64
49.8
3.26
6.39
119.9
17.6
30.3
3.0
161.6
41.0
88.4
2.4
S i n g a p o r e ...................................
10.20
12.71
T h a i l a n d ..........................................
Viet-N am , s o u th e rn j . . . .
5.1
6.3
10.80
12.01
61.1
138.5
5.0
0.51
35.8
31.6
33.4
50.1
29.57
50.9
33.16
19.1
17.00
0.40
44.85
14.6
34.6
59.6
114.7
3.7
3.88
15.13
173.7
16.0
13.48
0.67
0.86
1.39
1.55
1.13
1.46
1.40a
15.2
3.9
55.2
4.77
51.8
52.52
0. 20
19.76
30.4h
13.00
168.4
0.85
12.9
3.1
0.44
50.37
0.3
20.5g
P a k i s t a n ..........................................
P h i l i p p i n e s ...................................
12.4
1.08
1.24
17.43
186.0
5.0
59.1
5.73c
20.22
22.57b
202.4
63.6
70.0
153.3
6.6
181.1
8.4
0.72
57.02
62.6 b
5.59
1.68
63.94
28.2
54.1
25.0
58.7
36.21
41.96
47.23
18.1
23.2
22.12
31.18
32.45
1.06
1.06
0.84
0.78
196.3 e
9.3 e
2.65b
71.99
65.8
49.34'
Number of Commercial Vehicles
British B orneo
0.18
0.37
B r u n e i ..........................................
N orth B o r n e o ............................
S a r a w a k ...................................
0.11
B u r m a .................................................
C a m b o d i a ...................................
14.0
C e y l o n ..........................................
C h in a ( T a i w a n ) ............................
6.9
H ong K ong
J a p a n .................................................
K orea, so u th e rn 1 ............................
L a o s .................................................
M a la y a , F e d e ra tio n of .
P a k i s t a n ..........................................
P h i l i p p i n e s ...................................
S i n g a p o r e ...................................
T h a i l a n d ..........................................
Viet-N am , s o u th e rn j . . . .
36.4d
16.9
91.9
0.91
0.75
0.74
0. 66
22. 0
11.0
12.5
3.37
3.0
17.6
5.65
2.23
...................................
I n d i a .................................................
I n d o n e s i a ..........................................
0.18
0.72
86.1
18.7
131.2
3.03
118.7
36.4
218.5
0.15
0.14
8.3
0.49
6.5e
15.14
19.88
10.0
8.2
18.3h
3.00
5.1
3.10
51.4
16.1
55.3
9.69
7.03
5.7
6.09
18.8
9.64
N o t e : T r a m s , tro lle y - b u s e s , s p e c ia l a n d g o v e r n m e n t s e r v ic e v e h ic les
a r e e x c lu d e d .
P a s s e n g e r c a r s : M o to r c a r s s e a t i n g le ss t h a n e i g h t p e r s o n s , t a x is
in c lu d e d , m o to r-c y c le s e x c lu d e d .
C o m m e r c ia l v e h ic le s : I n c lu d in g lo r r ie s ( t r u c k s ) , b u s e s , t r a c t o r
a n d s e m i - t r a i l e r c o m b in a tio n s ; e x c lu d in g t r a i l e r s , f a r m a n d r o a d
tra c to rs .
a . E n d o f O c to b e r.
b. E n d o f S e p te m b e r.
0.67
9.8
3.6
19.0
6.26
3.16
130.2
51.2
0.80
0.72
0.63
11.4
3.9
19.6
6.65
3.34
0.81
0. 68
15.4
4.1
21.5
7.13
4.3
23.3
7.27
3.66
4.08
175.6
60.7
156.1
55.2
244.6
150.2
52,7
271.2
286.6
9.0
10. 0
11.1
335.7
16.1
0.61
0.86
1.03
20.56
17.9
56.1
20.02
21.29
1.34
22.74
18.2
57.7
22.0
22. 2
60.2
68.5
10.06
10.30
10.92
11.75
23.0
24.6
11.74
27.6
10.95
1.27a
11.64
c. E n d o f J u ly .
d. 1939; B r itis h I n d ia , e x c lu d in g I n d ia n S ta te s .
e. E n d o f J u n e .
f. A s o f e n d o f M a rc h .
g . 1940.
h . 1937.
i. E n d o f A u g u s t.
j . P r i o r t o 1954 in c lu d in g n o r t h e r n V ie t- N a m .
15.51
26.1 b
7.50c
4.56b
375.6 e
17.0 e
1.60b
24.66
12.35i
204
SPECIAL
TABLES
G.
1954
BURMA
G o o d s a n d s e rv ic e s .
Exports,a f.o.b. .
Im ports,a c.i.f.
T ran sp o rta tio n a n d
in s u ra n c e . . . .
G o v ern m en t, n.i.e. .
O t h e r ............................
P riv a te d o n a tio n s .
P riv a te c a p ita l . . . .
O fi c i a l d o n a tio n s .
O fiicial a n d b a n k c a p ita l
Long-term c ap ita l:
Debt r e p a y m e n ts
O t h e r ............................
Short-term c ap ita l:
L iabilities to IMF
O th e r lia bilities .
Sterling b a la n c e s
U.S. d o lla r b a la n c e s
O th e r fo reign a s s e ts
M o n e tary g o ld .
N et e rro rs a n d om issions
—
1955
INTERNATIONAL PAYMENTS
First h a lf
1956
1956
INDIA
( million kyats)
— 180
1,118
1,100
21
1,116
— 931
2
— 5
— 137
—
22
— 25
—
— 173
— 23
— 33
— 5
13
1,091
— 930
172
— 135
— 33
10
1
—
—
—
12
—
12
6
—
4
5
— 41
— 58
—
22
—
10
7
32
— 5
— 75
—
—
—
— 115
— 26
— 23
— 13
200
637
— 780
60
553
— 412
6
—
21
8
— 55
74
162
—
—
—
3
8
—
— 15
9
426
— 30
— 46
174
42
— 139
71
71
—
4
1
91
— 167
95
— 260
60
{ - 43
{
42
123
1 1
—
— 26
2
—
37
CEYLON
4
8
—
—
22
— 63
101
905b
881b
— 7 4 4 b — 848 h
—
—
—
—
—
— 48b
16b
15
29
48
5
— 25
— 23
— 33
—14
2
1
— 30
196
— 24
— 49
3
12
—
—
—
5
—
— 63
9
213
59
29
— 19
—
88
CHINA (T aiw an, million U.S. dollars)
- 54.5 - 22.4
95.9
127.1
124.1
66.1
90.9
— 204.9 — 184.7 - 222.1 - 1 1 6 . 2 - 1 1 6 . 6
— 13.9 — 7.1 5.2 1.9
1.0
6.2 4.4 2.3
— 8.5 2.5
—
0.1
1.3 — 0.4 0.1
—
2.2
10.7
5.0
1.3
1.8
88.4
90.4
65.2
33.3
21.8
45.7
19.7 1 .8
32.8 - 24.8
-
0.7
9.7
2.8
-
— .
-
23.4 1.5
1.3 0.4
-
8.4
1.2
2.2
1.4
-
-
6.3
2.3
-
-
1.6
-
-
7.9
20.8
0.8
0.9
7.9
9.9
25.0
12.3
—
18.9
0.2
10.0
20.0
6.4
—
0.8
0.3
-
1. 6
2. 1
-
-
23.4
0.1
0.4
0.2
G o o d s a n d s e rv ic e s .
E xports, f.o.b.d .
Im ports, f.o.b.
T ra n s p o rta tio n a n d
in s u r a n c e . . . .
G o v e rn m en t, n.i.e.d
O th e r (net) . . . .
P r iv a te d o n a tio n s .
P riv a te c a p i t a l . . . .
O fficial d o n a tio n s .
R e p a ra tio n s . . . .
O t h e r ............................
O fficial a n d b a n k c a p ita l
Long-term c a p ita l .
Short-term c a p ita l:
U se of IMF r e s o u rc e s
O th e r lia b ilitie s .
S terlin g b a la n c e s
.
U.S. d o lla r b a la n c e s
O th e r fo re ig n a s s e ts
M o n e ta ry g o ld .
.
N et e rro rs a n d o m issio n s
1956
1957
— 3,142
— 840
6,301
3,267
- 1 0 . 1 0 8 — 4,397
318
115
46
187
517
89
355
2.394
145
67
56
22
204
— 45
236
140
140
___
668
11
9
79
— 60
185
1,978
— 60
166
474
— 213
— 223
—
—
( million U.S. dollars)
— 29
103
— 159
— 123
774
881
843
408
413
— 583
— 548
— 824
— 442
— 410
— 91
— 26
— 26
— 25
— 13
— 15
— 97
— 108
— 61
— 26
— 23
— 97
— 96
— 92
— 50
— 56
1
2
__
__
2
1
1
1
1
28
— 106
160
—
—
—
20
20
—
3
—
2
— 18
—
7
—
5
JA PA N
— 131.4 — 70.9 - 1 0 7 . 6
2.0
2.5
— 248
— 390
G o o d s a n d s e rv ic e s .
5,476
6,525
E xports,a f.o.b. .
. .
-6 ,3 9 4 -7 ,3 8 3
Im ports,a c.i.f.
T ra n s p o rta tio n a n d
284
236
in s u r a n c e . . . .
— 47
— 40
In v e stm e n t incom e .
76
119
G o v e rn m en t, n.i.e. .
405
105
O t h e r ............................
62
445
P riv a te d o n a tio n s .
74
— 111
P riv a te c a p ita l . . . .
146
348
O fficial d o n a tio n s .
— 344
11
O fficial a n d b a n k c a p ita l
Long-term c a p ita l:
__
11
US lo a n s . . . .
9
20
IBRD lo a n s
41
104
O t h e r ............................
Short-term c a p ita l:
R e p a y m e n t of IMF
— 222
— 193
re so u rc e s
194
— 111
O th e r liab ilities .
—
11 — 175
F o re ig n a s s e t s c .
—
—
M o n e ta ry go ld
— 45
52
N et e rro rs a n d o m issions
G o o d s a n d s e rv ic e s .
E xports,a f.o.b. .
Im po rts,a c.i.f.
T ra n s p o rta tio n a n d
in s u ra n c e . . . .
In v e stm e n t inco m e .
O t h e r ............................
P riv a te d o n a tio n s .
P riv a te c a p ita l . . . .
O fficial d o n a tio n s .
O fficial a n d b a n k c a p ita l
L ong-term c a p ita l:
G old a n d U.S. d o lla r
su b s c rip tio n to IMF
a n d IBRD .
L o an s re c e iv e d .
O t h e r ............................
Short-term c a p ita l:
U se of IMF re s o u rc e s
F o re ig n a s s e ts , n e t .
M o n e ta ry g o ld
N e t e rro rs a n d o m issio n s
First h a lf
1956
1955
(m illion rupees)
INDONESIA
million rupees)
384
137
G oods a n d se rv ic e s .
349
Exports,a f.o.b. .
1,724
1,893
1,772
Im ports,a c.i.f.
— 1,384 — 1,478 - 1 , 5 7 6
T ran sp o rta tio n a n d
41
in s u ra n c e . . . .
78
56
— 47
— 61
— 50
In v e stm e n t incom e .
O t h e r ............................
—
22
— 26
— 50
— 67
— 78
— 83
P riv a te d o n a tio n s .
P riv a te c a p ita l . . . .
— 49
— 56
—
20
17
24
28
O fficial d o n a tio n s .
— 256
— 14
Official a n d b a n k c a p ita l
— 235
Long-term c ap ita l:
Portfolio se c u rity
—
12
— 48
ho ld in g s
— 48
U.K. lo a n re p a y m e n t
29
2
IBRD Sub scrip tion s
9
9
a n d lo a n s .
5
G o v e rn m en t b o rro w —
—
67
in g in U.K. .
Short-term c ap ita l:
— 1
— 6
— 5
L iabilities . . . .
F o re ig n
a s s e ts
of
G ov rn m en t & C e n — 247
— 162
— 33
tra l B ank .
F o re ig n
a s s e ts
of
— 92
64
— 36
com m ercial b a n k s
—
—
M o n e tary gold
— 22
— 11
— 48
N et errors a n d om issions
G oods a n d s e rv ic e s .
Exports,a f.o.b. .
Im ports,a m ain ly c.i.f. .
G overnm ent, n.i.e. .
O t h e r ............................
P riv a te d o n a tio n s .
P riv a te c a p ita l . . . .
Official d o n a tio n s .
Official a n d b a n k c a p ita l
Long-term c ap ital:
Official lo a n s
re ce iv e d
O t h e r ............................
Short-term c ap ita l:
P a y m e n t a g r e e m e n ts
O th e r liab ilities .
B a n k s' d e p o sits
a broad . . . .
O th e r a s s e ts .
M o n e tary g o ld . .
N et errors a n d om issions
1954
| 1957
—
__
7
—
2
1
—
131
94
12
3
—
1
3
6
3
15
—
28
— 15
—
— 23
— 98
72
128
86
56
9
37
27
-—
—
—
—
4
4
2
—
1
( thousand million y en )
— 28.9
73.8 - 21.3
580.1
722.3
893.4
— 734.6 - 7 4 1 . 9 - 9 4 0 . 6
1.3
416.3
-4 2 7 .8
- 2 3 6 .8
478.9
- 6 6 4 .8
— 63.9 - 56.6 - 1 1 3 . 8
217.2
181.7
183.8
— 27.7 - 33.8 - 42.0
10.6
11.1
11.8
30.7 4.8
0.9
— 4.0 1.9
—
8.6 6.3
—
4.6
4.4
7.1 - 1 0 5 . 3
9.0
17.7
— 0.4
7.8
-
-1 0 9 .1
80.4
—
-
-
38.5
40.1
45.7
35.6
-
-
1.0
-
6.4
-
-
22.5
18.6
21.3
79.8
17.4
0.6
6.3
—
61.8
54.0
-1 0 5 .9
-
8.6
0.1
3.3
-
53.4
86.3
20.1
5.5
-
1.8
-
2.4
2.4
-
2 2 .2
-
6.3
5.4
9.6
-
10.8
1.2
—
-
11.9
244.8
8.3
2.8
0.1
-
-
34.9
21.6
64.0
1.4
-
0.1
-
11.0
0.1
9.3
--
10.1
-
0.5
48.4
11.1
166.6
205
SPECIAL TABLES
G.
1954
1955
KOREA, s o u th e rn
G o o d s a n d s e rv ic e s .
E xports,a f.o.b. .
Im ports,a c.i.f.
G o v ern m en t, n.i.e. .
O t h e r ............................
P riv a te d o n a tio n s .
P riv a te c a p ita l . . . .
Official d o n a tio n s .
O fficial a n d b a n k c a p ita l
Long-term c a p ita l .
Short-term c a p ita l:
L iabilities to IBRD .
P a y m e n ts a g re e m e n t
lia b ilities to J a p a n
O t h e r ............................
M o n e ta ry g o ld .
N e t erro rs a n d om issions
1956
139.2
29.1
246.8
9.7
— 5.6
PHILIPPINES
297.2
14.8
148.7
2.4
—
178.7
12.3
_
__
2.2
22.6
0.2
-
7.4
0.9
0.3
—
0.6
15.5
-
12. 2
1.1
—
0.7 -
0.3
2.2
-
-
0.1
-
0.1
0.7
-
0.5
0.1
12.5
0.1
0.2
G oods a n d se rv ic e s .
Exports, f.o.b.
Im ports, f.o.b. .
T ra n sp o rta tio n a n d
in su ran ce . . . .
In v e stm e n t incom e .
G o v ern m en t, n.i.e. .
O t h e r ............................
P riv a te d o n a tio n s .
P riv a te c a p ita l . . . .
O fficial d o n a tio n s .
O fficial a n d b a n k c a p ita l
Long-term c a p ita l .
Short-term c a p ita l:
U se of IMF re so u rc e s
O th e r lia b ilities .
F o re ig n a s s e ts
M o n e ta ry gold
N et erro rs a n d om issions
— 743
23
1,520
— 652
— 835
1,746
— 817
— 205
966
— 420
— 360
894
— 404
— 78
— 464
— 38
— 32
34
39
139
— 58
— 76
— 722 - 1 , 5 9 3
— 65
— 95
— 26
55
1
— 3
284
433
— 193
362
— 33
— 670
— 48
— 13
—
10
302
— 45
— 755
— 50
1,1 2 0
58
4
42
6
14
2
21
—
23
54
—
9
— 19
—
1
— 178
2
— 9
— 33
— 85
101
156
112
— 59
— 5
— 67
12
—
327
—
1
— 57
10
2
— 16
—
82
— 156
— 27
— 39
—
2
27
—
12
8
156
184
43
— 69
— 67
157
178
— 42
— 16
—
24
G oods a n d se rv ic e s .
E xports, f.o.b.
Im ports, c.i.f.
N o n m o n e ta ry g o ld .
G o vernm ent, n.i.e. .
O t h e r ............................
P riv a te d o n a tio n s .
P riv a te c a p ita l . . . .
Official d o n a tio n s .
O fficial a n d b a n k c a p ita l
Long-term cap ital:
A sse ts, B ank of
T h a ila n d
L oans re c e iv e d .
Official r e p a y m e n ts .
Short-term c a p ita l:
L iabilities . . . .
Sterling b a la n c e s
U.S. d o lla r b a la n c e s
O th e r fo re ig n a s s e ts
M o n e tary g o ld .
N et erro rs a n d om issions
1955
—
— 115
— 113
239
18
7
88
46
16
— 34
—
First half
1956
1956
1957
( million pesos)
— 163
783
— 975
— 133
— 133
245
23
16
119
48
149
82
— 123
— 131
219
38
11
111
67
— 29
15
20
10
49
10
4
— 46
12
11
—
—
6
10
— 321
— 139
875
779
1,102 — 1,017
3
53
—
THAILAND
(m illion rupees)
— 203
—
1954
1957
— 180.1 — 274.0 — 334.1 - 159.6 - 2 0 9 . 0
24.2
17.6
25.1
12.6
11.5
— 241.2 — 327.8 - 3 8 0 . 4 - 1 8 0 .1 - 2 3 4 .7
34.9
35.7
8.0
23.2
15.6
2.0
0.5 2.0 0.1 1.4
12.1
16.8
22.8
9.0
17.8
VIET-NAM, s o u th e rn
G oods a n d s e rv ic e s .
Exports,a f.o.b. .
Im ports,a c.i.f.
T ran sp o rtatio n a n d
in su ra n c e . . . .
Investm ent incom e .
G overnm ent, n.i.e. .
O th e r
............................
P riv a te d o n a tio n s .
P riv a te c a p ita l . . . .
Official d o n a tio n s .
Official a n d b a n k c a p ita l
Long-term c a p ita l:
L iabilities . . . .
A sse ts
. . . .
Short-term c a p ita l:
Liabilities . . . .
C le a rin g a c c o u n t
w ith J a p a n
D ollars re c e iv e d
u n d e r US a id .
F ra n c tria n g u la ire s .
F o re ig n e x c h a n g e
h o ld in g b y b a n k s .
N et erro rs a n d om issions
First h alf
1956
( million U.S. dollars)
PAKISTAN
G oods a n d se rv ic e s .
E xports,a f.o.b. .
Im ports,a p riv a te , f.o.b.
T ra n sp o rta tio n a n d
in s u ra n c e . . . .
G o v ern m en t, n.i.e.6 .
O t h e r ............................
P riv a te d o n a tio n s .
P riv a te c a p ita l . . . .
Official d o n a tio n s .
Official a n d b a n k c a p ita l
Long-term c a p ita l:
L o ans re c e iv e d .
O fficial r e p a y m e n ts .
U.K. se c u rities
Short-term c a p ita l:
L iabilities . . . .
S terling b a la n c e s
U.S. d o lla r b a la n c e s
O th e r fo re ig n a s s e ts
M o n e tary g o ld .
Net errors a n d om issions
INTERNATIONAL PAYMENTS (Cant'd.)
—
—
88
—
437
— 488
486
— 616
— 61
— 5
117
— 82
— 11
110
10
5
13
31
— 45
12
10
2
— 60
— 5
— 14
—
12
21
25
7
-
1
36
54
— 59
—
7
128
8
—
8
-
( million U.S. dollars)
— 61.7 — 15.6 — 10.7 — 31.2 — 11.3
283.4
334.9
362.2
161.4
203.3
— 311.7 — 321.1 — 355.3 — 181.1 — 204.6
— 16.8 — 10.7 — 3.8 — 3.5 — 3.5
—
2.8
—
2 .8
3.1
2.0
.—
1.2
0.8
—
5.8
3.4
14.7
3.4
0.5
9.0
1.4
19.6
— 13.8 — 15.9 — 15.8 —
9.6
8.0 —
— 7.1 —
8.1 — 8.9 — 5.0 — 6.7
2.4
1.4
1.4
3.2
6.4
31.0
14.2
18.3
14.1
21.9 — 11.1 — 8.9
3.1
3.9
3.1
0.2
—
1.8
—
17.6
17.7
1.5 — 2.4 — 5.4 —
0.3
7.6 — 23.9 — 22.4 40.5 — 15.0 2.7 0.8
0.8
40.5
0.6
18.3 -
6.4
4.0
7.2
2.4
—
5.7
-
-
0.8
1.2
1.0
—
17.5
1.8
—
5.6
( million piastres)
-5 ,6 4 7 -6 ,7 8 4
2,056
1,849
- 9 ,8 4 5 -7 ,6 3 8
— 181
— 120
3,952
- 1 ,5 1 0
— 79
— 96
9,530
-3 ,3 4 4
—
—
— 37
— 567
191
— 582
— 281
6,745
522
875
— 197
79
— 53
-2 ,2 9 6
— 973
23
165
—
2
— 256
98
— 75
—
202
G E N E R A L N O T E S : (1 ) N o s ig n in d ic a te s c re d it, m in u s s ig n in d ic a te s
d e b it. F o r fo r e ig n b a la n c e s o r f o r e ig n a ss e ts u n d e r s h o r t- te r m
official a n d b a n k c a p i ta l , n o s ig n in d ic a te s d e crea se, m in u s sig n
in d ic a te s in c re a s e . (2 ) S ta tis tic s o n g oods anc serv ice s e x c e p t
m e r c h a n d is e im p o r ts a n d e x p o r ts a r e on a n e t b a sis.
a.
F ig u r e s b a s e d o n e x c h a n g e c o n tro l re c o rd .
b.
M ix ed f.o .b . a n d c .i.f.
c.
I n c lu d in g
d.
G oods p u r c h a s e d b y U N fo r c e s u n d e r t h e sp e c ia l
p r o g r a m m e a r e inclu ded in ‘‘G o v e rn m e n t, n .i.e .”
R e s e rv e B a n k ’s h o ld in g s o f lo n g -te r m s e c u ritie s
e. I n c l u d i n g g o v e r n m e n t im p o r ts .
p ro cu rem en t
206
SPECIAL TABLES
H.
COMPOSITION OF IMPORTS
P e r c e n ta g e distrib u tio n
V a lu e (in m illions)
M a te ria ls
C onsum ption chiefly for
co n su m p tio n
goods
goods
M a te ria ls
chiefly for
c a p ita l
goods
C a p ita l
goods
M a te ria ls
C onsum ption c h iefly for
co n su m p tio n
goods
goods
M a te ria ls
c h iefly for
c a p ita l
goods
C a p ita l
goods
ECAFE REGIONa (U .S. dollar)
1953
..........................................
1954
..........................................
1955
..........................................
1956
..........................................
1957 1st h a l f ............................
3.294
3,141
2,987
3,142
1.814
2,360
2,479
2,771
3,204
2,346
873
889
971
1,484
1,309
1,370
1,428
1,651
2,087
1,651
41.7
39.6
35.6
31.7
25.5
29.9
31.2
33.1
32.3
32.9
11.1
11.2
11.6
15.0
18.4
17.3
18.0
19.7
21.0
23.2
BURMA (k ya t)
1953
..........................................
1954
..........................................
1955
..........................................
1956
...................................
1957 1st h a l f ............................
468
476
362
370
258
131
174
170
195
133
65
59
67
88
57
182
264
261
287
216
55.3
48.9
42.1
39.4
38.9
15.5
17.9
19.7
20.7
20.0
7.7
6.1
7.8
9.4
8.6
21.5
27.1
30.4
30.5
32.5
CEYLON (rupee)
1953
..........................................
1954
..........................................
1955
..........................................
1956
..........................................
1957 1st h a l f ............................
1,084
952
890
1,034
540
118
128
142
149
111
167
130
164
140
121
239
186
233
293
158
67.4
68.2
62.3
64.0
58.1
7.3
9.2
9.9
9.2
11.9
10.4
9.3
11.5
8.7
13.0
14.9
13.3
16.3
18.1
17.0
CHINA, T a iw a n
( new Taiwan dollar)
1953
..........................................
1954
..........................................
1955
..........................................
1956
..........................................
1957 1st h a l l ............................
HONGK ONG (H o n g K o n g dollar)
1953
..........................................
1954
..........................................
1955
..........................................
1956
..........................................
1957 1st h a l f ............................
793
836
536
785
276
1,129
1,414
1,500
2,195
1,236
128
238
206
439
202
695
806
898
1,377
641
28.9
25.4
17.0
16.4
11.7
41.1
42.9
47.8
45.8
52.5
4.7
7.2
6.6
9.1
8.6
25.3
24.5
28.6
28.7
27.2
2,136
1,687
1,920
2,282
1,268
1,089
1,236
1,169
1,317
742
203
215
244
336
217
409
295
387
616
469
55.7
49.1
51.6
50.2
47.0
28.4
36.0
31.4
28.9
27.5
5.3
6.3
6.5
7.4
8.0
10.6
8.6
10.4
13.5
17.4
INDIA ( rupee)
1953b ..........................................
1954b ..........................................
1955b ..........................................
1956c ..........................................
1957 1st h a l f ............................
2,006
2,366
1,441
1,293
705
1,618
1,759
2,031
2,204
1,161
480
633
556
779
730
1,612
1,797
2,746
3,883
2,381
35.1
36.1
21.3
15.9
14.2
28.3
26.8
30.0
27.0
23.3
8.4
9.7
8.2
9.5
14.7
28.2
27.4
40.5
47.6
47.8
INDONESIA ( rupiah)
1953
..........................................
1954
..........................................
1955
..........................................
1956
..........................................
1957 1st h a l f ............................
4,106
3,051
2,641
4,447
1,976
1,542
1,418
1,535
1,873
1,014
500
459
670
817
376
2,435
1,977
1,902
2,569
1,492
47.8
44.2
39.1
45.8
40.7
18.0
20.5
22.8
19.3
20.9
5.8
6.6
9.9
8.4
7.7
28.4
28.6
28.2
26.5
30.7
JAPAN ( yen)
1953
..........................................
1954
..........................................
1955
..........................................
1956
..........................................
1957 1st h a l f ............................
245,951
252,419
240,071
217,498
112,371
413,497
412,705
457,778
581,071
366,079
136,775
125,824
134,706
283,656
273,617
66,264
72,677
56,477
71,973
87,530
28.5
29.2
27.0
18.8
13.4
47.9
47.8
51.5
50.4
43.6
15.9
14.6
15.2
24.6
32.6
7.7
8.4
6.3
6.2
10.4
KOREA, so u th e rn ( h w a n )
1953
..........................................
1954
..........................................
1955
..........................................
1956
..........................................
1957 1st h a l f ............................
12,392
9,265
17,032
15,887
9,040
7,169
10,661
22,814
11,528
4,204
1,345
2,665
2,392
1,453
886
1,423
5,177
5,971
5,935
2,375
55.5
33.4
35.3
45.6
54.8
32.1
38.4
47.3
33.1
25.4
6.0
9.6
5.0
4.2
5.4
6.4
18.6
12.4
17.1
14.4
1,854
1,669
1,905
2,081
1,070
520
624
904
927
470
435
454
539
576
344
426
389
474
569
341
57.3
53.2
49.8
50.1
48.1
16.1
19.9
23.7
22.3
21.1
13.4
14.5
14.1
13.9
15.5
13.2
12.4
12.4
13.7
15.3
41
44
51
65
30
9
9
14
21
12
5
4
6
7
4
15
15
17
22
13
58.3
60.4
58.7
56.5
50.8
13.1
12.8
15.5
18.4
20.3
7.4
6.1
6.7
6.0
6.8
21.1
20.7
19.1
19.1
22.0
MALAYA in clu d in g SINGAPORE
( Malayan dollar)
1953 ..........................................
1954
..........................................
1955
..........................................
1956
..........................................
1957 1st h a l f ............................
NORTH BORNEO ( Malayan dollar)
1953
..........................................
1954
..........................................
1955
..........................................
1956
..........................................
1957 1st h a l f ............................
207
H.
P e rc e n ta g e distribution
V a lu e (in millions)
M a te ria ls
C o nsum ption chiefly for
c o n su m p tio n
goods
goods
PAKISTANd (rupee)
1953
..........................................
1954
..........................................
1955
..........................................
1956
..........................................
1957 1st h a l f ............................
PHILIPPINESe (peso)
1953
..........................................
1954
..........................................
1955
..........................................
1956
..........................................
1957 1st h a l f ............................
SA RAW AK (Malayan dollar)
1953
..........................................
1954
..........................................
1955
..........................................
1956
..........................................
1957 1st h a l f ............................
THAILAND (b a h t)
1953
..........................................
1954
..........................................
1955
..........................................
1956
..........................................
1957 1st h a l f ............................
M a te ria ls
chiefly for
c a p ita l
g oods
C a p ita l
goods
M a teria ls
C onsum ption chiefly for
consum ption
goods
goods
M a teria ls
chiefly for
c a p ita l
g oods
C a p ita l
g oods
160
192
206
270
457
152
187
164
144
132
107
129
155
181
141
208
398
412
382
347
25.5
21.2
22.0
27.6
42.4
24.2
20.7
17.5
14.7
12.3
17.1
14.2
16.5
18.5
13.1
33.2
43.9
44.0
39.1
32.2
447
460
519
398
244
164
168
181
169
103
103
112
125
132
87
200
225
272
314
182
48.9
47.6
47.3
39.3
39.6
17.9
17.4
16.5
16.7
16.7
11.3
11.6
11.4
13.0
14.1
21.9
23.3
24.8
31.0
29.6
88
89
97
97
46
271
273
305
326
161
7
7
9
10
4
29
28
29
30
14
22.3
22.4
22.0
21.0
20.3
68.7
68.9
69.4
70.4
71.7
1.7
1.7
2.0
2.1
1.9
7.3
6.9
6.6
6.5
6.1
2,904
3,180
3,554
3,529
1.830
546
670
822
913
523
478
572
670
674
422
2,049
2,217
2,233
2,489
1.541
48.6
47.9
48.8
46.4
42.4
9.1
10.1
11.3
12.0
12.1
8.0
8.6
9.2
8.9
9.8
34.3
33.4
30.7
32.7
35.7
a.
R e g io n a l t o t a l s in U .S . d o lla rs in c lu d in g a ll c o u n trie s lis te d in th e
ta b le e x c e p t s o u th e r n - K o r e a . I m p o r ts o f I n d ia in fisc al y e a r s a r e
a d d e d to im p o r ts o f o th e r c o u n trie s in c a le n d a r y e a r s .
b. Y e a r s b e g in n in g 1 s t A p r il.
c. A n n u a l r a t e b a se d o n 9 m o n th s A p ril-D e c e m b e r.
d . F ig u r e s f o r 1953-1956, r e l a t i n g to P r i v a t e a c c o u n t o n ly e x c e p t
1957, f o r w h ic h G o v e rn m e n t a c c o u n t in in c lu d e d .
e. F .O .B . v a lu e .
G E N E R A L N O T E R E L A T I N G T O T A B L E S H A N D I : T o ta l o f th e
f o u r g r o u p s o f im p o r ts o r e x p o r ts do n o t a d d u p t o to ta l im p o r ts
o r e x p o r ts p u b lis h e d in n a tio n a l t r a d e r e t u r n s , b e c a u s e ( 1 ) in a
fe w c o u n tr ie s , a s m a ll p a r t o f th e im p o r ts o r e x p o r ts ( i n n o c a s e
m o r e t h a n 4 % ) a r e n o t in c lu d e d in th e c o m m o d ity t r a d e s ta t is ti c s
p u b lis h e d b y g o v e r n m e n ts , a n d ( 2 ) o f r o u n d in g . P e r c e n ta g e d is tr i b u t i o n r e f e r s t o p e r c e n t a g e s o f th e to t a l s o f th e f o u r g r o u p s o f
c o m m o d itie s .
I.
COMPOSITION OF EXPORTS
P e rc e n ta g e distribution
V a lu e (in millions)
M a te ria ls
C o nsum ption chiefly for
c o n su m p tio n
goods
goods
H O N G K O NG (H o n g K o n g dollar
1953
..........................................
1954
..........................................
1955
..........................................
1956
..........................................
1957 1st h a l f ............................
INDIA ( rupee)
1953a ..........................................
1954a ..........................................
1955a ..........................................
1956b ..........................................
1957 1st h a l f ............................
JA PAN ( y e n )
1953
..........................................
1954
..........................................
1955
..........................................
1956
..........................................
1957 1st h a l f ............................
MALAYA (Malayan dollar)
1953
..........................................
1954
..........................................
1955
..........................................
1956
..........................................
1957 1st h a l f ............................
SPECIAL TABLES
COMPOSITION OF IMPORTS (Cont’d.)
M a te ria ls
chiefly for
c a p ita l
goods
C a p ita l
goods
M a teria ls
C onsum ption chiefly for
consum ption
g oods
g oods
M a teria ls
chiefly for
c a p ita l
goods
C a p ita l
g oods
1,601
1,376
1,503
1,887
938
803
804
733
803
349
88
73
92
156
92
235
164
203
353
181
58.7
56.9
59.4
59.0
60.1
29.5
33.3
29.0
25.1
22.4
3.2
3.0
3.6
4.9
5.9
8.6
6.8
8.0
11.0
11.6
3,604
4,215
3,755
4,093
1,882
1,028
1,225
1,673
1,172
829
570
386
414
447
379
47
48
51
51
23
68.7
71.7
63.7
71.0
60.5
19.6
20.9
28.4
20.3
26.6
10.8
6.6
7.0
7.8
12.2
0.9
0.8
0.9
0.9
0.7
227,743
294,816
344,881
422,755
213,906
70,497
98,871
109,389
115,440
72,645
30,915
39,016
63,405
78,690
35,833
128,264
153,763
204,264
275,719
154,134
49.8
50.3
47.7
47.4
44.9
15.4
16.8
15.2
12.9
15.2
6.8
6.7
8.8
8.8
7.5
28.0
26.2
28.3
30.9
32.3
718
732
723
810
416
1,497
1,576
2,551
2,349
1,117
581
595
669
748
384
115
83
87
105
68
24.7
24.5
17.9
20.2
20.9
51.4
52.8
63.3
58.6
56.3
20.0
19.9
16.6
18.6
19.3
3.9
2.8
2.2
2.6
3.4
G E N E R A L N O T E : S ee ta b le H .
a . Y e a r s b e g in n in g 1 s t A p r il.
b . A n n u a l r a t e b a s e d o n 9 m o n th s A p r i l — D e c e m b e r.
208
SPECIAL TABLES
J.
Type
of
account
AFGHANISTAN ( million afghanis)
A
1953/54
. . . .
A
1954/55
. . . .
RE
1955/56
. . . .
DE
1956/57
. . . .
GOVERNMENT REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE
Total
revenue
T otal
e x p e n d itu re
775
964
989
1,276
837
1,030
1,301
1,779
— 62
— 66
— 312
— 503
BRITISH BORNEO ( million Malayan dollars)
B ru n e i
1953
................................
1954
............................
1955
................................
A
A
A
RE
99.0
96.0
104.1
116.8
120.1
23.7
30.6
43.0
48.1
1956
. . . .
68.6
DE
1957
............................
N orth Borneo
28.5
A
23.0
1953
............................
36.2
23.8
A
1954
............................
40.4
29.6
A
1955
............................
42.5
33.7
A
1956
............................
53.4
RE
34.8
1957
............................
36.7
53.1
DE
1958
............................
S araw ak
43.4
41.9
A
1953
............................
41.7
48.6
A
1954
............................
44.4
A
49.8
1955
............................
51.4
60.4
A
1956
............................
51.2
75.2
RE
............................
1957
86.4
59.6
DE
1958
............................
BURMA ( million k yats)
979
1,133
A
1953/54
. . . .
1,093
1,148
A
1954/55
. . . .
723
1,006
A
1955/56
. . . .
1,212
974
RE
1956/57
. . . .
1,337
966
DE
1957/58
. . . .
CAMBODIA (m illion riels)
1,290
E
1,050
1953
............................
2,612
1,665
E
1954
............................
1,637
2,475
E
1955
............................
1,755 A
1,721 E
1956
............................
2,250
1,899
E
1957
............................
CEYLON ( million rupees)
829
A
921
1 953/54
. . . .
921
1,035
A
1954/55
. . . .
1,127
1,145
A
1955/56
. . . .
1,255
1,107
RE
1956/57
. . . .
1,169
1,300
DE
1957/58
. . . .
CHINA (T aiw an , m illion new Taiw an dollars)
2,125
A
2,309
1953
............................
1,603
1,413
A
1954 Jan.-June
3,412
3,765
A
1954/55
. . . .
3,939
3,895
A
1955/56
. . . .
3,792
DE
3,601
1956/57
. . . .
H O NG KONG ( million H o ng K on g dollars)
371
309
A
1952/53
. . . .
353
A
381
1953/54
. . . .
358
A
415
1954/55
. . . .
400
427
A
1955/56
. . . .
477
RE
473
1956/57
. . . .
589
DE
470
1957/58
. . . .
INDIA (m illion rupees)
C e n tra l G overn m ent
6,949
4,840
A
1953/54
. . . .
5,449
8,628
A
1954/55
. . . .
10,023
A
6,190
1955/56
. . . .
12,512
RE
7,118
1956/57
. . . .
8,582
15,183
DE
1957/58
. . . .
States
1953/54
1954/55
1955/56
1956/57
1957/58
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
A
A
RE
DE
DE
F o r e x p la n a to r y n o te s se e p a g e 213.
4,325
4,567
4,925
5,119
5,705
4,614
4,465
6,031
6,817
7,382
Type
of
account
B a la n c e
( + ) or
(-)
+
+
+
+
+
75.3
65.4
61.1
68.7
51.5
— 5.5
— 12.4
— 10.8
— 8 .8
— 18.6
— 16.4
+
1.5
— 6.9
+ 5.4
— 9.0
— 24.0
— 26.8
— 154
— 55
— 283
— 238
— 371
— 240
— 947
— 838
— 34
— 351
+ 92
+ 114
— 18
— 148
— 131
— 184
— 190
— 353
+ 44
— 191
+ 62
+ 28
+ 57
+ 27
— 4
— 119
— 2,109
— 3,179
— 3,833
— 5,394
— 6,601
—
289
102
— 1,106
— 1,698
— 1,677
+
rev en u e
T otal
e x p e n d itu re
INDONESIA ( m illion rupiah )
A
13,590
15,658
1953
............................
A
11,439
15,391
............................
1954
A
14,226
16,316
1955
............................
A
17,759
20,015
1956
............................
20,777
DE
19,178
1957
............................
DE
20,990
21,650
1958
............................
JA PA N ( thousand m illion y e n )
A
1,018
999
1953/54
. . . .
1,007
A
1,052
1954/55
.
. . .
A
1,033
1,044
1955/56
.
. . .
1 ,12 2
RE
1,103
1956/57
. . . .
DE
1,181
1,196
1 957/58
. . . .
KOREA, s o u th e rn (m illion hw an)
A
30,202
59,924
1953/54
.
. . .
A
69,058
132,880
A p r. 1 9 5 4 /Ju n e 1955
RE
90,700
260,500
July 1 9 5 5 /Ju n e 1956
DE
53,203
July 1956/D ec. 1956
123,400
1957
............................
DE
166,235
437,488
DE
201,585
386,606
1958
............................
LAOS (m illio n kips)
E
359
509
............................
1953
E
1954
............................
358
632
424
E
1,155
1955
............................
E
490
1,169
1956
............................
945
1957
............................
E
1,145
MALAYA, F e d e r a tio n of ( m illion Malayan dollars)
916
............................
A
660
1953
646
1954
............................
A
868
897
1955
............................
A
822
RE
813
1,029
1956
............................
1957
............................
DE
776
1,076
NEPAL (m illion rupees)
E
30.5
52.5
1 9 5 1 ............................
52.9
1952
............................
E
39.2
37.7
RE
46.8
1953
............................
43.1
59.2
1954
E
A
33.6
45.2
1955
............................
RE
42.9
48.1
1956
............................
E
57.6
65.7
............................
1957
PAKISTAN ( m illion rupees)
1953/54
. . . .
1,142
1,816
A
1,662
1954/55
. . . .
A
1,209
A
1,343
1,972
1955/56
. . . .
1,342
1956/57
. . . .
RE
2,348
DE
1,450
2,890
1957/58
. . . .
PHILIPPINES (m illion pesos)
711
787
1953/54
. . . .
A
A
783
854
1954/55
. . . .
857
980
A
1955/56
. . . .
1956/57
. . . .
RE
955
1,099
DE
1,100
1,190
. . . .
1957/58
SIN GAPORE ( m illion Malayan dollars)
A
221
166
............................
1953
217
246
............................
A
1954
221
A
208
1955
............................
217
244
1956
............................
RE
314
1957
............................
DE
236
THAILAND (m illio n baht)
A
3,929
4,890
1953
............................
5,494
A
4,260
1954
............................
4,367
A
5,025
1955
............................
5,667
A
5,076
1956
............................
6,344
5,085
1957
............................
DE
VIET-NAM,
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
s o u th e r n (m illio n
............................
............................
. . .
. .
............................
............................
............................
piastres)
DE
4,065
DE
5,470
DE
5,122
7,251 A
DE
8,461
DE
8,701
B a la n c e
( + ) or
(-)
— 2,068
— 3,952
— 2,090
— 2,256
— 1,599
— 660
+ 19
— 45
—
11
— 19
— 15
- 29,722
- 63,822
- 1 6 9 ,8 0 0
- 70,197
- 2 7 1 ,2 5 3
- 1 8 5 ,0 2 1
— 150
— 274
— 731
— 679
—
200
— 256
—
222
— 75
— 216
— 300
—
22. 0
— 13.7
— 9.1
— 16.1
—
11.6
— 5.2
—
8.1
— 674
— 453
— 629
— 1,006
— 1,440
— 76
— 71
— 123
— 144
— 90
+
—
—
—
—
55
29
13
27
78
— 961
— 1,234
— 658
— 591
— 1,259
— 1,667
5,732
16,954
— 11,484
15,697
— 10,575
12,471 E
14,160
— 5,699
14,375
— 5,674
209
SPECIAL TABLES
K.
T y p e of
account
MAJOR COMPONENTS OF TAX REVENUE
Total
revenue
AFGHA NISTAN ( m illion afghani)
A
1953/54 ............................
A
1954/55 ............................
RE
1955/56 ............................
DE
1956/57 ............................
775
964
989
1,276
BRITISH
Brunei
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
A
A
A
RE
DE
BORNEO
695
868
845
98
98
105
99.0
96.0
104.1
116.8
120.1
65.4
59.0
54.4
59.3
60.7
61.1
54.3
50.1
54.7
56.2
A
A
A
A
RE
DE
23.0
23.8
29.6
33.7
34.8
36.7
17.5
15.9
20.7
23.1
24.6
25.1
3.9
2.3
1.9
3.0
3.0
3.0
A
A
A
A
RE
DE
43.4
41.7
49.8
51.4
51.2
59.6
35.0
31.7
38.2
37.8
37.7
44.2
9.9
6.8
6.5
7.3
7.5
13.0
A
A
A
RE
DE
979
1,093
723
974
966
909
847
654
833
791
332
243
224
230
230
E
E
E
E
E
1,050
1,665
1,637
1,721
1,899
979
1,177
1,276
1,548
1,561
94
108
97
121
111
A
A
A
RE
DE
921
1,035
1,127
1,107
1,169
822
928
1,015
998
1,054
225
213
306
286
305
1,961
1,347
3,226
3,648
3,259
175
79
255
442
269
271
275
289
296
326
322
C ustom s d u tie s
L an d
ta x
Total
77
77
76
Im port
d uties
Export
duties
T ra n s a c - Licences,
stam p
tion a n d
duties.
con su m p re g istion
tration
ta x e s
fees, etc.
32
41
41
18 6
302
401
401
O th er
tax
revenue
251
222
( million Malayan dollars)
...................................
...................................
...................................
...................................
...................................
N orth Borneo
1953 ...................................
1954 ...................................
1955 ...................................
1956 ...................................
1957 ...................................
1958 ...................................
S araw ak
1953 ...................................
1954 ...................................
1955 ...................................
1956 ...................................
1957 ...................................
1958 ...................................
BURMA
(m illion kyats)
1953/54 ............................
1954/55 ............................
1955/56 ............................
1956/57 ............................
1957/58 ............................
CAMBODIA ( m illion riels)
1953 ...................................
1954 ...................................
1955 ...................................
1956 ...................................
1957 ...................................
CEYLON ( million rupees)
1953/54 ............................
1954/55 ............................
1955/56 ............................
1956/57 ............................
1957/58 ............................
CHINA (T aiw a n , m illion new Taiw an odllars)
2,125
A
1953 ...................................
1,413
A
1954 (Jan.— Jun.)
3,412
A
1954/55 ............................
3,939
A
1955/56 ............................
3,601
DE
1956/57 ............................
H O N G K O NG (m illion H ong K ong dolla rs)
371
A
1952/53 ............................
381
A
1953/54 ............................
415
A
1954/55 ............................
427
A
1955/56 ............................
473
RE
1956/57 ............................
470
DE
1957/58 ............................
INDIA ( m illion rupees)
C e n tra l G o v e rn m en t
1953/54 ............................
1954/55 ............................
1955/56 ............................
1956/57 ............................
1957/58 ............................
S ta te s
1953/54
1954/55
1955/56
1956/57
1957/58
T ax
re v e n u e
T ax on
incom e
and
w e a lth
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.3
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.6
1.6
0.9
1.8
1.5
1.2
1.3
0.9
1.0
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.2
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.6
1.0
1.1
1.2
2.1
2.6
2.4
2.9
16
17
17
24
24
110
104
115
139
148
13
13
16
17
16
192
208
63
159
68
291
347
70
63
230
270
288
673
673
62
85
132
191
190
37
58
106
160
160
503
627
608
606
629
244
258
286
281
302
259
369
322
325
327
67
57
70
75
83
19
19
23
24
29
8
12
8
7
8
—
606
421
1,014
1,096
1,078
606
421
1,014
1,096
1,078
817
787
1,829
1,785
1,570
83
51
105
146
148
280
9
23
179
194
152
142
159
154
171
170
—
58
58
63
71
80
79
58
58
63
71
80
79
24
23
25
28
31
29
18
22
23
34
36
34
19
30
19
9
8
10
1,587
1,849
1,667
1,710
1,680
1,196
1,411
1,280
1,385
1,341
796
938
1,292
1,711
2,397
16
20
17
20
24
3
16
40
1,369
1,448
1,488
1,515
1,715
414
407
425
449
465
187
159
128
139
180
4.1
4.5
4.0
4.1
4.1
4.0
4.4
3.8
4.0
4.0
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.1
11.3
12.0
16.5
18.0
19.7
20.2
9.0
9.0
9.5
11.5
13.7
14.3
2.3
3.0
7.0
6.5
6.0
5.9
22.7
22.3
27.8
26.0
26.0
26.1
11.9
12.0
13.5
13.9
15.5
18.1
10.8
10.3
14.3
12.1
10.5
8.0
18
24
22
29
29
255
255
214
259
300
239
238
197
235
276
31
32
29
42
17
525
624
624
361
410
—
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
—
—
A
A
A
RE
DE
4,840
5,449
6,190
7,118
8,582
3,477
3,847
4,120
4,771
5,732
1.071
1,036
1,132
1,310
1,585
8
5
9
5
6
A
A
RE
DE
DE
4,325
4,567
4,925
5,119
5,705
3,303
3,372
3,495
3,667
4,014
626
632
651
637
729
707
726
803
927
925
—
—
—
—
385
414
378
277
287
—
—
210
SPECIAL TABLES
K.
T y p e of
account
MAJOR COMPONENTS OF TAX REVENUE (Contd.)
T otal
revenue
T ax
revenue
INDONESIA ( million rupiah)
8,415
13,590
1953 ...................................
A
7,871
11,439
A
1954 ............................
9,866
14,226
A
1955 ............................
13,662
17,759
A
1956 ............................
14,089
19,178
DE
1957 ............................
15,800
20,990
DE
1958 ............................
JA PAN (thousand million y en )
933
1,018
A
1953/54 ............................
934
1,007
A
1954/55 . . . .
936
1,033
A
1955/56 . . . .
1,015
1,103
RE
1956/57 . . . .
1,094
1,181
DE
1957/58 . . . .
KOREA, s o u th e rn ( million h w an)
20,963
30,202
A
1953/54 ............................
51,989
69,058
A
Apr. 1954/June 1955
73,473
90,700
RE
July 195 5 /Jun e 1956
38,526
53,203
DE
July 1956/D ec. 1956
127,711
166,235
DE
1957 ............................
144,957
201,585
DE
1958 ............................
LAOS ( million kips)
266
359
E
1953 ............................
286
358
E
1954 ............................
424
242
E
1955 ............................
464
490
E
1956 ............................
899
945
E
1957 ............................
M A L A Y A , F e d e r a t i o n of ( m i llion Mala yan dollars
543
660
A
1 9 5 3 .................................
646
523
A
1954 ............................
677
822
A
1955 ............................
661
813
RE
1956 ............................
776
620
DE
1957 ............................
NEPAL (m illion rupees)
30.5
E
1 9 5 1 ............................
39.2
E
1952 ............................
37.7
RE
1953 ............................
43.1
E
1954 ............................
33.6
A
1955 ............................
42.9
RE
1956 ............................
57.6
E
1957 ............................
PAKISTAN ( million rupees)
832
1,142
A
1953/54 ............................
908
1,209
A
1954/55 . . . .
968
1,343
A
1955/56 . . . .
931
1,342
RE
1956/57 . . . .
1,450
968
DE
1957/58 . . . .
PHILIPPINES ( million pesos)
644
711
A
1953/54 ............................
783
691
A
1954/55 . . . .
857
749
A
1955/56 . . . .
852
955
RE
1956/57 . . . .
899
1,100
DE
1957/58 . . . .
SINGAPORE ( million Malayan dollars )
180
221
A
1953 ...................................
164
217
A
1954 ............................
157
208
A
1955 ............................
217
168
RE
1956 ............................
193
236
DE
1957 ............................
THAILAND ( million baht)
3,612
3,929
A
1953 ............................
3,904
4,260
A
1954 ............................
4,367
3,990
A
1955 ............................
4,650
5,076
A
1956 ............................
4,653
5,085
DE
1957 ............................
VIET-NAM ( million piastres)
3,637
4,065
DE
1953 ...................................
4,969
5,470
DE
1954 ............................
5,122
4,768
DE
1955 ............................
7,251
A
1956 ............................
7,074
8,461
DE
1957 ............................
7,715
8,701
DE
1958 ............................
F o r e x p l a n a t o r y n o te s see p a g e 213.
T ax on
incom e
and
w e a lt h
C u sto m s d u tie s
L and
ta x
Total
Im port
d u tie s
Export
d u tie s
1,295
995
1,106
1,872
2,200
2,004
1,049
552
754
424
394
444
T ransaction a n d
c o n su m p tion
ta x e s
8
10
8
10
9
9
2,344
1,547
1,860
2,296
2,594
2,448
498
496
481
531
550
__
—
—
—
—
30
24
27
38
40
405
414
428
446
504
6,861
14,921
27,614
13,897
27,634
32,065
4,690
7,577
7,899
3,950
19,998
20,350
3,509
9,983
14,951
8,615
19,750
24,825
12
7
9
44
72
1
1
—
139
153
100
251
583
134
146
100
251
583
311
318
486
444
420
199
206
251
264
288
164
136
117
141
121
—
—
—
—
—
141
345
—
—
1,001
19,000
5
7
—
—
—
101
113
115
129
183
4
4
11
33
54
9
8
7
7
7
112
112
235
180
132
20
20
22
22
26
31
35
34
35
38
17
14
18
19
15
179
103
191
224
245
—
33
38
40
91
77
64
66
74
__
—
—
—
—
__
—
35
45
113
213
223
—
—
—
—-
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
76
75
81
87
101
8
8
9
10
13
5
4
3
5
5
1,262
1,365
1,648
1,816
1,835
1,047
1,145
1,296
1,413
1,426
215
220
352
403
409
855
1,169
1,189
1,277
1,299
67
56
61
57
55
1,162
1,040
780
1,146
1,119
1,781
2,263
1,622
70
77
70
1,266
1,802
2,066
128
215
246
__
—
—
1,702
2,003
—
—
3,934
4,307
407
440
162
191
—-
389
612
752
—
12
1,851
2,340
1,692
729
634
140
140
1,702
2,003
3
456
1,150
2,226
1,172
2,368
4,863
309
399
270
240
250
35
45
113
213
223
—
5,306
18,014
20,783
10,983
56,960
43,854
24
30
33
29
27
__
—
—
—
—
—
—
——
—
5
5
6
6
7
121
143
142
137
141
—
—
—
—
—
—
223
227
222
262
281
401
416
509
426
439
—
—
0.9
0.8
2.2
2.5
2.2
2.8
4.0
3
3
—
1
1
—
135
114
114
278
524
969
7.3
10.1
10.2
13.6
12.6
18.5
23.5
176
227
198
207
213
266
274
312
354
345
O th e r
tax
rev en u e
60
87
98
113
107
107
3,868
3,705
4,705
8,021
7,568
8,780
2,000
2,408
3,081
2,944
3,287
3,487
—
Licences,
s ta m p
d u tie s ,
re g is tratio n
fees, etc.
____
____
—
211
SPECIAL TABLES
L.
MAJOR COMPONENTS OF GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE
T ype
of
a cc o u n t
T otal
e x p e n d itu re
AFGHANISTAN ( million afgh anis )
A
1953/54 ............................
A
1954/55 ............................
RE
1955/56 ............................
DE
1956/57 ............................
D efence
837
1,030
1,301
1,779
INDIA
( m illion rupees)
C e n tra l G o v e rn m en t
1953/54 ............................
1954/55 ............................
1955/56 ............................
1956/57 ............................
1957/58 ............................
S tates
1953/54
1954/55
1955/56
1956/57
1957/58
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
Econom ic
se rv ic e s
O ther
current
e x p e n d itu re
162
252
82
1.7
2.2
2.9
3.9
6.4
—
—
—
—
—
7.3
6.3
13.1
10.4
14.7
Investm ent
L oans
and
advances
(net)
312
306
612
---------- 12.7 ----------20.1
23.8
29.7
42.5
—
—
—
—
—
—
2.0
2.0
3.2
4.1
5.0
—
—
—
—
—
—
2.9
2.8
2.9
4.2
5.3
5.8
2.6
3.2
3.5
4.3
5.0
5.8
—
—
—
—
—
—
8.4
8.3
10.0
19.4
19.4
20.0
14.6
21.9
24.0
14.6
23.7
21.5
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
3.9
4.5
5.2
10.6
13.2
15.1
—
—
—
—
—
—
13.1
13.8
15.5
17.7
21.7
21.9
19.4
24.8
17.7
23.3
29.3
39.6
0.2
0.4
0.5
1.7
3.1
0.5
68
225
122
195
188
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
0.3
—
5.2
5.1
5.4
7.1
7.9
9.0
382
333
353
381
404
—
—
—
—
—
44
50
48
66
74
101
119
128
146
153
32
32
27
29
31
259
249
251
313
331
247
141
77
82
156
53
72
89
89
130
286
347
399
482
658
14
12
16
333
435
728
384
489
147
113
136
190
333
249
259
294
323
338
31
33
36
35
31
219
233
322
312
291
318
255
412
536
591
29
11
14
106
—
____
—
—
—
—
0.1
—
0.1
—
—
—
—
457
1,639
1,107
610
640
...
—
—
191
244
240
310
317
17
20
36
39
57
80
100
135
110
132
137
136
131
1,456
1,049
2,529
3,145
2,994
480
260
752
4
—
13
12
17
31
108
13
16
41
73
99
30
35
35
40
43
55
35
38
41
46
52
66
__
143
184
187
173
189
209
67
64
65
103
139
185
—
—
—
—
—
—
44
71
106
170
273
378
644
865
878
836
1,950
2,092
2,532
3,018
2,899
1,050
1,609
1,933
3,350
5,702
1,560
2,233
2,639
2,788
2,699
1,084
1,240
1,539
1,742
1,886
— 364
— 436
— 676
— 651
— 604
2,272
2,430
2,700
2,672
2,907
1,702
2,057
3,134
3,758
3,424
— 896
— 1,741
— 1,985
— 2,234
— 2,052
12
309
353
358
400
477
589
34
32
30
24
25
27
—
A
A
A
RE
DE
6,949
8,628
10,023
12,512
15,183
1,939
1,979
1,948
2,308
2,774
—
—
—
A
A
RE
DE
DE
4,614
4,465
6,031
6,817
7,382
—
—
—
—
—
Social
se rv ice s
83
54
79
280
418
528
BRITISH BORNEO ( m illion Malayan dollars)
Brunei
23.7
A
1953 ...................................
30.6
A
1954 ...................................
A
43.0
1955 ...................................
48.1
RE
1956 ...................................
68.6
DE
1957 ...................................
N orth B orneo
28.5
A
1953 ...................................
36.2
A
1954 ...................................
40.4
A
1955 ...................................
42.5
A
1956 ...................................
53.4
RE
1957 ...................................
DE
53.1
1958 ...................................
S a ra w a k
41.9
A
1953 ...................................
48.6
A
1954 ...................................
44.4
A
1955 ...................................
60.4
A
1956 ...................................
75.2
RE
1957 ...................................
86.4
DE
1958 ...................................
BURMA ( million kyats)
1,133
A
1953/54 ............................
1,148
A
1954/55 ............................
1,006
A
1955/56 ............................
1,212
RE
1956/57 ............................
1,337
DE
1957/58 ............................
CAMBODIA ( million riels)
1,290
RE
1953 ...................................
2,612
RE
1954 ...................................
2,475
RE
1955 ...................................
1,755
A
1956 ...................................
2,250
DE
1957 ...................................
CEYLON ( million rupees)
829
A
1953/54 ............................
921
A
1954/55 ............................
1,145
A
1955/56 ............................
1,255
RE
1956/57 ............................
1,300
DE
1957/58 ............................
CHINA, (T aiw an, m illion new Taiw an dol lars )
2,309
A
1953 ...................................
1,603
A
1954 (Jan.-Jun.) .
3,765
A
1954/55 ............................
3,895
A
1955/56 ............................
3,792
DE
1956/57 ............................
H O NG KONG ( million H ong K o n g dollars)
A
1952/53 ............................
A
1953/54 ............................
A
1954/55 ............................
A
1955/56 ............................
RE
1956/57 ............................
DE
1957/58 ............................
S u b sid ie s
C ontributions to
p ro v in cia l
a n d lo c a l
g o v e rn m ents
—
—
—
—
28
—
816
915
1,319
1,530
1,821
—
—
—
—
—
—
14
29
47
212
SPECIAL TABLES
L.
MAJOR COMPONENTS OF GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE (Contd.)
T ype
of
account
T otal
e x p e n d itu re
INDONESIA ( million rupiah)
15,658
A
1953 ...................................
15,391
A
1954 ...................................
16,316
A
1955 ...................................
20,015
A
1956 ...................................
20,777
DE
1957 ...................................
21,650
DE
1958 ...................................
JA PAN ( thousand m illion yen
999
1953/54 ............................
A
1,052
1954/55 ............................
A
1,044
1955/56 ............................
A
1,122
1956/57 ............................
RE
1,196
1957/58 ............................
DE
KOREA, so u th e rn ( m illion hw an)
59,924
A
1953/54 ............................
132,880
A
A pr. 1954/June 1955 .
260,500
RE
July 1955/June 1956 .
123,400
DE
July 1956/D ec. 1956 .
437,488
DE
1957 ...................................
386,606
DE
1958 ...................................
LAOS Cmillion kips)
509
E
1953 ...................................
632
E
1954 ...................................
1,155
E
1955 ...................................
1,169
E
1956 ...................................
1,145
E
1957 ...................................
MALAYA, F e d e ra tio n of ( m illion Malayan dollars)
916
A
1953 ...................................
868
A
1954 ...................................
897
A
1955 ...................................
1,029
RE
1956 ...................................
1,076
DE
1957 ...................................
NEPAL ( million rupees)
52.5
E
1 9 5 1 ...................................
52.9
E
1952 ...................................
RE
46.8
1953 ...................................
59.2
E
1954 ...................................
45.2
A
1955 ...................................
RE
48.1
1956 ...................................
65.7
E
1957 ...................................
PAKISTAN ( m illion rupees)
1,816
A
1953/54 ............................
1,662
A
1954/55 ............................
1,972
A
1955/56 ............................
2,348
RE
1956/57 ............................
2,890
DE
1957/58 ............................
PHILIPPINES ( m illion pesos)
787
A
1953/54 ............................
854
A
1954/55 ............................
980
A
1955/56 ............................
RE
1,099
1956/57 ............................
1,190
DE
1957/58 ............................
SINGAPORE ( million Malayan dollars)
166
A
1953 ...................................
246
A
1954 ...................................
221
A
1955 ...................................
244
RE
1956 ...................................
314
DE
1957 ...................................
THAILAND ( million baht)
4,890
A
1953 ...................................
5,494
A
1954 ...................................
5,025
A
1955 ...................................
5,667
A
1956 ...................................
6,344
E
1957 ...................................
VIET-NAM ( million piastres)
5,732
DE
1953 ...................................
16,954
DE
1954 ...................................
15,697
DE
1955 ...................................
12,471
DE
1956 ...................................
14,160
DE
1957 ...................................
14,375
DE
1958 ...................................
D efence
S u b s id ie s
1,579
1,844
1,476
869
3,300
1,059
3,892
3,627
3,937
4,379
4,276
4,786
165
161
148
159
173
28
7
7
3
—
32,605
59,918
69,954
39,462
114,071
124,165
252
691
12,745
6,881
2,375
3,079
17
31
36
49
45
—
214
184
160
174
179
Econom ic
s e rv ic e s
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
S o cial
s e rv ic e s
C o n trib u tions to
p r o v in c ia l
a n d lo c a l
g o v e rn m e n ts
2,287
2,686
2,893
3,476
2,896
2,369
6,963
6,219
7,095
10,373
8,570
12, 107
940
1,022
829
817
780
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—.
—
—-
4,091
13,409
11,405
—
6,362
6,362
—
—
—
L oans
and
advances
(net)
937
1,015
915
918
1,735
1,329
---------- 2 4 0 ----------197
185
213
217
201
220
258
276
301
157
167
163
173
185
2,530
4,417
9,862
6,174
9,466
19,013
3,299
11,045
23,165
11,260
31,091
41,688
2,635
8,052
11,216
5,806
23,577
27,149
8,878
20,858
12,658
24,617
65,203
59,948
4,726
15,366
70,500
14,800
116,114
67,109
5,000
12,534
50,400
14,400
75,591
44,455
55
60
76
108
110
87
111
168
265
264
1
1
1
1
1
188
201
266
344
349
126
160
587
344
325
35
68
21
58
51
65
62
61
76
90
135
137
158
201
230
—
—
—
—
—
322
317
325
288
312
180
168
193
290
265
19.7
24.2
18.0
23.3
18.6
19.3
31.1
20.0
16.0
15.0
20.0
12.6
13.5
18.7
18
28
30
35
41
44
57
32
36
30
403
478
471
401
158
223
253
297
563
1,011
36
103
122
168
188
207
264
268
286
316
48
56
56
56
60
175
111
85
103
126
161
172
283
323
324
15
19
12
19
18
41
53
63
74
104
—
—
—
—
—
80
137
80
80
88
22
28
56
61
73
143
150
100
109
108
468
450
355
436
547
70
98
79
84
67
2,237
2,434
2,583
3,340
3,590
79
71
210
48
92
180
60
1,546
1,685
1,116
1,490
1,832
338
346
385
—
——
684
787
1,057
1,191
1,355
1,455
4 ,335
4,248
367
332
—
769
683
821
908
946
8
9
10
10
11
In v e stm en t
208
300
283
298
320
12.8
12.7
13.8
15.9
14.0
15.3
15.9
160
148
166
163
176
O th e r
c u rre n t
e x p e n d itu re
359
163
321
405
704
20
---------- 1 ,0 3 2 ---------1,340
1,079
881
1,252
213
SPECIAL TABLES
GE NE RAL N O T E S:
A = A cco u n ts, E = E stim a tes, D E = D r a f t estimates, R E =R evised
estimates,
Figures generally relate to central governm ent transactions only,
except for India w here figures for the state governments are also
given.
In general, only the net results of public enterprises and fiscal
monopolies are included; positive balances are show n under revenue
and negative balances u nder expenditure. Currency and m int
transactions are excluded. Interest charges to public enterprises and
entities are included in revenue and are not deducted from interest
paym ents on the expenditure side.
REVENUE
Total revenue: excluding proceeds from loans, other forms of
borrow ing, grants and aid, transfers from reserve funds, and counterpart funds.
Transaction and consum ption taxes: excise duties, turnover taxes,
sales taxes and entertainm ent duties.
EXPE ND IT U RE
Total expenditure: including current expenditure, capital outlays,
and loans and advances (net) granted by the governm ent but excludes debt redem ption, contributions to sinking funds and transfers
to reserve funds.
Defence: including defence capital outlay. Expenditure on m ilitary pensions is included in “other current expenditure.”
Economic services: including current expenditure on agriculture,
industrial development, scientific and technical research, irrigation,
public works, forests, ports, light houses, commerce, planning, etc.
Social services: education, health, social welfare, relief, etc.
Contributions to provincial and local governments: including
contributions towards m eeting current expenditures.
Investm ent: covers capital outlays of public works departm ent,
including m aintenance, and of governm ent enterprises and other
departm ents and grants to provinces and local authorities for the
same purpose.
Loans and advances ( n e t) : m ainly granted to provinces, local
authorities, public and private undertakings for capital outlay.
C O U N T R Y N O T E S:
AFGHANISTAN
Revenue: T ax on income and w ealth: including personal and
corporate income taxes only. O ther tax revenue: live-stock tax
only.
E xpenditure: Social sevrices: expenditure on education only.
O ther current expenditure: covers food storage and public health,
etc.
BUR M A
Revenue: including contributions from the State M arketing
Boards for capital outlay. Japanese reparation receipts are excluded.
CAMBODIA
Revenue: 1953-1955: a num ber of transaction and consumption
taxes included u nder customs duties.
E xpenditure: 1956 and 1957: expenditures financed by external
aid are excluded.
CEYLON
E xpenditure: 1953/54 and 1954/55: Defence capital outlay m et
from loan fund expenditure included u nder Investment. Subsidies:
food subsidies only.
CHINA
(TAIWAN)
Revenue: Transaction and consum ption taxes: including “other
aids” . O ther tax revenue: including foreign exchange profit, and
the receipts entrusted to local governm ent.
E xpenditure: including some repaym ent of debt, w hich cannot be
separated. Social services: expenditure of the Ministry of E ducation only.
IN D I A
Revenue: including provision for depreciation, etc. of public
enterprises.
Central governm ent: excluding taxes transferred to the states.
States: Total revenue: excluding loans and grants received from
the central governm ent; including taxes transferred from the central
government.
Expenditure:
Central governm ents excluding transactions of state trading
schemes.
Social services: expenditure on education and health only.
States: Contribution to provincial and local governments: data
from Central G overnm ent budgets. Loans and advances: to m u n icipalities and local boards less loans from the Central Governm ent.
T he latter figures from the central budgets do not reconcile w ith
figures from states budgets.
IN D O N E SI A
All accounts are show n “gross” i.e. certain incomes directly
related to the various expenditure items have not been deducted
from expenditures.
Revenue: Transactions and consumption taxes: including foreign
exchange levies.
Expenditure: Economic services: including certain capital expenditures of Ministry of Economic Affairs and Ministry of Agriculture. Investment: covers total expenditure of Ministry of Com m unication and Public W orks and Energy. Other expenditure:
including financing services, and a substantial am ount of expenditure on security measures.
JAPAN
Figures represent transactions of general account, special
account for debt m anagem ent and special account for local
grants and shared taxes as well as of three other special accounts
(seven for 1958) of an administrative nature. Thirty-tw o special
accounts (thirty-one for 1958) for trading, m anufacturing, banking, insurance and other public undertakings are excluded. All
capital transfers are included.
Revenue: including repaym ent of loans and advances.
E xpenditure: Social services: including civil pensions. Other
current expenditure: including some capital expenditure.
KOREA, S O U T H E R N
Figures represent transactions of General Account and Special
Accounts.
Expenditure: Investment: including counterpart value of capital
and goods received.
LAOS
Expenditure: Investment: the figure for 1955 includes an
am ount of 553.3 m illion kips financed directly by foreign aid.
Defence: excluding considerable amounts of defence expenditures
financed by foreign aid. O ther current expenditure: includes a
substantial am ount of unforeseen expenditures, transportation expenses, etc. which could not be distributed.
M A L A Y A , FE DE RATION of
Figures relate to the combined receipts and expenditure of the
governments of the Federation and the States and Settlements.
Transactions of postal and telecommunications are included on a
gross basis.
E xpenditure: including advances and payments to the W ar
Dam age Fund. Defence: including expenditures for resettlement
of displaced civilians and other emergency expenditure.
NE PA L
Revenue: Transaction and Consum ption taxes: excise duties only.
E xpenditure: Investment: developmental expenditure.
PAKISTAN
Revenue: including provision for depreciation, etc. of public enterprises but excluding receipts from sales of foreign aid fund supplies. Total tax revenue: excluding taxes transferred to state
governments. O ther taxes: taxes and duties levied under the Supplem entary Finance Act of 1950.
E xpenditure: including expenditures m et from railway, postal
developm ent and other funds; excluding currency capital outlays.
Subsidies: 1953: loss on cotton price support scheme. Social services: expenditure on refugees. Contributions to provincial and
local governments: m ainly grants for development but also general
grants for m eeting current expenditure; from 1954/55 only grantsin-aid included in the budget.
PHILIPPINES
Revenue: Beginning January 1956, special im port duties were
imposed to replace the foreign exchange tax which was abolished
in December 1955.
THAILAND
Revenue: T ax on income and wealth: income tax and autom obile taxes only. O ther tax revenue: including profits from rice
export monopoly, aliens and gam bling fees.
Expenditure: Contributions to provincial and local governments:
including purchase of cars and boats for fire control, repair and
m aintenance of roads, bridges, etc. O ther current expenditure: including cost of living allowance to all governm ent employees, both
civil and m ilitary, am ounting to 2,366 m illion baht in 1957.
VIET-NAM
Beginning 1956, budget relates to southern Viet-Nam.
214
SPECIAL TABLES
M.
B urm a
C e y lo n a
m illion
kyats
m illion
rupees
............................
1,213
595
1946
............................
1947
............................
1948
............................
............................
1949
1950
............................
1 9 5 1 ............................
............................
1952
............................
1953
1954
............................
1955
............................
1956
............................
2,631
3,132
2,901
2,744
3,199
3,520
4,033
3,921
4,121
4,336
2,288
2,627
2,873
3,840
4,508
4,420
4,418
4,668
5,195
4,899
1938
NATIONAL INCOME
C h in a
H ong
(T aiw an) K ongb
m illion
new
Taiw an
dollars
In d ia
In d o n e sia
K o re a ,c
P a k is M a lay a a
ta n
so u th e rn
m illion
thousand thousand thousand thousand m illion
H ong
m illion m illion m illion m illion Malayan
K ong
hw an
yen
rupees
rupiah
dollars
dollars
2.7
724d
6,106
8.885
12,957
17,690
18,521
22,486
25,975
Japan
1,564
1,775
2,330
2,789
2,780
3,200
3,600
3,960
86.5
90.1
95.3
99.7
98.2
104.8
96.2
96.5
63.6
78.8
83.3
91.6
100.0
m illion
rupees
P hilipp in e s
T h aila n d b
VietN am ,
s o u th e rn
m illion
pesos
m illion
baht
m illion
piastres
855
20
361
968
1,962
2,737
3,382
4,525
5,085
5,748
6,021
6,741
7,685
482.0
707.6
1,154.0
3,185
4,500
6,465
5,780
5,305
4,202
5,364
5,511
5,464
5,922
6,487
6,554
7,015
7,145
7,624
8.335
16,815
17,151
18,469
18,275
18,156
9,284
14,407
16,668
20,064
23,377
24,746
25,844
29,154
27,575
34,950
. . .
61,829
S o u r c e s : U n ite d N a t i o n s S t a t i s t i c a l Office a n d official n a t i o n a l s o u r c e s e x c e p t f o r t h e f o ll o w i n g : H o n g K o n g : C o m m u n ic a tio n f r o m E d w a r d
F . S z e z e p a n ik , U n i v e r s i t y o f H o n g K o n g ; M a la y a : I n t e r n a t i o n a l B a n k f o r R e c o n s tr u c tio n a n d D e v e lo p m e n t, T h e E c o n o m ic D e v e lo p m e n t
o f M a la y a , P a r t V .
T im e r e f e r e n c e : C eylon, C h in a , I n d o n e s ia , M a la y a , P h i l i p p i n e s a n d V i e t - N a m : c a l e n d a r y e a r s ; T h a i l a n d : fis c a l y e a r b e g i n n i n g 1 A p r i l f o r
1938, a n d c a l e n d a r y e a r s f r o m 1946; H o n g K o n g , I n d ia , a n d P a k i s t a n : fis c a l y e a r s b e g i n n i n g 1 A p r i l ; J a p a n : c a l e n d a r y e a r f o r 1938,
fisc al y e a r s b e g i n n i n g 1 A p r i l f r o m 1946; B u r m a : fis c a l y e a r b e g i n n i n g 1 A p r i l f o r 1938, a n d fisc al y e a r s e n d i n g 30 S e p te m b e r f r o m
1947; s o u t h e r n K o r e a : fisc al y e a r s b e g i n n i n g 1 J u l y .
a . G ro ss n a t i o n a l p r o d u c t a t f a c t o r c o st.
b. N e t d o m e s tic p r o d u c t a t f a c t o r c ost.
c. G ro ss n a t i o n a l p r o d u c t a t m a r k e t p r ic e s .
d. 1937, in p r e - w a r T a i w a n y e n .
N.
INDUSTRIAL ORIGIN OF NET DOMESTIC PRODUCT
T otal
BURMAa (m illion k y ats)
1 9 5 1 ............................
1952
............................
1953
............................
1954
............................
1955
............................
1956
............................
1957
............................
A griculture,
forestry,
fishing
M ining
M a n u fa c tu rin g
T ra n sW h o le s a le
O w n erpo rtatio n ,
and
sh ip of
c o m m u n ir e ta il
d w e llin g s
catio n ,
tr a d e
utilities
C o n stru c tion
Public
a d m in is tratio n
and
d e fe n c e
c
b
O th e r
se rv ic e s
c
3,690
4,084
4,620
4,593
4,808
5,025
5,244
1,713
1,853
1,990
1.994
2,021
2,080
2,215
58
74
63
49
73
77
83
380
416
470
492
523
534
568
95
126
132
165
172
160
168
72
80
89
113
132
135
150
876
994
1,255
1,110
1,170
1,268
1,245
CHINA (T aiw an,
m illion new Taiw an dollars)
............................
1950
1 9 5 1 ............................
1952
............................
1953
............................
1954
............................
1955
............................
1956
............................
6,117
8,891
12,960
17,693
18,525
22,490
25,980
2,223
2,980
4,494
6,943
6,133
7,392
8,523
69
81
273
261
311
376
585
855
1,591
2,070
2,459
3,139
3,801
4,468
330
435
623
906
1,077
1,195
1,338
425
550
657
844
905
1,147
1,356
797
1,162
2,190
3,108
3,123
3,716
4,251
HO NG KONGd
( million H ong K ong dollars)
1954
............................
3,960
115
15
1,300
130
300
700
INDIA
( thousand m illion rupees)
1948
............................
............................
1949
1950
............................
1 9 5 1 ............................
1952
............................
1953
............................
1954
............................
1955
............................
86.7
90.3
95.5
99.9
98.3
104.8
96.2
96.5
42.5
44.9
48.9
50.2
48.1
53.1
43.5
42.2
157
162
170
177
185
194
203
274
312
380
416
453
488
520
65
67
71
77
79
89
92
878
1,162
1,446
1,771
2,302
2,964
3,202
540
930
1,207
1,401
1,535
1,899
2,257
260
340
800
3.9
4.0
4.1
4.1
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.5
4.0
4.1
4.3
4.5
4.6
4.9
5.2
5.6
6.0
6.3
6.7
7.2
7.2
7.5
7.6
7.8
e
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.9
0.9
1.0
1.0
1.0
1 4 .2 --------14.4
14.6
15.9
16.1
16.7
17.1
17.7
15.5
16.0
16.2
17.1
17.1
17.2
17.3
17.7
215
SPECIAL TABLES
N.
INDUSTRIAL ORIGIN OF NET DOMESTIC PRODUCT (Cont’d.)
T otal
JAPAN ( thousand million y e n ,
1938
............................
A griculture,
forestry,
fishing
M ining
M a n u fa c turing
C onstruction
T ran sW h o le sa le
portation,
O w n e rand
com m unish ip of
re ta il
cation,
d w e llin g s
tra d e
utilities
f
20
4
1
6
1
2
3
1946
............................
............................
1947
............................
1948
............................
1949
............................
1950
1 9 5 1 ............................
............................
1952
1953
............................
1954
............................
1955
............................
1956
361
968
1,962
2,738
3,384
4,528
5,096
5 759
6,050
6,766
7,718
140
343
625
751
879
1,128
1,218
1, 267
1,305
1,488
1,424
11
30
67
69
99
168
202
171
152
132
177
59
199
454
708
839
1,126
1,200
1, 396
1,450
1,622
2,014
25
48
83
102
137
172
217
273
291
325
366
16
36
104
202
250
331
413
494
540
602
707
38
134
240
367
560
792
832
912
984
1,099
1,340
KOREA, s o u th e rn a
(thousand million h w an)
............................
1953
1954
............................
1955
............................
478.4
700.9
1,140.4
205.0
247.9
463.8
9.5
7.4
14.8
57.9
93.2
126.5
5.8
18.2
26.6
s
4.0
7.9
7.3
79.2
138.3
227.1
MALAYAi
( million Malayan dollars)
1949
............................
............................
1950
1 9 5 1 ............................
............................
1952
............................
1953
3,335
5,080
7,145
5,975
5,395
1,260
2,430
3,405
2,435
2,145
250
295
480
440
325
16,826
17,160
18,478
18,289
18,156
10,288
10,323
11,178
10,847
10,471
21
26
30
37
38
1,091
1,150
1,218
1,325
1,517
4,202
5,364
5,511
5,464
5,922
6,487
6,554
7,015
7,145
7,624
8.335
2,010
2,446
2,386
2,308
2,505
2,787
2,806
3,009
3,118
3,161
3.322
3
16
25
40
55
79
98
107
105
121
141
330
426
440
440
502
630
639
834
850
1,001
1,198
958
436
31
............................
1946
............................
1947
1948
............................
1949
............................
1950
............................
1 9 5 1 ............................
1952
............................
1953
............................
1954
............................
1955
............................
10,333
15,839
18,457
22,199
25,595
27,595
29,040
32,706
31,312
39,457
6,272
9,549
11,211
13,332
14,650
15,264
14,212
15,221
14,061
17,835
VIET-NAM, so u th e rn a
(m illion piastres)
1955
............................
72,016
21,126
PAKISTAN
1949
1950
1 9 5 1
1952
1953
g
PHILIPPINESd (m illion pesos)
............................
1946
1947
............................
............................
1948
1949
............................
1950
............................
1 9 5 1 ............................
1952
............................
1953
............................
1954
............................
1955
............................
1956
............................
THAILANDa (m illion baht)
1938
............................
S o u r c e s a n d t im e r e f e r e n c e :
1
6
22
65
106
132
182
264
1, 246
1,328
1,498
1,690
f
O ther
services
f
4
65
157
324
432
488
629
751
h
39.5
66.0
109.2
f
77.4
122.1
165.0
k
808
858
1,048
1,032
1,052
3
1,516
1,594
1,634
1,675
1,708
k
185
252
321
377
386
431
487
544
574
648
700
fm
841
1,088
1,121
1,121
1,278
1,257
1,252
1,263
1,277
1,352
1,475
1,825
2,355
3,260
3,100
2,925
j
( m illion rupees)
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
Public
ad m in istration
and
defence
1,005
1,036
1,053
1,072
1,089
442
504
513
529
536
1,655
1,669
1,804
1,772
1,745
150
191
195
193
205
228
242
242
235
250
286
m
551
702
716
709
752
838
809
780
781
861
953
95
34
258
n
47
57
9
27
95
293
395
537
563
528
547
615
1,146
1,641
1,706
2,545
3,239
3,163
3,347
4,019
3,885
4,993
50
163
456
889
988
972
1,138
139
203
224
278
316
915
1,200
1,658
1,824
2,136
1,414
2,437
3.047
3,287
3,865
3,756
4,506
4,913
4,608
6,597
237
513
615
846
1,058
784
1,320
1,723
1,598
1,925
1,116
1,469
1,559
1,567
1,910
2,720
3,003
3,656
3,817
4,218
430
7,873
462
4,557
17,080
9,498
5,247
see t a b le M .
a . G ross d o m e stic p r o d u c t a t m a r k e t p r ic e .
b. In c lu d in g m ill in g a n d m a r k e t i n g o f f o r e s t p ro d u c e .
c. P r i v a t e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n in c lu d e d in “ O th e r s e r v ic e s ” .
d. N a t i o n a l in c o m e .
e. In c lu d in g p r o c e s s in g , m a r k e t i n g a n d a n c i l l a r y a c t iv itie s p e r f o r m e d
b y th e f a r m e r in r e s p e c t o f h is o w n p ro d u c e .
f. O w n e r s h ip o f d w e llin g s in c lu d e d i n “ O t h e r s e r v ic e s " .
132
243
307
276
239
237
221
236
205
230
260
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
m.
f
5,743
P r i v a t e s e c to r o n ly .
I n c lu d in g g o v e r n m e n t e n te r p r is e s .
G ro ss d o m e stic p r o d u c t a t f a c t o r c o st.
C o n s tr u c tio n in c lu d e d in “ O th e r s e r v ic e s ” ,
I n c lu d in g a ll s e r v ic e s o f g e n e r a l g o v e rn m e n t.
B a n k in g , in s u r a n c e a n d r e a l e s t a t e s e rv ic e s in c lu d e d in “ W h o le sa le
an d re ta il tra d e ” .
n . I n c lu d in g s a la r i e s o f g o v e r n m e n t school te a c h e rs f o r 1938 a n d
1946-1950.
216
SPECIAL
TABLES
O.
EXPENDITURE ON GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
C o n su m p tio n e x p e n d itu re
G ro ss fixed c a p ita l form ation
T otal
P riv a te
BURMA ( million kyats)
1938 ..........................................
1947 ..........................................
1948 ..........................................
1949 ..........................................
1950 ..........................................
1 9 5 1 ..........................................
1952 ..........................................
1953 ..........................................
1954 ..........................................
1955 ..........................................
1956 ..........................................
1957 ..........................................
CEYLON ( million rupees)
1938 ..........................................
G e n e ra l
g o v e rn m e n t
G en eral
g o v e rn m e n t
P u b lic
e n te rp rise s
P r iv a te
e n te rp r is e s
In c re a s e
in
stocks
E xports le s s
Im ports of
goods and
se rv ic e s
1,458
915
114
17
8
122
31
251
2,966
3,557
3,234
3,132
3,690
4,084
4,620
4,593
4,808
5,025
5.244
2,524
2,893
2,399
2,328
2,668
2,724
2,931
2,986
3,129
3,316
3,554
259
280
307
321
318
395
525
698
638
642
750
77
54
52
60
89
176
190
253
322
251
47
37
32
31
44
50
69
182
240
230
304
434
196
239
298
384
393
398
344
471
515
53
77
— 20
— 11
45
133
224
178
103
— 22
— 298
— 218
268
164
228
222
288
— 102
32
137
— 70
5 ----------
34
20
98
105
153
222
332
302
245
202
271
265
— 134
18
— 52
156
154
— 324
— 204
323
306
66
495
b
a
703
549
95
2,509
1947 ..........................................
2,817
1948 ..........................................
3,077
1949 ..........................................
4,096
1950 ..........................................
4,735
1 9 5 1 ..........................................
4,530
1952 ..........................................
4,641
1953 ..........................................
5,014
1954 ..........................................
5,538
1955 ..........................................
5,226
1956 ..........................................
C h in a (T aiw a n ; million new Taiw an dollars)
10,821
1 9 5 1 ..........................................
15,750
1952 ..........................................
21,203
1953 ..........................................
23,158
1954 ..........................................
27,889
1955 ..........................................
INDIA ( thousand million rupees)
94.3
1948 ..........................................
98.6
1949 ..........................................
104.3
1950 ..........................................
109.8
1 9 5 1 ..........................................
107.8
1952 ..........................................
114.7
1953 ..........................................
1954 ..........................................
JAPAN ( thousand million y e n )
27
1938 ..........................................
2,193
2,272
2,459
3,118
3,614
3,773
3,751
3,651
4,044
3,834
320
352
394
387
411
472
535
540
564
685
7,074
10,366
15,475
17,194
20,147
1,875
2,693
3,145
3,935
4,792
82.5
84.7
88.5
95.0
90.5
96.8
6.4
5.4
5.6
5.8
6.0
6.4
6.7
14
7
333
915
1,741
2,261
2,382
3,000
3,651
4,311
4,670
5,076
5,416
55
102
282
394
435
521
682
768
846
907
1,029
491
667
1,028
49
91
149
3 ---------8
27
30
70
108
2,790
3,400
4,910
4,600
4,370
348
369
562
699
770
9 2 ---------91
168
251
235
215
240
325
405
340
70
— 90
— 35
100
25
35
1,335
1,590
295
40
4,053
5,221
5,194
5,594
5,533
6,371
6,479
6,816
6,960
7,501
7.930
360
406
402
450
476
540
600
631
654
718
773
1 3 -------- 53
137
198
188
162
161
165
167
173
178
245
477
508
401
297
329
325
394
396
451
547
126
167
123
67
84
68
100
117
156
165
126
— 154
— 360
— 143
— 514
77
— 55
— 55
5
— 50
— 188
— 8
61,190
14,059
627
2,619
474
1946 ..........................................
1,309
1947 ..........................................
2,667
1948 ..........................................
3,376
1949 ..........................................
3,934
1950 ..........................................
5,528
1 9 5 1 ..........................................
6,101
1952 ..........................................
7,156
1953 ..........................................
7,426
1954 ..........................................
8,255
1955 ..........................................
9,320
1956 ..........................................
KOREA, so u th e rn (thousand m illion h w an)
478
1953 ..........................................
701
1954 ..........................................
1,140
1955 ..........................................
MALAYA (m illion Malayan dollars)
3,550
1949 ..........................................
5,345
1950 ..........................................
7,520
1 9 5 1 ..........................................
6,350
1952 ..........................................
5,780
1953 ..........................................
PHILIPPINES (m illion pesos)
4,643
1946 ..........................................
5,964
1947 ..........................................
6,222
1948 ..........................................
6,196
1949 ..........................................
6,655
1950 ..........................................
7,415
1 9 5 1 ..........................................
7,576
1952 ..........................................
8,111
1953 ..........................................
8,283
1954 ..........................................
8,820
1955 ..........................................
9.546
1956 ..........................................
VIET-NAM, s o u th e rn (m illion piastres)
72,016
1955 ..........................................
Sources a n d
a . I n c lu d in g
b . I n c lu d in g
c. I n c lu d in g
32
70
123
213
224
307
314
298
353
376
------ 1,308 —
2,019
2,540
2,737
3,487
2.1
2.7
2.7
3.0
3.0
3.4
4.3
5.8
6.4
7.0
7.9
7.8
7.9
1 ---------30
146
258
299
191
443
474
643
593
729
681
123
1,089
1,445
1,292
1,399
577
t im e r e f e r e n c e : see t a b le M .
s t a t i s t i c a l d is c r e p a n c y a n d v a lu e o f e x p o r t s fin a n c e d b y p e r s o n a l r e m i t t a n c e s a b r o a d .
t h e c o s t o f a c q u i r i n g la n d a n d e x i s t i n g a s s e ts , m i n o r r e p a i r s a n d m a in t e n a n c e .
s t a t i s t i c a l d is c r e p a n c y .
— 525
— 773
— 1,249
— 2,107
— 1,114
—
—
+
—
+
+
2.5
0.6
0.5
1.9
0.5
0.3
5
1
—
48
117
258
324
450
681
809
927
895
921
1,544
28
82
236
208
368
571
395
408
265
456
712
— 19
— 53
— 109
— 110
107
212
91
— 1
159
167
— 62
— 94
— 135
— 171
c
— 6,602
217
SPECIAL TABLES
P
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN NATIONAL INCOME AND OTHER AGGREGATES
G ross
dom estic
pro d u c t a t
m a rk e t
p rice s
BURMA ( m illion kyats)
1938 ..........................................
1949
1950
195
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
CEYLON
1938
..........................................
..........................................
1 ....................................
..........................................
..........................................
..........................................
..........................................
..........................................
..........................................
( million rupees)
..........................................
Less
indirect
ta x e s
Plus
s u b s id ie s
G ross
dom estic
p ro d u c t a t
factor cost
L ess net
factor
incom e
p a y m e n ts
ab ro ad
N et
n a tio n a l
product a t
factor cost
(national
income)
1,458
— 80
1
1,379
— 81
1,298
— 85
1,213
3,234
3,132
3,690
4,084
4,620
4,593
4,808
5,025
5,244
— 150
— 204
— 284
— 324
— 350
— 423
— 415
— 396
35
37
29
10
16
12
9
9
3,119
2,965
3,435
3,770
4,286
4,182
4,402
4,638
— 205
— 213
— 228
— 245
— 255
— 269
— 280
— 290
— 305
2,914
2,752
3,207
3,525
4,031
3,913
4,122
4,348
— 13
— 8
— 8
— 5
+
2
+
8
— 1
— 12
2,901
2,744
3,199
3,520
4,033
3,921
4,121
4,336
— 47
a
595
703
— 61
642
3,077
1949 ..........................................
4,096
1950 ..........................................
4,735
195 1 ....................................
4,530
1952 ..........................................
4,641
1953 ..........................................
5,014
1954 ..........................................
5,538
1955 ..........................................
5.226
1956 ..........................................
C h in a (T aiw a n ; million new Taiw an dollars)
7,349
1950 ..........................................
10,785
195 1 ....................................
15,827
1952 ..........................................
21,296
1953 ..........................................
23,070
1954 ..........................................
27,885
1955 ..........................................
32,228
1956 ..........................................
H O N G KONG (m illion H o n g K o n g dollars)
2,506
1949 ..........................................
2,995
1950 . . . . . . .
3,011
195 1 ....................................
3,451
1952 ..........................................
INDIA ( thousand million rupees)
98.6
1949 ..........................................
104.3
1950 ..........................................
109.8
195 1 ....................................
107.8
1952 ..........................................
114.7
1953 ..........................................
1954 ..........................................
1955 ..........................................
JA PA N b ( thousand m illion yen )
27
1938 ..........................................
— 175
— 202
— 163
— 65
— 185
— 299
— 282
— 277
2,902
3,894
4,572
4,465
4,456
4,715
5,256
4,949
1948 ..........................................
1949 ..........................................
1950 ..........................................
195 1 .....................................
1952 ..........................................
1953 ..........................................
1954 ..........................................
1955 ..........................................
1956 ..........................................
M A LA YA ( m illion Malayan dollars)
1949 ..........................................
1950 ..........................................
195 1 ....................................
1952 ..........................................
1953 ..........................................
PHILIPPINES ( m illion pesos)
1949 ..........................................
1950 ..........................................
195 1 .....................................
1952 ..........................................
1953 ..........................................
1954 ..........................................
1955 ..........................................
1956 ..........................................
THAILAND (m illio n baht)
1938 ..........................................
Less
d e p re c ia tio n
N et
dom estic
product a t
factor cost
— 812
— 1,270
— 2,140
— 2,661
— 3,465
— 3,978
— 4,545
— 152
— 176
— 195
— 205
—
—
—
—
—
—
4.9
5.4
6.3
5.6
5.8
6.3
—
2
2,667
3,376
3,934
5,528
6,101
7,156
7,426
8,255
9 ,320
— 353
— 490
— 408
— 519
— 627
— 715
— 749
— 772
— 865
3,550
5,345
7,520
6,350
5,780
— 215
— 265
— 375
— 375
— 385
22,199
1949 ..........................................
25,595
1950 ..........................................
27,595
195 1 .....................................
29,040
1952 ..........................................
32,706
1953 ..........................................
31,312
1954 ..........................................
39,457
1955 ..........................................
VIET-NAM, s o u th e rn ( m illion piastres)
72,016
1955 ..........................................
Source and tim e reference: see table M.
a. Gross national product a t factor cost.
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.1
0.1
110
211
62
37
51
46
15
8
7
—
— 420
— 637
— 857
— 946
— 1,175
— 1,421
— 1,721
6,117
8,891
12,960
17,693
18,525
22,490
25,980
6,106
8,885
12,957
17,690
18,521
22,486
25,975
25
30
36
46
2,330
2,789
2,780
3,200
—
—
—
—
55
60
60
60
2,275
2,729
2,720
3,140
94.0
99.3
103.9
102.5
109.0
—
—
—
—
—
3.7
3.8
4.0
4.2
4.2
90.3
95.5
99.9
98.3
104.8
96.2
96.5
—
—
—
—
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.1
90.1
95.3
99.7
98.2
104.8
96.2
96.5
25
—
2
20
— 108
— 158
— 207
— 280
— 359
— 473
— 556
— 633
— 763
1,962
2,738
3,384
4,528
5,096
5,759
6,050
6,766
7,718
2,424
3,097
3,594
5,046
5,525
6,487
6,692
7,491
8,482
21,174
24,657
26,126
27,296
30,790
29,141
36,923
48
— 11
— 6
— 3
— 3
— 4
— 4
— 5
—
—
—
—
903
55
2,873
3,840
4,508
4,420
4,418
4,668
5,195
4,899
2,354
2,819
2,816
3,246
5,849
6,287
6,905
6,996
7,532
7,665
8,187
8.907
— 1,025
— 938
— 1,469
— 1,744
— 1,916
— 2,171
— 2,534
— 6,338
6,537
9,528
13,817
18,639
19,700
23,911
27,701
3,335
5,080
7,145
5,975
5,395
— 347
— 368
— 510
— 580
— 579
— 618
— 633
— 639
6,196
6,655
7,415
7,576
8,111
8,283
8,820
9,546
958
13
130
4
95
4
18
29
54
64
45
38
47
61
50
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
— 325
— 335
— 370
— 385
— 408
— 407
— 430
— 441
5,524
5,952
6,535
6,611
7,124
7,258
7,757
8.466
48
855
— 1,110
— 1,280
— 1,380
— 1,452
— 1,635
— 1,566
— 1,973
20,064
23,377
24,746
25,844
29,154
27,575
34,950
—
20
— 150
— 580
— 680
— 195
— 90
1,962
2,737
3,382
4,525
5,085
5,748
6,021
6,741
7,685
a
3,185
4,500
6,465
5,780
5,305
— 60
— 30
— 48
— 57
— 109
— 113
— 133
— 131
5,464
5,922
6,487
6,554
7,015
7,145
7,624
8.335
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1
1
2
3
11
11
29
25
33
61,829
65,726
62,481
— 652
— 3,245
b. Item s do not reconcile on account of statistical discrepancy.
218
REGIONAL STATISTICS
1.
REGIONAL STATISTICAL SERIES
Annual, quarterly and monthly figures
1954
1950
POPULATION (Mid-year, m illion)
Inclu d in g m a in la n d C h in a .
E xcluding m a in la n d C h in a
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIONa
(million tons)
In d e x of a g ric u ltu ra l pro d u ctio n
(excluding m a in la n d C hina)
(1934-38 = 100)
All c o m m o d i t i e s ............................
F o o d .................................................
C e r e a l s .................................................
C e r e a l s .................................................
Rice ( m i l l e d ) ...................................
W h e a t .................................................
M a i z e .................................................
Millet a n d so rg h u m s . . . .
S ta rc h y root c r o p s ............................
P o t a t o e s ..........................................
S w e e t p o ta to e s a n d Y a m s .
C a s s a v a ..........................................
O i l s e e d s .................................................
G ro u n d n u ts (in shell)
C o p r a .................................................
T e a ........................................................
T obacco .................................................
F ib re s ........................................................
Cotton ( l i n t ) ...................................
J u t e ........................................................
N a tu ra l ru b b e ra ...................................
INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION
(thousand tons)
P ro v isio n a l in d e x of in d u stria l
p ro d u c tio n (19 5 3 = 1 0 0 )b .
M i n i n g .................................................
M a n u f a c t u r i n g ............................
C o a l (million t o n s ) ............................
Iron ore (million tons) . . . .
Tin in c o n c e n t r a t e s ............................
P etroleum , c ru d e (million tons) .
S a l t ........................................................
S u g a r ........................................................
Cotton y a r n ..........................................
Cotton fa b ric s (million metres) .
Jute m a n u f a c t u r e s ............................
P a p e r a n d p a p e r b o a rd
V e g e ta b le o i l s ...................................
C em ent (million tons) . . . .
S teel (ingots & m e ta l for c astin g s)
Tin m e t a l .................................................
Electricity (thousand million k W h )
TRANSPORT
R a ilw a y traffic (thousand million) .
P a s s e n g e r k ilom etres
F reight ton-kilom etres
In te rn a tio n a l se a -b o rn e s h ip p in g
(million tons)
F re ig h t l o a d e d ............................
Freight u n l o a d e d ............................
EXTERNAL TRADE
Total v a lu e (million US dollars)
Direction of tra d e
(million US dollars)
Exports to:—
ECAFE co u n tries . . . .
W e s te rn E u ro p e (including
U . K . ) ..........................................
U.K......................................................
U .S.A ..................................................
Sterling a r e a ............................
Im ports from:—
ECAFE co u n tries . . . .
W e s te rn E u ro p e (including
U . K . ) ..........................................
U.K......................................................
U .S.A ..................................................
S terlin g a r e a ............................
1,300
754
1 0 1. 0
65.2
13.6
4.9
12.6
25.5
5.2
12.3
8.0
4.1
2.0
0.5
0.6
0.9
1.7
1951
1,321
763
102.1
65.1
13.8
5.1
12.5
25.5
4.9
11.2
9.4
107.6
69.0
12.6
5.5
14.7
28.2
5.1
13.4
9.7
3.9
2.5
3.6
2.3
0. 6
0.6
1.0
2.0
1955
1952
1,345
776
0.6
0.6
1 9
19 56
1953
1,368
787
1,393
798
1,418
810
1,443
822
114
116
115
121.3
76.6
13.5
6.7
18.1
29.6
5.2
12.8
117
118
113
119.7
71.5
15.6
7.5
17.8
31.2
5.3
12.9
13.0
121
121
117
121.5
77.4
15.9
124
124
5.0
2.4
0.6
0.8
4.7
2.4
11.6
4.2
2.2
0.6
0.6
1.0
1.1
2.1
1.2
1.7
1.6
89
95
100
100
88
100
88.3
7.70
104.5
15.83
4,955
3,973
1,219
7,545
942
1,946
879
14.6
9,234
64.9
67.7
1.8
1.8
65
82
63
75.2
5.22
103.5
11.14
4 310
2,515
816
4,980
854
706
740
8. 4
6,313
70.7
53.4
83
90
82
82.1
6.81
101.4
13.10
4,641
2,812
981
5,980
896
1,333
785
11.4
8,040
67.8
57.5
85.2
7.77
104.9
14.26
4,860
3,647
1,076
6,606
992
1,525
839
12.5
8,616
64.7
62.4
148.2
82.0
147.7
92.9
152.8
96.5
157.5
22. 2
32.4
25.8
46.5
6,746
1.3
1.4
1.7
6.6
14.7
32.9
5.6
14.8
12.5
5
7
1956
III
IV
0.2
0.1 .
0.5
0.5
II
Jul
A ug
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.4
0.4
0.2
142
114
145
24.9
2.73
24.6
4.97
832
156
122
159
25.9
3.03
24.8
5.47
2.913
401
2,300
300
847
286
I
122
126.6
81.6
15.8
7.0
15.4
32.9
5.4
15.1
12.4
0.6
5.0
2.6
0.6
0.8
0.8
1.2
1.3
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
116
104
118
136
139
111
111
139
91.9
10.34
108.7
19.24
4.759
4,837
1,490
8,839
1,268
2,858
1,150
142
22.7
2.84
28.7
4.84
906
140
115
142
24.8
2.79
27.8
4.96
472
396
2,299
294
772
289
5.5
3,468
19.4
23.7
395
2,248
297
780
291
5.6
3,604
19.1
22.4
3,804
18.5
25.3
291
104
1.9
1,292
5.8
8.9
48.4
32.2
15.6
10.3
107
100
108
84.9
8.41
109.8
16.37
4,562
3,783
1,346
8,153
1,013
2,136
969
17.5
9,520
74.5
73.3
8.91
109.5
17.90
5,038
4,664
1,380
8,188
1,145
2,478
1,084
17.6
11,207
74.5
78.8
12,707
76.9
89.6
379
2,254
312
727
295
5.3
3,302
18.7
22.7
100.0
163.5
98.3
170.9
107.5
182.0
117.5
45.4
29.2
44.9
31.3
47.0
32.3
29.6
50.5
34.9
62.0
36.7
64.5
40.2
70.2
42.2
83.0
10.5
21.0
11.0
23.4
10.6
11.0
22.7
27.4
9,737
9,487
7,656
9,367
6,900
8,549
7,244
8,307
8,325
8,765
8,824
10,446
2,147
2,612
2,377
2,806
2,359
3,082
2,216
3 ,386
2,432
3,522
2,964
2,562
2,539
2,667
2,964
716
794
821
784
1,690
696
1,392
2,574
2,713
1,249
1,641
4,006
1,863
840
1,390
2,851
1,759
744
1,238
2,339
1,789
845
1,172
2,691
2,122
1,004
1,526
2,962
2,178
1,004
1,526
2,971
521
253
378
732
587
251
410
803
596
263
369
813
504
232
375
759
2,217
3,364
3,100
2,794
2,679
3,059
3,376
793
838
946
939
1,384
720
1,243
2,140
2,349
1,029
1,992
2,954
2,436
1,073
2,193
2,914
2,221
930
1,800
2,682
2,188
902
1,813
2,400
2,220
956
1,875
2,658
2,568
1,132
2,382
3,072
673
300
606
764
620
270
679
786
738
313
763
884
794
314
967
936
86.6
20. 6
6.1
164
8.3
8.9
1.90
361
150
9.0
1.03
9.0
1.94
338
136
132
100
98
282
1.02
838
1,173
100
1.9
1,186
6.7
8.6
838
1,134
. . .
. . .
219
REGIONAL STATISTICS
1.
REGIONAL STATISTICAL SERIES (Cont’d)
Annual, quarterly and monthly figures
19 5 6
1950
EXTERNAL TRADE (Cont’d )
Q u a n tu m in d e x c (1953 = 100)
E x p o r t s .................................................
I m p o r t s .................................................
U nit v a lu e in d e x c
(in US dollars, 1953= 100)
E x p o r t s .................................................
I m p o r t s .................................................
Term s of tr a d e c (1953 = 100)
E xport of p rim a ry p ro d u c tsd
Q u a n tu m in d e x e s (1 9 5 3 = 1 0 0 )
G e n e r a l ..........................................
F o o d .................................................
A g ric u ltu ra l m a te ria ls
M ineral p ro d u c ts . . . .
Unit v a lu e in d ex (1953 = 100)
G e n e r a l ..........................................
F o o d .................................................
A g ric u ltu ra l m a te ria ls
M ineral p ro d u c ts . . . .
Q u a n tity of exports (thousand tons)
Food
Fish, fre sh or sim ply p r e s e rv e d
Rice a n d rice p ro d u c ts
Sugar
..........................................
T e a .................................................
S p i c e s ..........................................
A g ric u ltu ra l m a te ria ls
H id e s a n d skins, r a w .
O ilse ed s, oil n u ts & oil ke rn els
R u bb er, n a tu r a l
. . . .
W o o d a n d lu m b e r . . . .
Cotton, r a w ...................................
Jute, r a w ...................................
H em p, r a w ...................................
V e g e ta b le oils, not e s s e n tia l .
M ineral p ro d u c ts
Iron o r e ..........................................
Tin ore a n d c o n c e n tra te s .
M a n g a n e s e o re
. . . .
C o a l .................................................
C ru d e p e tro le u m
.
GOLD AND FOREIGN EXCHANGE
ASSETSer (end of period, million
US d o l l a r s ) ..........................................
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1 9
5
7
1956
III
IV
I
II
Jul
A ug
93
75
100
96
100
98
100
100
109
105
124
109
132
127
131
130
144
136
141
145
131
159
103
91
113
140
117
120
111
114
98
100
100
100
98
94
104
99
95
104
98
98
100
96
97
100
98
99
99
98
102
97
99
104
95
92
86
101
67
101
99
107
81
93
96
101
95
100
100
100
100
101
107
99
95
108
108
109
100
109
115
105
111
105
109
100
113
116
124
109
124
119
132
110
116
109
120
95
143
115
126
106
121
118
133
98
163
112
90
129
83
148
94
190
105
117
100
131
109
100
100
100
100
100
105
97
93
108
95
120
94
102
92
110
101
99
89
106
101
100
96
103
102
110
96
124
105
102
86
117
106
107
89
126
97
100
89
110
102
97
2,748
1,031
368
53
121
3,410
857
432
49
145
2,945
1,255
394
62
153
2,654
1,755
436
59
164
2,937
1,604
459
74
180
3,294
1,689
408
80
173
3,244
1,632
458
90
42
681
282
114
25
42
891
370
135
25
53
1,035
657
114
16
34
1,164
562
76
16
15
376
127
37
7
15
414
11140
6
49
1,262
1,751
700
254
942
111
457
44
1,518
1,755
1,024
260
1,078
149
425
22
1,205
1,692
1,270
313
841
127
495
24
1,086
1,611
1,680
354
982
132
404
24
1,285
1,688
1,936
186
892
122
499
22
1,275
1,782
2,375
276
981
135
602
20
1,456
1,699
2,687
226
858
148
515
4
410
434
745
32
122
36
130
7
428
472
716
28
195
34
129
7
345
427
597
75
322
43
93
14
364
393
717
50
98
35
91
2
141
170
188
5
26
13
51
2
176
142
177
5
24
13
43
1,237
44
823
1, 048
3,768
2, 044
42
1,162
2,451
4,974
3,152
46
1,463
2,729
5,670
3,728
45
1,593
2,201
6,963
3,540
45
1,006
2,063
7,083
4,399
44
936
1,562
8,219
5,636
45
712
1,940
10,049
1,648
12
153
596
2,388
1,456
13
181
441
2,836
1,184
9
430
431
2,666
2,202
10
491
411
3.353
726
3
97
147
696
4
171
190
3 819
4,092
4,681
4,378
4,413
5,044
4,780
4,860
4,780
4,539
3,972
3,897
3,814
G E N E R A L N O T E S : I n g e n e r a l , t h e r e g io n a l s t a t i s t i c a l s e r ie s c o v er
th e c o u n tr ie s o f t h e E C A F E r e g io n e x c e p t m a i n l a n d C h in a , N e p a l
a n d , in m o s t o f t h e c a s e s, A f g h a n i s t a n ; in s o m e c a s e s, o t h e r c o u n t r i e s h a v e a ls o b e e n o m itt e d b e c a u s e o f la c k o f d a ta . E x c e p t in th e
c a s e o f m a i n l a n d C h in a , c o u n tr ie s o m itt e d f r o m t h e r e g io n a l s e ries
a r e , f r o m t h e p o i n t o f v ie w o f t h e s e r ie s , u s u a lly less i m p o r t a n t .
T o e n s u r e c o m p a r a b ility , t h e c o u n tr ie s in c lu d e d in d if f e r e n t p e rio d s
f o r e a c h s e r ie s a r e t h e s a m e .
a.
C ro p y e a r b e g i n n i n g f r o m t h e y e a r
r u b b e r f o r w h ic h t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l
a r e used.
s t a t e d . F A O s o u rc e
R u b b e r S tu d y G ro u p
b.
T h e in d e x in c lu d e s m a n u f a c t u r i n g a n d m i n i n g p r o d u c tio n o n ly . T h e
m a n u f a c t u r i n g in d e x is c o m p u te d a s th e a r i t h m e t i c a v e r a g e o f
n a t i o n a l in d e x e s f o r C h in a ( T a i w a n ) , I n d i a , J a p a n a n d t h e P h i l i p p in e s , w e ig h te d a c c o r d i n g to t h e n e t d o m e s tic p r o d u c t o r ig i n a te d
f r o m m a n u f a c t u r i n g in t h e b a s e y e a r in t e r m s o f U n ite d S ta te s
d o lla rs . I n c o m e o r i g i n a t i n g f r o m m a n u f a c t u r e in th e s e f o u r c o u n tr i e s a c c o u n ts f o r a b o u t 80 p e r c e n t o f in c o m e f r o m m a n u f a c t u r i n g
in th e re g io n a s a w h o le , e x c l u d in g m a i n l a n d C h in a . T h e m i n in g
in d e x is a n a r i t h m e t i c a v e r a g e o f n a t i o n a l in d e x e s f o r 12 c o u n tr ie s ,
w e ig h e d b y t h e n e t d o m e s tic p r o d u c t o r ig i n a te d f r o m m i n i n g in t h e
N a tio n a l in d e x e s c o m p ile d b y g o v e r n m e n ts a r e u sed f o r
base y e ar.
C h in a ( T a i w a n ) , I n d ia , J a p a n a n d t h e P h il ip p in e s ; s p e c ia l in d e x e s
c o m p ile d b y t h e S e c r e t a r i a t b a se d o n t h e q u a n t i t y o f m in e r a l p r o d u c tio n , w e ig h e d b y b a s e y e a r p r ic e s , h a v e b e e n c o n s tr u c t e d f o r
B r u n e i, B u r m a , I n d o n e s ia , s o u t h e r n K o re a , M a la y a , P a k i s t a n a n d
T h a ila n d , t h e v a lu e a d d e d f o r e a c h p r o d u c t n o t b e in g a v a ila b le . T h e
v a lu e o f m i n e r a l p r o d u c t s in c lu d e d in t h e r e g io n a l in d e x a c c o u n ts
f o r a b o u t t w o - t h ir d s o f in c o m e o r i g i n a t i n g f r o m m i n in g in th e
re g io n , e x c lu d in g m a in la n d C h in a . T h e re g io n a l m a n u f a c t u r i n g a n d
m i n i n g in d e x e s h a v e b e e n c o m b in e d t o f o r m t h e r e g io n a l in d e x of
in d u s tr ia l p r o d u c tio n , w e ig h e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e n e t d o m e s tic p r o d u c t o r i g i n a t i n g in th e b a se y e a r in th e s e tw o s e c to r s f o r c o u n tr ie s
f o r w h ic h s u c h s t a t i s t i c s a r e a v a ila b le .
c.
B a s e d o n q u a n t u m in d e x e s o f e x p o r ts a n d im p o r ts c o m piled by
g o v e rn m e n ts f o r B u r m a , C eylon, C h in a ( T a i w a n ) , In d ia , J a p a n ,
M a la y a a n d t h e P h il ip p in e s . Q u a n tu m in d e x e s f o r In d o n e s ia ,
P a k i s t a n a n d T h a ila n d a r e d e riv e d f r o m u n i t v a lu e in d e x e s. T h e s e
t e n n a t i o n a l in d e x e s a r e c o m b in e d to f o r m th e r e g io n a l in d e x w ith
t h e d o lla r v a lu e s o f e x p o r t s a n d im p o r ts in th e b a s e y e a r 1953 a s
w e ig h ts . E x p o r t s o f t h e c o u n tr ie s in c lu d e d in th e in d e x a c c o u n t
f o r 88 p e r c e n t o f to t a l e x p o r ts o f th e re g io n , e x c lu d in g m a in la n d
C h in a , in th e b a s e y e a r , a n d im p o r ts o f th e c o u n trie s includ ed in
t h e in d e x a c c o u n t f o r 85 p e r c e n t o f to t a l im p o r ts o f th e re g io n ,
a g a i n e x c lu d in g m a in la n d C h in a . I n t r a - r e g i o n a l t r a d e is n o t ded u c te d , a n d t h e in d e x sh o w s c h a n g e s in th e to ta l q u a n tu m o f
t r a d e o f E C A F E c o u n trie s , a n d n o t c h a n g e s in th e t r a d e of
t h e re g io n v is -a -v is o th e r re g io n s . T h e r e g io n a l u n i t v a lu e inde x e s
o f e x p o r ts a n d im p o r ts a r e d e riv e d f r o m th e r e g io n a l q u a n tu m i n de x es a n d t h e to t a l v a lu e s o f e x p o r ts a n d im p o r ts o f th e s e te n
c o u n tr ie s in U n ite d S ta te s d o lla rs .
d.
E x p o r t s o f 18 p r i m a r y p r o d u c ts a n d food f r o m 16 c o u n trie s (e x c lu d in g A f g h a n i s t a n , m a in la n d C h in a a n d N e p a l) a r e in c lu d e d in
t h e in d e x . T o m in im iz e t h e e ffe c t o f t r a n s i t tr a d e , o n ly e x p o r t of
d o m e s tic p r o d u c e is in c lu d e d f o r H o n g K o n g a n d n e t e x p o r t o f
r u b b e r is u sed f o r M a la y a a n d S in g a p o r e . T h e q u a n t i t y o f e x p o r ts
o f e a c h ite m is to ta lle d f o r 16 c o u n tr ie s , a n d re la tiv e s w ith 1953 a s
t h e b a s e h a v e b e e n c o m p u te d . T h e s e q u a n t i t y re la tiv e s h a v e been
t h e n w e ig h e d b y th e t o t a l v a lu e o f e x p o r ts o f e a c h c o m m o d ity in
16 c o u n tr ie s in t e r m s o f U n ite d S ta te s d o lla rs in 1953 t o f o r m th e
q u a n t u m in d e x . T h e u n i t v a lu e in d e x is d e riv e d b y d iv id in g th e
q u a n t u m in d e x i n t o th e in d e x o f to t a l v a lu e o f e x p o r ts in U n ite d
S ta te s d o lla rs . T h e c o m m o d itie s in c lu d e d in th e in d e x a c c o u n t f o r
44 p e r c e n t o f th e to t a l v a lu e o f e x p o r ts f r o m th e 16 c o u n trie s . ( I f
H o n g K o n g a n d J a p a n a r e e x clu d ed , t h e p e r c e n t a g e is in c re a se d
t o 58.)
e.
F i g u r e s p r i o r to 1955 e x c lu d e d V ie t- N a m .
except
fig u re s
220
PRO D U CTIO N
2.
IN D E X NUM BERS OF PR O D U C TIO N
1953= 100a
1 9 5 7
1956
W eig h t
CHINA (T aiw an)r
In d u strial p ro d u c tio n b . . . .
M ining a n d q u a r r y in g
C o a l .................................................
M a n u fa c tu rin g b
............................
Foodb
..........................................
T e x t i l e s ..........................................
C h e m i c a l s ...................................
C o nstruction of b u ild in g s
Public u t i l i t i e s ............................
E l e c t r i c i t y ...................................
INDIA
In d u strial p ro d u c tio n
. . . .
M i n i n g .................................................
M a n u f a c t u r i n g ............................
F o o d .................................................
T e x t i l e s ..........................................
R u b b e r p ro d u c ts
. . . .
C h e m i c a l s ...................................
N on-m etallic m in e ra l
p ro d u c tsc ...................................
B asic m e ta l in d u strie s
N on-electrical m a c h in e r y .
E lectrical m a c h in e r y .
T ran sp o rt e q u ip m e n t .
E l e c t r i c i t y ..........................................
100.0
10.5
7.4
76.6
19.0
17.8
9.5
1.1
11.9
7.6
KOREA, s o u th e rn (19 5 4 = 10 0 )
In d u stria l p ro d u c tio n
. . . .
M i n i n g .................................................
M a n u f a c t u r i n g ............................
T e x t i l e s ..........................................
M e ta l p ro d u c ts a n d m a c h in e ry
E l e c t r i c i t y ..........................................
PHILIPPINES
M a n u f a c t u r i n g ...................................
N on-d u ra b le m a n u fa c tu rin g .
Tobacco p ro d u c ts . . . .
T e x t i l e s ..........................................
F o o tw e a r a n d w e a r i n g a p p a r e l
C h e m i c a l s ...................................
D u ra b le m a n u fa c tu rin g .
Stone, c la y a n d g la s s p ro d u c ts
(including cem ent) .
M etal p r o d u c t s ............................
E lectrical a p p lia n c e s .
M i n i n g .................................................
a.
b.
49
54
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
1954
III
IV
I
II
III
Oct
162
168
137
161
191
141
173
107
100
88
107
85
116
109
106
115
115
119
114
99
120
101
122
120
145
123
126
125
120
106
125
104
115
134
104
135
144
131
110
101
135
151
113
131
94
134
143
141
123
120
144
172
116
139
133
142
153
138
109
109
144
168
110
150
85
143
154
146
140
118
148
138
128
156
93
146
158
152
128
123
158
182
133
152
122
151
167
158
177
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
107
103
107
96
103
117
108
115
107
116
115
106
129
122
135
110
137
207
112
140
131
137
106
139
203
114
144
132
130
114
130
146
110
139
134
133
123
133
130
113
156
140
149
122
151
306
109
153
134
142
114
143
252
107
157
138
127
117
126
187
102
104
134
3.3
8.0
0.6
1.5
2.9
2.1
100
100
100
100
100
100
115
121
153
112
113
112
124
119
205
138
171
116
142
124
261
184
236
145
137
126
253
190
254
144
153
126
300
198
254
151
159
130
336
213
278
156
148
124
354
210
229
165
151
124
367
220
242
166
161
125
326
188
217
162
N ov
111
63
60
66
64
100
100
100
100
108
100
123
105
109
99
117
111
108
95
110
117
61
100
99
94
92
92
91
92
100.0
95.7
12.9
82.8
47.8
17.1
16.7
35.0
12.9
38
35
65
33
27
29
24
36
22
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
108
107
95
109
114
107
123
102
105
116
116
96
119
128
112
147
106
119
142
142
106
146
144
131
170
144
145
143
143
106
147
151
136
170
142
148
150
151
115
154
155
143
175
153
157
150
150
110
154
154
135
184
155
167
164
165
118
170
169
144
210
170
176
164
164
115
169
169
145
207
169
172
165
166
117
171
175
146
223
165
153
164
164
124
168
175
150
221
159
146
14.6
4.3
40
62
100
100
97
107
94
115
148
134
139
130
154
144
150
144
174
148
175
148
179
151
172
149
100
100
100
100
100
100
119
115
120
119
128
98
143
145
143
142
179
124
156
137
155
143
194
132
161
151
163
165
228
148
145
161
143
162
190
148
194
194
196
186
226
138
189
194
192
189
226
143
211
207
214
198
283
151
.
JAPAN
In d u stria l p ro d u c tio n
. . . .
M a n u fa c tu rin g a n d m in in g .
M i n i n g ..........................................
M a n u f a c t u r i n g ............................
N o n - d u r a b l e ............................
T e x t i l e s ............................
C h e m i c a l s ............................
D u r a b l e ...................................
M e t a l s ...................................
M a c h in e ry a n d tra n s p o rt
e q u ip m e n t . . . .
P u b lic u t i l i t i e s ...................................
40
75
69
33
28
9
46
1953
195G
100.0
7.2
90.7
11.8
48.0
3.4
4.2
INDONESIA
Export p ro d u c ts
G e n e ra ld
..........................................
E s t a t e .................................................
P e a s a n t r y ..........................................
M i n i n g .................................................
E sta te p ro d u c ts (7 item s)
1948e
1955
100.0
10.0
87.0
48.0
13.0
3.0
100.0
69.7
16.2
8.5
7.5
19.4
30.3
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
112
106
123
97
105
106
125
124
118
148
78
111
123
134
143
135
132
104
77
153
166
137
127
108
101
74
157
176
153
146
132
120
76
155
170
146
140
132
134
74
150
157
156
148
161
116
72
155
174
158
147
155
131
72
163
195
36.1
6.0
4.6
100
100
100
100
98
112
113
94
95
146
153
102
106
220
182
113
102
248
235
119
106
227
182
118
106
186
236
115
119
196
251
129
122
246
293
O r ig in a l b a s e : C h in a , 1954; I n d ia , 1951; In d o n e s ia , 1938; J a p a n ,
1934-36 f o r 1948, 1950 s in c e 1953; K o r e a , 1955; P h i lip p in e s , 1952 f o r
1953 t o 1954 a n d 1955 s in c e 1955.
S u g a r p r o d u c tio n is e x c lu d e d f r o m t h e m o n th ly a n d q u a r t e r l y in d e x
b u t in c lu d e d in t h e a n n u a l in d e x . W e i g h ts r e l a t e to a n n u a l in d e x .
c.
M a n u f a c t u r e s o f n o n - m e ta llic m i n e r a l p r o d u c t s e x c e p t p r o d u c ts o f
p e t r o l e u m a n d coal.
d . 18 p r o d u c ts , in c lu d in g f o r e s t p r o d u c t s ( j u n g l e w o o d a n d r a t t a n ) .
e. F o r I n d o n e s ia , fig u r e s r e l a t e to 1949.
221
3.
PRODUCTION
Thousand tons
PRODUCTION OF SELECTED COMMODITIES
M onthly averages or calendar months
19 5 7
1956
1948
NATURAL RUBBERa
C a m b o d i a ..........................................
C e y lo n
. . . . . . . .
I n d i a ........................................................
I n d o n e s i a ..........................................
M a la y a in c lu d in g S in g a p o re .
S a r a w a k .................................................
V i e t - N a m .................................................
COAL
C h in a ( T a i w a n ) ...................................
I n d i a ........................................................
I n d o n e s i a ..........................................
J a p a n ........................................................
K o re a, s o u t h e r n ...................................
M a la y a ,b F e d e ra tio n of
P a k is ta n c
..........................................
IRON OREd
H o n g K ong . . . .
I n d i a ........................................................
J a p a n ® .................................................
K o rea, s o u t h e r n ...................................
M a la y a , F e d e ra tio n of . . .
P h i l i p p i n e s ..........................................
TIN CONCENTRATES (tons)
B u r m a .................................................
C h i n a ........................................................
I n d o n e s i a ..........................................
J a p a n ........................................................
L ao s & V i e t - N a m ............................
M a la y a , F e d e ra tio n of . .
T h a i l a n d .................................................
PETROLEUM, CRUDEf
B r u n e i ........................................................
B u r m a .................................................
I n d o n e s i a ..........................................
J a p a n ........................................................
P a k i s t a n .................................................
S a r a w a k .................................................
SALT
C h in a ( T a i w a n ) ...................................
I n d i a ........................................................
I n d o n e s i a ..........................................
Jap an g
.................................................
K o rea, s o u t h e r n ...................................
SUGARh
C h in a ( T a i w a n ) ...................................
I n d i a ........................................................
I n d o n e s i a ..........................................
P a k i s t a n .................................................
P h i l i p p i n e s ..........................................
TEA
C e y l o n .................................................
C h in a ( T a i w a n ) ...................................
I n d i a ........................................................
I n d o n e s i a ..........................................
P a k i s t a n .................................................
COTTON YARN
C h in a ( T a i w a n ) ...................................
H o n g K ong ..........................................
I n d i a ........................................................
J a p a n ........................................................
K o rea, s o u t h e r n ...................................
P a k i s t a n .................................................
COTTON FABRICS (M n metres)
C eylon (Mn sq. metres) . . . .
C h in a ( T a i w a n ) ...................................
I n d i a ........................................................
I n d o n e s i a .................................................
J a p a n (Mn sq. metres) . . . .
K orea, s o u th e rn (Mn sq. metres) .
P a k i s t a n .................................................
P h i l i p p i n e s ..........................................
JUTE MANUFACTURES
C h in a ( T a i w a n ) ...................................
(G unny b a g . 1,000 pcs) .
I n d i a ........................................................
P a k i s t a n .................................................
PAPER
C h in a ( T a i w a n ) ...................................
I n d i a ........................................................
Ja p a n i
.................................................
K o rea, s o u t h e r n ...................................
P a k i s t a n .................................................
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
III
IV
I
II
III
Oct
Nov
1.4
8.0
1.3
36.6
59.1
3.4
2.3
1.5
8.2
1.7
63.5
49.5
2.7
3.4
1.9
8.3
1.8
58.6
48.6
2.0
4.2
2.0
8.0
1.8
62.5
49.5
2.0
4.6
2.3
7.9
1.9
62.1
54.1
3.3
5.5
2.7
8.1
2.0
58.1
53.1
3.4
5.9
2.8
9.2
2.0
66.8
54.2
3.1
6.1
3.8
9.8
2.7
66.0
54.7
3.3
7.9
1.6
6.5
1.6
50.5
54.1
3.7
2.8
2.3
7.2
1.5
54.0
49.4
3.5
4.7
3.0
10.1
2.2
74.7
56.1
3.2
5.5
2.3
9.0
2.8
55.9
56.8
3.0
5.7
9.1
2.9
47.4
58.0
2.8
7.4
138
2 551
45
2 810
67
32
20
191
3,074
81
3,613
48
27
51
199
3,046
75
3,878
72
24
49
177
3,123
75
3,560
74
19
47
197
3,237
68
3,535
109
17
45
211
3,339
69
3,880
151
15
55
201
3,250
74
3,826
143
14
52
240
3,446
60
4,283
165
15
52
218
3,658
60
4,109
175
17
235
3,676
58
4,410
184
14
245
3,493
53
4,202
203
11
274
3,610
3,983
4,269
233
11
4,674
255
10
__
18
11
332
116
2
89
97
10
309
128
2
90
101
8
333
136
3
103
119
10
361
126
2
124
119
10
367
159
5
207
121
9
341
186
7
293
139
10
406
180
5
210
117
9
393
149
10
227
121
7
399
181
17
282
123
8
350
218
17
317
108
9
401
217
16
293
109
7
405
207
18
171
97
406
2, 592
10
3
3,794
359
93
450
2,964
54
12
4,812
802
80
525
2,858
62
22
4,763
885
80
625
3,036
61
9
5,139
828
80
700
2,825
76
21
5,186
933
78
700
2,545
78
20
5,274
1,057
80
700
3,010
80
20
5,209
1,159
80
700
2,695
80
20
5,264
1,130
80
700
1,967
73
30
5,005
1,060
80
800
2,121
82
30
4,878
1,070
60
800
2,665
80
30
5,028
1,152
60
800
3,067
87
30
5,051
1,227
70
800
2,674
30
5,077
1,227
224
4
361
13
5
4
423
10
710
26
18
4
407
12
852
25
20
4
399
15
898
25
22
6
433
18
982
29
23
6
468
19
1,061
29
24
6
470
20
1,067
26
24
6
472
20
1,113
26
24
6
457
27
1,118
26
24
6
466
36
1,266
26
25
6
466
37
1,358
28
35
30
28
27
30.5
197.6
29.7
24.3
26.0
239.1
26.9
36.1
17.0
13.5
268.5
22.3
38.4
16.1
30.7
229.9
10.9
35.4
15.0
35.1
252.2
3.8
46.1
29.5
25.4
276.9
9.1
52.3
16.4
10.6
145.5
0.2
70.4
33.5
11.2
56.8
36.3
57.7
7.4
16.0
191.6
—
54.4
0.3
37.8
772.2
—
72.4
61.7
16.0
173.3
64.0
86.2
5.7
76.0
40.8
71.6
50.3
18.4
24.6
91.0
52.0
126.5
38.4
5.4
81.4
76.7
109.3
51.6
7.3
85.7
53.5
85.3
59.8
6.4
108.4
66.9
135.0
71.4
8.0
103.7
64.6
165.1
63.7
7.4
97.0
—
6.6
158.5
—
65.5
150.8
22.2
3.4
189.3
370.1
—
19.8
22.8
159.0
96.2
6.4
—
17.7
32.0
107.0
—
12.0
1.0
23.2
3.1
2.0
13.0
1.4
23.0
3.1
2.1
13.9
1.6
24.1
3.9
2.1
14.4
1.1
25.0
3.6
2.0
14.2
1.1
25.1
3.5
2.1
10.6
1.3
45.4
3.2
3.7
15.5
0.8
26.1
4.0
2.7
16.0
0.5
4.1
3.8
0.2
18.7
1.7
23.5
3.9
1.3
11.6
1.5
44.5
3.4
3.4
12.3
1.3
48.0
4.4
3.6
27.3
4.5
2.3
1.1
2.5
54.8
29.4
0.8
0.8
1.6
2.7
56.9
34.5
1.1
4.5
1.9
3.3
59.0
38.7
1.7
7.3
2.1
3.5
61.8
34.9
2.2
10.4
2.0
3.8
63.2
41.1
2.6
11.4
2.0
3.6
65.3
42.0
2.3
10.9
2.1
3.6
66.1
44.7
3.2
12.0
2.0
3.7
67.9
42.7
3.2
11.6
2.2
3.9
66.7
45.7
3.4
11.7
2.6
4.2
67.3
44.2
3.3
2.6
4.4
64.4
39.2
3.7
4.2
66.2
39.0
4.0
0.7
7.1
350
2.4
156
4.2
13.3
0.5
0.6
10.9
372
3.6
196
6.0
19.2
0.9
0.4
13.8
381
3.8
222
8.0
26.5
1.1
0.4
13.6
388
4.2
210
8.4
34.5
0.9
0.6
11.6
404
4.4
242
10.2
38.1
1.4
0.5
11.8
418
4.3
243
9.3
38.1
1.7
0.5
11.3
412
4.7
256
12.4
42.5
1.3
0.1
10.8
418
4.7
251
12.9
40.3
1.6
0.4
12.6
408
12.9
403
15.0
380
392
278
13.7
38.5
1.1
270
277
277
39.9
1.0
0.5
0.8
549
80.6
1.5†
701
73.6
4.2†
754
78.6
4.5
898
87.0
7.5
1,050
92.5
12.1
992
90.8
12.0
1,190
84.4
12.3
1,067
85.9
11.9
1,056
86.1
12.8
799
86.0
13.1
1,101
84.8
93.4
2.5
8.7
160.1
1.5
2.8
10.1
183.6
1.7
1.1
3.6
10.4
214.0
2.0
1.4
3.5
10.7
218.0
2.1
1.5
3.7
10.8
232.7
1.9
1.5
3.8
10.3
234.9
1.6
1.7
3.9
10.4
257.4
4.2
10.6
254.7
1.8
6.2
11.0
252.4
2.0
1.5
193
47
0.8*
30.1
11.3
0.9
21.5
2.2*
54.7
10.4
0.5
0.2
0.5
1.0
337
64
2.4
6.7
0.6
228
92.2
. . .
0.8
4.3
35.3
. . .
2.0
7.7
111.9
0.9
2.0
8.1
146.8
0.8
. . .
. . .
—
8.7
167.8
2.6
. . .
1.7
1.5
16.4
PRODUCTION
3.
PRODUCTION OF SELECTED COMMODITIES (Cont’d)
Monthly averages or calendar months
Thousand tons
19 5 6
1948
VEGETABLE OILS
C h in a (Taiw an): E dib le oil
In d ia : E dible oil (V a n a s p a ti) .
In d o n e sia : P a lm oil
. . . .
J a p a n : C oconut o i l ............................
O th e rs
.............................
M a la y a , F e d e ra tio n of: C oconut oil
P a lm o i l ............................
P a k is ta n : V e g e ta b le oil
. . .
P h ilip p in e s: C oconut oil
S in g a p o re : C oconut oil .
PETROLEUM PRODUCTSj
B u r m a .................................................
C h in a (T aiw an, thousand Kl.) .
I n d o n e s i a ..........................................
J a p a n (thousand Kl.)
. . . .
P a k i s t a n .................................................
CEMENT
B u r m a .................................................
C e y l o n .................................................
C h in a ( T a i w a n ) ...................................
H o n g K ong ..........................................
I n d i a ........................................................
J a p a n ........................................................
K orea, s o u t h e r n ...................................
M a la y a , F e d e ra tio n of . . .
P a k i s t a n .................................................
P h i l i p p i n e s ..........................................
T h a i l a n d .................................................
STEEL (ingots a n d m e ta l for castin g s)
C h in a ( T a i w a n ) ...................................
I n d i a ........................................................
J a p a n ........................................................
P a k i s t a n .................................................
TIN METAL (tons): M a la y a , Fed. of
CONSTRUCTION— N E W BUILDING
C eylon: C o m p le ted k
(Floor a r e a — thousand sq. metres)
R e s i d e n t i a l ...................................
N o n - r e s i d e n t i a l ............................
H ong Kong: C o m p le ted (Cost—
thousand H o n g K ong dollars)
R e s i d e n t i a l ...................................
I n d u s t r i a l ..........................................
C o m m e r c i a l ...................................
O t h e r s .................................................
J a p a n : S ta rte d
(Floor a r e a — thousand sq. metres)
R e s i d e n t i a l ...................................
N o n - r e s i d e n t i a l ............................
K orea, so u th e rn : P erm its is s u e d
(Floor a r e a — thousand sq. metres)
R e s i d e n t i a l ...................................
N o n - r e s i d e n t i a l ............................
P h ilip p in e s: P erm its is s u e d (M anila)
(V alue— thousand pesos)
R e s i d e n t i a l ...................................
N o n - r e s i d e n t i a l ............................
T h ailan d : P erm its is s u e d (Bangkok)
(N um ber o f permits)
R e s i d e n t i a l ...................................
N o n - r e s i d e n t i a l ............................
ELECTRICITY (million k Wh)
C a m b o d i a ..........................................
C e y l o n .................................................
C h in a ( T a i w a n ) ...................................
H ong K o n g ..........................................
I n d i a ........................................................
J a p a n ........................................................
Korea, s o u t h e r n ...................................
M a la y a ,m F e d e ra tio n of
P a k i s t a n .................................................
Philip p in e s (M anila)
. . . .
S i n g a p o r e ..........................................
T h a ila n d (Bangkok)n
. . . .
Viet-N am p
..........................................
a.
d.
1952
1953
1954
1955
91 5 7
1956
III
IV
I
II
III
Oct
0.5
16.2
12.2
1.3
5.0
6.9
3.8
0.7
12.1
2.2
0.8
16.2
13.4
1.2
8.8
6.7
4.2
0.9
11.8
1.4
0.7
19.5
14.1
1.6
9.0
8.2
4.6
0.9
12.2
3.2
0.8
22.1
13.8
2.3
13.0
8.0
4.8
1.2
13.3
2.8
0.9
21.6
13.7
2.0
15.1
9.2
4.7
1.4
17.7
3.4
1.1
19.4
15.0
2.1
15.9
10.3
5.2
1.3
1.0
20.1
14.7
2.0
16.4
9.5
5.0
1.4
0.6
27.6
11.3
2.7
16.4
8.4
4.0
1.6
0.6
26.4
13.5
2.1
14.2
7.4
4.9
1.3
0.9
22.0
16.2
2.7
17.6
8.9
5.7
1.9
23.8
14.0
2.2
17.6
9.3
6.0
3.6
3.6
3.4
3.7
4.6
5.7
8.3
27.0
808.2
505.6
5.4
10.2
37.0
825.8
616.7
6.2
11.1
51.0
863.9
717.8
6.3
11.4
52.8
859.0
984.1
7.0
11.8
54.8
842.4
994.5
6.2
12.0
47.2
872.1
1,111.9
8.3
47.2
901.1
1,118.1
7.6
59.9
897.0
1,227.9
6.9
63.7
923.0
1,187.6
6.4
37.4
14.8
0.7
6.7
23.6
760.1
392.2
4.9
19.6
4.4
131.0
154.9
1.9
3.4
5.1
37.1
5.8
299.5
593.1
3.0
27.4
10.0
6.9
44.9
26.4
20.6
3.5
5.5
43.3
5.3
320.0
730.7
3.5
6.4q
50.5
26.5
24.0
4.9
7.0
44.7
8.4
372.0
889.6
5.1
7.2
57.0
26.7
31.9
5.0
7.1
49.2
9.7
379.9
879.7
4.7
9.1
57.8
34.1
32.2
3.2
7.1
49.2
10.1
417.2
1,085.3
3.8
8.7
65.5
37.0
33.1
3.9
8.1
52.4
10.1
403.9
1,152.8
3.2
8.8
59.8
32.9
31.4
1.3
6.7
50.2
8.2
434.2
1,167.6
2.4
9.0
79.2
35.1
31.8
4.5
4.3
53.5
9.3
466.8
1,157.3
4.5
9.3
95.2
35.7
31.3
2.7
3.1
3.9
54.1
45.2
7.1
9.2
439.6
446.1
1,373.0 1,224.9
6.4
7.2
9.2
10.0
89.8
85.0
32.7
31.8
38.2
28.8
0.6
106.4
142.8
0.2
4,209
1.4
133.6
582.4
0.6
5,320
2.5
127.6
638.5
0.9
5,284
4.1
143.4
645.0
0.8
6,025
4.8
144.3
784.0
0.9
5,980
6.0
147.1
925.5
0.9
6,203
5.9
145.8
948.0
1.0
6,034
6.7
149.5
998.9
1.0
6,255
7.9
148.2
1,122.3
1.2
6,200
5.6
139.2
1,122.3
1.0
6,006
3.70
1.65
6.27
2.29
7.22
2.70
6.72
2.02
6.49
2.20
8.24
1.81
5.49
2.95
4.99
1.53
5.74
1.28
4,128
564
86
1,828
4,236
671
886
1,807
8,902
862
336
1,845
8,654
815
1,438
2,197
7,658
436
1,851
1,018
9 ,352
944
501
2,024
7,571
1,467
958
1,621
1,421
1,448
1,400
1,367
1,454
1,328
1,752
1,665
1,851
1,756
1,676
1,779
27
65
41
77
0.1
11.0
1.1
2.0
4.3
3.8
—
7.7
3.8
1.8
19.5
1, 921
1,239
1,434
1,381
13s
53s
3,539
2,370
1,662
1,559
126
41
1
5
70
13
381
2,965
41
11
30
11
4
8
2
11
118
33
516
4,304
53
61
25
46
18
7
21
Nov
25.8
12.3
8.5
5.2
5.0
1,250.3
1.6
2.0
42.9
7.7
518.8
1,349.8
6.4
9.3
89.4
31.0
31.0
6.0
583.3
1,290.0
12.6
9.7
96.5
15.3
34.3
5.8
140.4
1,084.0
0.9
6,135
7.6
152.8
875.5
1.0
6,621
1.0
5,202
10,811
1,265
873
1,565
8,584
494
187
1,411
17,858
111
1,334
2,013
11,016
1,404
4,384
1,917
1,653
1,805
2,063
1,983
1,869
1,676
2,089
1,722
28
61
9
38
28
79
28
74
31
83
21
50
1,573
2,339
850
1,620
1,295
1,857
1,596
2,298
1,091
2,231
1,695
2,849
2,182
4,760
1,783
2,259
1,522
2,730
1,492
2,410
1,744
2,516
251
57
214
72
244
72
201
64
171
65
153
69
223
62
204
53
191
31
168
27
183
25
2
12
130
36
559
4,642
61
64
34
52
23
8
24
2
14
150
41
625
4,967
75
73
41
58
27
13
15
2
15
164
47
716
5,433
73
79
51
65
31
16
17
3
16
187
54
803
6,011
93
84
3
17
186
58
802
6,103
99
84
3
17
200
54
839
6,353
112
87
3
15
200
57
851
5,925
110
85
3
17
206
60
911
6,815
103
88
3
18
217
68
925
6,993
107
91
3
16
231
64
918
6,852
113
92
77
36
18
17
78
37
19
17
83
38
20
18
84
38
20
18
91
41
21
19
98
43
101
44
95
18
19
19
Inc luding: la t e x .
b. L ig n ite .
c . I n c l u d i n g lig n it e .
A p p r o x i m a t e m e t a l c o n t e n t o f o re s a s f o llo w s : H o n g K o n g , 4 5 %
I n d ia , 6 5 % ; J a p a n a n d t h e P h il i p p i n e s , 5 5 % ; M a la y a , 6 0 % .
e . I n c lu d in g ir o n s a n d .
f. S pe c ific g r a v i t y : B r u n e i, B u r m a , P a k i s t a n a n d S a r a w a k , 0.84;
I n d o n e s ia , 0.85; J a p a n , 0.90.
g . P r o d u c ti o n i n g o v e r n m e n t lic e n s e d p la n t s o n ly .
h. A n n u a l fig u r e s r e l a t e t o c r o p y e a r f o r I n d i a a n d t h e P h il ip p in e s ,
c a l e n d a r y e a r f o r o t h e r c o u n tr ie s .
i. I n c lu d in g p a p e r b o a r d .
j.
k.
m.
n.
p.
q.
16
62
930
5,654
117
C o m p r is in g m o t o r s p i r i t , k e r o s e n e a n d diesel o il f o r B u r m a : g a s o lin e
d ie se l oil, k e r o s e n e a n d f u e l oil f o r C h in a ( T a i w a n ) ; m o t o r s p i r i t ,
a v ia tio n s p irit, k ero sen e,
h e a v y oil, w a x a n d p a r a f f in ,
a sp h a lt
a n d c u tb a c k f o r I n d o n e s ia : g a s o lin e , d ie se l oil, k e ro s e n e , f u e l oil,
o th e r s f o r J a p a n ; m o t o r s p i r i t a n d k e r o g a s oil. l u b r i c a t i n g oil a n d
sene fo r P a k is ta n .
E x c l u d i n g p a r t i c u l a r s o f b u ild in g s u n d e r b u ild in g s c h e m e s .
I n c l u d i n g e le c tr ic ity p u r c h a s e d f r o m S i n g a p o r e .
C o n s u m p t io n o f e le c tr ic ity ; B a n g k o k E l e c t r i c W o r k s a n d S a m S e n
P o w e r S ta tio n .
B e g i n n i n g 1954, s o u t h e r n V i e t - N a m o n ly , w h ic h r e p r e s e n t e d 5 7 % o f
t o t a l p r o d u c tio n in 1954.
s. D e c e m b e r .
A n n u a l r a t e based on p ro d u c tio n o f A u g u st-D ecem b er.
223
TRANSPORT
4.
VOLUME OF TRAFFIC: RAILWAYS, SEA-BORNE SHIPPING AND CIVIL AVIATION
M onthly averages or calendar months
91
19 56
1948
1952
1953
1954
1955
III
IV
RAILW AYSa
P a ssen g e r-k ilo m e tre s (m illion)
82
66
66
70
57
47
34
40
..........................................
B u rm a †
5
5
6
5
4
4
3
C a m b o d i a ...................................
253
220
237
211
186
173
161
184
C h in a ( T a i w a n ) ............................
5,207
5,033
5,464
5,040
4,892
4,723
4,601
4,925
In d ia †
..........................................
7,994
8,204
8,174
7,603
7,253
6,963
6,707
6,595
Japan †
..........................................
348
356
337
316
332
262
236
219
K o rea, s o u th e rn †
. . . .
855
857
860
788
772
730
795
829
P a k is ta n †
...................................
55
45
43
37
35
32
35
26
P h ilip p in e sø ...................................
140
134
167
155
196
191
188
109
T h a i l a n d ..........................................
27
33
32
8
6
31
11
V iet-N am b
. . .
F re ig h t ton-kilom etres (m illion)
49
46
51
53
44
35
24
52
B u rm a †
..........................................
3
2
4
2
4
5
4
C a m b o d i a ...................................
155
126
137
142
122
104
120
53
C h in a c ( T a iw a n ) ............................
5,180
5,031
5,166
4,595
4,159
4,002
3,879
3,040
In d ia †
..........................................
4,134
3,861
3,768
3,500
3,277
3,227
3,368
2,109
Japan†
..........................................
195
189
179
189
160
229
256
87
K orea, so u th e rn †
. . . .
37
38
37
33
32
31
31
26
M a la y a in clu d in g S in g a p o re .
603
421
469
520
449
472
451
319
P a k is ta n †
...................................
12
13
13
12
12
12
11
10
P h ilip p in e sø ...................................
83
71
65
76
57
54
46
25
T h a i l a n d ..........................................
6
6
5
15
13
12
7
...................................
Viet-N am b
INTERNATIONAL SEA-BORNE SH IPPING
Freig h t lo a d e d (L) a n d u n lo a d e d (U) in e x te rn a l tr a d e ( thousand tons)
92
86
82
88
73
67
92
63
C e y lo n d
L .
232
229
205
191
||203
182
174
141
U .
.
.
102
71
104
106
85
64
120
13
C h in a (T aiw an)
L .
170
177
188
155
142
109
91
22
U .
.
.
164
166
162
141
126
126
128
104
H ong Kong
L .
409
378
386
347
279
303
284
236
U .
.
.
1,286
1,051
1,086
1,016
1,068
1,034
859
432
In d o n e sia e
L .
408
332
354
272
326
350
396
160
U .
. .
661
732
624
681
476
413
421
165
Japanf
L .
4,036
3,970
3,870
3,058
2,794
2,607
1,978
563
U .
. .
13
14
11
8
3
9
12
18
K orea, s o u th e rn
L .
110
74
74
171
82
95
3
39
U .
.
.
143
89
120
124
101
109
96
P a k is ta n
L .
415
355
335
236
218
293
348
U .
.
.
522
587
558
483
442
375
368
P h ilip p in e s
L .
389
312
347
280
251
283
215
.
.
U .
538
545
552
510
450
438
224
S in g a p o re g
L .
942
914
921
883
769
732
441
U .
.
.
203
156
164
161
138
143
149
T h a ila n d (Bangkok) L .
134
126
123
116
108
107
94
U .
.
.
38
42
47
64
79
64
23
V iet-N am (Saigon)
L .
110
111
118
136
170
132
100
.
.
U .
E n tra n c es (E) a n d c le a ra n c e s (C) of v e s s e ls w ith c a r g o in e x te rn a l t r a d e (thousand net registered tons)
112
94
112
113
124
104
98
118
B u rm a h E .....................................
151
162
155
159
150
146
132
157
C ...................................
841
821
829
806
750
753
775
646*
In d ia
E .....................................
695
676
737
702
800
885
7 43
567*
C ...................................
CIVIL AV IATIO Ni
P a ssen g e r-k ilo m e tre s (m illion)
4.13
5.23
5.11
4.55
4.58
3.53
B u r m a .................................................
2.79
3.53
2.45
0.79
0.77
1.67
2.42
0.36
C e y l o n ..........................................
4.43
4.08
3.99
3.85
3.64
3.12
1.90
C h in a ( T a i w a n ) ............................
66.04
54.26
56.60
42.92
36.70
32.15
32.46
23.65
I n d i a .................................................
22.40
19.95
14.03
15.01
13.28
8.49
I n d o n e s i a ..........................................
41.41
42.25
37.96
27.43
19.47
11.20
5.75
J a p a n .................................................
15.00
12.29
12.03
9.21
3.46
4.88
5.81
P a k i s t a n ..........................................
12.67
11.74
10.60
10.08
10.84
14.57
17.78J 18.97
P h i l i p p i n e s ...................................
4.54
5.95
5.09
4.14
3.35
2.60
2.26
0.93
T h a i l a n d ..........................................
F reig h t ton-kilom etres (thousand)
86
101
112
127
181
106
B u r m a ..................................................
130
170
118
14
12
69
147
2
C e y l o n ..........................................
191
145
162
203
199
179
136
C h in a ( T a i w a n ) ............................
3,349
3,321
3,215
2,879
2,357
2,203
2,180
475
I n d i a .................................................
702
709
729
662
621
620
595
389
I n d o n e s i a ..........................................
955
754
762
508
258
55
24
J a p a n ..................................................
340
282
214
260
147
153
167
P a k i s t a n ..........................................
386
338
335
347
398
817j
778
540
P h i l i p p i n e s ...................................
127
107
112
107
151
140
85
17
T h a i l a n d ..........................................
a.
b.
d.
c.
e.
R a i lw a y tra ff ic c o v e r a g e : C h in a , T a i w a n R a i lw a y A d m in is tr a tio n ;
In d ia a n d P a k is ta n , c la ss I r a ilw a y s ; I n d o n e s ia , p o s t w a r d a t a r e la te
t o F e d e ra l a r e a o n ly : J a p a n , S t a t e R a ilw a y s o n ly ; P h ilip p in e s ,
M a n ila R a ilr o a d C o m p a n y .
F r o m A u g u s t 1954, s o u t h e r n V i e t - N a m o n ly .
F o r 1938-53 p o r t o f C o lo m b o o nly.
I n c lu d in g s e r v ic e tra ffic .
B e g i n n in g 1952 F e d e r a l a r e a o n ly .
5
7
1956
II
III
Oct
N ov
76
85
70
8
6
285
5,618
8,257
263
902
53
185
36
281
5,853
8,487
273
850
89
7
311
79
6
50
I
6
162
5,858
3,799
164
38
573
15
84
7
111
250
162
178
150
433
918
380
656
4,398
8,807
319
343
182
39
8,642
277
869
49
141
35
53
138
146
54
5
159
5,615
4,023
45
5
155
5,561
3,961
44
3
162
50
200
211
4,256
206
39
537
15
80
7
36
489
17
4,324
215
33
64
67
257
109
195
148
440
1,194
729
644
5,491
11
21
63
119
396
526
275
546
949
217
134
56
125
78
354
544
347
111
286
5,486
534
921
191
150
80
129
119
86
93
303
63
219
128
402
1,373
438
647
5,214
14
153
84
422
408
332
72
176
144
428
107
113
144
1,007
658
2.81
3.78
64.34
4.49
65.57
4.70
51.87
12.77
5.62
121
399
616
991
164
177
981
675
50.92
16.39
14.52
7.10
586
4,700
16
90
537
954
178
137
64
130
172
865
642
38.71
16.50
19
79
88
6
121
58
82
158
93
62
310
110
172
144
406
577
4,282
4
59
115
344
600
1,034
139
128
31
107
142
5.61
17.17
13.26
6.12
15.42
7.44
14.17
6.91
—
154
165
3,283
720
856
269
347
143
—
184
3,092
734
921
293
346
163
133
3,222
785
163
816
824
321
168
328
156
382
333
156
f. C a r g o c a r r ie d b y ste e l vessels o n ly ; e x c lu d in g m ili ta r y goods.
g. P r i o r t o 1953, e x c lu d in g oil h a n d le d a t P u lo B u k o m a n d P u lo
S e b a ro k .
h . T o t a l n u m b e r o f e n tr a n c e s a n d c le a r a n c e s m a d e d u r i n g e ach v o y a g e
b u t e x c lu d in g s a il in g v essels. A n n u a l fig u re s r e la te to 12 m o n th s
e n d in g S e p te m b e r o f p o s t w a r y e a r s ta t e d .
i. S c h e d u le d d o m e stic a n d i n t e r n a t i o n a l r o u te s .
j . I n c lu d in g n o n -s c h e d u le d o p e ra tio n s .
224
EXTERNAL TRADE
5.
Exp o rts
Imp orts
B a la n c e
VALUE OF EXPORTS AND IMPORTS AND BALANCE OF TRADE
M onthly averages or calendar months
Exp o rts
Imp o rts
B a la n c e
Exp o rts
Exp o rts
B a la n c e
Im p o rts
B a la n c e
Exp o rts
Imp o rts
B a la n c e
Exp o rts
II
III
19.1
16.6
14.0
14.5
16.6
18.0
83
105
94
100
90
97
55
76
70
81
72
78
+ 28
+ 29
+ 24
+ 19
+ 18
— 19
20
33
161
183
117
103
8
14
124
165
139
165
+ 12
+ 19
+ 37
+ 18
— 22
— 62
159
125
131
151
162
144
130
142
134
116
122
135
+ 29
— 17
— 3
+ 35
+ 40
+ 9
90
122
165
121
160
244
141
211
230
275
262
400
42
64
92
125
127
166
372
243
228
202
212
268
408
316
323
286
310
381
53
57
61
65
9.6
10.5
+ 17.6
+ 17.9
98
90
72
91
+ 26
— 1
104
107
182
161
— 78
— 54
153
145
142
151
+ 11
—6
177
256
370
431
169
164
261
266
362
386
62
64
10.6
8.8
+ 16.7
+ 19.2
99
99
89
64
99
122
127
121
— 23
— 38
— 57
161
170
138
155
104
106
151
202
215
289
+ 55
+ 19
— 64
— 60
— 185
172
124
143
160
132
154
156
158
138
152
+ 18
— 32
— 15
+ 22
— 20
417
334
235
204
227
370
415
466
588
437
119
185
193
201
186
279
248
230
259
254
465
435
401
428
412
68
64
67
71
63
23.3
23.0
23.5
22.8
25.3
27.5
4.2
6.4
9.5
8.3
8.7
9.5
27.2
28.4
27.3
28.0
+
+
+
+
+
+
Oct
N ov
S p e c ia l
pro cu rem entd
653
516
443
469
504
504
712
674
481
515
540
679
— 59
— 158
— 38
— 46
— 36
— 175
409
888
798
823r
898
838
276
900
726
598
600r
813r
+ 133
— 12
+ 72
+ 225r
+ 298r
+ 25
40.7
38.2
38.2
48.9
60.3
75.0
61.4
60.9
72.3
72.0
74.1
96.9
10.6
0.04
0.16
0.33
0.56
0.75
1.06
0.10
0.59
1.86
2.32
4.02
2.95
— 0.06
— 0.43
— 1.53
— 1.76
— 3.27
— 1.90
5
9.2
13.3
7.2
5.2
5.0
7
6
3
4
4
28
32
47
55
103
474
553
700
701
— 226
-1 4 8
856
942
779
695
+ 77
+ 247
74.3
86.6
99.0
108.6
7.1
3.9
0.96
1.04
2.68
2.74
— 1.72
— 1.70
6
3
94
113
550
496
592
536
785
874
818
731
— 235
— 378
— 226
— 195
743
802
1,024
894
863
742r
879
716
589
721
— 77
+ 308
+ 305
+ 142
78.1
80.5
92.5
81.1
84.9
127.8
153.4
128.6
110.1
95.9
4.3
8.3
11.2
7.3
1.3
0.94
1.00
1.03
0.89
0.69
2.17
3.34
3.22
3.52
3.75
— 1.23
— 2.34
— 2.19
— 2.63
— 3.06
2
4
98
112
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1956
III
IV
1957
I
II
III
Oct
N ov
186
230
243
246
168
717
845
935
866
770
— 531
— 615
— 692
— 620
— 602
359
334
347
376
362
385
357
384
355
334
—
—
—
+
+
26
23
37
21
28
+ 33
— 77
— 82
— 85
-2 7
78.0
83.3
66.5
45.9
68.4
94.1
111.2
105.4
104.8
102.7
— 16.1
— 27.9
— 38.9
— 58.9
— 34.3
40.0
41.7
44.3
37.6
37.9
41.2
+
+
+
697
615
591
659
E x clu d in g t r a d e w ith
M a la y a , F e d . of
+ 40
— 17
34
31
175
181
232
228
301
239
195
194
239
258
89
92
+ 30
+ 30
220
233
253
255
-3 3
22
116
99
+ 17
110
88
+ 22
243
224
226
242
244
286
269
288
267
250
— 43
— 45
— 62
— 25
6
110
129
146
95
84
75
67
80
88
+
+
+
+
+
+
11
185
195
149
153
+
+
36
42
119
122
193
174
182
196
177
157
144
158
146
143
+
+
+
+
+
36
30
24
50
34
121
— 14
711
— 90
705
689 8— — 98
667
612
633
165
104
77
78
114
119
156
138
3
8
530
673
+ 126
+ 40
+ 12
+ 25
+ 69
+ 42
282
178
133
135
198
188
—
+
+ 1.6
— 0.3
E x clu d in g t r a d e
w ith S in g a p o re
121
134
118
96
88
84
70
20
2
+ 25
+ 46
+ 34
341
222
—
20
— 13
— 7
— 30
—
-
|
M A LA YA in clu ding
SIN GAP ORE
( Malayan dollar)
342
347
38.8
39.9
In c lu d in g tr a d e
w ith S in g a p o re
— 0.1
+ 0.5
339
355
40.4
39.6
SIN G A PO R E
(M alayan dollar)
10.2
9.8
9.8
— 457
— 504
— 14.8
— 10.6
MALAYA, F e d e ra tio n of ( M a l a y a n d o l l a r )
10.2
9.7
10.3
613
627
87.0
89.0
2.4
3.8
3.1
— 96
— 108
156
123
72.2
78.4
184
175
160
192
165
+ 0.1
— 82
+ 40
— 45
— 77
217
98
78
107
138
11.1
10.7
201
122
+ 103
+ 60
— 22
— 41
— 3
— 46
211
164
157
164
75.2
270
427
514
556
600
624
141
200
11.2
10.7
—
+ 110
+
3
— 18
— 3
+ 28
+
1
373
487
492
515
597
578
96
123
88
110
—
396
323
270
262
318
346
+ 10.4
+ 4.6
+ 2.5
+ 2.3
+ 3.0
+ 1.9
66.8
+ 3.7
— 0.5
— 0.8
+ 0.2
+ 1.4
+ 0.3
506
326
252
259
346
347
32.0
31.9
32.9
33.2
36.8
38.7
72.6
58.7
67.3
67.5
5.9
5.9
5.5
6.2
7.3
9.8
— 299
— 588
— 726
— 782
— 567
— 492
42.4
36.5
35.4
35.5
39.8
40.6
+ 59
— 27
+ 24
+ 7
+ 35
— 31r
9.6
5.4
4.7
6.4
8.7
10.1
6
510
752
883
946
768
614
— 9.1
— 11.8
— 8.8
— 12.9
— 24.5
— 9.2
151
174
97
92
90
166r
21
26
44
51
—
—
—
—
—
VIET-NAMg
( piastre )
81.7
70.5
76.1
80.4
91.3
84.4
210
147
121
99
125
135
11
. . .
THAILAND
( ba h t)
SA RA W A K
(M alayan dollar)
PHILIPPINESf
( peso)
PAKISTAN
( rupee )
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1956
III
IV
1957
I
II
III
Oct
Nov
1r
+
N O R TH BO RNEO
(M a layan dollar)
LAOS
( k ip )
KOREA,e s o u th e rn
(1,000 M n h w a n )
JA PA N
(1,000 M n yen )
INDONESIAc
( rupiah)
INDIAb
( rupee)
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1956
III
IV
1957
I
II
III
O ct
N ov
B alan ce
E x p o r ts ,
d om e stic
IC A
im p o rts
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1956
III
IV
1957
I
Im p o rts
H O N G KONG
( H K dollar)
C H IN A (T aiw an)
( N T dollar)
CEYLON
( rupee )
CAM BODIAa
(riel)
BURMA
(k y a t)
BRUNEI
(Malayan dollar)
Imp o rts
Millions
G E N E R A L N O T E S : S p e c ia l t r a d e s y s t e m f o r C a m b o d ia , C h in a :
T a iw a n , I n d o n e s ia , K o r e a ( s o u t h e r n ) , L a o s , N o r t h B o rn e o ,
S a r a w a k a n d V i e t - N a m ; g e n e r a l t r a d e s y s te m f o r o t h e r
c o u n tr ie s . F i g u r e s o n i m p o r t s in c lu d e a id u n le s s o th e r w is e
s p ec ified .
a . P r i o r t o 1953, e x c l u d in g t r a d e w i t h L a o s a n d V ie t- N a m .
b . U p to 1951, i m p o r t s e x c lu d e s p e c ia l i m p o r t s o f g r a i n , p u ls e
a n d flour.
c. F r o m 13 M a r . 1950 t o 2 F e b . 1952 in c lu s iv e , e x c l u d in g v a lu e
o f e x c h a n g e c e r tif ic a te s . F o r 1 J a n - 3 F e b 1952, i m p o r t a n d
e x p o r t v a lu e s a r e b a s e d o n 3 t i m e s t h e official e x c h a n g e
r a t e a n d f r o m 4 F e b . 1952 o n w a r d s t h e y a r e b a s e d o n official
e x c h a n g e r a t e o f th e B a n k I n d o n e s ia .
d. N o t in c lu d e d in t r a d e s t a t i s t i c s .
e. F o r e x p o r t s : U p t o M a r . 1951, v a lu e d f.o .b ., f r o m A p r . 1951
v a l u a t i o n b a s e d o n d o m e s tic m a r k e t p r ic e s . F o r i m p o r t s :
e x c lu d in g G o v e r n m e n t i m p o r t s , m i l i t a r y s u p p lie s a n d g oods
im p o r t e d b y v a r i o u s a id a g e n c ie s ; u p t o M a r . 1951, v a lu e d
c .i.f.; f r o m A p r . 1951 v a l u a t i o n b a s e d o n lo c a l m a r k e t p r ic e s
e x c l u d in g d i s t r i b u t i v e m a r g i n s a n d n e t o f i m p o r t d u tie s a n d
e x c ise .
f . I m p o r t s v a lu e d f.o .b .
g . P r i o r t o J a n u a r y 1955, e x c l u d in g t r a d e w i t h C a m b o d ia a n d
L a o s b u t in c lu d in g t r a n s i t t r a d e o f th e s e c o u n t r i e s w ith
o t h e r c o u n t r i e s t h r o u g h V i e t - N a m . B e g i n n i n g J u n e 1955,
t r a d e o f t h e R e p u b l ic o f V i e t - N a m o n ly .
225
6.
DIRECTION OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE
EXTERNAL TRADE
Quarterly averages or quarters
Y ear
and
Q u a rte r
TRADE W ITH
1.
1948
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1956
A ll co u n trie s
1957
2.
1948
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1956
ECAFE C o u n trie sa
(in clu d in g Ja p a n )
1957
3.
Japan
1948
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1956
I
4.
W e ste rn E urop e
(including UK)
1957
1948
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1956
U n ited K ingdom
1948
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1956
1957
6.
E a s te rn E u ro p e
1948
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1956
I
I
III
IV
I
II
III
III
IV
I
III
1957
5.
III
IV
I
II
III
1957
III
IV
I
II
III
III
IV
I
II
III
III
IV
I
E xports
Im ports
57.2
51.6
66.0
59.4
62.1
56.7
60.7
62.0
57.0
59.6
62.2
45.0
34.4
48.0
44.2
51.1
45.0
49.4
45.3
57.5
62.2
77.2
80.3
50.0
42.4
51.6
45.0
52.1
40.4
42.8
44.6
44.2
46.2
46.0
14.4
20.0
28.7
22.9
26.3
21.5
22.6
19.4
28.8
30.2
38.6
36.5
0.1
7.2
8.2
11.2
14.6
11.4
9.3
2.2
2.7
13.8
5.4
0.3
5.9
7.2
7.3
11.2
9.6
8.2
5.5
12.4
15.4
19.0
15.4
5.8
5.4
8.4
6.4
5.4
8.7
7.4
6.3
7.0
5.5
4.3
23.9
11.6
14.6
16.9
20.2
18.7
18.8
17.3
19.9
22.8
24.8
30.5
5.1
3.3
6.2
4.4
3.9
4.8
4.4
4.8
4.0
3.6
2.2
21.1
8.4
10.8
11.8
12.5
11.5
10.4
10.6
10.3
14.8
13.7
18.1
—
0.1
__
0.2
5.6
5.7
6.0
0.9
2.7
7.3
CEYLON
CAMBODIA
BURMAb
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.6
0.5
4.0
4.7
3.5
3.8
6.8
6.0
Million dollars
CHINA (T aiw an)
Exports
Im ports
Exports
11.9
14.2
15.6
13.8
9.1
12.9
17.3
76.4
100.0
78.8
82.3
95.0
101.8
86.8
92.5
85.6
102.3
73.3
85.8
75.1
82.0
89.6
84.5
73.4
76.7
85.6
88.9
94.3
97.1
98.3
99.4
24.6
32.4
31.9
23.3
30.8
29.6
21.4
31.0
50.5
40.4
28.5
4.3
3.2
3.4
4.3
5.0
6.1
5.5
7.5
9.1
9.9
8.6
4.8
8.3
11.0
4.6
7.6
12.0
16.3
18.6
13.7
14.4
20.6
12.3
18.9
11.8
11.5
26.3
31.2
32.6
34.8
32.0
32.7
35.2
36.8
44.3
36.0
38.1
37.3
•••
...
0.1
0.4
0.4
0.8
0.2
0.8
0.1
...
1.2
2.7
2.6
3.6
0.9
1.2
1.8
0.1
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.8
0.6
0.7
0.6
0.7
1.2
1.0
1.2
3.7
3.0
3.7
3.1
3.6
2.9
5.7
Exports
Exports
Im ports
36.3
46.8
45.5
52.8
50.2
48.4
44.7
52.2
44.8
50.2
56.4
101.1
195.2
127.4
120.8
105.9
111.1
140.8
155.5
159.6
164.0
144.0
141.8
130.8
214.0
165.7
170.6
150.3
162.8
199.8
209.0
221.6
261.3
243.2
231.6
19.3
26.8
20.7
18.2
24.4
20.4
12.4
23.6
33.4
25.4
20.4
16.1
17.4
17.5
20.7
18.0
19.7
16.7
23.2
20.2
19.5
20.7
60.9
149.4
100.2
90.0
72.5
69.0
93.1
85.0
89.2
94.0
77.0
61.4
53.8
103.6
90.2
93.4
76.1
91.7
115.6
97.0
112.5
136.4
112.0
113.3
1.0
4.2
5.4
3.6
4.0
5.2
6.0
6.0
7.4
8.3
6.4
6.0
...
11.9
17.0
14.5
11.9
18.3
11.0
2.7
13.0
17.6
12.9
4.0
...
12.5
12.6
13.5
17.6
15.3
17.6
14.5
21.2
17.6
16.5
18.5
3.1
8.4
5.4
9.7
5.0
6.4
13.9
17.2
19.4
16.9
12.9
6.3
5.0
17.2
21.1
16.8
20.3
23.0
35.5
23.4
29.7
35.7
30.9
28.5
30.7
50.4
32.4
30.4
34.8
38.8
34.4
31.6
35.9
39.1
25.9
29.7
16.4
25.5
27.2
27.3
24.2
26.2
28.0
27.3
25.8
31.7
32.1
28.6
0.8
1.7
3.9
1.4
1.7
1.8
3.4
1.6
0.5
1.1
2.1
1.6
2.6
6.3
4.5
3.5
4.5
3.7
3.9
3.4
4.0
4.7
8.9
17.6
9.8
10.5
10.6
15.9
18.6
20.1
18.0
20.7
20.0
20.4
32.6
70.0
50.6
50.9
42.4
41.6
46.9
50.1
48.7
64.1
66.3
57.9
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.2
22.9
30.8
21.9
20.4
26.4
26.5
26.2
24.0
26.7
31.3
21.6
22.9
13.2
18.1
20.2
19.0
15.4
16.2
18.1
17.6
17.4
21.4
19.6
19.0
0.6
1.4
2.1
0.7
0.9
0.7
1.0
0.5
0.2
0.4
0.5
0.8
0.9
2.0
1.3
0.6
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.6
1.0
1.0
4.9
10.4
3.6
5.2
7.1
11.0
13.0
14.3
12.8
14.6
13.5
14.8
19.0
27.1
20.6
20.8
16.2
19.3
22.4
24.3
23.8
29.4
29.5
30.2
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
0.5
0.4
0.8
0.2
0.1
0.1
—
—
—
—
0.8
0.1
0.2
0.9
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.8
—
—
—
0.3
0.7
0.5
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1.0
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
0.8
1.5
0.1
1.0
1.0
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.6
Im ports
...
10.0
9.2
8.9
10.3
13.8
14.7
11.9
2.9
3.1
2.9
2.9
3.6
3.3
4.1
0.2
0.1
0.2
__
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
__
—
0.1
Im ports
H ONG KONG
226
DIRECTION OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE (Cont’d)
6.
EXTERNAL TRADE
Million dollars
Quarterly averages or quarters
TRADE W ITH
7.
N orth A m e ric a
Yea r
and
Q u a r ter
1948
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1956
III
IV
I
II
III
1957
8.
U n ited S ta te s of
A m erica
1948
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1956
1957
9.
L atin A m e ric an
R ep u blics
1948
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1956
1957
10.
O c e a n ia
S terling A re a
ECAFE Sterling
C ountriesa
1948
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1956
1957
III
III
IV
I
I
I
I
I
IV
II
III
III
IV
III
IV
I
I
iii
Im ports
0.6
0.2
0.6
1.1
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.2
0.3
0.6
0.9
1.7
0.9
2.6
1.8
2.1
1.4
1.4
1.2
1.8
3.5
3.1
2.5
0.6
0.2
0.6
1.1
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.2
0.3
0.6
0.9
1.6
0.8
2.5
1.8
2.1
1.3
1.4
1.2
1.7
3.5
3.1
2.4
__
—
—
—
__
0.2
—
—
—
—
—
—
0.2
—
—
__
—
—
__
—
__
—
—
III
hi
1948
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1956
1957
12.
I
1948
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1956
1957
11.
I
III
IV
I
E xports
—
__
—
—
—
__
—
—
—
__
49.5
32.9
43.0
34.0
38.8
27.4
28.9
37.0
43.4
31.0
30.3
43.9
28.5
33.8
26.1
31.9
21.4
22.7
30.0
36.9
25.1
26.9
1.4
0.8
0.9
1.1
1.0
1.3
1.6
1.2
2.5
0.9
3.2
1.4
36.5
22.4
32.2
28.2
28.1
23.4
19.6
19.5
21.8
28.9
31.9
35.5
13.8
13.0
20.2
14.9
14.4
10.6
7.6
7.6
8.9
13.1
15.0
15.7
Im ports
E xports
0.6
1.5
1.5
1.4
0.8
0.6
0.5
2.6
2.4
2.4
2.9
1.8
2.6
2.1
0.6
1.5
1.5
1.4
0.8
0.6
0.5
2.6
2.4
2.4
2.9
1.7
2.6
2.1
__
—
—
—
0.1
—
—
0.1
0.1
—
—
—
—
—
...
__
__
—
—
__
—
—
—
—
—
-----
---
...
1.6
2.2
2.8
2.6
3.6
4.9
4.5
2.8
4.4
5.5
3.3
2.6
6.2
6.0
...
1.4
2.1
2.6
2.6
3.6
4.8
4.4
G E N E R A L N O T E S : ( 1 ) A s c o m p le te b r e a k d o w n s a r e n o t g iv e n , th e
s u m o f t o ta l t r a d e o f a n y in d iv id u a l c o u n t r y w ith d if f e r e n t r e g io n s
does n o t a d d u p t o t h e t o t a l g iv e n u n d e r t r a d e w i t h “ a ll c o u n tr ie s ” .
(2 ) S ee g e n e r a l n o te t o ta b le 5.
( 3 ) T r a d e b e tw e e n F e d e r a t i o n o f M a la y a a n d S in g a p o r e is e x c lu d e d .
CHINA (T aiw a n )
CEY LON
CAMB OD IA
BUR MAb
2.7
4.2
5.3
3.1
2.4
6.1
5.8
a.
E xports
Im ports
16.0
14.8
12.2
10.8
10.2
14.4
12.6
14.3
11.7
14.9
10.6
12.5
6.4
5.3
9.9
3.6
2.6
3.2
3.0
2.9
2.5
3.3
4.6
7.4
12.6
10.5
8.3
6.4
6.2
9.3
7.4
7.7
6.6
9.8
7.2
7.4
1.2
1.1
0.7
0.4
0.2
0.5
0.4
0.7
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.6
8.3
9.0
5.8
8.7
11.2
10.2
7.2
8.2
6.6
8.9
6.3
7.0
41.1
51.2
38.1
39.1
52.6
54.5
43.9
44.9
45.0
50.4
37.0
42.1
5.7
4.3
7.8
2.7
1.9
2.4
2.1
2.3
2.0
2.8
3.0
6.5
1.2
10.8
6.5
6.5
9.2
5.6
4.6
5.0
4.0
8.2
7.7
5.3
6.0
53.8
57.3
57.0
53.5
42.6
45.3
46.5
43.5
50.2
55.5
50.2
53.7
4.4
5.0
4.8
3.1
6.0
6.4
4.1
5.2
4.4
3.0
2.8
3.8
24.2
25.2
23.2
19.6
18.5
22.1
20.8
19.9
22.5
22.9
22.9
23.9
0.1
—
—
2.4
—
—
—
—
—
—
E xports
Im ports
H O N G KONG
E xports
11.1
7.8
5.8
4.3
5.0
6.4
7.8
7.3
9.2
9.7
11.6
12.7
26.7
20.2
13.1
12.5
14.8
16.3
20.6
20.8
23.4
24.1
33.8
23.5
10.6
7.1
5.0
3.3
4.1
5.2
6.5
6.1
8.0
7.9
9.6
10.5
0.1
—
—
—
—
—
0.1
0.2
—
—
1.6
1.4
24.4
16.3
9.6
9.9
12.4
14.3
18.6
18.6
21.4
21.4
31.2
21.5
—
—
—
0.4
5.0
1.0
2.5
6.3
1.1
1.3
0.9
1.6
4.2
4.0
2.4
2.5
2.8
3.7
4.8
4.3
6.0
6.5
5.2
5.3
36.3
68.0
44.8
45.4
36.6
42.4
48.0
46.0
47.8
58.8
54.6
54.8
10.5
32.3
18.0
18.5
14.3
16.2
16.7
13.8
12.1
18.1
15.8
14.5
1.5
1.1
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.7
1.8
1.7
1.1
1.0
1.5
12.4
6.8
19.4
25.3
24.6
20.6
23.1
20.1
15.3
24.1
24.3
1.5
1.1
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.1
1.0
1.5
12.4
6.8
19.4
25.3
24.6
20.4
22.9
19.8
15.1
23.7
23.7
0.5
—
0.4
0.3
0.1
0.1
—
0.1
—
0.1
0.2
—
—
0.1
0.2
0.1
—
—
—
1.1
0.8
0.2
0.1
—
—
0.1
—
—
—
- -
0.5
0.3
0.6
0.6
0.2
0.5
0.1
1.2
0.2
0.1
0.4
7.9
8.7
8.3
5.7
5.0
8.3
8.6
7.5
18.1
13.5
9.3
4.8
5.9
6.4
4.3
2.5
3.1
3.1
3.3
8.1
5.7
2.5
1.7
3.5
0.9
2.1
3.0
3.6
3.8
4.5
3.4
3.2
4.0
5.4
27.0
62.1
32.0
32.2
36.2
42.5
46.1
47.6
47.5
48.9
45.3
47.8
7.0
7.1
5.5
4.8
3.7
6.7
6.7
6.7
10.3
10.0
8.7
3.5
4.5
3.7
2.4
1.6
1.8
1.8
1.4
1.9
2.1
1.6
17.2
44.6
24.8
20.1
19.4
20.6
21.6
21.2
23.1
23.8
20.2
19.5
—
—
Im ports
E C A F E c o u n tr ie s c o m p r is e :
i) S t e r l i n g
c o u n tr ie s — B u r m a , C eylo n , H o n g K o n g , I n d ia .
F e d e r a t i o n o f M a la y a , S in g a p o r e ,
B r i t i s h B o rn e o a n d
P a k is ta n .
ii ) N o n - s t e r l i n g c o u n tr ie s — A f g h a n i s t a n , C a m b o d ia , C h in a . In d o n e s ia , J a p a n , K o re a , L a o s , P h il ip p in e s , T h a i l a n d a n d V ie tN am .
b . F o r 1948, y e a r e n d in g 30 S e p te m b e r.
227
6.
EXTERNAL TRADE
DIRECTION OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE (Cont’d )
Quarterly averages or quarters
TRADE WITH
1.
A ll c o u ntries
Y ear
and
Q u a rte r
1948
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1956
1957
2.
ECAFE C ountriesa
(including Ja p a n )
1948
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1956
1957
3.
Ja p a n
1948
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1956
1957
4.
W este rn E urop e
(including UK)
1948
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1956
1957
5.
U nited K ingdom
1948
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1956
1957
6.
E a ste rn E u ro p e
1948
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1956
1957
III
IV
I
II
III
III
IV
I
II
III
III
IV
I
II
III
III
IV
I
I
III
IV
I
II
III
III
IV
I
ii
III
Exports
Im ports
Im portsf
E xports
Im ports
Exports
Im ports
Exports
342.8
411.4
324.9
279.0
295.6
319.1
312.8
299.1
348.1
346.1
312.8
507.4
448.2
423.8
300.2
323.8
353.4
427.2
423.8
457.6
494.8
550.4
98.7
322.9
233.6
210.0
214.0
232.8
220.5
224.1
249.7
193.1
211.9
268.7
116.2
218.3
237.0
191.2
157.3
151.0
213.3
204.0
209.8
195.3
230.8
188.3
64.6
338.6
318.2
318.7
407.3
502.7
623.8
618.8
722.8
651.5
670.8
773.0
170.6
498.8
507.0
602.4
599.8
617.9
807.4
824.8
905.1
1,065.1
1,278.6
1,071.2
2.8
6.9
9.9
6.1
4.5
6.2
5.4
5.9
6.3
6.0
17.4
41.4
66.9
55.1
63.6
88.1
97.3
77.8
68.4
158.3
95.2
78.7
82.6
53.3
46.6
58.7
53.2
47.8
53.2
121.5
110.8
67.9
40.4
60.7
59.6
62.1
63.6
68.4
25.0
131.3
77.6
71.8
85.2
79.7
86.0
87.4
104.3
76.3
92.8
98.4
33.7
91.4
93.6
78.2
64.6
47.9
77.0
74.2
50.8
84.1
70.8
65.6
26.4
156.2
143.1
139.1
167.7
174.3
217.9
212.5
253.8
242.0
230.7
238.4
23.0
122.2
129.2
160.3
139.5
177.2
191.0
184.3
189.0
221.6
245.9
187.1
1.9
1.9
2.2
2.5
2.3
2.6
2.7
2.5
4.2
3.9
5.3
14.8
30.8
27.2
20.8
4.9
3.2
5.1
3.5
6.9
3.4
9.6
13.4
14.2
8.6
13.8
15.7
13.5
14.7
4.8
11.8
10.2
6.5
8.8
16.9
22.9
21.8
27.5
2.4
10.2
6.2
9.4
12.5
17.3
19.2
14.5
25.5
14.0
13.0
6.5
18.0
38.2
31.9
31.8
34.2
21.6
33.4
32.9
23.5
37.2
27.8
28.1
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
---
—
—
—
—
——
—
—
1.7
1.4
1.5
1.8
1.8
2.0
2.6
2.3
2.6
3.4
3.7
12.4
26.7
17.2
9.9
2.3
2.0
2.6
2.4
3.1
__
0.1
0.1
0.3
0.9
1.0
0.9
1.0
0.7
0.4
2.9
4.2
4.4
7.9
3.7
2.8
2.6
1.3
2.3
0.1
0.1
—
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.1
0.1
—
0.6
1.5
1.2
0.6
0.3
0.6
0.2
0.3
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
159.5
133.8
128.7
127.8
144.2
158.0
218.1
229.3
220.4
43.6
112.2
74.2
74.2
71.6
77.7
80.8
85.8
90.4
74.9
69.7
92.8
41.7
70.6
83.5
65.2
52.0
58.8
75.3
79.9
63.7
67.0
83.5
71.3
6.8
35.4
44.1
28.9
36.9
48.0
62.0
60.5
68.8
68.2
72.1
96.7
4.9
40.1
34.4
50.8
49.2
49.6
57.6
61.1
57.5
98.5
121.5
99.5
74.2
103.9
66.4
78.5
93.1
88.3
96.7
97.6
111.3
115.6
78.6
79.8
74.2
79.2
84.8
109.1
115.0
100.9
2.0
20.1
6.4
4.4
9.8
23.1
19.6
29.5
12.4
10.2
13.5
25.9
10.8
14.0
17.0
13.5
8.5
8.7
12.9
14.6
9.1
11.2
11.9
12.7
4.2
13.5
18.3
8.3
12.8
15.2
15.8
9.6
12.7
12.3
17.4
24.0
1.3
8.0
9.2
12.2
9.3
9.5
16.6
20.6
17.4
27.4
32.4
25.8
5.3
3.9
2.7
2.0
4.0
5.5
15.4
14.3
19.5
0.4
0.6
2.4
1.1
1.8
7.0
3.1
1.3
1.3
1.1
1.6
2.0
1.1
1.6
1.6
1.4
3.3
8.3
3.3
3.8
2.5
1.7
3.7
1.7
1.1
0.5
0.6
1.0
1.3
4.8
1.0
0.8
1.1
1.1
1.5
3.2
0.6
0.5
0.7
1.4
1.1
1.1
1.2
1.1
2.0
1.3
4.5
8.7
6.4
5.0
1.9
1.8
2.8
2.4
9.3
8.1
16.7
Exports
Im ports
. . .
—
106.8
147.8
98.9
102.7
122.2
126.4
130.4
123.6
150.7
...
LAOS
KOREA so u th e rn
JA PAN
INDONESIAe
INDIAc,d
dollars
—
—
0.5
0.6
0.5
0.6
0.5
0.5
4.7
8.8
8.1
9.7
8.4
9.6
. . .
. . .
—
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.5
0.1
2.9
5.5
4.8
6.2
5.4
4.8
:::
—
—
—
—
—
0.4
1.4
1.2
1.5
2.2
2.0
—
—
—
—
—
1.5
2.4
2.6
2.6
1.7
3.4
—
—
—
—
—
0.1
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.3
0.9
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
228
6.
EXTERNAL TRADE
DIRECTION OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE (Cont’d)
Quarterly averages or quarters
TRADE W ITH
7.
N orth A m erica
Y ear
and
Q u a rte r
1948
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1956
1957
8.
U n ited S ta te s of
A m e ric a
1948
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1956
1957
9.
L atin A m erican
R epublics
1948
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1956
1957
10.
O c e a n ia
1948
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1956
1957
Exports
III
IV
I
II
III
III
IV
I
II
III
Im ports
60.9
85.9
70.8
58.6
54.2
57.0
54.3
53.9
53.8
89.4
120.0
161.2
57.0
44.2
50.7
53.3
52.4
58.2
54.3
75.1
63.2
51.2
46.2
48.7
46.0
43.9
46.2
82.2
107.7
145.2
47.2
38.8
46.6
49.5
48.8
53.6
S terling A re a
1948
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1956
24.0
24.5
14.2
16.1
12.2
11.8
8.6
12.4
14.5
III
IV
I
II
III
20.9
10.6
8.7
14.5
8.7
11.2
7.3
6.5
8.0
191.6
218.0
168.2
146.9
167.7
164.9
164.1
159.4
185.1
264.4
182.2
155.6
145.1
162.5
162.3
172.4
178.9
169.6
1957
12.
ECAFE S terling
C o u n triesa
1948
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1956
1957
IV
I
II
III
81.6
57.4
61.0
32.4
31.2
31.8
28.1
26.2
29.8
110.2
83.0
43.4
32.5
49.1
40.0
31.2
31.9
32.2
III
IV
I
ii
iii
28.4
45.3
42.2
35.1
23.0
24.2
35.6
33.8
51.5
30.0
43.3
34.5
16.9
52.0
63.8
65.2
83.2
127.4
157.0
166.9
175.3
138.6
158.2
193.4
112.4
217.7
237.4
242.4
266.0
241.7
334.9
330.0
421.8
480.1
548.1
468.7
0.9
5.0
7.6
3.5
1.8
2.7
1.7
2.6
1.2
1.2
11.4
23.5
27.8
22.6
33.6
73.4
84.2
65.5
59.4
145.0
26.9
44.0
40.6
34.8
22.7
23.9
35.3
33.7
51.3
29.6
43.1
34.1
16.4
47.4
58.6
58.5
70.7
114.3
137.9
149.2
151.9
122.5
140.9
175.0
110.4
171.8
192.1
189.4
212.3
193.5
266.8
264.1
329.4
419.8
496.0
399.4
0.9
5.0
7.6
3.5
1.8
2.7
1.7
2.6
1.2
1.2
11.4
23.4
24.0
21.8
31.7
73.0
84.0
65.5
59.4
144.9
0.7
1.3
7.1
0.2
20.9
64.8
42.0
66.2
77.2
60.7
87.3
93.6
109.6
64.0
70.8
98.2
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
0 .1
2.1
36.7
37.9
50.2
34.0
50.8
71.6
78.4
81.6
106.0
140.2
100.6
15.3
111.6
125.1
150.6
108.4
147.2
204.4
214.4
209.7
281.9
342.4
274.1
—
8.5
2.7
3.3
4.4
3.2
3.1
4.6
3.2
4.4
5.3
5.3
4.4
1.1
25.4
9.7
3.6
8.8
17.2
10.9
11.8
9.7
8.7
11.4
16.4
29.7
61.9
69.2
63.0
45.2
41.1
61.0
52.8
68.4
51.0
69.3
54.2
20.9
116.1
65.2
56.0
65.3
54.5
55.6
60.0
66.9
48.4
58.6
78.0
9.5
41.8
44.8
39.6
23.6
21.4
29.2
27.3
18.7
27.9
30.4
26.7
17.4
153.1
134.8
79.0
122.8
160.2
171.2
151.9
187.1
187.9
183.8
208.1
8.8
83.6
84.3
47.8
72.0
87.3
99.2
84.3
109.4
120.0
102.2
103.5
c.. F o r 1948, y e a r b e g in n in g 1 A p ril.
d.
F o r 1948, in c lu d in g t r a n s i t t r a d e b u t e x c lu d in g o v e r la n d t r a d e w ith
B u rm a , I r a n a n d A fg h a n is ta n .
e.
F i g u r e s f o r t r a d e w i t h t h e N e th e r la n d s a r e a s fo llo w s : —
Im p o rtsf
Im ports
1.2
9.8
7.3
6.0
8.6
6.2
9.4
8.3
10.6
11.6
12.6
12.5
24.4
147.6
79.9
67.8
84.3
84.4
84.1
98.0
86.9
70.0
85.2
115.4
0.1
1.3
1.1
0.4
1.4
6.6
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.8
0.8
1.1
E xports
Exports
Im ports
0.4
22.3
12.5
26.1
50.3
44.8
41.0
39.0
37.9
36.5
30.3
40.5
12.6
2.8
0.7
1.5
4.8
3.6
1.3
1.4
1.1
18.0
28.8
14.4
10.2
14.6
16.7
14.8
14.5
16.1
III
IV
I
II
iii
17.8
53.6
59.6
48.4
36.6
42.2
35.9
35.8
38.6
24.8
28.0
55.6
17.2
53.3
59.2
43.0
35.9
40.9
35.3
35.2
38.3
24.5
27.7
54.7
...
iii
11.
E xports
—
0.1
2.1
—
0.1
—
—
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
LAOS
KOREA, so u th e rn
JA PAN
INDONESIAe
I N D I A d,c
M illion dollars
50.0
48.4
41.3
36.7
42.9
Im ports
—
—
0.5
0.3
0.8
0.2
0.1
0.4
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
0.3
0.8
0.8
0.8
1.2
1.8
—
—
—
—
—
0.3
0.8
0.8
0.8
1.1
1.7
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
0.1
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
0.1
3.4
0.6
0.5
0.1
0.1
0.1
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
0.2
0.4
0.8
0.7
0.5
0.7
0.4
0.3
1.8
0.6
1.7
1.4
7.4
10.6
11.3
2.2
1.0
2.4
0.9
1.1
—
0.1
—
—
0.2
—
0.4
1.8
1.2
1.9
1.7
1.9
0.2
0.4
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.1
0.1
1.5
0.5
1.5
1.3
3.3
8.5
9.6
1.6
0.6
1.8
0.7
0.8
—
...
10.9
63.4
68.1
82.1
60.2
74.6
92.2
90.9
85.3
113.5
118.6
110.8
Exp.
66.6
Exports
Im p.
26.0
31.1
22.4
16.4
17.7
22.8
1956
I
II
III
IV
1957
I
II
III
—
0.1
—
—
0.2
—
E xp.
Im p.
41.5
41.2
36.7
52.1
50.1
40.1
22.0
39.5
24.2
25.3
19.6
19.4
21.8
17.8
0.2
1.3
0.9
1.2
1.4
1.0
229
6.
EXTERNAL TRADE
DIRECTION OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE (Cont’d )
Quarterly averages or quarters
TRADE WITH
1.
All Countries
Y ear
and
Q u a rte r
1948
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1956
1957
2.
ECAFE C o u n triesa
(including Jap an )
1948
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1956
1957
3.
Ja p a n
1948
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1956
1957
4.
W este rn E urope
(including UK)
1948
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1956
1957
5.
U nited K ingdom
E a ste rn E urope
E xports
Im ports
E xports
72.5
161.6
57.7
92.4
82.0
73.1
66.1
78.1
186.2
87.2
91.7
96.7
85.9
93.8
154.6
190.9
133.1
109.7
89.7
101.4
133.7
152.4
87.5
81.2
72.3
79.4
102.4
85.0
60.9
78.1
136.8
61.8
48.8
26.2
47.2
34.6
35.2
31.9
38.6
40.5
41.1
45.5
44.8
39.1
48.8
99.6
85.0
61.0
36.9
26.4
36.7
29.7
25.8
22.5
40.7
24.4
17.4
56.7
49.5
57.7
11.9
15.4
15.7
11.1
8.9
2.9
3.4
1.9
0.9
19.2
22.0
21.4
7.8
0.7
19.5
27.9
4.5
8.7
11 .6
10.6
10.2
75.2
76.2
112.3
117.0
116.5
120.1
113.8
107.7
119.2
9.4
22.1
13.7
13.5
13.9
16.0
20.6
III
IV
I
II
III
22.5
23.1
25.9
29.3
29.8
III
IV
I
II
III
4.0
4.3
5.0
5.3
7.3
9.8
11.6
10.3
10.8
18.5
16.9
III
IV
I
II
III
24.2
86.4
56.8
36.8
37.2
58.3
54.8
52.6
56.6
53.4
40.5
44.5
1.1
12.2
49.8
34.7
18.5
14.9
1955
1956
26.5
23.2
1957
1948
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
PHILIPPINES
Im ports
102.6
III
IV
I
II
III
PAKISTANc,g
E xports
1948
1951
1952
1953
1954
1956
6.
MALAYA,
F e d e ra tio n of
III
IV
I
24.5
20.9
21.2
I
I
17.7
20.6
6.1
6.2
2.2
88.6
90.9
130.1
101.0
93.9
132.7
11.0
15.1
16.4
33.7
3.6
3.8
3.6
3.8
3.8
3.2
3.6
22.4
6.7
4.8
5.2
2.7
3.0
4.4
3.0
5.2
18.2
36.2
37.5
28.3
27.2
31.4
36.4
38.4
35.9
41.0
36.6
35.6
33.4
77.3
49.2
53.6
43.4
42.1
38.9
22.1
41.7
67.8
21.3
13.6
26.6
47.4
52.5
25.4
39.2
31.2
29.5
30.3
30.8
41.5
42.4
40.3
15.7
27.4
30.8
23.1
21.3
24.1
27.2
27.6
27.3
9.7
8.2
13.4
23.9
17.0
21.1
17.4
15.2
13.6
8.7
15.8
28.5
26.0
27.2
25.1
0.9
6.2
8.1
2.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.4
3.0
1.5
1.9
100.2
5.9
6.2
0.2
5.0
4.3
0.4
0.4
3.7
1.3
2.6
0.1
1.9
3.9
7.5
9.6
12.0
12.6
15.2
19.2
22.0
23.3
18.5
24.4
19.6
13.2
22.1
13.1
13.8
20.2
18.1
22.6
23.6
24.0
22.5
25.3
24.9
51.4
117.2
101.2
87.1
72.6
90.7
83.8
76.6
97.7
102.4
88.3
86.3
30.0
62.5
77.3
75.8
67.2
74.7
91.4
88.5
92.0
106.0
103.4
...
17.2
10.5
13.4
10.5
16.0
19.7
101.6
20.8
65.8
52.7
52.6
53.7
61.5
72.4
80.1
14.9
19.3
14.7
11.7
17.6
25.5
26.2
25.5
29.8
29.4
38.6
37.1
47.3
96.1
77.7
63.9
59.5
70.6
82.0
77.4
84.8
97.4
89.5
89.5
74.0
195.0
147.1
118.1
115.6
151.5
159.1
150.8
160.7
175.0
159.8
178.3
33.4
71.7
70.9
63.5
50.2
53.8
51.4
47.9
59.7
60.2
59.4
57.0
19.1
22.6
37.5
35.0
32.3
36.2
45.8
41.3
51.5
50.7
45.8
44.0
...
...
0.5
1.2
8.2
8.9
8.4
7.9
1.5
17.0
16.9
__
13.2
15.6
1.3
11.3
9.1
13.1
16.3
15.8
15.2
17.5
21.9
24.4
4.6
5.1
7.3
10.8
8.6
21.2
17.3
15.8
7.8
10.9
5.2
6.9
13.8
3.3
3.6
8.3
3.7
3.3
6.4
7.5
21.2
22.8
20.6
21.7
20.9
9.8
15.9
17.2
14.3
16.4
19.9
18.7
16.9
4.8
7.0
5.9
5.8
10.7
12.4
16.1
17.3
15.5
19.6
24.4
24.9
34.3
99.2
63.9
44.4
52.2
78.3
73.5
69.8
75.6
64.5
55.5
67.2
38.5
63.9
53.2
44.3
45.1
50.8
55.9
59.5
52.2
64.6
64.0
60.4
16.1
49.5
32.9
24.9
37.0
36.2
31.0
27.8
12.8
13.2
13.5
13.9
8.2
16.2
17.6
17.0
18.7
17.6
1.4
1.7
3.2
35.8
32.3
33.0
33.3
30.9
34.7
35.8
32.8
26.5
23.6
14.4
16.3
15.2
21.8
20.8
19.7
0.4
0.7
0.5
1.0
0.9
6.8
1.2
2.1
0.7
...
...
5.6
17.4
18.7
15.6
22.9
20.4
26.2
25.7
1.2
1.3
1.7
1.1
4.8
5.0
...
...
0.4
8.8
0.1
13.3
—
0.3
—
2.3
2.4
11.1
16.0
14.4
16.7
17.8
5.5
18.2
23.2
24.7
22.6
24.4
28.4
29.0
24.6
35.7
37.9
32.7
2.8
8.0
10.1
8.2
35.2
17.5
20.9
12.5
21.0
27.2
26.0
...
...
5.9
7.2
9.6
6.1
10.8
6.0
10.0
0.4
1.1
0.1
0.9
3.2
10.9
0.3
1.0
9.8
12.6
—
—
0.7
39.0
38.2
1.9
4.1
2.5
11.2
0.1
1.1
1.1
23.5
36.4
2.5
11.9
0.1
1.7
—
—
—
—
—
0.3
—
0.1
0.1
—
—
—
—
—
—
0.5
2.0
0.1
8.5
0.7
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
11.0
1.3
0.1
5.3
—
0.1
2.8
2.1
0.7
1.4
0.9
—
—
—
2.7
6.3
7.5
0.8
1.0
0.8
2.0
8.4
7.0
12.5
7.4
18.1
...
8.1
8.6
10.6
1.7
1.7
1.3
8.1
21.8
...
0.6
1.8
1.8
2.6
2 1. 1
3.8
3.9
3.8
3.8
6.5
7.5
1.8
Im ports
152.9
296.1
234.4
191.4
190.3
234.0
253.1
248.4
249.5
280.4
263.8
282.5
22.1
0.5
0.4
2.8
21.8
Exports
130.8
334.7
217.5
171.3
177.8
227.2
223.2
215.7
228.0
237.8
219.4
221.9
2.3
1.4
IV
24.5
26.6
22.3
29.9
VTET-NAMi
146.5
122.5
105.8
114.2
120.7
136.9
126.6
130.5
133.4
141.2
166.9
158.2
1.2
0.7
I
I
III
21.8
Im ports
1.3
2.0
1.8
1957
10.8
13.4
14.4
16.8
E xports
1.6
1.2
1.1
0.4
1.2
1.0
7.2
9.0
THAILANDf
Im ports
3.2
1.4
1.3
3.2
III
109.2
108.3
117.5
117.0
124.9
99.8
Im portsh E xports
0.8
9.0
1956
101.3
100.2
SIN GAPORE
20.4
27.6
30.9
14.4
23.2
1.1
2.2
1.8
4.7
4.0
88.0
101.0
Million dollars
—
0.1
6.1
0.7
—
—
—
—
—
—
7.6
11.0
1.1
1.3
6.0
1.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
—
0.6
0.4
0.7
0.8
0.5
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
0.1
0.1
—
—
—
—
230
EXTERNAL TRADE
6.
DIRECTION OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE (Cont’d)
Q u a r t e r l y a v e r a g e s o r q u a r te r s
Y ear
and
Q u a rte r
TRADE WITH
7.
1948
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1956
N orth A m erica
1957
8.
1948
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1956
U nited S ta te s of
A m erica
1957
9.
1948
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1956
Latin A m e ric an
R epublics
1957
10.
1948
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1956
O c e a n ia
1957
11.
S terling A re a
1948
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1956
1957
1948
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1956
1957
III
f.
Im ports
Exports
1.5
1.7
12.4
8.3
5.6
7.4
6.1
7.9
2.1
8.2
1.9
6.2
1.8
7.7
14.3
4.8
3.0
3.2
III
IV
I
II
III
2.6
7.3
3.1
2.3
12.6
2.0
1.3
1.5
1.8
12.0
7.9
5.6
7.2
III
IV
I
II
III
27.1
32.9
23.9
19.0
16.4
26.7
28.2
28.8
29.8
21.2
23.9
31.0
0.8
2.2
2.4
2.4
8.8
6.0
Im ports
6.6
8.0
10.1
4.2
6.2
8.6
6.7
9.0
8.1
35.1
27.4
44.9
6.0
7.6
9.1
4.1
5.2
2.1
2.3
7.7
7.8
5.9
7.5
14.1
8.7
7.3
7.7
25.7
26.5
44.9
III
IV
I
II
III
4.2
1.4
1.4
1.8
2.6
1.7
1.6
1.9
2.7
3.5
4.2
0.4
—
—
—
—
—
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
—
1.8
—
—
0.5
0.9
1.6
0.9
0.9
1.0
2.0
0.6
0.6
0.2
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1.8
1.4
6.0
III
IV
I
II
III
0.6
2.9
0.5
0.8
1.5
1.9
1.6
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.6
1.7
3.6
4.4
5.1
6.6
4.3
4.5
4.9
3.8
5.7
6.2
5.3
4.1
0.5
2.2
1.0
1.4
1.6
1.4
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.9
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.5
3.0
1.0
5.5
18.2
64.3
40.6
24.5
22.7
34.9
32.7
34.0
29.1
32.5
27.2
29.5
32.8
42.5
45.5
39.3
24.5
38.6
42.8
41.2
46.4
43.7
40.5
42.1
110.4
81.8
36.8
37.0
33.6
38.5
32.4
23.0
32.5
45.4
24.8
19.8
72.6
54.9
61.7
23.4
32.6
25.9
20.7
4.9
11.3
4.8
4.8
5.4
4.9
10.8
96.2
54.4
18.0
13.2
III
IV
I
III
ECAFE Sterling
C ountriesa
Exports
PAKISTANc,g
30.9
38.4
26.0
21.0
18.7
29.7
31.7
33.1
33.1
24.1
26.7
35.0
II
12.
MALAYA,
F e d e ra tio n of
6.1
III
IV
I
II
6.9
5.6
9.5
5.1
5.6
1.6
1.6
2.0
10.1
9.0
9.3
6.7
8.7
9.1
8.6
11.0
7.6
7.5
9.6
11.6
16.9
13.8
11.1
13.0
13.3
14.5
10.0
8.0
6.5
8.8
22.2
22.6
33.9
30.0
40.8
50.8
25.8
29.2
6.6
6.3
5.5
4.6
4.7
5.7
7.6
7.7
15.2
F i g u r e s p r i o r to 1956 a r e d e riv e d f r o m t r a d e r e t u r n s o f p a r t n e r
c o u n tr ie s . T o ta ls f o r g e o g r a p h ic a l a n d c u r r e n c y a r e a s m a y n o t be
c o m p le te .
PHILIPPINES
E xports
53.8
72.1
60.2
69.6
62.4
60.3
59.5
53.3
62.4
Im portsh
120.2
64.9
45.4
91.1
80.8
90.6
85.4
93.6
79.2
80.9
83.6
88.3
96.3
88.7
52.4
70.9
59.5
69.0
61.6
60.0
59.1
53.0
61.7
67.8
64.3
45.1
117.7
87.6
77.1
87.8
81.6
89.0
75.1
76.2
79.7
81.5
92.4
84.9
1.3
3.6
1.1
0.4
0.2
0.7
0.7
1.2
0.5
1.4
0.7
1.1
2.5
68.8
2.0
1.6
2.8
3.0
3.6
3.7
4.5
3.8
1.8
3.0
5.3
0.2
1.4
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.5
—
0.5
2.4
5.2
2.8
2.3
2.4
2.6
3.8
4.5
3.3
4.3
4.5
3.3
1.4
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.7
1.6
2.1
1.5
2.0
2.5
0.8
g.
h.
i.
M illio n dollars
SINGAPORE
Exports
Im ports
29.1
74.6
34.1
24.1
25.3
37.9
28.0
27.1
31.5
30.9
26.4
23.9
23.6
17.9
14.8
10.3
11.9
11.8
15.1
14.0
13.2
13.4
26.7
64.6
29.7
21.5
15.5
12.4
9.5
10.9
10.7
13.5
20.2
21.2
32.4
23.2
22.5
25.3
25.6
22.4
19.4
THAILANDf
E xports
12.1
13.5
12.2
11.9
12.0
10.8
12.0
0.8
0.3
0.3
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.1
0.9
0.9
13.1
35.3
24.8
17.7
13.8
26.5
21.0
17.0
24.7
21.9
15.3
15.1
13.1
34.4
24.6
17.5
13.6
26.2
20.8
16.9
24.6
21.9
15.2
15.1
0.2
Im ports
13.1
14.6
14.7
14.3
16.8
16.8
4.0
2.0
2.5
21.0
8.1
4.1
12.4
14.4
14.2
10.6
12.5
14.2
14.3
13.8
16.1
16.3
20.4
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
6.8
25.2
15.4
15.5
15.3
17.4
19.8
17.7
15.0
17.5
17.4
15.1
10.6
5.4
7.6
7.5
6.0
10.2
12.4
12.4
14.4
15.6
18.5
18.2
40.7
117.4
75.4
67.3
70.1
85.3
84.8
83.4
82.9
84.7
80.2
74.9
56.6
96.7
85.7
71.8
69.6
79.1
87.3
87.4
85.9
92.7
79.0
83.0
28.4
50.2
43.5
39.9
32.1
35.7
39.0
36.3
48.9
48.3
35.8
50.8
20.0
25.7
35.7
30.3
22.5
26.7
39.1
33.2
35.9
36.4
32.4
35.9
2.2
4.8
5.8
4.5
6.7
7.3
7.1
6.7
8.4
9.3
8.5
7.6
17.5
34.4
23.8
26.0
27.2
25.5
29.1
27.6
32.9
34.1
33.5
30.3
21.4
48.5
37.1
29.0
26.3
46.2
41.2
37.8
28.0
31.6
34.5
31.0
44.0
40.1
30.4
46.0
16.4
9.1
24.7
19.1
13.6
17.0
26.6
19.9
25.0
22.4
19.1
21.7
12.1
10.6
13.2
7.6
7.6
8.6
7.4
7.2
7.8
9.1
8.6
9.2
10.2
10.1
21.2
31.7
34.6
33.4
36.5
34.0
30.4
32.7
B e g i n n in g 1951, in c lu d in g
I m p o r t s v a lu e d f.o .b .
S ee t a b le 5, fo o tn o t e g .
o v e r la n d
tra d e .
Imports
11. 1
1.8
0.2
0.4
0.3
0.8
1.3
1.4
1.7
2.2
2.3
3.7
2.7
3.4
3.7
4.9
8.1
4.9
5.8
5.5
6.1
Exports
4.2
13.0
15.0
14.6
0.5
—
—
—
0.2
0.2
0.5
0.1
—
0.3
—
—
0.1
0.1
—
—
0.1
0.1
0.1
—
0.2
0.2
0.1
12.1
VIET-NAMi
2.6
3.3
3.3
8.0
15.0
15.4
17.4
19.0
17.8
15.5
8.1
7.9
14.9
15.3
17.4
19.0
17.7
15.5
—
0.4
0.8
0.2
0.3
0.3
—
4.0
2.0
2.5
2. 6
3.3
3.2
—
0.3
—
—
—
—
—
0.1
—
—
0.6
0.6
1.0
0.6
0.8
0.9
1.0
0.8
1.1
1.1
1.0
—
—
—
—
—
0.1
—
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.1
—
0.1
2.4
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.8
0.8
2.4
3.5
2.3
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.2
2.9
—
.
1.9
0.5
0.4
0.8
0.8
0.6
2.3
2.3
1.2
0.9
0.9
1.2
0.9
1.2
231
EXTERNAL TRADE
7.
VALUE OF IMPORTS BY PRINCIPAL COMMODITY GROUPS
M onthly averages or calendar months
Millions
91
19 5 6
1951
BURMA (kyat)
F o o d ........................................................
C h e m i c a l s ..........................................
T e x t i l e s .................................................
B a se m e ta ls a n d m a n u fa c tu re s
M a c h i n e r y ..........................................
T ran sp o rt e q u ip m e n t
. . . .
O th e r m a n u fa c tu re d g o o d s
5.5
3.4
21.3
3.1
2.7
1.2
9.1
1952
9.1
3.9
30.6
3.1
4.7
2.2
1 1. 6
CAM BODIA (riel)
F o o d ........................................................
B e v e ra g e s a n d to b ac c o
M in e ral f u e l s ..........................................
T e x t i l e s .................................................
B a se m e ta ls a n d m a n u fa c tu re s
M a c h i n e r y ..........................................
T ran sp o rt e q u ip m e n t
. . . .
CEYLON (rupee)a
F o o d ........................................................
C e re a ls a n d c e r e a l p re p a r a tio n s
M in e ral fuels, lu b ric a n ts a n d
r e la te d m a t e r i a l s ............................
C h e m i c a l s ..........................................
M a c h i n e r y ..........................................
T ran sp o rt e q u ip m e n t
. . . .
O th e r m a n u fa c tu re d g o o d s
CHINA (T aiw an , new Taiw an dollar)
F o o d ........................................................
C ru d e m a te ria ls, in ed ib le.
e x ce p t f u e l s ...................................
O il-seeds, oil n u ts a n d oil k e rn e ls
Textile fibres, r a w
. . . .
M in eral fuels, lu b ric a n ts a n d
re la te d m a t e r i a l s ............................
C h e m i c a l s ..........................................
T e x t i l e s .................................................
B ase m e ta ls a n d m a n u fa c tu re s
M a c h i n e r y ..........................................
T ran sp o rt e q u ip m e n t
. . . .
O th er m a n u fa c tu re d g o o d s
INDIA (rupee)a
F o o d ........................................................
C ru d e m a te ria ls, in ed ib le, e x c e p t
f u e l s .................................................
C otton r a w a n d w a s t e .
Petroleum a n d p ro d u c ts
C h e m i c a l s ..........................................
B ase m eta ls a n d m a n u fa c tu re s
M a c h i n e r y ..........................................
T ran sp ort e q u ip m e n t
. . . .
O th e r m a n u fa c tu re d g o o d s
INDONESIA (rupiah)
Live a n im a ls , food p ro d u c ts, b e v e r a g e s a n d to b ac c o
. . . .
C h em icals a n d a llie d p ro d u c ts
Textiles, a p p a r e l a n d fo o tw a re
B ase m e ta ls a n d m a n u fa c tu re s
M a c h in e ry a n d tra n s p o rt e q u ip m en t
.................................................
JAPAN (thousand m illion yen)
F o o d ........................................................
C e re a ls a n d c e r e a l p r e p a r a tio n s
S u g a r a n d s u g a r p re p a r a tio n s
C ru d e m a te ria ls, in e d ib le , e x ce p t
f u e l s .................................................
O il-seeds, oil n u ts & oil k e rn e ls
C ru d e r u b b e r ...................................
Textile fibres, r a w
. . . .
M e tal o re s a n d s c r a p
1953
9.4
4.1
24.0
7.3
5.8
2.0
9.2
11.2
22.4
9.8
24.5
7.8
4.3
11.8
1954
1955
10.3
4.6
24.1
9.4
7.8
4.6
11.2
10.0
22.8
13.6
26.9
10.1
5.6
10.2
56.6
32.3
63.9
40.5
64.6
43.4
53.8
33.0
10.6
12.7
5.1
17.2
7.8
9.9
6.1
a
III
IV
I
7
II
III
Oct
12.7
8.9
10.8
38.7
14.6
14.8
13.7
13.9
14.1
9.4
5.4
16.6
8.4
7.3
5.7
9.3
6.8
7.1
22.4
6.9
10.1
6.3
9.7
6.7
7.4
16.8
8.5
9.3
5.2
9.0
8.9
9.0
29.8
8.1
10.0
9.3
10.9
30.5
9.3
9.3
8.3
12.7
14.0
9.0
11.8
27.8
13.1
11.3
10.8
14.8
5.2
9.9
33.4
13.6
16.1
15.1
13.3
4.4
9.2
33.7
14.9
15.9
18.1
13.8
3.5
10.1
43.5
11.0
15.9
11.4
7.5
5.3
7.7
13.0
11.6
14.3
8.8
17.2
5.7
3.2
26.3
15.4
13.0
50.3
26.1
56.7
28.3
60.1
27.7
71.9
39.3
12.0
10.6
8.2
12.3
8.0
5
1956
8.2
8.8
5.7
4.8
20.0
7.6
11.3
7.1
5.9
21.8
13.4
8.7
6.9
25.1
13.4
9.1
7.1
24.0
7.8
7.4
15.3
9.6
5.5
26.2
10.2
42.5
14.1
10.0
9.0
14.8
23.7
N ov
20.2
18.1
13.6
14.3
12.8
8.6
6.5
33.3
26.5
11.7
13.2
25.3
9.1
4.8
54.6
26.2
9.1
8.5
55.1
26.9
63.8
33.0
68.4
30.7
57.3
30.7
57.4
31.8
19.3
12.7
16.4
9.5
8.4
26.9
15.0
11.3
13.5
8.1
27.0
20.9
8.3
13.0
8.5
5.7
23.1
5.0
8.9
16.6
8.8
7.0
25.9
28.1
8.3
10.9
9.7
7.8
25.1
6.8
17.5
6.7
6.6
21.3
21.7
12.1
5.4
13.5
7.7
7.0
19.3
16.2
30.6
35.3
43.7
26.6
42.4
37.9
52.6
27.7
21 .6
33.5
14.1
60.1
15.2
11.9
1.1
24.7
2. 3
52.2
15.6
25.7
66.9
17.5
31.8
63.5
19.0
31.8
92.1
23.3
37.1
107.2
27.8
37.7
76.1
18.6
28.1
86.2
1 1. 6
131.1
30.1
58.6
125.7
24.0
62.5
96.0
17.7
45.9
92.5
39.4
7.7
9.2
24.2
10.9
33.3
15.4
23.1
25.3
11.1
34.8
9.3
47.6
6.4
29.0
33.5
21.3
44.8
4.4
25.9
43.8
16.9
13.1
51.7
2.5
44.2
65.3
10.7
27.1
36.0
84.0
3.6
43.2
78.5
8.6
20.0
26.2
75.7
3.9
45.7
60.6
14.2
26.7
49.1
84.2
12.7
12.9
5. 4
3.0
9.4
48.8
25.5
20.5
19.5
6. 4
18.0
32.2
46.9
10.9
21.0
23.6
55.2
2.9
51.0
53.3
23.5
33.1
42.7
64.7
1.4
54.7
80.5
13.5
43.2
173.8
54.7
0.9
43.0
126.6
17.7
50.7
5.3
46.4
1.9
61.8
99.2
24.1
35.2
184.3
193.2
94.3
81.7
89.2
39.8
34.9
37.2[|
62.6
41.7
76.4
193.6
94.7
54.0
44.5
35.9
72.1
42.9
80.1
133.7
97.4
65.8
35.8
43.5
86.5
41.0
56.8
74.9
41.5
49.3
72.7
47.9
72.5
41.9
45.3
75.7
31.7
55.8
94.2
44.6
78.3
44.0
69.0
76.9
56.2
68.2
99.6
44.7
90.4
49.0
131.2
127.5
64.4
90.8
85.7
27.9
89.6
45.7
148.3
134.2
61.8
139.6
90.5
36.4
96.5
49.5
155.0
130.9
71.2
27.5
106.1
54.2
58.5
58.9
177.9
164.5
64.5
70.5
110.9
51.7
107.0
72.5
214.2
169.6
56.6
70.4
88.4
30.1
81.5
74.4
175.2
184.1
52.7
73.4
52.5
17.5
91.0
29.3
215.1
46.0
219.1
94.6
131.9
40.9
212.9
67.9
96.0
37.0
173.8
63.1
63.3
53.6
175.0
70.4
176.1
55.8
218.3
41.3
120.7
69.9
117.9
59.7
212.4
79.3
126.4
48.5
218.0
84.1
111.6
152.0
71.9
174.0
130.1
128.4
48.2
129.6
121.4
86.8
42.9
137.3
74.8
82.0
71.7
129.8
75.2
37.2
162.7
136.3
115.7
102.4
144.6
157.7
123.3
125.3
148.9
144.8
134.3
89.5
14.86
10.90
2.91
17.86
12.98
3.53
18.12
12.98
3.79
19.30
14.66
3.39
18.34
13.20
3.64
16.47
11.08
4.02
15.74
10.98
3.69
17.10
11.15
3.93
13.35
6.81
4.33
20.10
12.39
5.16
17.29
9.15
5.36
19.33
11.42
5.14
15.14
8.13
4.43
36.40
2.58
2.52
22.51
2.83
3.17
1.16
1.48
17.91
4.36
34.63
2.41
1.51
19.98
5.20
33.78
2.91
1.30
18.54
5.13
36.77
4.41
2.24
17.57
5.57
51.31
4.01
54.37
4.73
2.53
24.69
13.79
57.13
2.80
3.04
23.07
19.47
67.80
4.92
3.34
28.90
22.32
73.50
4.64
3.34
28.97
26.73
54.92
3.55
3.12
18.69
20.77
45.91
4.11
2.49
18.28
14.68
41.11
2.82
1.99
17.87
12.13
6.2
21.0
8.2
66.0
33.5
38.6
65.8
22.2
12. 2
8.0
202.0
2.66
23.16
13.70
8.0
19.0
31.7
2.0
22.8
22.3
a
12.0
.
232
EXTERNAL TRADE
7.
VALUE OF IMPORTS BY PRINCIPAL COMMODITY GROUPS (Cont’d)
M onthly averages or calendar months
Millions
91 5 7
1 9 5 6
1951.
JA PAN (thousand m illion yen) (C ont’d)
M in e ral fuels, lu b ric a n ts a n d
re la te d m a t e r i a l s ............................
C h e m i c a l s ..........................................
M a c h i n e r y ..........................................
T ran sp o rt e q u ip m e n t
. . . .
O th e r m a n u fa c tu re d g o o d s
KOREA, so u th e rn (hw an)
F o o d .......................................................
C e re a ls a n d c e re a l p re p a ra tio n s
B e v e ra g e s a n d to bacco
C ru d e m a te ria ls, in ed ib le, e xcept
f u e l s .................................................
C h e m i c a l s ..........................................
T e x t i l e s .................................................
M a c h i n e r y ..........................................
T ran sp o rt e q u ip m e n t
. . . .
O th e r m a n u fa c tu re d g o o d s
4.80
1.10
1.72
1.24
1.75
3
—
1
22
20
27
2
1
22
1952
1953
Machinery
T ran sp o rt e q u ip m e n t
. .
O th e r m a n u fa c tu re d g o o d s
.
.
NORTH BORNEO (Malayan dollar)
F o o d .......................................................
M in e ral fuels, lu b ric a n ts a n d
re la te d m a t e r i a l s ............................
C h e m i c a l s ..........................................
T e x t i l e s .................................................
M a c h i n e r y ..........................................
T ran sp o rt e q u ip m e n t
. . . .
O th e r m a n u fa c tu re d g o o d s
8.66
8.02
2.08
2.79
2.03
1.92
3.77
1.55
2.54
258
230
24
821
697
67
276
126
555
78
188
22
103
306
229
42
21
223
106
351
604
203
113
461
115
693
1,273
276
52
862
114
67
12
4
71
2.68
PAKISTAN (rupee)h
M ineral o i l s ..........................................
C otton p i e c e g o o d s ............................
Cotton tw ist a n d y a rn . . . .
Iron a n d ste e l m a n u fa c tu re s .
M a c h i n e r y ..........................................
T ran sp o rt e q u ip m e n t
. . . .
PHILIPPINES (peso)c
F o o d .......................................................
C e re a ls a n d c e re a l p re p a r a tio n s
M in e ral fuels, lu b ric a n ts a n d
re la te d m a t e r i a l s ............................
C h e m i c a l s ..........................................
Textiles
Machinery
T ran sp o rt e q u ip m e n t
. .
O th e r m a n u fa c tu re d g o o d s
. . .
0.28
.
0.39
0.38
0.70
0.16
. . .
6.1
8.3
8.5
23.0
16.3
14.0
14.6
7.0
10.0
2. 1
16.6
6.5
12.8
12.8
5.8
3.6
6.9
7.0
5.4
13.1
7.1
3.6
17.2
8.1
27.5
18.0
7.2
11.6
5.6
6.2
15.7
3.0
20.4
1.2
4.0
4.9
6.4
13.2
9.0
3.6
19.1
92
207
428
256
164
706
54
223
840
194
52
716
86
375
357
180
35
620
194
258
209
307
59
780
175
239
186
331
61
522
400
421
580
240
63
710
354
290
659
234
24
899
19.5
24.2
15.3
12.2
11.6
4.8
21.4
5.1
. 16.7
23.3
5.4
29.9
7.8
15.8
4.8
3.3
5.0
14.7
19.4
27.7
24.4
422
221
220
120
370
663
254
79
711
15.2
7.4
2.3
2.9
9.1
3.9
3.5
11.5
18.0
10.5
4.0
5.6
23.0
6.9
24.6
5.2
5.6
14.8
6.9
13.7
18.6
12.0
21
6.0
4.6
2.6
10.1
8.2
26.8
8.7
8.8
10.7
5.3
12.1
5.7
12.5
5.3
14.0
7.5
12.6
6. 6
10.8
6. 0
16.1
7.9
13.0
7.4
14.7
9.1
6.4
3.4
7.1
4.3
16.1
7.8
3.0
6.9
3.7
16.9
5.9
3.6
7.0
4.2
16.2
8.1
8.0
3.7
11.6
7.7
3.5
5.6
3.1
14.5
4.6
19.1
3.4
7.3
3.2
17.3
7.3
3.0
7.2
3.9
15.3
4.2
3.1
7.3
3.9
14.2
5.5
2.7
7.1
3.6
13.8
1.46
1.89
2.54
2.89
2.89
2.4
2.2
2.4
0.48
0.24
0.46
0.70
0.25
1.17
0.44
0.32
0.53
0.57
0.24
1.59
0.51
0.41
0.69
0.59
0.44
0.77
0.82
0.30
2.25
0.40
0.41
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.5
0.7
0.9
0.4
0.4
2.2
2.0
6.6
7.6
2.3
0.48
0.26
555
197
505
72
261
1.20
29.0
13.5
6.9
3.0
1.51
200
452
65
1.86
12.8
6.3
2.9
1.71
1,327
840
255
731
384
168
1,170
730
266
1,021
137
203
22.98
6.75
7.19
29.9
3.9
1.81
6.01
18.51
5.66
5.32
1.08
14.58
25.5
8.9
6.3
3.0
16.6
8.62
14.03
5.36
3.79
1.00
9.15
30.0
13.3
3.8
3.4
12.3
19.78
4.28
7.89
0.99
12.25
5.13
3.72
0.95
5.44
31.0
14.7
8.6
6.6
20.57
4.79
8.67
19.55
20.31
5.20
7.82
1.36
20.28
12.38
4.90
3.93
0.92
5.68
25.8
9.4
5.5
6. 0
Nov
I
27.4
11.0
22.8
6.0
Oct
IV
10.2
28.2
14.1
4.7
7.3
0.68
2.41
III
II
III
24.8
26.2
10.9
5.4
6.5
5.7
5.1
16.7
8.67
2.41
3.29
1956
7.1
20.2
24.5
10.9
6.1
.
122
. . .
0.78
0.22
1955
7.02
1.33
2.72
1.28
1.74
LAOS (Kip)
F o o d ..................................
C e re a ls a n d c e r e a l p r e p a r a tio n s
P etroleum p r o d u c t s ............................
C h e m i c a l s ..........................................
T e x t i l e s .................................................
M a c h i n e r y ..........................................
T ran sp o rt e q u ip m e n t
. . . .
O th e r m a n u fa c tu re d g o o d s
MALAYA, F e d e ra tio n ofa
(Malayan dollar)
F o o d ........................................................
C e re a ls a n d c e re a l p re p a ra tio n s
C ru d e m a te ria ls, in ed ib le, e xcept
f u e l s .................................................
M etal ores a n d s c r a p . . . .
M in eral fuels, lu b ric a n ts a n d
re la te d m a t e r i a l s ............................
T e x t i l e s .................................................
1954
6.1
8.3
2.5
4.0
5.6
22.9
3.7
9.5
2.2
0.9
8.3
20.8
4.1
0.68
0.51
2.01
0.53
0.69
2.40
0.6
1.0
2.0
1.1
9.7
15.2
5.5
9.0
16.5
5.2
10.3
0.5
0.5
10.5
17.6
7.7
16.3
5.7
16 .1
3.8
19.3
8.9
9.3
7.5
12.3
15.6
4.6
8.8
12.0
15.1
4.2
21.0
5.8
9.7
9.6
11.7
19.3
7.5
20.0
22.0
29.3
26.8
17.1
6.2
14.7
4.4
9.0
6.4
14.3
10.3
4.2
19.8
9.0
7.3
14.2
12.4
5.0
8.7
6.5
9.9
16.1
4.8
20.1
9.0
6.6
10.0
17.5
4.6
20.7
8.3
1.0
0.8
0. 6
8.3
4.3
13.2
4.3
21.7
0.88
8.0
0.4
0.4
0.2
0. 2
16.3
26.2
20.0
18.6
25.9
7.5
15.7
5.3
17.3
20.0
5.1
5.9
18.0
6.4
10.4
9.8
15.5
9.7
9.8
15.8
17.0
3.8
9.8
10.3
13.8
17.4
5.1
2.0
1.0
10.2
6.6
9.0
29.2
7.2
24.9
23.8
7.
233
EXTERNAL TRADE
VALUE OF IMPORTS BY PRINCIPAL COMMODITY GROUPS (Cont’d)
Monthly averages or calendar months
Millions
1 9 5 6
SA RAW AK (Malayan dollar)
F o o d ........................................................
M in eral fuels, lu b ric a n ts a n d
re la te d m a t e r i a l s ............................
C h e m i c a l s ..........................................
T e x t i l e s .................................................
M a c h i n e r y ..........................................
T ransport e q u ip m e n t
. . . .
O th e r m a n u fa c tu re d g oods
SINGAPORE (Malayan dollar)a
F o o d ........................................................
C e re a ls a n d c e re a l p r e p a ra tio n s
C ru d e m a te ria ls, in ed ib le, e x c e p t
f u e l s .................................................
C rude r u b b e r ...................................
M ineral
fuels,
lu b ric a n ts
and
re la te d m a t e r i a l s ............................
T e x t i l e s .................................................
M a c h i n e r y ..........................................
T ransport e q u ip m e n t
. . . .
O th e r m a n u fa c tu re d g oods
THAILAND (baht)
F o o d .......................................................
M in eral fuels, lu b ric a n ts a n d
re la te d m a te ria ls
. . . .
C h e m i c a l s ..........................................
T e x t i l e s .................................................
M a c h i n e r y ..........................................
T ransp ort e q u ip m e n t
. . . .
O th e r m a n u fa c tu re d g oods
VIET-NAM (piastre)d
F o o d ........................................................
Petroleum a n d p ro d u c ts
T e x t i l e s .................................................
M a c h i n e r y ..........................................
T ransport e q u ip m e n t
. . . .
1954
1
9
5
7
1956
1952
1953
4.29
4.02
3.64
3.85
4.32
4.36
4.63
4.3
22.23
0.24
22.95
0.23
22.44
0.53
24.93
0.82
0.61
0.48
0.16
1.21
1.20
27.09
0.92
0.56
1.24
0.39
2.40
26.7
0.7
1.08
0.36
26.80
0.79
0.54
0.52
22.40
0.70
0.57
1.19
0.36
III
I
IV
II
III
Oct
Nov
V
0.12
a
2.10
0.37
2.37
0.45
2.38
0.6
1.1
0.4
2.1
57.6
20.7
22. 6
51.1
117.9
44.7
11.7
45.2
11.7
50.5
13.3
53.0
12.6
49.7
11.5
52.9
13.3
47.9
9.9
54.6
12.9
45.9
12.4
38.3
7.6
100.4
89.8
46.8
38.8
32.7
24.4
38.7
27.8
53.5
51.0
54.9
46.4
57.8
49.6
55.5
46.6
51.9
41.9
55.2
43.9
67.6
56.6
51.2
66.1
49.9
35.7
27.5
39.4
7.9
9. 4
43.0
42.1
25.9
10.1
44.7
14.9
7.6
50.0
17.9
10.3
59.1
17.9
50.1
14.0
12.8
6.8
24.2
41.2
62.4
17.5
13.3
8. 5
40.8
64.7
16.3
15.6
9. 4
36.2
65.6
15.8
9.5
7. 6
34.2
72.1
18.5
12.2
74.5
19.0
13.9
32.1
43.7
12.7
7.9
4. 9
25.7
41.5
59.2
52.5
53.3
51.9r
58.0
10.2
6.0
30.2
7.6
34.1
36.7
59.8
16.8
11.7
5. 8
33.3
51.5
55.2
52.9
49.5
6.2
8.6
19.0
71.5
27.2
20.9
89.7
35.0
24.6
91.9
48.5
44.1
132.3
39.3
28.2
93.4
67.1
46.7
151.0
47.5
43.9
105.0
71.1
44.6
168.7
57.0
48.1
113.4
65.3
48.7
191.1
64.6
54.5
120.3
73.8
53.1
173.8
61.9
55.1
96.5
69.4
65.4
167.8
72.1
52.9
131.4
81.1
39.6
164.2
69.7
61.4
131.4
83.7
60.7
199.5
55.8
13.8
164.9
1.7e
1.8
84.8
21.3
209.6
51.0
46.6
111.1
32.0
231.4
71.7
47.2
122.0
41.0
190.1
76.2
49.3
89.6
33.7
111.2
65.4
52.3
82.2
35.0
123.5
49.2
32.6
74.0
27.7
89.8
52.7
41.0
104.4
45.1
183.7
37.1
23.3
70.1
19.6
108.6
64.8
32.2
22.2
GENERAL NOTE:
(1 ) S ee ta b l e 5. (2 ) F o r F e d e r a tio n o f M a la y a
a n d S in g a p o r e : T r a d e b e tw e e n F e d e r a t i o n o f M a la y a a n d S in g a p o r e is e x c lu d e d .
a . 1951 to 1954 fig u r e s f o r C eylon, 1951 to 1956 fig u r e s f o r I n d i a a n d
1951 to 1952 fig u r e s f o r F e d e r a t i o n o f M a la y a a n d S in g a p o r e ,
re c la ssifie d b y E C A F E s e c r e t a r i a t , m a y n o t c o n f o r m e x a c t l y t o t h e
8.
1955
1951
b.
c.
d.
e.
BURMA (kyat)
Rice a n d p r o d u c t s ............................
N a tu ra l r u b b e r ...................................
T e a k ........................................................
R a w c o t t o n ..........................................
B ase m e ta ls a n d o re s . . . .
CAMBODIA (riel)
R i c e ........................................................
M a i z e ........................................................
N a tu ra l r u b b e r ...................................
CEYLON (rupee)
T e a ........................................................
Coconut a n d p ro d u c ts . . . .
N a tu ra l r u b b e r ...................................
CHINA (T aiw an, n ew Taiw an dollar)
R i c e ........................................................
Fruits, fresh, d rie d a n d p r e s e rv e d
T e a ........................................................
Sug a r .
..........................................
INDIA (rupee)a
F o o d ........................................................
T e a ........................................................
S p i c e s .................................................
C rude m a te ria ls, in e d ib le , e x ce p t
f u e l s .................................................
H ides a n d skins, u n d r e s s e d
Cotton r a w a n d w a s t e .
V e g e ta b le o i l s ...................................
C h e m i c a l s ..........................................
L e a th e r a n d m a n u fa c tu re s
Cotton y a r n a n d fa b ric s
Jute y a r n a n d fa b ric s . . . .
O th e r m a n u fa c tu re d g oods
1952
55.5
51.4
54.2
79.6
65.0
99.4
76.2
68.5
203.1
75.5
63.8
103.5
95.2
76.7
160.1
69.3
59.4
138.0
63.3
49.2
165.4
62.8
61.1
111.5
78.7
167.3
85.9
67.1
107.8
81.3
55.9
107.6
101.0
62.0
100.4
97.2
63.9
95.7
73.1
91.7
1954
1955
1 9 5 6
1956
1
9
5
Millions
7
III
IV
I
II
III
Oct
75.4
3.7
2.7
68.3
1.5
3.4
3.1
4. 9
71.9
3.9
4.8
2.9
4. 5
82.2
4.5
73.0
2.6
52.4
0.4
—
—
—
3.3
1.8
2.8
17.6
79.4
2.4
2.0
4.2
3. 8
68.1
2.7
1.8
3.2
4. 9
72.3
3.7
38.5
8.0
25.8
69.5
16.9
34.3
9.3
12.5
51.1
20.6
...
15.9
42.2
3.6
17.0
53.5
21 .8
36.1
81.9
8.5
33.4
62.9
21.3
54.8
46.3
11.9
45.2
47.5
21.9
61.8
66.7
26.9
48.5
60.3
19.5
31.1
68.8
20.5
28.1
93.6
18.2
23.8
99.5
19.0
29.2
87.0
18.0
24.4
85.3
21.6
31.0
87.6
19.8
20.3
105.7
11.8
33.9
79.4
10.7
19.3
90.5
16.2
19.7
82.8
15.4
42.9
19.5
7.5
17.4
8.1
8.8
37.3
12.3
7.0
79.6
40.0
11.9
127.6
66.4
9.9
15.4
106.4
15.3
8.5
11 1.2
9.4
10.7
12.1
70.2
34.4
18.4
64.6
18.6
9.9
7.1
72.0
59.4
28.2
18.0
48.7
125.2
79.7
27.1
1 11.7
67.3
19.5
118.7
85.9
14.5
144.8
109.4
12.0
131.2
94.3
8.8
157.6
118.5
7.7
160.5
124.7
202.6
99.9
8.3
21.4
27.5
6.7
27.9
78.4
88.8
86.3
4.9
16.7
7.9
4.4
73.2
5.7
15.4
7.4
4.7
18.2
59.7
101.2
29.3
98.3
5.6
28.9
31.2
4.1
19.0
53.0
102.9
31.3
84.2
5.1
20.9
17.4
4.5
18.7
51.9
94.6
30.9
72.2
2.5
11.7
6.7
3.7
15.8
47.0
96.6
28.9
8.6
200.2
35.1
2.2
3.0
4.1
5. 0
4.9
20.3
22.8
6.1
14.8
60.4
136.1
29.0
21 .2
53.1
92.0
30.9
6 6.8
n e w c la ss ific a tio n b e g in n in g f r o m 1955, 1957
a n d 1953 re s p e c tiv e ly .
F i g u r e s p r i o r t o 1957, r e l a t i n g to p r i v a t e a c c o u n t o n ly . F r o m 1957
o n w a r d s fig u re s in c lu d in g g o v e r n m e n t a c c o u n t.
I m p o r t s v a lu e d f.o .b .
S ee f o o tn o te g in t a b le 5.
E x c lu d in g e le c tr ic m a c h in e r y .
70.7
2.0
2.4
5.1
4. 6
60.3
2.4
4.0
3.9
3. 5
82.6
1953
6.1
34.2
56.9
VALUE OF EXPORTS BY PRINCIPAL COMMODITIES AND/OR COMMODITY GROUPS
M onthly averages or calendar months
1951
11.2
2.8
4.3
5. 2
10.2
2.8
4. 5
—
29.3
9.7
83.5
6.0
317.0
230.6
41.0
24.3
16.7
107.4
167.1
6.9
165.9
122.4
10.9
96.0
42.2
6.1
172.2
111.5
4.8
89.7
1 2 0 .8
6.1
6.2
120.1
6.6
23.3
12.5
3.6
94.6
7.6
7.6
10.3
5.7
17.8
52.2
56.8
118.9
13.5
10.1
5.5
21.0
57.0
109.9
32.6
8.0
a
1 24.9
10.5
4.6
17.7
69.5
60.1
73.6
8.0
20.0
56.2
47.1
100.0
N ov
78.4
17.8
19.7
10.2
14.2
10.8
164.8
234
EXTERNAL TRADE
8.
VALUE OF EXPORTS BY PRINCIPAL COMMODITIES AND/OR COMMODITY GROUPS (Cont’d)
M onthly averages or calendar months
Millions
1 9 5 6
1951
INDONESIA (rupiah)
T e a ................................................
C o p r a ................................................
N a tu ra l r u b b e r ............................
Tin ore
..........................................
P etro leu m a n d pro d u cts
JA PAN (thousand m illion yen )
F o o d .................................................
Fish a n d fish p r e p a r a tio n s .
C ru d e m a te ria ls, in e d ib le except
f u e l s ..........................................
Textile fibres, r a w
C h e m i c a l s ...................................
T e x t i l e s ..........................................
B a se m e ta ls a n d m a n u fa c tu re s
M a c h i n e r y ...................................
T ransp ort e q u ip m e n t
O th e r m a n u fa c tu re d g o ods
KOREA, so u th e rn (hw an)
F o o d .................................................
C ru d e m a te ria ls, in ed ib le excep t
f u e l s ..........................................
C h e m i c a l s ...................................
M a n u fa c tu re d g o o d s
LAOS (kip)
W o od a n d lu m b e r . . . .
Tin ore
..........................................
G um s a n d re sin s
. . . .
P la n ts for u s e in m ed ic in e a n d
p e r f u m e r y ..........................................
MALAYA, F e d e ra tio n of
(Malayan dollar)
R u b b e r .................................................
Iron o r e .................................................
V e g e ta b le o i l s ...................................
Tin
.......................................................
NORTH BORNEO (Malayan dollar)
C o p r a .......................................................
R u b b e r .................................................
T i m b e r .................................................
PAKISTAN (rupee)b
T e a ........................................................
R a w j u t e .................................................
R a w c o t t o n ..........................................
R a w w o o l ..........................................
H ides a n d s k i n s ...................................
PHILIPPINES (peso)
Coconut a n d coconut p re p a ra tio n s
S u g a r a n d re la te d pro d u cts
F ibres a n d m a n u fa c tu re s .
M inerals a n d m e ta ls
. . . .
Logs, lu m b e r a n d tim b e r .
SARAW AK (Malayan dollar)
Pepper
................................................
R u b b e r ................................................
Timber, s a w n a n d log s
M ineral fuels, lu b ric a n ts a n d
re la te d m a t e r i a l s ............................
SINGAPORE (Malayan dollar)
R u b b e r ................................................
M ineral f u e l s ...................................
V e g e ta b le o i l s ...................................
Tin
.......................................................
THAILAND (baht)c
R i c e .......................................................
N a tu ra l r u b b e r ...................................
T e a k .......................................................
Tin ore a n d c o n c e n tra te s .
VIET-NAM (piastre)d
Rice a n d p r o d u c t s ............................
N a tu ra l r u b b e r ...................................
1952
1953
1954
1955
1
9
5
7
1956
III
IV
I
II
III
Oct
Nov
11.6
40.7
206.9
25.7
52.8
20.9
43.2
344.7
81.8
162.1
22.3
54.1
256.6
76.8
191.0
37.8
54.8
251.1
56.5
214.9
29.7
40.6
407.8
56.5
201.9
28.1
42.8
335.7
60.5
213.3
24.4
52.2
345.6
64.1
206.1
32.9
56.4
383.7
70.9
247.5
36.0
43.2
290.6
47.5
175.3
22.2
25.6
309.3
49.0
241.0
27.5
49.5
450.1
53.7
249.1
30.5
58.0
315.1
58.1
287.2
30.3
75.7
246.9
49.5
286.0
2.02
2.87
1.37
3.72
1.82
3.92
2.23
3.98
2.27
5.32
3.62
4.88
3.27
5.93
4.23
4.53
3.36
4.64
2.92
5.84
3.98
5.33
3.64
6.65
4.35
2.52
1.47
2.50
1.54
2.37
16.50
7.51
3.86
1.65
3.21
20.81
10.24
5.07
9.56
16.76
2.98
1.72
3.35
19.34
10.48
5.09
8.72
18.63
3.27
2.13
25.34
9.62
6.38
13.25
18.94
2.52
1.51
3.76
21.63
8.79
5.26
13.52
19.24
2.55
1.53
4.26
22.55
8.78
5.96
3.01
1.98
4.18
25.86
9.69
12.02
9.22
2.94
1.74
2.82
17.55
11.61
3.83
3.57
12.97
2.86
3.48
1.08
6.14
2.09
1.42
1.87
11.27
5.62
2.14
3.52
6.82
18.94
14.81
21.40
2.77
1.74
3.33
25.28
10.37
6.51
6.78
19.92
2.78
1.64
2.74
26.20
9.98
7.36
9.03
19.60
3.3
19.3
52.0
67.4
42.7
58.5
65.9
94.6
104.4
117.1
202.3
221.3
166.3
33.2
0.5
131.7
3.5
6.9
235.0
16.2
17.8
426.6
31.5
26.5
566.5
47.0
64.7
841.5
35.8
108.4
755.2
26.4
109.2
803.0
12.3
118.6
681.5
41.2
102.3
686.1
27.6
155.5
505.9
18.8
270.8
463.2
9.4
194.8
359.0
0.7
152.3
1.00
0.75
0.59
0.28
1.34
0.74
0.27
0.60
2.26
0.25
0.90
0.14
0.01
1.20
0.03
2.10
0.09
0.24
0.34
0.48
0.18
0.22
73.3
3.6
6.6
27.3
72.6
2.1
5.2
21.7
58.9
4.1
26.5
65.6
7.1
6.7
30.7
2.03
3.58
2.10
1.90
3.24
2.40
1.76
3.11
2.40
2.42
3.02
2.75
9.4
59.3
14.0
8.7
3.5
3.7
109.9
59.0
8.0
3.6
0.3
30.5
23.1
10.6
4.4
0.7
30.7
9.2
8.6
1.8
61.6
16.8
2.2
3.0
32.1
14.9
25.7
21.4
7.0
5.1
7.0
29.2
20.9
6.3
6.7
9.4
30.5
24.7
0.8
6.7
3.2
4.8
31.3
5.5
4.5
8.5
8.0
95.8
37.5
95.2
47.1
6.7
7.2
1.06
2.34
1.84
1.10
16.07
8.94
3.23
0.93
6.31
0.8
119.4
1.20
10.99
10.22
64.0
2.20
41.3
1.7
4.9
13.3
46.1
1.8
4.7
18.3
78.2
2.7
4.9
19.2
69.9
4.2
5.9
28.2
65.3
2.66
2.88
6.0
6.4
28.9
6.22
_
0.34
8.6
...
80.0
6.3
6.1
31.0
1.31
7.18
0.85
0.62
3.26
0.69
0.73
1.95
1.03
1.15
2.03
1.46
1.18
3.84
1.81
1.94
3.36
2.18
5.0
96.9
80.2
4.9
4.9
2.7
58.0
72. 0
4.1
3.9
45.4
29.1
3.5
2.9
58.0
33.6
5.6
2.8
2.9
47.6
52.7
4.3
3.3
2.8
2.6
4.5
62.6
30.3
5.9
3.3
34.8
12.6
12.8
4.4
2.9
20.3
16.8
7.4
5.8
3.2
26.3
17.0
7.2
5.9
4.8
27.4
18.4
4.9
5.9
5.9
25.0
18.6
5.1
6.7
6.9
29.3
17.6
6.5
9.2
8.1
1.49
13.24
0.39
2.75
5.43
0.74
4.12
2.64
1.16
3.64
2.87
1.16
2.64
6.64
1.83
2.05
5.86
1.59
2.30
5.36
1.33
0.96
6.51
1.58
24.90
25.08
24.42
24.46
26.74
28.85
28.75
30.36
210.7
93.6
61.8
28.6
66.2
115.9
31.2
3.9
16.9
102.0
36.2
3.9
11.6
99.2
30.8
3.7
10.4
105.5
30.7
4.9
12.5
94.0
42.7
4.3
18.9
91.5
36.9
3.9
11.5
100.1
30.9
5.3
6.8
6.9
259.8
150.0
221.8
92.9
27.6
45.1
270.4
156.6
22.4
48.6
308.3
140.4
25.2
44.1
315.5
95.8
21.5
37.4
309.8
98.1
36.7
238.4
127.2
31.9
42.3
43.2
313.7
142.0
17.8
47.6
26.2
122.7
1.1
107.0
0.7
139.0
3.7
102.6
13.7
152.5
96.7
86.7
85.7
130.6
54.4
177.0
2.8
14.4
29.4
4.5
16.3
152.0
123.6
12.7
16.5
322.2
83.2
312.2
62.6
8.2
18.4
11.1
33.3
257.2
92.4
17.6
31.1
62.4
102.7
44.9
71.8
52.5
70.5
64.2
68.7
GENERAL NOTE:
( 1 ) See t a b le 5.
(2 ) F o r F e d e r a t i o n o f M a la y a
a n d S i n g a p o r e : T r a d e b e tw e e n F e d e r a t i o n o f M a la y a a n d S i n g a p o r e is e x clu d ed .
a . F i g u r e s f o r 1951 t o 1956, re c la ss ifie d b y E C A F E S e c r e t a r i a t , m a y
n o t c o n f o r m e x a c tly t o t h e n e w c la s s ific a tio n f r o m 1957.
22.1
b.
3.38
2.55
3.9
35.6
21.2
5.4
2.9
30.9
11.1
6.6
8.9
9.1
6.1
8.3
8.3
6.8
7.0
4.7
7.2
20.8
71.1
2.9
7.5
27.1
6.1
6.1
. .
20.1
104.8
F i g u r e s p r i o r t o 1957, r e l a t i n g t o p r i v a t e a c c o u n t o n ly . F r o m 1957
o n w a r d s fig u r e s in c lu d in g g o v e r n m e n t a c c o u n t.
F r o m 1952 o n w a r d s b a h t v a lu e is o b ta in e d b y c o n v e r t i n g f o r e ig n
c u r r e n c ie s a t f r e e m a r k e t b u y in g r a t e .
d. See f o o tn o t e g in t a b l e 5.
c.
.
235
EXTERNAL TRADE
9.
QUANTITY OF EXPORTS OF SELECTED COMMODITIES
Monthly averages or calendar months
Thousand tons
1
1 9 5 6
1948
RICE
B u r m a ...................................
C a m b o d i a ............................
C h in a (T aiw an)
T h a i l a n d ............................
V i e t - N a m ............................
SUGAR
C h in a (T aiw an)
I n d i a ..........................................
I n d o n e s i a ............................
P h i l i p p i n e s ............................
TEA
C e y l o n ...................................
C h in a (T aiw an)
I n d i a ..........................................
I n d o n e s i a ............................
J a p a n ...................................
P a k i s t a n ...................................
HIDES & SKINS
In d ia a (net exports, tons) .
P a k ista n (thousand pieces ).
COPRAb & COCONUT OIL
C e y l o n ...................................
In d o n e sia (copra) .
M a la y a , F e d e ra tio n of
(coconut oil) . . . .
N. B o r n e o ............................
P h i l i p p i n e s ............................
S in g a p o re (coconut oil)
PALM OIL
I n d o n e s i a ............................
M a la y a , F e d e ra tio n of
S i n g a p o r e ............................
GROUND NUTSb & OIL
I n d i a ..........................................
NATURAL RUBBER
B r u n e i ...................................
B u r m a ...................................
C a m b o d i a ............................
C e y l o n ...................................
I n d o n e s i a ............................
M a la y a , F e d e ra tio n of
N. Borneo ............................
S a r a w a k ............................
S i n g a p o r e ............................
T h a i l a n d ............................
V i e t - N a m ............................
COTTON, RAW
India
P a k i s t a n ...................................
COTTON YARN (tons)
H ong Kong ............................
J a p a n ...................................
M a la y a including
S in g a p o re
. . . .
COTTON PIECE GO ODS
(million sq. metres)
H ong Kong ............................
India (million metres) .
J a p a n ...................................
M a la y a including
S in g a p o re
. . . .
JUTE
P a k is ta n (raw ) . . . .
In d ia (b a g a n d cloth) .
HEMP, RAW
P h i l i p p i n e s ............................
TIN CONCENTRATES (tons)
B u r m a ...................................
Indonesia
T h a i l a n d ............................
TIN METAL (tons)
M a la y a , F e d e ra tio n of
S i n g a p o r e ............................
PETROLEUM & PRODUCTS
Brunei (crude oil) .
I n d o n e s i a ............................
M a la y a in clu d in g
S in g a p o re
. . . .
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
9
5
7
1953
III
IV
I
II
III
Oct
Nov
110.2
20.7
7.1
131.4
23.0
109.4
17.5
8.8
118.8
12.8
86.9
11.5
4.9
113.3
8.6
129.6
24.7
3.0
83.5
14.6
141.5
8.4
14.2
104.0
6.8
162.1
5.8
9.1
105.5
0.4
175.5
1.7
—
94.8
0.3
155.4
5.7
18.3
122.0
1.3
164.3
24.7
4.2
148.1
3.7
185.6
22.3
11.0
143.2
25.8
177.5
18.9
11.3
130.7
23.7
129.0
17.0
16.3
122.8
14.0
21.3
23.6
38.3
72.9
43.5
48.8
50.0
33.0
41.8
14.7
47.4
0.5
47.2
0.1
66.1
7.8
64.3
17.7
72.4
14.7
77.2
14.1
71.9
16.2
44.8
19.6
61.8
73.6
21.6
2.6
89.7
28.8
5.3
18.1
114.8
7.7
3.7
92.8
16.9
28.0
30.5
3.2
34.4
25.3
11.2
0.6
13.2
0.7
0.3
1.2
11.5
0.9
17.0
3.3
0.7
1.8
11.9
0.8
15.5
2.7
0.8
0.9
12.8
0.9
18.8
2.4
1.1
1.0
13.6
1.3
16.8
3.4
1.4
0.8
13.6
0.6
13.6
2.4
1.2
0.4
13.2
0.9
19.5
2.9
0.9
0.8
13.4
1.0
19.2
2.6
0.9
0.8
12.8
1.4
24.9
3.3
1.0
1.6
14.1
0.8
18.4
3.4
0.8
0.6
14.3
0.8
7.5
2.5
0.4
—
14.9
1.4
18.7
3.1
1.1
0.1
12.0
1.3
20.5
3.2
1.2
0.3
9.3
0.8
24.6
3.2
1.5
0.8
1,066
869c
1,325
944
615
719
478
898
424
811
366
749
276
878
—760
386
994
1,009
2,170
1,057
573
812
572
9.2
12.1d
10.3
27.2
11.1
17.4
9.0
15.6
8.2
14.8
11.6
11.8
10.1
13.1
12.2
16.4
8.7
18.9
5.4
23.2
5.1
14.3
7.8
25.6
6.0
37.3
9.5
49.5
1.6
0.3
35.3
2.2
4.3
0.9
45.0
1.5
3.6
0.6
40.3
2.0
4.0
0.7
35.1
1.1
3.7
1.4
43.8
3.0
4.8
1.8
46.4
2.9
6.0
3.0
57.4
2.7
6.6
4.2
60.4
3.2
6.4
3.1
64.6
3.0
5.8
2.9
52.9
3.2
3.4
2.9
59.8
2.9
5.4
4.1
59.2
4.0
4.7
7.1
44.8
5.2
59.3
6.7
3.3
1.4
2.6
8.1
1.2
2.6
10.1
1.2
2.7
11.0
1.9
2.2
11.7
2.2
2.1
9.7
2.2
2.3
10.4
2.2
2.4
12.7
2.0
1.7
10.4
2.7
3.3
2.6
2.2
2.1
8.3
2.2
2.0
19.2
3.5
2.1
10.4
3.5
1.5
15.4
3.6
1.3
5.5
5.8
5.6
1.7
2.5
14.8
2.8
—
0.1
0.7
0.2
0.2
0.8
0.2
0.8
7.8
36.6
32.6
1.7
3.4
24.8
8.1
8.8
67.2
27.2
1.8
3.6
24.3
9.2
4.5
0.2
1.2
1.4
7.6
61.8
28.3
1.6
2.7
20.1
8.3
5.3
0.1
0.9
1.5
8.2
57.1
27.5
1.4
2.0
20.7
8.1
5.0
0.1
1.0
2.0
7.6
61.7
35.3
1.4
1.9
13.1
9.9
4.6
0.1
1.0
2.2
8.2
61.1
37.9
1.7
3.3
15.6
11.0
5.2
0.1
1.0
2.4
7.3
56.6
36.6
1.7
3.5
15.7
11.3
5.3
0.1
1.1
2.6
7.1
65.3
34.4
1.8
3.2
13.9
9.0
6.1
0.1
0.5
2.8
8.6
64.4
39.2
1.7
3.3
17.1
14.0
5.5
0.1
1.1
2.2
10.1
49.0
38.5
1.7
3.6
15.3
13.5
7.8
0.1
1.0
1.9
7.5
52.5
33.4
1.6
3.6
14.5
9.0
4.0
0.1
1.0
2.7
6.5
74.2
35.6
1.6
3.2
11.6
9.1
5.8
0.1
1.0
3.5
9.7
54.4
46.8
1.8
3.0
13.0
13.6
7.6
0.1
1.0
3.7
8.1
45.8
44.5
1.7
2.9
26.6
9.7
4.3
8.0
13.6
2.3
18.3
4.4
20.4
3.8
23.6
2.3
11.8
7.3
14.0
5.9
10.9
2.4
7.1
2.9
5.1
4.0
19.7
8.0
8.1
3.3
6.0
458
1,732
1,025
1,300
1,117
1,190
801
1,172
1,117
1,228
991
1,183
1,032
949
824
1,032
978
1,545
1,319
1,283
1,316
1,095
1,328
1,365
1,067
1,048
796
22
167
119
113
54
9
44
139
6
11
9
1
11
20
9.3
50.0
63.7
11.3
65.6
89.0
11.5
56.9
79 .3
9.8
56.7
87.9
13.7
50.2
71.9
11.4
63.6
106.3
13.8
82.2
93.0
12.8
68.3
100.7
14.2
15.2
12.2
45.7
52.0
102.5
100.3
109.5
105.9†
0.8
67.7
23.5
28.2
12.2e
59.1
75.3
10.1
3.1
2.8
5.1
7.5e
14.5
9.6
8.0
2.7
5.0
4.5
3.9
2.7
6.9
3.6
3.6
5.0
3.8
2 8 .lt
78.4
88.7
67.1
70.0
60.0
81.7
60.3
74.3
67.8
31.8
79.6
71.5
67.9
40.8
71.2
65.0
78.0
107.5
68.1
32.8
54.4
31.0
76.1
66.0
57.8
75.7
6.2
10.3
9.1
9.3
8.2
9.3
10.2
10.3
9.4
10.1
9.6
10.5
9.8
6.6
155
2,753
479
125
2,604
746
118
2,929
825
83
2,771
863
52
2,874
806
79
2,689
935
71
2,638
1,052
71
2,732
1,105
71
3,212
1,198
46
2,034
933
47
2,044
1,024
84
2,512
1.168
90
2,589
1,067
178
2,196
1.321
2,398
1,595
3,008
2,489
3,140
2,286
2,955
2,274
3,134
2,816
3,204
2.821
4,399
1,806
4,630
1,675
4,120
1,908
3,379
2,919
1,126
1,806
5,067
1,100
5,122
1,136
4,571
1,224
224
321
415
506
423
618
406
800
398
824
433
789
469
877
470
819
472
1,054
459
755
1,022
1,115
1,203
1,129
82
163
204
225
235
268
239
174
175
259
206
165
206
237
G E N E R A L N O T E : F o r F e d e r a t i o n o f M a la y a a n d S in g a p o r e :
b e tw e e n S in g a p o r e a n d F e d e r a t i o n o f M a la y a is e x c lu d e d .
a . P r i o r to 1955, y e a r s b e g in n i n g 1 A p r il.
b . I n te r m s o f oil e q u iv a le n t.
T rade
c. Y e a r b e g in n in g 1 A p ril.
d . E x c lu d in g e x p o r ts t o S in g a p o r e fr o m In d o n e s ia .
e. M illio n m e tre s .
236
EXTERNAL TRADE
10.
INDEX NUMBERS OF UNIT VALUE, QUANTUM AND TERMS OF TRADE
1953= 100a
1
1 9 5 6
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
A.
BURMA
I m p o r t s ...................................
E x p o r t s ...................................
CEYLON
Im ports:b G e n e ra l .
Exports:b G e n e ra l .
T e a ...................................
R u b b e r ............................
A ll coconut p ro d u c ts
Im ports (C entral B ank
i n d e x ) ...................................
C o n su m e r g o o d s .
C a p ita l g o o d s
1955
9
5
III
IV
I
II
III
Nov
Unit Value
129†
74†
115
94
100
100
93
77
89
62
82
62
80
59
78
61
83
61
"62
54
86
104
102
100
114
102
126
106
165
134
110
98
94
114
83
100
100
100
100
100
88
112
126
88
94
89
117
134
101
79
99
109
122
98
79
90
104
115
94
79
89
113
128
93
83
95
113
126
94
91
105
102
106
91
91
103
99
105
90
84
102
106
119
93
98
97
102
115
83
83
84
84
83
101
99
107
108
107
113
100
100
100
92
91
95
86
84
97
90
85
107
91
85
108
90
86
104
96
90
114
99
94
114
96
90
115
96
90
114
92
85
113
111
113
100
100
108
105
111
110
106
105
104
103
109
107
108
105
113
118
109
125
120
120
109
99
100
100
97
85
95
88
97
90
96
92
99
96
102
105
104
115
109
94
100
100
100
100
99
99
107
122
97
98
98
105
100
100
102
11
99
99
101
112
99
103
109
125
102
101
100
120
100
100
99
99
90
96
1 03
93
106
90
111
96
102
97
103
100
101
85
100
82
102
98
103
103
INDIA†
Im ports: G e n e ra l .
Food, drink a n d to bacco
R a w m a te ria ls a n d
se m i-m a n u fac tu re s
M a n u fa ctu res
Exports: G e n e ra l .
Food, drink a n d to b ac c o
R a w m a te ria ls a n d
sem i-m an u factu res
M a n u fa ctu res
INDONESIA
I m p o r t s ...................................
E x p o r t s ...................................
84
111
116
160
110
113
100
100
91
96
91
109
88
102
90
100
94
99
87
106
89
100
JA PANC
I m p o r t s ...................................
E x p o r t s ...................................
90
82
124
122
114
108
100
100
96
96
94
91
97
94
98
95
100
96
103
96
106
97
104
97
MALAYA inclu d in g
SINGAPOREd
I m p o r t s ...................................
E x p o r t s ...................................
96
116
120
172
108
125
100
100
90
94
92
120
91
110
88
104
90
108
96
110
97
108
95
104
PAKISTANe
I m p o r t s ...................................
E x p o r t s ...................................
91
144
116
194
102
142
100
100
98
107
105
104
110
98
109
99
124
99
128
109
123
103
PHILIPPINES
Im portsf ...................................
E x p o r t s ...................................
94
97
106
104
105
82
100
100
96
89
96
81
97
83
97
82
96
84
97
84
100
84
102
83
98
117
104
100
97
122
124
124
122
121
121
127
88
104
102
100
93
88
81
81
80
79
79
82
71
72
75
90
81
88
100
100
101
94
95
90
92
98
88
92
88
92
99
99
96
101
91
VTET-NAMg
I m p o r t s ...................................
E x p o r t s ...................................
Oct
189†
62†
CHINA (T aiw an)
I m p o r t s ...................................
E x p o r t s ...................................
THAILAND
Exports:
Effective p rice in b a h t .
P rice in d o lla rs
(IMF index)
7
1956
99
..
237
EXTERNAL TRADE
10.
INDEX NUMBERS OF UNIT VALUE, QUANTUM AND TERMS OF TRADE (Cont’d)
1953= 100a
91
1 9 5 6
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
B.
BURMA
I m p o r t s ...................................
E x p o r t s ...................................
CEYLON
Im ports:b G e n e ra l .
E xports:b G e n e ra l .
T e a ...................................
R u b b e r ............................
All coconut p ro d u c ts
Im ports
(Central Bank index) .
C onsum er g o o d s .
C a p ita l g oods
CHINA (Taiwan)
Im ports (ordinary and ICA)
E x p o r t s ...................................
F o o d ...................................
INDIA†
Imports: G e n e ra l .
Food, drink a n d to b ac c o
R a w m a te ria ls a n d
sem i-m an u factu res
M a n u fa ctu res
Exports: G e n e ra l .
Food, d rink a n d to b ac c o
R a w m a te ria ls a n d
sem i-m an u factu res
M a n u fa ctu res
JAPANC
Imports: G e n e ra l .
Foods ...................................
R a w m a te ria ls .
M ineral fuels
C hem icals
. . . .
M a c h in e ry
. . . .
E xports: G e n e ra l .
F oods ...................................
C hem icals
. . . .
M a n u fa c tu re d g o o d s
Textiles
. . . .
M e t a l s ............................
M a c h in e ry
. . . .
MALAYA including
SINGAPOREd
I m p o r t s ...................................
E x p o r t s ...................................
PHILIPPINES
Im portsf ...................................
E x p o r t s ...................................
THAILAND
E x p o r t s ...................................
VIET-NAMg
I m p o r t s ...................................
E x p o r t s ...................................
1955
104
115
100
100
123
130
104
145
84
92
89
123
83
94
93
91
107
94
96
97
94
97
109
100
100
100
100
100
99
103
108
96
97
109
108
106
118
88
89
85
99
95
109
99
98
104
100
100
100
93
89
103
81
67
65
100
100
100
108
185
100
69†
. . .
III
IV
I
II
III
88
165
74
173
98
157
140
162
165
165
Oct
128
113
110
137
101
111
122
112
103
109
126
117
168
101
101
N ov
—
113
108
115
109
119
133
96
95
104
105
106
111
102
103
118
126
91
105
69
68
98
86
85
94
83
81
81
60
56
98
87
83
91
141
143
93
105
107
100
100
118
144
125
70
146
56
147
48
148
50
156
174
105
115
105
109
99
159
115
103
1 02
203
1 09
117
100
100
102
100
100
100
100
209
105
125
104
208
114
128
121
114
139
86
100
100
114
171
123
91
108
101
101
102
101
111
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
104
117
97
109
117
106
106
146
93
174
105
162
186
179
226
157
138
107
144
133
140
151
170
110
126
208
136
107
222
204
165
290
154
146
229
137
237
150
191
255
242
149
383
118
186
207
272
206
218
115
293
240
222
127
341
101
153
131
207
116
205
133
206
219
191
184
265
171
84
179
169
224
168
215
115
253
265
208
136
355
200
100
148
191
213
203
249
157
286
269
255
140
396
88
7
Quantum
l l 3†
64†
79†
5
1956
100
106
104
104
101
h
109
129
78
123
133
72
92
115
194
59
119
113
140
113
105
139
115
113
123
101
107
69
65
127
61
56
149
117
127
195
196
101
97
79
107
98
99
85
109
119
119
119
219
146
238
236
246
156
231
129
92
116
194
177
104
221
160
200
236
239
153
266
150
89
150
129
95
162
84
105
45
56
48
25
12
5
78
40
34
81
100
113
51
67
77
68
51
49
42
87
51
45
89
100
120
54
74
93
71
65
57
54
92
78
55
94
86
169
64
100
100
100
100
100
100
93
113
133
93
126
140
149
148
112
99
121
131
128
116
109
100
100
107
110
128
118
140
126
147
133
143
134
144
126
135
122
149
135
80
86
100
96
90
107
100
100
111
111
125
121
123
138
129
134
131
142
139
144
161
131
147
124
114
112
100
100
87
108
112
98
133
134
131
117
72
111
75
153
103
123
100
100
113
113
90
132
77
85
70
116
77
91
86
121
96
157
103
174
98
104
96
113
91
96
114
100
93
94
97
111
109
84
84
97
81
90
84
96
101
C.
100
202
221
Terms of trade
Percentage o f u n it value index o f exports to un it value index of imports.
B U R M A ...................................
C E Y L O N ...................................
CHINA (T aiw an) . . . .
INDIA† ..........................................
I N D O N E S I A ............................
J A P A N ..........................................
MALAYA in clu d in g
SINGAPORE
. . . .
P A K IS T A N ...................................
P H I L I P P I N E S ............................
VIET-NAMg ...................................
33†
120
57†
124
81
89
102
100
100
100
100
132
92
138
98
103
94
100
100
100
120
158
103
143
167
98
102
120
116
139
78
109
100
100
100
100
83
127
97
110
105
120
100
96
104
109
93
94
130
99
85
106
O rig in a l b a s e : B urm a , A p r 1 9 3 6 -M a r 1941 f o r t h e p e r io d p r i o r to
1953, 1952 s in c e 1953; China, 1952; Ceylon, 1948; India, A p r
1 9 5 2 /M a r 1953; Indonesia, 1950; Japan, 1950; Malaya, 1938 f o r
p e rio d p r i o r to 1953, 1952 s in c e 1953; Pakistan, A p r 1 9 4 8 /M a r 1949;
Philippines, 1955; V iet-N am , 1949.
b. A ll t r a d e in d e x e s s in c e 1950 e x c e p t th e a n n u a l im p o r t p r ic e in d e x
h a v e b e e n c o m p u te d o n a fix e d b a s e (1948) w e ig h ts m e th o d . T h e
a n n u a l i m p o r t p r ic e in d e x h a s b e e n c o m p u te d b y u s in g m o v in g
c u r r e n t w e ig h ts o n 1948 b a se .
a.
70
132
99
103
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
76
110
99
1 06h
116
97
121
89
85
101
74
116
100
78
127
98
105
110
112
105
96
97
118
91
84
90
120
80
87
96
73
120
96
100
122
93
115
85
86
108
. . .
81
In d e x e s c o m p ile d b y M in is t r y o f F in a n c e . T h e c o m m o d ity g r o u p s
a r e a b r id g e d t i t l e s o f se le c te d S I T C
s e c tio n s a n d d iv is io n s .
F ig u r e s f r o m 1953, th o u g h lin k e d t o p re v io u s fig u re s , h a v e d iffe re n t
t r e a t m e n t in im p o r ts a n d e x p o r ts o f p e tro le u m p ro d u c ts .
I m p o r ts e x c lu d in g la n d t r a d e . I n d e x in te r m s o f U .S .$ .
B a s e d o n f.o .b . im p o r t p ric e s .
S e e f o o tn o te g t o ta b le 5.
C a le n d a r y e a r f r o m 1956.
238
PRICES
11.
INDEX NUMBERS OF WHOLESALE PRICES
1953= 100a
1
1951
BURMA
A ll a g ric u ltu ra l p r o d u c e
C e r e a l s .................................................
Non-food a g ric u ltu ra l p ro d u c e
CHINA (Taipei)
G e n e ra l i n d e x ...................................
F o o d .......................................................
A p p a r e l .................................................
F uel a n d l i g h t ...................................
M etals a n d e le c trica l m a te ria ls .
B uilding m a t e r i a l s ............................
M a n u fa c tu re d p ro d u c ts . . . .
In d u strial m a t e r i a l s ............................
INDIA
G e n e ra l i n d e x ...................................
Food a r t i c l e s ..........................................
In d u stria l r a w m a te ria ls .
S em i-m a n u fac tu re d a rtic le s
M a n u fa c tu re d g o o d s
. . . .
INDONESIA (Djakarta)
(im ported goods)
All a r t i c l e s ..........................................
P r o v i s i o n s ..........................................
Textile g o o d s ...................................
C h e m i c a l s ..........................................
M e t a l s .................................................
JAPAN
G e n e ra l i n d e x ...................................
E dible fa rm p ro d u c ts . . . .
O th e r f o o d s t u f f s ...................................
T e x t i l e s .................................................
C h e m i c a l s ..........................................
M e tal a n d m a c h in e r y . . . .
Building m a t e r i a l s ............................
Fuel
........................................................
P ro d u c e r g o o d s ...................................
C o n su m e r g o o d s ............................
KOREA (Seoul, A ug-D ec 1953= 100)
G e n e ra l i n d e x ...................................
Food g r a i n s ..........................................
Textile r a w m a te ria ls . . . .
T e x t i l e s .................................................
B uilding m a t e r i a l s ............................
Fertilizers
..........................................
PHILIPPINES (Manila)
G e n e ra l i n d e x ...................................
F o o d .......................................................
C ru d e m a t e r i a l s ...................................
M in eral f u e l s ...................................
C h e m i c a l s ..........................................
M a n u fa c tu re d g o o d s
. . . .
Dom estic p r o d u c t s ............................
E xported p r o d u c t s ............................
Im po rted p r o d u c t s ............................
THAILAND (Bangkok)
G e n e ra l i n d e x ...................................
A g ricu ltu ral p r o d u c e b . . . .
Foodstuffb
..........................................
C l o t h e s ................................................
F u e l .......................................................
M e t a l .......................................................
C onstruction m a te ria ls . . . .
VIET-NAM (Saigon-Cholon)
G e n e ra l i n d e x ...................................
Rice a n d p a d d y ...................................
O th e r food p ro d u c ts
. . . .
F u e l a n d m in e ra l p ro d ucts
R a w m a t e r i a l s ...................................
Sem i-finished p ro d u c ts . . . .
M a n u fa c tu re d pro d u cts
Local p r o d u c t s ...................................
Im p o rte d p r o d u c t s ............................
a.
121
112
148
1952
103
107
112
1953
100
100
100
100
75
63
89
73
84
62
92
78
107
89
104
94
100
100
100
100
100
85
80
91
95
100
100
112
108
132
106
108
98
94
99
97
103
100
100
99
68
109
99
103
1954
1955
1
5 6
9
5
7
1956
111
IV
I
II
III
Oct
N ov
101
109
99
103
103
108
100
95
113
107
102
124
111
139
122
122
118
110
125
130
141
130
107
164
208
171
141
132
106
167
199
170
140
135
102
166
190
159
142
140
104
168
192
156
143
142
104
168
194
152
100
101
114
96
107
107
99
103
103
102
117
114
116
158
115
110
132
123
106
142
190
153
101
144
185
175
138
130
105
150
199
173
120
116
143
138
143
136
153
153
157
158
165
167
164
165
161
161
90
80
89
94
102
106
102
108
107
109
113
106
111
116
106
107
105
113
115
105
109
110
115
114
106
112
114
116
115
107
110
108
116
114
107
110
116
114
107
105
94
106
102
105
104
100
100
98
94
97
100
100
120
109
136
110
100
102
102
98
106
109
104
94
84
89
90
105
1 00
1 00
100
109
110
110
109
98
145
144
169
151
115
135
147
118
137
135
133
143
114
136
137
138
156
116
129
149
142
161
117
126
157
148
165
123
127
164
163
182
140
142
173
97
84
99
126
102
109
77
79
100
93
103
101
109
105
85
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
99
112
106
92
93
94
104
96
98
102
112
103
87
90
97
96
101
109
101
88
94
116
104
105
103
109
101
87
94
120
108
104
105
108
103
88
94
125
111
109
106
109
104
87
95
125
115
112
106
111
104
83
96
123
117
111
104
110
104
80
95
117
114
112
104
116
104
81
93
115
114
113
104
117
104
80
93
113
114
117
97
96
100
100
100
100
96
103
95
101
104
99
105
99
108
101
109
102
109
101
106
101
105
102
104
103
100
100
100
100
100
100
124
97
140
132
154
100
225
234
235
165
236
175
303
366
271
168
254
608
343
459
280
175
255
639
326
396
306
186
252
639
360
416
310
173
270
639
377
486
305
162
292
639
373
459
312
161
285
639
339
363
340
169
289
639
322
330
341
166
301
639
100
100
110
110
101
99
120
137
101
107
81
105
103
109
100
100
100
100
100
100
95
97
88
97
95
96
92
95
84
95
88
92
95
96
90
97
88
100
96
96
89
99
88
101
97
97
91
100
88
102
97
99
91
104
89
103
97
98
90
105
92
103
101
105
93
106
95
104
102
107
94
106
94
104
101
105
95
106
94
103
108
103
119
100
82
105
100
100
100
94
88
97
92
81
92
94
84
100
95
84
101
96
85
103
96
86
104
96
87
105
100
90
107
101
90
107
101
91
106
101
135
82
143
98
140
90
107
120
98
131
101
135
97
100
100
100
100
98
98
96
99
103
97
103
114
136
108
102
108
126
104
117
130
116
101
109
139
103
121
134
121
101
109
140
103
116
128
113
101
109
149
105
115
124
113
101
109
151
105
118
129
116
101
109
148
105
121
138
119
101
109
135
104
116
129
112
101
109
127
104
115
127
112
101
109
129
104
77
57
68
82
121
82
99
87
90
77
83
92
87
93
106
83
117
117
99
117
115
90
130
135
135
137
118
114
94
131
134
131
132
104
117
90
139
140
135
139
115
131
121
129
120
136
133
131
134
129
131
120
123
113
128
131
132
131
123
75
84
89
83
123
124
129
127
111
126
112
121
132
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
117
120
122
145
123
126
100
100
100
121
116
100
100
O r ig in a l b a s e : B u r m a , 1938-40; C h in a , J a n - J u n 1937 e x c e p t in d e x e s
o f m a n u f a c t u r e d p r o d u c ts a n d i n d u s t r i a l m a t e r i a l s f o r w h ic h th e
b a s e is 1951: In d ia , S e p 1 9 3 8 /A u g 1939; In d o n e s ia , 1938; J a p a n ,
1948 f o r 1951, 1952 s in c e 1952; K o r e a , 1947; P h i lip p in e s , 1955;
121
111
141
143
144
139
115
129
143
150
143
121
132
125
135
144
151
138
118
130
134
130
136
131
134
120
122
Thailand, A p r 1 9 3 8 /M a r 1939; V iet-Nam , 1949.
b.
A g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c e in c l u d i n g p a d d y , r ic e m e a l, c o p r a , r u b b e r , e tc .;
fo o d s tu ff i n c lu d in g m ille d ric e , p o r k , b a n a n a , e tc .
239
12.
PRICES
PRICE QUOTATIONS OF IMPORTANT EXPORT COMMODITIES
91
1 9 5 6
Unit
RICE
B urm a
T h a ila n d
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
5
7
1956
III
IV
I
II
III
Oct
N ov
£ per L . ton
£ per L. ton
40.0
45.0
45.0
52.4
52.5
56.7
60.0
63.4
49.0
57.3
41.1
50.5
35.6
48.9
36.0
52.1
34.0
47.5
36.4
45.8
34.3
46.3
33.0
55.3
33.0
52.0
33.0
52.0
SUGAR
C h in a (T aiw an)
In d ia
In d o n e sia
P h ilip p in e s
US$ per ton
Rs.per m aund.
Rp.per 100kgPeso per picul
130.2
171.6
30.7
294
13.6
151.1
30.4
286
14.3
98.2
28.4
285
15.2
104.9
31.1
308
14.9
104.6
28.1
306
13.8
104.3
27.9
302
14.0
102.3
28.4
289
14.2
109.0
27.6
300
14.2
141.7
27.9
298
14.1
162.4
30.3
298
15.2
134.3
32.9
400
15.2
128.7
32.4
403
14.4
32.2
403
14.3
TEA
C eylon
C hina (T aiw an)
India
In d o n e sia
Rs. per lb.
N T $ per kgRs. per lb.
Rp.per 100kg.
2.52
2.30
8.71
1.27
912
2.46
9.64
1.64
1,037
3.11
11.25
2.90
1,469
3.30
11.49
2.41
1,459
3.00
11.96
1.90
1,072
2.82
10.28
2.19
1,013
3.18
10.64
2.27
1,300
3.11
9.38
2.09
1,126
2.61
9.39
2.10
1,084
2.57
10.30
1.95
1,072
2.93
11.52
1.69
2.83
10.55
1.74
693
2.62
8.27
1.88
701
PEPPER
C a m b o d ia
In d ia
In d o n e sia
S a ra w a k
S in g a p o re
Rt.per 63.42 k g .
Rs.per m aund
1,969
Rp.per 100 k g .
439.4
M $ per picul
573,6
M $ per picul
381.9
2,565
464.7
663.6
4,988
337.7
3,031
447.9
507.4
5,733
285.9
2,583
313.7
395.3
4,771
162.4
1,478
159.6
204.8
3,507
131.6
745
109.6
135.6
3,983
110.9
551
70.2
94.7
5,277
4,384
4,563
5,125
4,096
68.8
71.1
90.4
103.8
115.5
463
583
480
514
502
------ 714. ---------- ------ 69.7 ---------73.3
76.7
75.8
87.3
95.4
70.0
84.0
67.1
64.5
HIDES
P a k is ta n
Rs.per 28 lbs.
25.57
32.15
24.42
21.61
25.54
31.72
29.49
27.48
28.00
29.46
28.08
26.93
28.75
31.80
SKINS
In d ia
P a k ista n
Rs.per 100 pcs.
Rs.per 100 pcs.
523.2
266.8
336.0
178.7
320.0
208.2
287.6
211.9
300.4
254.6
300.0
261.1
315.8
265.0
350.0
274.3
350.0
290.8
350.0
294.4
350.0
290.0
350.0
292.0
GROUNDNUTS
In d ia
Rs.per m aund
31.56
22.94
29.11
21.36
15.94
24.42
26.18
24.93
25.31
25.20
25.65
27.50
25.26
237.6
232.6
30.58
25.69
31.87
26.81
291
14.1
COPRA
C e ylon
In d o n e sia
M a la y a
(Fed. of)
P h ilippines
S in g a p o re
Rs. per candy
Rp.per 100 kg.
301.2
144
349.6
189
203.8
169
267.2
219
246.8
194
209.5
193
212.2
178
207.6
164
224.8
168
258.4
180
244.2
145
233.2
146
M$ per picul
pesoper100k g .
M $ per picul
37.74
35.98
39.29
44.02
36.16
43.91
28.82
24.63
29.09
35.30
36.62
37.59
30.68
30.76
32.55
26.38
27.12
28.14
25.70
26.02
27.45
24.32
25.11
25.91
25.21
25.86
27.24
25.48
26.18
28.87
26.00
26.71
26.87
26.50
29.17
25.95
RUBBER,
NATURAL
Burm a
C a m b o d ia
C eylon
In d o n e sia
S in g a p o re
T h a ila n d
K . per lb.
0 .36t
1.20†
Ri. per k g .
1.53
2.53
Rs. per lb.
921
538
R p.per 100 kg.
M Cents per lb. 108.18 169.55
13.18
Baht per kg.
6.66
1.10
1.29
18.75
1.56
888
14.16
13.59
1.58
18.26
1.50
821
96.76
11.25
1.24
17.39
1.46
807
94.82
13.14
1.22
17.76
1.43
893
03.24
13.97
1.32
16.20
1.50
835
92.54
13.49
1.35
15.52
1.40
745
91.44
13.11
1.29
16.89
1.40
733
89.96
13.11
TIMBER
K .per cu.ton
B urm a
M a la y a ,
M$per 50 cu.ft.
Fed. of
N orth Borneo W$per 50 cu.ft.
Peso per
Ph ilip p in e s
1,000 bd.ft.
T h a ila n d
Baht per cu. m.
1.15
1.76
853
96.07
10.14
1.54
565
67.44
7.30
0.81
13.98
1.36
545
67.30
8.17
952
976
929
876
921
843
975
901
989
141.1
85.5
167.0
124.4
150.3
133.9
148.2
118.3
149.4
82.9
156.6
77.9
158.2
77.5
157.4
77.2
143.6
75.6
142.0
71.3
140.5
69.7
148.4
67.6
148
1,643
130
1,724
116
1,933
109
2,436
117
3,023
114
3,614
112
4,098
108
4,422
106
4,090
105
4,340
107
4,412
107
4,341
2.71
1.71
2.09
2.25
2.15
2.70
2.55
2.84
2.72
3.17
. . .
1.54†
786.7
845.7
1.75†
716.0
629.7
1.08
710.0
405.2
1.34
734.0
443.5
1.33
635.8
443.6
1.00
786.7
503.7
1.03
828.1
540.6
1.12
754.0
480.4
1.10
769.2
544.6
814.6
521.8
771.0
WOOL, RA W
P a k ista n
Rs. per lb.
1.65
COTTON, RAW
B urm a
India
P a k ista n
K . per lb.
Rs.per 784 lbs.
Rs. per bale
1.05†
554.2
1.10†
1.43
1.28
83.5
12.32
77.62
11.35
143.4
141.7
4,166
240
PRICES
12.
PRICE QUOTATIONS OF IMPORTANT EXPORT COMMODITIES (Cont’d)
91
19 5 6
Unit
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
5
7
1956
III
IV
I
II
III
Oct
Nov
JUTE, R AW
P a k is ta n
Rs. per bale
166.2
209.9
153.2
104.9
110.8
127.4
161.0
159.0
165.5
182.1
170.6
HEMP. R A W
P h ilip p in e s
Pesos per picul
53.24
62.66
38.74
38.56
27.46
30.14
36.35
34.51
38.94
44.08
44.45
46.85
46.47
44.67
TIN
S in g a p o re
M $ per picul
366.9
526.6
480.1
363.9
353.6
365.5
387.0
384.5
401.4
381.8
385.5
370.8
358.6
347.4
GROUND NUT
OIL
In d ia
Rs. per quarter
24.51
17.32
22.34
15.38
11.92
17.82
18.18
18.40
18.65
19.73
19.28
18.70
19.52
177
229
228
214
204
220
233
244
227
236
235
233
1,682
0.68
66
2,068
0.70
79
1,247
0.46
48
1,519
0.69
59
2,454
0.57
55
1,156
0.48
44
1,168
0.45
44
1,168
0.44
43
1,208
0.45
45
1,338
0.44
47
1,324
0.44
45
1,203
0.49
45
1,244
0.51
45
1,882
0.53
46
Yen per lb.
254
374
245
229
209
173
172
174
174
176
176
171
162
160
COTTON PIECE
GOODS
In d ia
Rs. per lb.
Ja p a n
Yen per yd.
72
1.92
96
1.88
63
1.89
60
1.88
57
1.80
57
1.94
50
1.98
53
1.98
52
1.98
51
2.05
49
2.05
47
2.05
46
2.05
44
155.8
57.0
232.2
84.2
138.0
54.5
98.8
46.1
111.8
47.2
115.6
45.0
111.2
42.9
107.4
42.0
118.0
46.7
114.1
44.8
114.6
44.5
115.5
44.7
119.0
44.6
115.0
43.7
PALM OIL
In d o n e sia
Rp.per 10 0 kg .
COCONUT OIL
C ey lo n
Rs. per L . ton
P h ilip p in es
Peso per k g .
S in g a p o re
M $ per picul
RAYON YARN
Jap an
JUTE MANUFACTURES
Rs.per 100 bags
In d ia (bag)
In d ia (hessian) Rs.per 100 yd.
SP E C IF IC A T IO N S:
R IC E:
B u r m a — A v e r a g e o f e x p o r t c o n t r a c t p r ic e s f.o .b . w h ite ric e ,
N o . 1 s m a ll m ills s p e c ia l n g a s e in .
T h a ila n d — E x p o r t p r i c e f.o .b . B a n g k o k , w h ite ric e 5 % b ro k e n ;
p r i o r t o 1955 e x p o r t c o n t r a c t p r ic e f.o .b .
SU G AR:
C h in a ( T a i w a n ) — M o n th ly a v e r a g e p r ic e o f a ll k in d s o f s u g a r
f.o .b . T a iw a n p o r ts .
I n d ia — W h o le sa le p ric e s , D . 28. K a n p u r .
I n d o n e s ia — D o m e stic w h o le sa le p r ic e s o f w h ite s u g a r , D j a k a r t a .
P h il ip p in e s — W h o le s a le p ric e s o f c e n t r i f u g a l s u g a r , M a n ila .
TEA:
C ey lo n — A v e ra g e p ric e s f o r a ll g r a d e f.o .b .
C h in a ( T a i w a n ) — U n i t v a lu e o f e x p o r t o f b la c k t e a . F o r 1951,
average of J a n .-J u n .
I n d ia — W h o le sa le p ric e s o f t e a f o r e x p o r t , m e d iu m B .P ., C a l c u tt a .
In d o n e s ia — E x p o r t p r ic e s f.o .b . f o r B .O .P ., O .P ., P .S . a n d B .P .
PEPPER:
C a m b o d ia — W h o le sa le p ric e s , b la c k e x -s to re .
I n d ia — W h o le s a le p ric e s , u n g a r b le d ( a lle p p e y ) C a l c u tt a .
In d o n e s ia — E x p o r t p ric e s , f.o .b . b la c k L a m p o n g .
S in g a p o re — W h o le sa le p ric e s , b la c k L a m p o n g .
S a r a w a k — U n i t v a lu e o f e x p o r ts o f b la c k p e p p e r .
H ID ES:
P a k i s t a n — A v e ra g e w h o le sa le p ric e s o f K a r a c h i u n f r a m e d a r s e n ic a te d m ix e d 1 2 /4 0 lb s. ( B u f f a lo ) , K a r a c h i.
SK IN S:
I n d ia — W h o le sa le p ric e s o f r a w g o a t s k in , a v e r a g e q u a lity ,
C a lc u tta .
P a k i s t a n — A v e ra g e w h o le sa le p ric e s o f s h e e p s k in , P a p r a (D ew ooled a ll p r i m e s ) , K a r a c h i.
G RO U N D NU TS:
I n d ia — W h o le s a le p ric e s o f g r o u n d n u ts , m a c h in e s h e lle d , C u d d a lo re .
COPRA:
C ey lo n — f.o .b . p ric e s f o r a l l g ra d e s .
I n d o n e s ia — E x p o r t p r ic e s f.o .b . m ix e d . P r i o r t o A u g u s t 1951
“ f.m .s . a n d m ix e d ” .
M a la y a , F e d . o f— W h o le s a le p ric e s , s u n d r ie d .
P h il ip p in e s — W h o le sa le p ric e s , re s e c a d a , M a n ila .
S in g a p o r e — W h o le s a le p ric e s , s u n d r ie d .
RUBBER, N ATURAL:
B u r m a — U n i t v a lu e o f e x p o r t.
C a m b o d ia — U n i t v a lu e o f e x p o r t.
C ey lo n — f.o .b . p r ic e s o f a ll g r a d e o f r u b b e r e x c l u d in g l a t e r .
I n d o n e s ia — E x p o r t p r ic e f.o .b . R .S .S . 1 a n d C re p e 1.
. . .
R U B B E R , N A T U R A L : (cont’d.)
S in g a p o r e — B u y e r s ’ m id d a y p ric e s , f.o .b . S in g a p o r e N o . 1 R S S
in b a le s. S in c e 1952 a v e r a g e o f d a ily p ric e s .
T h a i l a n d — U n i t v a lu e o f e x p o r t s o f r u b b e r s m o k e d s h e e t. A n n u a l fig u r e s r e l a t e t o w h o le k in g d o m , m o n th ly & q u a r t e r l y
fig u r e s r e l a t e t o P o r t o f B a n g k o k o n ly .
TIM B E R :
B u r m a — U n i t v a lu e o f te a k e x p o r ts .
M a la y a , F e d . o f— U n i t v a lu e o f n e t e x p o r t s o f tim b e r .
N o r t h B o rn e o — U n i t v a lu e o f s a w lo g s f o r 1950-1954; s a w lo g s
a n d v e n e e r logs, n o n - c o n if e r o u s f r o m 1955 t o d a te .
P h i l i p p i n e s — U n i t v a lu e o f e x p o r t s o f lo g s a n d lu m b e r.
T h a ila n d — U n i t v a lu e o f e x p o r t s o f t e a k b o a r d . A n n u a l fig u r e s
r e l a t e to w h o le k in g d o m , m o n th ly a n d q u a r t e r l y fig u r e s r e l a t e
to P o r t o f B a n g k o k o n ly .
WOOL, R A W :
P a k i s t a n — U n i t v a lu e o f e x p o r ts .
C O T TO N , R A W :
B u r m a — U n i t v a lu e o f e x p o r ts .
I n d i a — W h o le s a le p r ic e s , J a r i l l a M .G .F ., B o m b a y .
P a k i s t a n — U n i t v a lu e o f e x p o r t.
JUTE, R A W :
P a k i s t a n — U n i t v a lu e o f e x p o r t.
HEMP, R A W :
P h il ip p in e s — W h o le s a le
p ric e s ,
u n m a n u fa c tu re d
abaca,
M a n ila .
TIN :
S in g a p o r e — E x p o r t p r ic e e x -w o rk s .
G R OU ND-NUT O IL :
I n d ia — W h o le s a le p ric e s , n a k e d , B o m b a y .
P A L M O IL :
In d o n e s ia — E x p o r t p r ic e f.o .b .
COCONUT OIL:
C ey lo n — f.o .b . p r ic e s f o r a l l g r a d e s .
P h il ip p in e s — W h o le s a le p r ic e s , M a n ila .
S in g a p o r e — f.o .b . S in g a p o r e .
RAYON YARN:
J a p a n — E x p o r t p r i c e f.o .b . v isco se, 120 d e n ie r h a n k , 1 s t g r a d e .
COTTON P IEC E GOODS:
I n d i a — W h o le s a le p r ic e s o f g r e y s t a n d a r d s h i r t i n g 3 5 " X
y d s. B o m b a y .
J a p a n — E x p o r t p r ic e f.o .b ., h e a v y s h i r t i n g s /2 0 0 3 g r e y 3 8 ".
JU TE MANUFACTURES:
28
I n d i a — E x p o r t p r ic e s o f b a g s , B -tw ills 21 lb s . 44 X 2 6 1/2" f .a .s .
C a l c u tt a .
I n d i a — E x p o r t p r ic e s o f h e s s ia n c lo th 101/2 oz. 4 0 " f.a .s . C a l c u tt a .
241
13.
INDEX NUMBERS OF PRICES RECEIVED AND PAID BY FARMERS
1953 = 100a
1 9
19 5 6
1951
CHINA (T aiw an)
P rices re c e iv e d b y fa rm e rs (R)
P rices p a i d b y f a rm e rs (P) .
C ultivation c o s t ............................
Dom estic e x p e n d itu re
R atio (R) ÷ ( P ) ...................................
INDIA (Punjab)
P rices re c e iv e d b y fa rm e rs (R)
P rices p a id b y fa rm e rs (P) .
C ultivation c o s t ............................
Dom estic e x p e n d itu re
R atio (R) ÷ ( P ) ...................................
JA PANb (Apr 1953-Mar 1954 = 100)
Prices re c e iv e d b y fa rm e rs (R)
Prices p a id b y fa rm e rs (P) .
C ultivation c o s t ............................
Dom estic e x p en d itu re
R atio (R) ÷ ( P ) ...................................
a.
1952
1953
III
IV
I
II
III
121
117
121
116
103
51
54
56
53
95
74
73
73
73
102
100
100
100
100
100
92
93
93
92
99
102
101
106
100
100
110
111
113
109
99
102
103
107
102
99
119
115
116
114
103
118
117
118
117
101
122
118
119
118
103
96
107
117
101
90
94
102
105
101
92
100
100
100
100
100
94
98
92
102
96
78
86
79
91
90
97
96
91
99
101
102
96
91
98
106
107
100
93
106
107
110
105
98
110
104
104
104
94
110
100
100†
100†
100†
100†
100†
98†
103†
102†
103†
96†
95†
101†
98†
103†
94†
98
102
98
103
97
99
101
98
103
98
97
103
99
104
94
98
104
101
106
94
99
105
103
106
94
81†
94†
92†
95†
86†
85†
98†
99†
97†
87†
b.
O r ig in a l b a s e : China , 1952, India , S e p 1 9 3 8 /A u g 1939; Japan,
A p r 1 9 5 1 /M a r 1952.
14.
5
7
1956
1955
1954
PRICES
99
105
103
106
95
Oct
Nov
99
106
103
107
94
99
105
103
106
94
I n d e x n u m b e r s o f c o m m o d ity p ric e s in 473 to w n s o r v illages.
A n n u a l fig u r e s r e la te t o fiscal y e a r A p r il to M a r c h , e x c e p t 1956
w h ic h r e la te s t o c a l e n d a r y e a r .
INDEX NUMBERS OF COST OF LIVING
1953
100a
=
1 9
1951
1952
1953
1954
A.
BURMA: R a n g o o n ............................
CAMBODIA: Phnom -P enh (1952 = 100)
CEYLON: C o l o m b o ............................
CHINA: T a i p e i ...................................
HONG K O N G ..........................................
INDIA (interim index) ............................
JAPAN ( u r b a n ) ..........................................
KOREA, s o u t h e r n ...................................
LAOS: V i e n t i a n e ...................................
MALAYA, F e d e ra tio n of .
PAKISTAN: K a r a c h i ............................
N a ray an g an j
PHILIPPINES: M a n ila
. . . .
S I N G A P O R E ..........................................
THAILAND: B a n g k o k
. . . .
VIET-NAM: S a i g o n ............................
107
89
99
66
98
98
89
28
53
101
88
94
111
97
82
64
103
100
98
84
99
97
94
69
74
103
90
101
104
101
91
79
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
108
85
96
62
94
96
89
91
27
47
101
89
93
111
100
81
59
104
100
94
78
95
94
94
94
78
70
103
93
103
106
101
91
80
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
96
139
100
102
98
95
106
135
123
94
98
84
99
93
100
113
97
137
100
102
95
93
106
108
117
122
90
98
79
99
91
98
107
A ll fig u r e s r e f e r t o w o r k in g c la ss e x p e n d i tu r e s
e x c e p t f o r t h e fo llo w in g c o u n tr ie s : China , p u b lic s e r v a n ts ; Hong
Kong , c le ric a l a n d te c h n ic a l w o r k e r s ; Indonesia, g o v e r n m e n t e m p loyee; Japan, u r b a n p o p u la tio n ; Laos, m id d le c la ss; Singapore,
lo w in c o m e c le rk s a n d l a b o u r e r s ; Thailand , lo w s a la r i e d w o r k e r s a n d
civ il s e r v a n ts .
G E N E R A L N O T E S:
5
7
III
IV
I
II
III
Oct
Nov
111
164
99
124
97
99
106
285
141
92
97
99
100
92
111
139
114
167
98
121
101
101
106
307
146
92
99
102
101
92
112
147
112
160
99
131
101
103
107
314
148
93
99
96
104
93
115
134
112
159
99
131
100
101
108
368
157
96
102
99
101
94
115
130
119
167
101
130
97
103
109
371
158
96
105
104
100
94
117
134
127
164
101
136
98
105
111
346
116
163
102
135
101
106
110
315
118
170
104
134
95
106
109
307
96
108
106
103
94
122
136
96
110
104
105
93
115
131
96
110
106
106
116
127
106
173
97
126
95
96
16 1
104
271
122
88
100
97
101
89
108
140
110
179
95
121
102
100
155
103
314
123
87
104
101
103
89
110
151
105
169
98
139
101
101
161
104
299
125
89
103
94
105
89
113
134
107
166
97
133
98
99
156
105
339
137
92
107
97
118
176
99
130
95
101
158
107
366
129
93
111
103
99
91
116
131
133
172
98
145
97
105
176
110
339
118
170
100
143
102
104
196
109
290
119
179
102
139
91
105
211
106
274
93
116
105
107
91
121
134
93
117
103
112
89
112
126
93
117
103
113
All items
B.
BURMA: R a n g o o n ............................
CAMBODIA: P h n o m -P e n h (1952 = 100)
CEYLON: C olom bo
. .
. . .
CHINA: T a i p e i ...................................
H O NG K O N G ..........................................
INDIA (interim in dex) ............................
INDONESIA: D ja k a r ta
. . . .
JAPAN ( u r b a n ) ..........................................
KOREA, s o u t h e r n ...................................
LAOS: V i e n t i a n e ...................................
MALAYA, F e d e ra tio n of .
PAKISTAN: K a r a c h i ............................
N a ray a n g a n j
PHILIPPINES: M a n ila
. . . .
S I N G A P O R E ..........................................
THAILAND: B a n g k o k
. . . .
VIET-NAM: S a i g o n ............................
1 9
5 6
1956
1955
98
155
99
112
95
90
105
229
125
91
94
85
98
91
105
124
Food
96
159
99
108
90
85
141
105
207
118
87
95
80
98
88
103
122
a.
100
92
113
128
114
122
O r ig in a l b a s e : Burma, 1941; Cambodia, 1949; Ceylon, N o v . 1942
f o r 1951, 1952 s in c e 1952; China , J a n - J u n 1937; Hong Kong,
M a r 1947; India , 1949; Indonesia , J u l 1938; Japan , 1951; Korea,
1947; Laos . D ec 1948; Malaya, J a n 1949; Pakistan, A p r 1 9 4 8 /M a r
1949 Philippines, 1955; Singapore, 1939; Thailand, A p r 1 9 3 8 /M a r
1939; Viet-Nam , 1949.
242
EMPLOYMENT A N D W AGES
15. EMPLOYMENT AND WAGES
Base for index Numbers, 1953a
1 9 5 6
1948
CEYLON
In d e x of w a g e s
T ea a n d ru b b e r e s ta te w o rk e rsb
G o v e rn m en t w o rk e rs (Colombo)c
In d e x of r e a l w a g e s
T ea a n d ru b b e r e s ta te w o rk e rsb
G o v e rn m en t w o rk e rs (Colombo)c
CHINA (T aiw an)
E m ploym entd (thousand)
M i n i n g ..........................................
M a n u f a c t u r i n g ............................
T r a n s p o r t ..........................................
In d e x of e a rn in g s e
M i n i n g ..........................................
M a n u f a c t u r i n g ............................
In d e x of r e a l e a rn in g s e
M i n i n g ..........................................
M a n u f a c t u r i n g ............................
INDIA
E m ploym entf (thousand)
F acto ries u n d e r F a c to ry A ct .
Cotton m i l l s ...................................
C o a l m in e sg ...................................
C e n tra l g o v e rn m e n th
Office w o rk e rs
. . . .
M a n u a l w o rk e rs . . . .
W a g e s or e a rn in g s (rupees)
Cotton m illsi (Bom bay, m onthly)
C o a l m in e sj (Jahria, weekly)
JAPAN
E m ploym entk (m illion)
All i n d u s t r i e s ............................
A griculture, fo restry & h u n tin g .
M i n i n g .................................................
M a n u f a c t u r i n g ............................
C o n s t r u c t i o n ...................................
C o m m e r c e ...................................
T ran sp o rta tio n a n d c o m m u n ica tion a n d other p u b lic utilities
Services (non-governm ent) .
In d e x of e a rn in g s m
M i n i n g .................................................
M a n u f a c t u r i n g ............................
Index of r e a l e a rn in g s m
M i n i n g ................................................
M a n u f a c t u r i n g ............................
D aily m o n e y w a g e s of a g ric u ltu ra l la b o u r, m a le (yen)
KOREA, sou th ern
In d e x of e a rn in g s in m a n u fa c tu rin g a n d construction in d u strie sen
( S e o u l ) ................................................
PHILIPPINES
Index of em ploym entp
Unskilled
Index of r e a l w a g e s q (M anila)
S k i l l e d ..........................................
U n s k i l l e d ..........................................
THAILAND
Em ploym ent in m iningf (thousand)
VIET-NAM
D a ily w a g e s s (Saigon-Cholon,
piastre)
.
S k i l l e d ..................................
U nskilled ( m a l e ) ............................
a.
1953
1954
1955
1
9
5
7
1956
III
IV
I
II
III
Oct
Nov
66
86
98
99
100
100
102
100
106
104
107
106
106
106
107
106
106
106
107
106
108
106
108
106
109
125
75
102
101
108
100
100
103
101
107
106
108
107
108
107
108
106
107
106
106
104
107
104
106
103
106
120
79
114
56
208
57
238
55
53
258
64
55
258
66
66
260
68
63
259
68
66
260
68
66
260
67
68
260
69
71
261
69
75
261
69
98
80
100
100
105
111
131
125
174
141
176
137
199
149
210
157
223
152
230
151
244
160
111
90
100
100
110
117
124
119
150
122
157
123
163
122
172
129
181
123
186
122
195
128
2,567
741
342
2,528
744
338
2,590
741
332
2,690
758
341
2,765
807
333
826
329
826
333
827
353
809
345
818
340
800
209
406
213
403
221
412
251
396
281
388
276
391
281
388
286
390
291
384
296
384
297
385
89.3
13.0
96.0
13.2
96.3
14.2
94.8
14.2
98.8
17.4
102.2
20.1
100.8
20.6
100.9
20.4
101.7
20.4
107.2
20.7
106.4
37.3
16.4
0.6
6.5
1.5
5.4
39.6
17.2
0.6
6.8
1.6
5.8
40.1
16.9
0.6
7.1
1.7
6.4
41.5
17.2
0.5
7.2
1.8
6.8
42.3
16.8
0.5
7.7
1.8
7.0
43.0
17.9
0.5
7.7
1.8
7.0
43.0
16.7
0.5
7.6
1.9
7.3
40.9
13.9
0.6
8.1
2.2
7.4
43.9
17.6
0.6
7.9
1.9
7.3
44.0
17.2
0.6
7.9
2.0
7.4
44.8
18.1
0.6
8.2
1.8
7.2
44.3
17.3
0.5
8.4
1.7
7.3
1.9
3.4
2.0
3.7
1.9
3.8
2.0
4.3
2.1
4.6
2.0
4.3
2.2
5.0
2.2
4.9
2.1
4.7
2.2
4.9
2.1
5.0
2.2
5.2
33
28
89
88
100
100
102
106
110
112
122
124
125
124
144
149
112
111
132
124
155
132
120
110
127
112
53
45
94
94
100
100
96
100
105
106
115
117
119
117
135
140
103
102
121
113
141
119
108
99
116
102
185
230
257
285
301
308
313
319
295
329
331
342
350
1
61
100
176
297
357
363
374
108
91
100
100
77
106
123
151
123
152
123
145
116
152
121
166
121
158
116
158
101
92
98
97
100
100
101
99
101
102
101
103
102
104
100
104
100
103
100
102
101
102
101
101
101
102
90
82
93
93
100
100
105
103
106
107
104
106
104
106
101
105
103
106
104
105
101
102
98
99
98
99
10.4
14.9
16.1
14.7
15.6
16.6
17.0
17.3
17.1
17.5
17.7
17.8
17.5
22.0u
15.4u
41.2
22.8
55.6
31.8
73.2
37.4
86.7
47.8
89.4
56.0
2,360
644
308
2.4t
34.6
16.4
0.6
6.3
Mining
M a n u f a c t u r i n g ............................
Index of w a g e s q (Manila)
S k i l l e d ..........................................
1952
O r ig in a l b a se s f o r w a g e s o r e a r n i n g s i n d e x : C e y lo n , 1939; C h in a
J u n e 1949; J a p a n , 1951; s o u th e r n K o re a , 1936; P h ilip p in e s , 1955.
b . D a ily r a t e s o f m in im u m w a g e s (b a s ic w a g e s p lu s s p e c ia l a llo w a n c e ) .
c. M o n th ly w a g e r a t e s f o r u n s k ille d m a le w o r k e r s in g o v e r n m e n t
e m p lo y m e n t.
d. S ta ff a n d p e r m a n e n t w o r k e r s a t e n d o f p e rio d .
e. D a ily a v e r a g e o f w a g e s a n d a llo w a n c e s in c lu d in g p a y m e n t i n k in d .
f. D a ily a v e r a g e s .
g. A v e ra g e d a ily e m p lo y m e n t in all co al m in e s g o v e rn e d b y t h e I n d i a n
M in e s A c t. M o n th ly fig u r e s a r e s lig h tly s h o r t o f to t a l c o v e ra g e .
h. C e n t r a l G o v e r n m e n t e s ta b lis h m e n ts e x c lu d in g r a ilw a y s . Office w o r k e r s
c o m p ris e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e , e x e c u tiv e
a n d c le ric a l s ta f f; m a n u a l
w o r k e r s c o m p r is e skille d , s e m i-sk ille d a n d
u n s k ille d w o rk e rs .
F i g u r e s r e l a t e t o e n d o f p e rio d .
i. M o n th ly m in im u m b a s ic w a g e s p lu s d e a r n e s s a llo w a n c e .
j . A v e r a g e w e e k ly e a r n i n g s (b a s ic w a g e s p lu s d e a r n e s s a llo w a n c e a n d
o th e r p a y m e n t s ) o f u n d e r g r o u n d m in e r s a n d lo a d e rs in coal m in e s .
k.
m.
n.
p.
q.
s.
t.
u.
800
89.4
56.0
F o r 1948, a v e r a g e f o r c a l e n d a r w e e k b e g i n n i n g f i r s t S u n d a y o f e ac h
m o n th . F r o m 1952, a v e r a g e f o r t h e w e e k e n d in g o n t h e l a s t d a y
o f th e m o n th , e x c e p t f o r D e c e m b e r w h e n t h e w e e k p r i o r t o h o lid a y
seasons w as ch o sen
A v e r a g e m o n th ly c a s h e a r n i n g s p e r p e r m a n e n t w o r k e r .
E x c lu d in g loom s.
C o m p ris e s a ll f u ll a n d p a r t - t i m e e m p lo y e e s o f 600 c o o p e r a t in g
e s ta b lis h m e n ts in t h e P h il ip p in e s w h o w e r e o n t h e p a y ro ll, i.e., w h o
w o rk e d d u r i n g , o r re c e iv e d p a y f o r , t h e p a y p e rio d e n d in g n e a r e s t
th e 1 5 th o f th e m o n th . E x c lu d in g p r o p r i e t o r s , self-e m p lo y e d p e r s o n s, d o m e stic s e r v a n t s a n d u n p a i d w o r k e r s .
D a ily a v e r a g e w a g e r a t e s o f a ll c la s s e s o f w o r k e r s .
L a s t d a y o f th e p e r io d .
A v e r a g e d a ily e a r n i n g s i n D e c e m b e r .
1949.
243
16.
CURRENCY AND BANKING
CURRENCY AND BANKING
End of period
1
19 5 6
1948
1952
1953
1954
1955
III
BURMA (m illion kyats)
M o n e y s u p p l y ...................................
C u rre n cy : n e t a c tiv e . . . .
D eposit m o n e y ............................
P riv a te tim e d e p o sits . . . .
G o v e rn m en t d e p o sits
. . . .
U nion B ank of B urm a
C om m ercial B a n k a
. . . .
B ank c l e a r i n g s ............................ ǻ
F o reig n a s s e t s ...................................
U nion B ank of B urm ab .
C om m ercial b a n k s
. . . .
C laim s on p riv a te se c to rr
(com m ercial b a n k s) . . . .
C laim s on g o v e rn m e n tr .
U nion B ank of B urm ac
C om m ercial b a n k s r . . . .
R a te s of in te re st (% per annum )
C all m o n ey ra te . . . .
ǻ
Y ield of lo n g term g o v 't b o n d s d ǻ
499
335
164
27
53
53
599
416
183
46
567
567
149
406
358
48
181
989
940
49
73
147
139
178
184
162
8
22
161
213
151
62
1.64
3.00
3.00
CAMBODIA (million riels)
M oney su p p ly
C urrency: in c irc u latio n .
D e m an d d ep o sits in com m ercial
banks
..........................................
P riv a te tim e d ep o sits . . . .
B ank c l e a r i n g s ............................ǻ
Fo reign a s s e t s ...................................
B a n q u e N a tio n a le d u C a m b o d g e
C om m ercial B anks
. . . .
Claim s on p riv a te se c to r .
C laim s on g o v e rn m e n t b y B a n q u e
N a tio n a le d u C a m b o d g e
CEYLON (million rupees)
M oney s u p p l y ...................................
C urrency: n e t a c tiv e . . . .
Deposit m o n e y ............................
P riv a te tim e d ep o sits . . . .
G overnm ent d e p o sits
. . . .
C e n tra l B ank of C e y lo n .
C om m ercial B anks
. . . .
B ank c l e a r i n g s ............................ ǻ
B ank d e b itse ...................................ǻ
F o re ig n a s s e t s ...................................
C e n tra l B ank of C e y lo n .
C om m ercial B an k s
. . . .
C laim s on th e p riv a te se c to r
(com m ercial b a n k s) . . . .
C laim s on g o v e rn m e n t . . . .
C e n tra l B a n k of C e y lo n .
O th e r b a n k s ...................................
R a te s of in te re st (% per annum )
C all m o n e y r a te . . . .
ǻ
T re a su ry bill r a te . . . .
ǻ
Y ield of lo n g term g o v 't b o n d sf ǻ
CHIN Ar (T aiw an , million
new Taiwan dollars)
M oney s u p p l y ...................................
C u rre n cy : n e t a c tiv e . . . .
D eposit m o n e y ............................
P riv a te tim e d e p o sits . . . .
. . . .
G o v e rn m en t d e p o sits
Bank of T a i w a n ............................
O th e r b a n k s ...................................
C o u n terp a rt f u n d s ............................
B ank c le a rin g s
. . . .
ǻ
F o reign a s s e ts (Bank of T aiw a n ) .
C laim s on p riv a te se c to rg .
B ank of T a i w a n ............................
O th e r b a n k s ...................................
753
500
253
52
498
464
34
234
1,058
991
67
1.10
125
842
567
275
77
301
183
118
241
643
555
88
1,116
725
391
122
253
131
122
283
540
415
124
896
357
539
390
59
10
49
827
335
492
387
53
7
46
671
391
688
1,109
497
401
96
1,148
636
462
174
195
752
161
591
207
794
223
571
0.50
0.72
2.93
0.96
1.91
3.85
1,243
895
348
539
453
424
29
353
862
1,617
1,072
545
698
584
536
82
369
369
0.22
2.94
342
245
97
48
637
1,740
412
816
79
737
1,358
857
501
108
338
187
151
370
726
588
138
250
662
358
236
1,084
775
309
1,343
830
513
103r
248
117
131
312
652
535
117
101r
292
70
222
399
598
445
153
1,337
894
443
106r
204
46
158
352
569
450
119
III
Oct
Nov
1,211
799
412
108
207
63
144
1,175
761
414
104
247
58
189
1,118
742
376
107
501
431
70
462
395
67
453
389
64
386
357
976
220
36
184
1.33
3.00
1.17
3.00
1.17
3.00
1.33
3.00
1,026
1,058
1,262
1,392
1,477
1,384
1,348
1,034
1,314
389
3,003
2,771
231
592
1,343
17
511
3,107
2,871
1,364
2,196
169
470
1,104
15
395
2,559
2,454
105
563
806
24
627
2,988
2,789
199
879
1,014
1,014
1,014
880
655
225
1, 127r
40 1 r
726
509
176
67
109
735
1,063
898
737
161
1,064
409
654
502
209
51
158
772
1,076
906
729
1,127
401r
726
509
176
67
109
732
1,084
898
737
161
256
601
344
676
0.92
3.00
0.50
999
1,058
1,035
37
446
1,968
1,751
329
1,104
15
412
2,559
2,454
105
563
1,014
957
342
615
420
69
16
53
684
1,107
656
524
132
1.073
384
247
688
451
116
42
74
758
1,060
1,020
27
18
11
594
583
665
0.50
0.50
1.59
3.79
0.79
3.13
0.50
0.68
2,103
1,340
763
887
810
743
67
631
2,636
1,604
1,032
134
1,283
167
1,116
1,438
977
461
II
3.00
0.94
3.00
1,720
I
802
248r
1.27
3.00
621
7
341r
0.98
3.00
273
5
361
991
739
252
250
216
941
652
289
217
607
241
366
253
1,343
830
513
103r
248
117
131
333
652
535
117
IV
543
388
155
212
9
1956
1,010
998
826
172
1,405
2,887
504
2,048
402
1,646
11
405
2,365
177
316
656
14
642
1,020
662
358
344
676
375
406
1,179r
838
1,050r
176
860
1,014
1,014
1,014
1,014
1,014
1,107
409
698
512
171
73
98
785
1,253
861
703
158
1,045
426
619
532
104
9
96
1,046
438
607
553
204
40
164
776
1,145
1,052
434
619
565
105
1,050
431
619
747
624
369
693
369
724
73
651
389
801
145
656
382
666
406
781
104
677
0.92
0.80
1.50
1.50
1.25
1.04
2.99
1.08
3.00
1.14
2.98
3,550
2,079
1,472
1,406
1,662
3.650
3,684
2,147
1,537
1,424
11
11
682
0.50
0.58
0.74
3.01
0.53
3.00
3,261
1,883
1,378
1,049
1,295
1,167
2,983
1,729
1,254
987
1,336
3,261
3,306
1,926
1,380
128
115
1,352
3,718
405
2 ,214
492
1,722
1,485
3,872
528
2,288
470
1,816
246
236
0.50
1,221
730
807
665
1,883
1,378
1,049
1,295
1,167
128
1,485
4,574
528
2,286
470
1,816
746
264
1,231
24
510
3,271
3,093
178
890
12
0.76
3.03
3.04
1,010
1,202
1,623
1,475
148
1,732
4,167
765
2,520
575
1,945
728
1,134
720
588
132
2.99
3,487
2,015
1,471
1,323
1,683
1,543
140
1,673
4,887
890
2,798
715
2,083
23
476
3,235
3,060
123
1,500
162
1,646
5,361
608
3,064
762
2,302
572
97
713
114
7
107
642
964
926
728
605
124
714
591
123
8
743
77
2,112
1,538
1,432
1,858
1,696
162
1,594
6,010
567
3,024
713
2,312
1,888
1,720
168
1,519
5,935
634
3,072
667
2,405
244
16.
CURRENCY A N D BANKING
CURRENCY AND BANKING (Cont'd)
End of period
1 9 5 6
1948
CH IN A r (T aiw an, million
new Taiwan dollars) (Cont'd)
C laim s on g o v e rn m e n th
B ank of T a i w a n ............................
O th e r b a n k s ...................................
C laim s o n official e n titie sg
B ank of T a i w a n ............................
C om m ercial b a n k s
. . . .
C a ll m o n ey ra te (% per a n n u m ) Δ
H O NG KONG (million H K dollars)
M oney s u p p l y ...................................
C u rre n cy notes: in c irc u latio n .
B ank c l e a r i n g s ............................ Δ
INDIA (thousand m illion rupees)
M oney s u p p l y ...................................
C u rren cy : n e t a c tiv e . . . .
D eposit m o n e y ............................
P riv a te tim e d e p o sits
. . . .
G o v e rn m en t d e p o sits
(R eserve B ank of India) .
B ank c l e a r i n g s ............................Δ
F o reig n a s s e ts (R eserve B ank of
I n d i a ) .................................................
C laim s on p riv a te secto r .
C om m ercial B anks
. . . .
C o o p e rativ e b a n k s
. . . .
C laim s on g o v e rn m e n t . . . .
R e se rv e B ank of In d ia .
O th e r b a n k s ...................................
T re a su ry c u rre n c y
. . . .
R a te s of in te re st (% per annum )
C a ll m o n e y r a te . . . .
Δ
Y ield of long-term g o v t. b o n d s i Δ
INDONESIA (thousand m illion rupiah)
M oney s u p p l y ...................................
C urrency: n e t a c tiv e . . . .
D eposit m o n e y ............................
P riv a te tim e d ep o sits . . . .
F o reign a s s e ts ( n e t ) ............................
B ank In d o n e sia (net) . . . .
G ross foreign a s s e ts .
F o reign lia b ilitiesj . . . .
O th e r b a n k s ...................................
C laim s on p riv a te se c to r .
B ank I n d o n e s i a ............................
O th e r b a n k s ...................................
C laim s on g o v e rn m e n t . . . .
B ank I n d o n e s i a ............................
O th e r b a n k s ...................................
T re a su ry c u rre n c y
. . . .
JA PA N r (thousand million yen)
M oney s u p p l y ...................................
C u rren cy : n e t a c tiv e . . . .
D eposit m o n e y ............................
Time d ep o sits (other ban k s)
G o v ern m en t d e p o sits
. . . .
B ank of J a p a n ............................
O th e r b a n k s ...................................
B ank c l e a r i n g s ............................Δ
F o re ig n a s s e t s ...................................
Bank of J a p a n ............................
F o reign E x c h a n g e F u n d .
O th e r b a n k s ...................................
C laim s o n p riv a te secto r .
C laim s on g o v e rn m e n t . . . .
R a te s of in te re st (% per annum )
C a ll m o n e y r a te (Tokyo) . . Δ
Y ield of long-term g o v 't b o n d s k Δ
1952
1953
1954
1955
1
9
5
7
1956
III
IV
I
I
III
O ct
Nov
1,477
1,445
32
1,596
1,506
90
7.20
1,687
1,652
35
1,958
1,860
98
7.20
2,020
1,974
46
2,475
2,385
90
5.70
1,777
1,728
49
2,491
2,385
106
5.40
2,020
1,974
46
2,475
2,385
90
5.40
2,350
2,303
47
2,551
2,460
91
5.40
2,311
2,254
57
2,425
2,353
72
5.40
2,255
2,205
50
2,736
2,663
73
2,330
2,288
42
2 ,891
2,797
94
10.80
1,108
1,092
16
1,342
1,257
85
9.00
2,329
2,284
45
2,927
2,839
88
783
689
802
1,195
802
1,035
728
1,140
727
1,160
732
1,276
730
1,225
732
1,317
750
1,408
753
1,371
757
1,401
756
1,494
757
1,390
19.76
12.70
7.06
3.13
17.13
11.56
5.57
4.40
17.09
11.66
5.43
4.68
18.32
12.25
6.08
5.26
20.47
13.86
6.61
6.13
21.79
14.85r
6.93
6.98
21.09
14.36
6.73
6.92
21.79
14.85
6.93
6.98
23.13
15.56
7.56
7.19
23.44
15.63
7.81
8.01
22.34
14.91
7.43
8.63
22.80
14.97
7.84
8.58
22.43
14.99
7.44
8.95
2.16
5.55
1.78
5.71
1.16
5.49
0.60
5.58
0.59
6.52
0.65
7.03
0.76
6.72
0.65
7.30
0.70
8.02
0.58
7.48
0.58
6.86
0.59
5.89
0.56
8.18
10.67
4.26
4.26
7.46
5.54
5.37
0.17
11.94
6.44
4.34
1.16
7.63
5.47
5.28
0.19
11.78
6.06
4.58
1.14
7.71
6.16
5.95
0.21
12.11
6.04
4.98
1.09
7.75
7.04
6.78
0.26
14.05
7.13
5.74
1.18
6.48
8.84
8.48
0.36
16.93
9.82
5.96
1.15
6.55
8.42
8.05
0.37
15.79
8.63
6.01
1.15
6.48
8.84
8.48
0.36
16.93
9.82
5.96
1.15
6.45
9.76
9.44
0.32
18.39
11.40
5.81
1.18
5.71
10.34
9.87
0.47
19.82
12.93
5.69
1.20
4.70
10.08
9.55
0.53
20.53
13.15
6.27
1.11
4.45
10.17
9.63
0.54
21.20
13.80
6.28
1.12
4.27
9.90
9.36
0.54
21.57
14.07
6.38
1.12
0.50
2.02
3.69
2.12
3.64
2.35
3.65
2.59
3.72
3.21
3.92
3.15
3.96
3.46
4.06
3.50
4.06
3.50
4.07
3.17
4.18
3.00
4.23
2.88
4.23
2.81
1.53
1.28
6.60r
4.35
2.25r
0.18
1.79
0.91
1.78
0.87
0.88
2.42
0.73
1.69
5.42
5.03
0.13
0.26
7.49r
5.22
2.27r
0.24
2.02
1.30
2.40
1.10
0.72
2.40
0.44
1.96
5.88
5.40
0.14
0.34
11.12r
7.47
3.64
0.29
1.73
1.15
2.89
1.74
0.58
2.83
0.46
2.37
9.27
8.61
0.18
0.48
12.23r
8.65
3.59
0.34
2.74
1.95
3.50
1.55
0.79
4.02
0.86
3.16
9.29
8.51
0.21
0.57
13.39
9.37
4.02
0.52
1.66
0.90
2.89
1.99
0.76
5.05
1.00
4.05
11.46
10.58
0.24
0.64
11.65r
8.18
3.48
0.35
1.27
0.73
2.58
1.85
0.54
4.75
0.86
3.89
10.43
9.67
0.22
0.54
13.39
9.37
4.02
0.52
1.66
0.90
2.89
1.99
0.76
5.05
1.00
4.05
11.46
10.58
0.24
0.64
13.36
9.33
4.03
0.40r
1.24
0.60
2.48
1.88
0.64
5.00
0.85
4.15
12.56
11.38
0.28
0.90
15.13
10.85
4.28
0.43r
0.94
0.56
2.20
1.64
0.38
4.27
0.90
3.37
15.71
14.29
0.49
0.93
16.88
12.54
4.34
0.42
1.57
1.07
2.75
1.68
0.50
4.64
0.86
3.78
17.92
16.43
0.58
0.93
17.33
12.68
4.64
0.42
1.67
1.14
2.92
1.78
0.55
4.67
0.76
3.91
18.68
17.07
0.69
0.92
17.63
13.10
4.53
2,714
720
1,994
3,837
210
66
144
4,033
457
153
355
- 51
5,917
465
2,552
587
1,965
4,079
386
244
142
3,794
353
154
275
- 76
6,290
461
2,437
617
1,820
4,276
242
62
180
4,093
232
92
235
— 95
6,571
260
2,389
570
1,819
4,504
253
69
184
4,364
225
8
259
— 42
6,883
223
4,562
4,316
7.79
6.34
9.13
6.34
10.89
6.33
12.78
6.32
10.95
10.95
964
924
40
10.78
4.86
4.63
1.29
0.79
0.55
0.55
0.24
0.27
0.10
0.17
1.80
0.78
0.22
0.80
58
236
1,624
2,080
373
— 19
297
8.05
5.50
7.82
6.68
2,013
523
1,490
2,534
171
67
104
2,430
302
— 31
342
— 9
4,164
264
2,331
626
1,705
3,064
179
61
118
2,750
447
170
289
— 12
4,684
450
2,714
720
1,994
3,837
210
66
144
3,342
457
153
355
— 51
5,917
465
7.84
7.01
7.36
6.33
6.57
6.34
3,624
62
3,355
156
343
7.30
6.34
2.73
4.62
0.76
3.86
0.92
245
16.
CURRENCY AND BANKING (Cont'd)
CURRENCY AND BANKING
End of period
1
19 5 6
1948
1952
1953
1954
1955
III
KOREA, so u th e rn
(thousand m illion hwan)
M oney s u p p ly r ...................................
C u rre n c y : in c ircu latio n .
D eposit m o n e y r ............................
U n c le a re d c h ec k s a n d bills
Time d e p o sitsm ...................................
B ank c l e a r i n g s ............................Δ
G o v e rn m en t d e p o sits
. . . .
C o u n te rp a rt f u n d s ............................
F o reign a s s e ts (Bank of K orea)
G ross fo reig n a s s e ts . . . .
Fo reig n lia b ilitie sn . . . .
R e v a lu a tio n p ro c e e d s
C laim s on p riv a te se c to r .
B ank of K o r e a ...................................
PHILIPPINES (million pesos)
M oney s u p p l y ...................................
C urrency: n e t a c tiv e . . . .
D eposit m o n e y ............................
P riv a te tim e d e p o sits . . . .
Bank c l e a r i n g s ............................ Δ
Bank d e b itsu ...................................Δ
G overnm ent d ep o sits
. . . .
C e n tra l B ank of th e P h ilip p in e s
P hilippine N a tio n a l B ank
Foreign a s s e t s ...................................
C e n tra l B a n k ...................................
O th e r b a n k s ( n e t ) ............................
128.7
73.4
55.3
15.2
16.9r
207.7
68.0
83.0
15.7
48.6
23.1
9.8
76.6
5.8
70.8
213.4
209.7
3.7
5.4
4.0
1.4
1,268
892
376
317
1,600
292
278
I
II
III
Oct
Nov
128.7
73.4
55.3
15.2
16.9r
216.8
68.0
83.0
15.7
48.6
23.1
9.8
76.6
5.8
70.8
213.4
209.7
3.7
5.4
4.0
1.4
133.1
63.7
69.4
12.9
14.3r
201.7
93.4
100.0
18.5
51.5
23.2
9.8
74.5
5.7
68.8
254.7
250.1
4.5
5.5
4.0
1.5
128.9
61.3
67.6
9.5
14.8r
210.8
111.8
108.1
19.6
52.4
23.0
9.8
84.7
6.0
78.7
270.3
265.6
4.7
5.1
4.0
1.1
136.5
65.8
70.7
11.4
16.6
183.2
111.2
129.4
19.1
52.0
23.1
9.8
97.5
5.7
91.8
299.1
294.1
5.0
6.1
4.0
2.1
135.1
69.1
66.0
8.8
16.2
200.6
118.9
144.2
20.7
53.9
23.4
9.8
101.8
5.7
96.1
312.6
307.3
5.3
5.9
4.0
1.9
143.7
77.0
66.7
9.0
16.0
198.0
117.5
153.1
22.0
55.3
23.5
9.8
108.0
5.7
102.3
314.0
308.9
5.1
5.8
4.0
1.8
1,268
892
376
317
1,718
1,265
896
369
314
1,392
1,227
887
340
303
1,602
1,215
882
333
292
1,700
1,205
871
334
297
1,713
1,205
881
324
289
1,676
292
334
319
328
325
324
1,086
646
440
221
1,068
711
357
243
1,277
836
441
192
1,215
827
388
179
35
1,290
892
398
217
43
1,267
861
406
338
1,438
1,541
965
576
244
37
2 ,698
1,708
990
460
306
923
3,220
2,151
1,069
557
534
377
3,568
2,372
1,196
644
536
216
3,856
2,575
1,281
808
555
173
4,546
2,990
1,556
889
593
152
4,933
3,464
1,469
968
896
432
4 ,566
3,064
1,502
969
613
359
4,933
3,464
1,469
968
766
432
5,069
3,516
1,553
991
785
523
5,066
3,432
1,634
1,013r
738
623
5,034
3,316
1,718
1,078
698
730
5,053
3,369
1,683
1,083
842
747
5,154
3,492
1,663
1,092
804
804
1, 629
933
935
1,038
1,648
1,659
1,665
1,659
1,686
1,463
1,260
1,260
1,266
410
792
250
1,062
66
203
4
157
802
2,280
1,247
820
213
98
8
91
984
2,571
1,404
937
230
145
53
92
1,183
2,501
1,205
1,036
260
122
12
110
1,256
3,056
1,663
1,110
283r
117
2
115
988
2,626
1,223
1,130
273r
118
—118
1,256
3,056
1,663
1,110
283r
117
2
115
1,223
3,084
1,677
1,120
287
210
94
116
1,149
3,232
1,800
1,148
284
106
—
106
1,146
3,446
1,872
1,286
288
106
—
106
1,175
3,478
1,902
1,288
288
108
2
106
1,247
3,618
2,047
1,277
293
168
60
108
2.10
1.01
1.30
1.45
2.04
1.08
2.69
2.88
2.16
1.08
1.47
2.20
2.98
3.06
3.14
3.15
3.15
3.13
3.16
3.20
3.19
3.20
3.20
3.20
1,198
630
568
407
480
659
175
116
59
612
472
140
1,224
666
558
461
520
743
150
55
95
593
481
112
1,227
677
550
528
550
815
132
32
100
545
415
130
1,336
670
666
585
614
921
196
63
133
418
310
108
1,499
719
780
656
739
1,145
281r
112
168
440
322
118
1,448
689
759
631
719
1,125
330
158
172
475
338
137
1,499
719
780
656
775
1,132
281r
112
168
440
322
118
1,567
732
835
698
849
1,264r
260r
100r
159
448
293
155
1,566
726
840
713
880
1,355
274r
117r
158
381
239
143
1,546
734
813
742
900
1,573
747
826
749
935
1,592
756
836
748
248
96
152
368
238
130
224
77
147
338
211
127
198
67
131
302
168
134
—
MALAYAr (Fed. of) a n d SINGAPORE
(million Malayan dollars)
M oney s u p p l y ...................................
C u rren cy : n e t a c tiv e . . . .
D eposit m o n e y ............................
Time d e p o s i t s ...................................
B ank d e b itsp ...................................Δ
F o reig n a s s e t s ...................................
C u rre n cy B o a r d ............................
O ther b a n k s ( n e t ) ............................
C laim s on p r iv a te se c to r .
C laim s on g o v e rn m e n t . . . .
Time deposits
109.9
61.0
48.9
12.7
18.8r
221.9
70.7
50.0
15.6
48.6
23.2
9.8
78.6
5.8
72.8
159.9
156.7
3.2
4.8
4.0
0.8
94.4
58.8
35.6
6.0
10.0r
107.4
33.4
14.2
14.2
47.4
23.4
9.8
42.6
5.5
37.1
111.4
109.5
1.9
3.5
2.7
0.8
IV
1,196
681
515
199
15.4
9.7
5.6
1.0
0.5
13.7
8. 7
4.7
5. 0
0. 3
Other banks
Bank c le a rin g sq ............................Δ
G overnm ent d ep o sits
. . . .
Foreign a s s e ts (State B a n k of
P a k ista n ) s ..........................................
C laim s on p riv a te se c to r
(scheduled b a n k s)
. . . .
C laim s on g o v e r n me n t r . . . .
State B ank of P a k is ta n r .
O th e r b a n k s ...................................
T rea su ry c u rre n c y
. . . .
C laim s on p ro v in c ia l g o v e rn m e n tsr
State B ank of P a k is ta n .
S ch ed u led B a n k s ............................
R ates of in terest (% per annum )
C all m o n ey r a te . . . .
Δ
Yield of long-term g o v e rn m e n t
bankst
...................................Δ
7
6.0
0.6
5.4
12.2
12.0
0.2
2.5
1.4
1.1
0.2
C laim s on g o v e rn m e n t . . . .
B ank of K o r e a ...................................
O th e r b a n k s ...................................
C laim s on official e n titie s .
B ank of K o r e a ...................................
C om m ercial B a n k s
. . . .
PAKISTAN (million rupees)
M oney s u p p l y ...................................
C u rren cy in circulation .
D eposit m o n e y ............................
5
33.6
22.4
11.2
2.0
3.8
21.4
15.9
0.2
12.6
19.6
4. 4
2.6
20.8
5.5
15.3
24.7
24.1
0.6
4.7
1.8
2.9
0.7
0.4
0.3
279
381
772
22
22
883
800
83
61.9
40.1
21.8
4.2
5.0r
51.8
17.6
16.1
8.4
19.4
8. 5
2.5
24.0
2.0
22.0
68.0
66.9
1.1
0.9
0.5
0.4
9
1956
876
1,604
992
992
246
CURRENCY A ND BANKING
16.
CURRENCY AND BANKING (Cont’d)
End of period
1 9 5 6
1948
1952
1953
1954
1955
III
PHILIPPINES (m illion pesos) (Cont’d)
C laim s on p riv a te se c to r (other
b a n k s ) .................................................
C laim s on g o v e rn m e n t . . . .
C e n tra l B ank of th e P h ilip p in e s
O ther b a n k s ...................................
C laim s on official e ntities .
C e n tra l B ank of th e P h ilip p in e sv
O th e r b a n k s ...................................
THAILAND (m illion baht)
M oney s u p p l y ...................................
C urrency: n e t activ e . . . .
D eposit m o n e y ............................
Time d e p o s i t s ...................................
G ov e rn m en t d e p o sits
. . . .
B ank of T h a i l a n d ............................
D eposit m o n e y b a n k s
B ank c l e a r i n g s ............................ǻ
B ank of T h a i l a n d ............................
E xchange Fund
............................
Profits o n e x c h a n g e . . . .
C laim s on p riv a te se c to r .
C laim s on g o v e rn m e n t . . . .
B ank of T h a i l a n d ............................
D eposit m o n e y b a n k s
T re a su ry b ill r a te (% per annum ) ǻ
E x c h a n g e ra te (buying): B aht to
US d o l l a r ...................................ǻ
VIET-NAM (southern,
thousand m illion piastre)
M oney s u p p ly r ...................................
C u rren cy : n e t a c tiv e . . . .
D eposit m o n e y r ............................
Time d e p o s i t s ...................................
B ank c l e a r i n g s ............................ǻ
F oreign a s s e ts r ...................................
B a n q u e N a tio n a le d u V iet-N am
O th e r b a n k s (net)r
. . . .
C laim s on p riv a te secto r .
Claim s on g o v e rn m e n t . . . .
B a n q u e N a tio n a le d u V iet-N am
1
9
5
7
1956
IV
I
II
O ct
Nov
1,440
766
579
186
310
261
49
1,464
771
614
158
321
268
53
3,066
3,217
5,120
1,260
3,163
4,098
3,103
3,206
5,109
1,260
3,163
3,030
3,198
5,101
1,260
3,163
5,907
5,924
5,869
III
762
376
357
19
98
44
54
846
439
344
95
124
52
72
935
417
304
113
160
115
45
1,100
577
349
228
226
185
41
1,240
707
381
326
268
200
68
1,190
709
297
412
262
198
64
1,240
707
381
326
268
200
68
1,310
714
438
276
295
238
57
1,372
699
400
299
328
239
88
1,424
737
517
220
310
258
52
5,438
4,016
1,422
518
1,221
975
246
2,366
1,159
3,782
—
2,623
1,978
5,221
4,965
256
2.25
6,058
4,548
1,510
652
974
693
281
2,230
193
3,426
—
3,233
2,281
6,520
6,340
180
2.27
6,915
5, 176
1,739
824
1,110
763
347
2,598
2,643
4,585
1,260
3,202
3,000
5,724
5,452
272
2.26
7,305
5,421
1,884
1,048r
1,244r
1,132r
112
2,816
2,922
4,840
1,260
3,178
3,440
6,147
5,854
293
2.28
7,502
5,247
2,255
1,025r
1,253r
1,083r
170
2,626
2,828
4,744
1,260
3,176
3,316
5,997
5,780
217
2.25
7,305
5,421
1,884
1,048r
1,244r
1,132r
112
2,906
2,922
4,840
1,260
3,178
3,440
6,147
5,854
293
2.28
7,755
5 ,657
2,098
1,109r
1,407r
1,259r
148
3,163
3,205
5,123
1,260
3,178
3,920
7,595
5,378
2,217
1,117
1,545r
1,372r
173
3,036
3,091
4,994
1,260
3,163
4,014
6,172
5,908r
264
2.26
7,904
5.529
2,375
449
1,497
1,186
311
1.32
4,932
3,678
1,254
436
841
670
171
2,270
2,344
4,434
—
2,090
1,437
2,946
2,742
204
2.17
2.25
2.24
2.28
19.69
18.64
18.11
21.20
21.39
20.62
20.67
20.57
20.50
20.60
20.59
20.62
20.65
14.72
7.37
7.36
0.59
3.13
4.52
4.36
0.16
1.43
10.68
10.68
14.76
9.01
5.75
1.36
2.86
4.71
4.61
0.10
1.72
10.68
10.68
14.87
8.50
6.37
1.49
3.05
5.07
4.72
0.35
1.44
10.68
10.68
14.76
9.01
5.75
1.36
2.66
4.71
4.61
0.10
1.72
10.68
10.68
15.10r
9.10
6.00
1.67
2.88
4.94
4.48
0.46
2.06
10.68
10.68
13.59
8.97
4.62
1.57
3.11
5.00
4.50
0.50
2.73
10.68
10.68
13.14
8.54
4.59
1.28
3.30
5.23
4.75
0.48
2.90
10.68
10.68
13.22
8.54
4.68
1.19
3.34
5.16
4.55
0.61
2.92
10.68
10.68
12.64
7.85
4.79
0.97
. . .
40
40
78
78
2,881
2,205
676
292
568
533
35
774
2, 180
2,180
—
—
1.05
. . .
10.68
10.68
G E N E R A L N O T E : N e t a c tiv e c u r r e n c y : T o t a l c u r r e n c y o u t s t a n d i n g
less h o ld in g s i n a ll b a n k s in c lu d in g th e c e n t r a l b a n k a n d in g o v e r n m e n t t r e a s u r ie s . C u r r e n c y i n c irc u la tio n : T o t a l c u r r e n c y o u t s t a n d i n g le ss h o ld in g s in a ll b a n k s in c lu d in g th e c e n t r a l b a n k . D e p o s it
m o n e y : P r i v a t e d e p o sits in a ll b a n k s , s u b je c t to c h e q u e o r w i t h d r a w a b le o n d e m a n d , e x c lu d in g in t e r - b a n k lia b ilitie s . G o v e r n m e n t
d e p o sits: I n c lu d in g g o v e r n m e n t c u r r e n c y h o ld in g s . B a n k c le a r in g s :
T o t a l v a lu e o f c h e q u e s a n d o th e r c o lle c tio n ite m s c le a r e d t h r o u g h
c le a r in g houses. C la im s o n p r iv a t e s e c to r : C la im s b y t h e b a n k i n g
s y s te m a r i s i n g f r o m t h e r e n d e r i n g o f lo a n s a n d a d v a n c e s , d is c o u n tin g o f bills, t h e h o ld in g o f s e c u r it ie s in p r i v a t e c o m p a n ie s , etc.
C la im s o n g o v e r n m e n t : H o ld in g s o f g o v e r n m e n t b o n d s , t r e a s u r y b ills
a n d g o v e r n m e n t g u a r a n t e e d s e c u r itie s by th e b a n k i n g s y s te m , p lu s
c ir c u la tio n o f t r e a s u r y c u r r e n c y . R a t e s o f in te r e s t: R a t e s p r e v a ili n g in t h e c a p i ta l c ity , e x c e p t f o r I n d ia , w h e r e B o m b a y r a t e s a r e
u sed. C all m o n e y r a te is in t e r - b a n k r a t e o n m o n e y a t c all.
M o n th ly a v e r a g e s o r c a l e n d a r m o n th s .
a.
D e p o s its o f S t a t e B o a rd s in S t a t e C o m m e rc ia l B a n k ( e x c lu d in g th e
S ta te A g ric u ltu ra l B a n k ).
b. I n c lu d in g f o r e i g n a s s e ts o f t h e B u r m a C u r r e n c y B o a r d u p to J u l y
1952.
c. I n c lu d in g a c o n s t a n t a m o u n t o f 99 m illio n k y a ts , w h ic h is th e v a lu e
o f a p r o m is s o r y n o te is su e d a s c o v e r f o r th e c u r r e n c y issue.
d. 5 y e a r t r e a s u r y bonds.
e. D e b its to d e m a n d d e p o s its o f p r i v a t e s e c to r.
f . 3 % n a t i o n a l d e v e lo p m e n t lo a n 1965-1970 to e a r l i e s t r e d e m p tio n d a te .
5,864
2.28
5.25
4.70
0.55
2.69
10.68
10.68
g. I n c l u d i n g b a n k ’s h o ld in g s o f s to c k s a n d d e b e n tu r e s .
h . I n c l u d i n g t h e c o u n t e r p a r t o f P o s t Office D e m a n d D e p o s its .
i. R u n n i n g y ie ld o f 3 % p a p e r t o e a r l i e s t r e d e m p tio n d a te .
j . P a y m e n t s a g r e e m e n t lia b ilitie s , m a i n l y to J a p a n a n d t h e N e t h e r la n d s .
k . W e ig h e d y ie ld ( s im p le r a t e o f i n t e r e s t ) to l a t e s t r e d e m p tio n d a te
o f m e d iu m d a te d g o v e r n m e n t b o n d s is su e d d u r i n g t h e p e rio d s ta t e d .
m . I n c l u d i n g d e p o s its o f lo c a l g o v e r n m e n t a n d g o v e r n m e n t i n s t i t u t i o n s
i n c o m m e r c ia l b a n k s a n d n o n - g o v e r n m e n ta l f o r e ig n c u r r e n c y
dep o s its i n B a n k o f K o re a .
n . C le a r in g a c c o u n ts w i t h J a p a n .
p . C h e q u e s s e n t o u t f o r lo c a l c l e a r i n g a n d d e b its t o c u r r e n t d e p o s it
a c c o u n ts .
q. T h e n u m b e r o f c l e a r i n g h o u s e s w a s in c r e a s e d in 1952 a n d 1953.
s.
I n c l u d i n g o u t s t a n d i n g a s s e ts r e c e iv a b le f r o m t h e R e s e rv e B a n k o f
I n d i a u n d e r t h e p a r t i t i o n a g r e e m e n t s ; e x c lu d in g f o r e ig n a s s e ts of
B a n k i n g D e p a r t m e n t f r o m 1952.
t . Y ie ld t o m a t u r i t y o f 3 % b o n d s 1968.
u . T o t a l d e b its t o c h e c k in g a c c o u n t o f p r i v a t e s e c to r, e x c e p t f o r 1948
w h e n d e b its t o g o v e r n m e n t d e p o s its a r e in c lu d e d .
v. I n c l u d i n g a c o n s t a n t a m o u n t o f 107 m illio n p e s o s f r o m
1952, r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e d iff e r e n c e b e tw e e n f o r e i g n a s s e ts t r a n s f e r r e d f r o m
t h e T r e a s u r y a n d i t s n o te a n d c o in is su e , f o r w h ic h t h e B a n k
a s s u m e d lia b ility .
247
TRADE
AGREEM ENTS
CONCLUDED
The agreements and arrangements made by
countries of Asia and the Far East to expand trade
on a bilateral basis have assumed various forms,
depending upon the purposes and interests sought to
be promoted. Firstly, there are agreements intended
primarily to facilitate mutual exchange of commodities
between the contracting parties for a specified period,
with or without specific provision for their extension.
These trade agreements are often accompanied or
followed by more detailed protocols. In any case,
they usually provide for the exchange of specified
commodities, with quantity or value ceilings frequently
stipulated, and for methods of payment or settlement,
including in some cases barter arrangements. Secondly, there may be included single-commodity arrangements, negotiated at times when selling countries have
been concerned to secure export markets for their
staple primary commodities, or to dispose of surpluses
of such commodities, or when buying countries have
been faced with the problem of shortages of food or
raw materials and have tried to secure their requirements through bulk purchase at an advantageous
price.2
Trade agreements can significantly influence the
direction of international trade provided they constitute a substantial part of the total normal trade
of the contracting parties and provided their terms
(as to commodities, quantities and values) are carried
out as agreed. Trade agreements negotiated by
ECAFE countries have in most cases, however, been
a reflection mainly of willingness on the part of the
contracting parties to promote trade between them.
They have thus been largely of the permissive type
and have not entailed firm commitments. Many have
dealt with specific commodities, sometimes with further
specification of estimated total values, but the actual
implementation has generally been left to private trade.
Experience has shown that the actual flow of trade
does not generally follow the pattern set in the
agreements unless the various commodities are competitive in quality and price in the estimation of the
importers and exporters concerned. However, where
the State is directly involved in the import and export
trade of the country in question (as in mainland
China, northern Korea and northern Viet-Nam and,
to some extent, also India and Burm a), the implementation of trade agreements follows more closely
the original plan.
1Including
several agreements concluded in Novem ber or D ecember 1956, w hich became effective from the date of conclusion
or from 1957.
2 In a still broader classification m ay be included surplus agricultural com m odity agreements for the sale of U nited States farm
products u nder U nited States Public Law 480, w ith paym ent in
national currency and a substantial p a rt of the proceeds commonly
used on a loan basis to finance economic developm ent in the re cipient country. A num ber of additional agreements of this kind,
not show n in the appended list, were signed by ECAFE countries
w ith the U nited States in 1957.
D U R IN G
19571
In 1957 a number of countries of the ECAFE
region contracted new trade agreements and most of
the existing agreements were extended. On the basis
of the available data it appears that 22 intra-regional
trade and payments agreements, or other arrangements
intended to promote trade on a bilateral basis, were
signed between countries or areas both of which are
in the region. Two of these agreements were contracted between centrally planned economies; in nine
other cases a centrally planned economy participated;
in the remaining eleven cases neither party has this
type of economic system. ECAFE countries also
contracted 92 extra-regional bilateral trade and/or
payments agreements or arrangements designed to
secure imports of capital and consumer goods or find
markets for their staple exports. Fifty-two of these
extra-regional agreements were signed by ECAFE
countries which do not have centrally planned
economies. Twenty-three of the agreements in this
group were negotiated with West European countries.
On the other hand, forty extra-regional agreements
were signed by the centrally planned countries of the
region, twenty-seven of them with the Soviet Union
and East European countries. The last-mentioned
agreements usually took the form of barter exchanges
of particular commodities.
In addition to the foregoing agreements, twentyseven single-commodity intra-regional arrangements
were made in 1957, of which twenty-two had to do
with the purchase of rice. Ten extra-regional single
commodity arrangements were contracted, all of them
by countries with economies not of the centrally
planned type.
CLASSIFICATION OF TRADE AGREEMENTS BY
COUNTRIES OF THE ECAFE REGION IN 1957
T o ta l
Intra-regional
1. Between mainland China, northern
Korea and northern Viet-Nam . . .
2. Between other ECAFE countries . .
3. Between (1) and (2) .....................
Tot a l
Extra-regional
1. Soviet Union and East European
countries
a. W ith mainland China, northern
Korea and northern Viet-Nam.
b . W ith other ECAFE countries . .
2. Western European countries
a. W ith mainland China, northern
Korea and northern Viet-Nam.
b . W ith other ECAFE countries . .
3. United States with countries other
than
mainland China, northern
Korea and northern Viet-Nam . .
4. Rest of the world
a. W ith mainland China, northern
Korea and northern Viet-Nam.
b. W ith other ECAFE countries . .
Tot a l
Grand total
G en era l
tra d e
a g ree m e n ts
S in g le
c o m m o d ity
a g r e e m e n ts
R ice
O th e r
2
33
14
2
11
9
—
19
3
3
2
49
22
22
5
27
20
27
17
4
24
4
23
3
1
1
1
9
15
9
11
3
1
102
151
92
114
8
30
2
7
—
—
—
3
—
1
—
—
—
Appendix
248
1.
E C A F E IN TR A -REG IO N A L T R A D E A G R E E M E N T S
C o n t r a c t in g
p a r t ie s
P e r io d
v a lid
M e th o d o f p a y m e n t
V a l u e o f t r a d e a n d p r in c i p a l e x p o r t s
R em arks
F i r s t t r a d e a n d p a y m e n ts a g re e m e n t, s ig n e d in K a b u l o n 28 J u l y
1957. P e r io d o f v a lid ity m a y be
a u to m a tic a l ly e x te n d e d f o r a n o th e r
y ear.
R a tifie d
by
th e
A f g h a n N a t i o n a l A s s e m b ly o n 17
S e p te m b e r 1957.
A fg h a n is ta n —
C h in a
( M a in la n d )
T w o years
A f g h a n i s t a n : w o o l, c o tto n , s h e e p s k in s ,
d rie d f r u i t , a n d o il- b e a r in g s ee d s.
C h in a :
m a c h in e r y ,
b u ild in g
m a te r ia ls
te x tile s , t e a , a n d p a p e r .
A fg h a n is ta n —
In d ia
O ne y ear
T o t a l v a lu e : R s. 33.5 m illio n e a c h w a y
a s c e ilin g f o r t h e f i r s t y e a r .
A f g h a n i s t a n : d rie d a n d f r e s h f r u i t s , a n d
m e d ic in a l g u m r e s in ( a s a f o e t i d a ) .
I n d i a : te a , s p ic e s , s u g a r , to b a c c o m a n u f a c tu r e s , c o tto n a n d r a y o n te x tile s , j u t e
t e x tile s , w o o lle n m a n u f a c t u r e s , le a t h e r
a n d l e a t h e r g o o d s, m a c h in e r y , b u ild in g
m a te r ia ls , m o to r-c y c le s , b ic y c le s , a lu m in iu m goo d s, ir o n a n d s te e l p ro d u c ts ,
te le c o m m u n ic a tio n s a n d e le c tr ic goods,
c h e m ic a ls , p h a r m a c e u ti c a ls , film s, r u b b e r goo d s, p a p e r a n d s t a t i o n e r y e tc .
B u rm a —
C eylon
1957
200,000 to n s o f B u r m a ’s ric e ,
a b o u t £6.68 m illio n .
v a lu e d
at
S ig n e d in R a n g o o n o n 22 F e b r u a r y
1957.
B u rm a —
C h in a
( M a in la n d )
1957
50,000 to n s o f
£1.65 m illio n .
B u r m a ’s
ric e ,
v a lu e d
at
S ig n e d
1957.
B u rm a —
I n d ia
1957
500,000 to n s o f B u r m a ’s
a b o u t £16.6 m illio n .
ric e ,
v a lu e d
at
S ig n e d in R a n g o o n o n A p r i l 1957.
B u rm a —
In d ia
1957
15,000 to n s o f B u r m a ’s te a k -w o o d , v a lu e d
a t a b o u t K 14.5 m illio n .
S ig n e d
1957.
B u rm a —
In d o n e s ia
F e b .— A u g .
1957
140,000 to n s o f B u r m a ’s ric e ,
£4.74 m illio n .
S ig n e d in R a n g o o n o n 6 F e b r u a r y
1957.
B u rm a —
I n d o n e s ia
A u g .— D ec.
1957
25,000 to n s o f B u r m a ’s ric e .
B u rm a —
Japan
1957
100,000 to n s o f B u r m a ’s ric e , v a lu e d a t
£4.21 m illio n .
P a y m e n t in p o u n d s s te r lin g .
A nnounced
in
R angoon
on
1
F e b r u a r y 1957. T h i s is a re d u c e d
p u rc h a se fo r th e y e ar by J a p a n
w h o w a s o r ig i n a ll y c o m m itte d to
i m p o r t 200,000-300,000 to n s
of
B u r m a ’s r ic e in 1957 u n d e r a
1953 a r r a n g e m e n t w h ic h is v a lid
u n t i l 31 D e c e m b e r 1957.
B u rm a —
Japan
T h r o u g h 1958
B u r m a : ric e , r a w c o tto n , te a k , n a t u r a l
la c q u e r , b e a n s e tc .
J a p a n : te x tile s , c o n s tr u c t io n m a te r ia ls ,
c e m e n t, e le c tr ic a l e q u ip m e n t, in d u s t r i a l
e q u ip m e n t, m a c h in e r y a n d p l a n t s , foods tu ffs e tc .
P a y m e n t in p o u n d s s t e r l i n g .
E x t e n s io n o f e x i s t i n g a g r e e m e n t
f o r a n o t h e r y e a r , a n n o u n c e d by
J a p a n e s e F o r e ig n Office o n 20
D e c e m b e r 1957.
B u rm a —
K o re a
(n o rth e rn )
P a y m e n t in I n d i a n r u p e e s .
v a lu e d a t
T r a d e a r r a n g e m e n t s , f o r m a liz e d by
a n e x c h a n g e o f le t t e r s in N e w
D e lh i o n 14 J u n e 1957, w ith a
v ie w t o p r o m o t i n g
tra d e and
a c h i e v in g b a la n c e in t r a d e bet w e e n t w o c o u n tr ie s . S u b je c t to
by th e
tw o
p e r io d ic a l re v ie w
G o v e r n m e n ts f o r m u t u a l a d v a n ta g e .
in
in
R angoon
R angoon
on
on
20
29
M ay
A p r il
S ig n e d in J u l y o r A u g u s t 1957.
B u r m a : ric e a n d ric e p r o d u c ts , b e a n s ,
c o tto n , o il- b e a r in g see d s e tc .
K o r e a : c e m e n t, s t r u c t u r a l s te e l, s h e e t
g la s s , c h e m ic a l f e r t i l i z e r , c a r b id e , g i n s e n g , s ilk f a b r ic s , m a r i n e p r o d u c ts , h o p s
e tc .
L e t t e r s e x c h a n g e d in R a n g o o n on
2 O c to b e r 1957, a ls o s t i p u l a t i n g
t h a t t o p r o m o t e e c o n o m ic e x change
b e tw e e n
t w o c o u n tr ie s
ea c h s id e w ill s t a t i o n t r a d e d eleg a tio n s in t h e c a p i t a l o f th e
o th e r.
S ig n e d
1957.
B u rm a —
M a la y a
( F e d . o f)
B u rm a —
P a k is ta n
1957
30,000 to n s o f B u r m a ’s
a b o u t £1.16 m illio n .
1 M a r . 1957
— 28 F e b .
1960
B u r m a : ric e , t i m b e r e tc .
P a k i s t a n : j u t e , te x tile s e tc .
B u rm a —
P a k is ta n
1957
50,000 to n s o f B u r m a ’s
a b o u t £1.76 m illio n .
ric e ,
v a lu e d
at
S ig n e d
1957.
in
R angoon
on
4
B u rm a—
P a k is ta n
1957
25,000 to n s
£721,745.
B u r m a ’s
ric e ,
v a lu e d
at
S ig n e d
1957.
in
R angoon
on
24
B u rm a—
P a k is ta n
1957
78,700 to n s o f B u r m a ’s
a b o u t £2 .9 m illio n .
ric e ,
v a lu e d
at
S ig n e d in
1957.
C am b o d ia —
C h in a
( M a in la n d )
1 J u n e 1957
-— 31 M ay
1958
C a m b o d ia : r u b b e r , ric e a n d p r o d u c ts ,
m a iz e , to b a c c o , ti m b e r e tc .
C h in a : m a c h in e r y , s te e l, b u ild in g m a te r ia ls , c o tto n te x tile s , r a w s ilk e tc .
of
ric e ,
v a lu e d
at
in
R angoon
on
3
M ay
S ig n e d in R a n g o o n o n 25 F e b r u a r y
1957. A p r o to c o l w a s c o n c lu d e d
a t t h e s a m e tim e , u n d e r w h ic h
P a k is ta n a g re ed to p u rc h a se fro m
B u r m a 50,000-100,000 to n s o f ric e
in 1957, a n d 100,000 to n s o f ric e
a n n u a l l y d u r i n g 1958 a n d 1959.
P a y m e n t in p o u n d s s t e r l i n g o r o t h e r acc e p ta b le c u r r e n c y .
R angoon
on
M arch
June
16 A u g u s t
E x t e n s io n o f 24 A p r i l 1956 a g r e e m e n t in M a y o r J u n e 1957,
249
Trade Agreement
1.
E C A F E IN T R A -R E G IO N A L T R A D E A G R E E M E N T S
C o n t r a c t in g
p a r t ie s
P e r io d
v a li d
V a lu e o f t r a d e a n d p r in c i p a l e x p o r t s
M e th o d o f p a y m e n t
R em arks
C eylon—
C h in a
(M a in la n d )
1958— 1962
C e y lo n :
ru b b e r, p e p p e r,
coconut
oil,
c o p r a , p re c io u s a n d s e m i-p re c io u s s to n e s
e tc .
C h in a : ric e s te e l, m a c h in e r y , s c ie n tific
in s tr u m e n ts , b u ild in g m a te r ia ls , c h e m ic a ls, c o al, fo o d s tu ffs, s ilk a n d s ilk p iec eg o o d s, h a n d i c r a f t s e tc .
P a y m e n t in ru p e e s . B a la n c e t o b e s e ttle d p e rio d ic a lly in p o u n d s s t e r l i n g o r
a n y o th e r a c c e p ta b le c u rre n c y .
F iv e - y e a r tr a d e a n d p a y m e n ts
a g re e m e n t, s ig n e d in P e k in g o n
19 S e p te m b e r 1957. T h e a g re e m e n t w ill com e in to fo rc e w h e n
th e f ir s t 5 -y e a r tr a d e a g re e m e n t
e x p ire s a t th e e n d o f 1957. I t
a ls o p ro v id e s f o r re c ip ro c a l m o stf a v o u re d -n a tio n t r e a tm e n t, p r i n c ip le o f im p o r t- e x p o r t b a la n ce ,
a n d c o n clu sio n o f a p ro to c o l e a c h
y e a r to s p e c ify th e a g g r e g a te
v a lu e o f tr a d e f o r t h a t y e a r.
A n eco n o m ic a id a g re e m e n t w as
s ig n e d a t th e s a m e tim e , u n d e r
w h ic h C h in a w ill sen d g r a tis to
C eylon 75 m illio n C eylon r u p e e s '
w o r th o f c o m m o d itie s in th e n e x t
five y e a rs.
C eylon—
C h in a
(M a in la n d )
T h r o u g h 1958
T o t a l v a lu e : 95-165 m illio n C ey lo n ru p e e s
each w ay.
C e y lo n : r u b b e r (30,000-50,000 to n s ) , cocon u t oil, co co a e tc .
C h in a : r ic e (200,000-270,000 t o n s ) , c o tt o n te x tile s , t e a c h e s ts , s te e l, c e m e n t,
ty r e s , p a p e r , m a c h in e r y a n d e q u ip m e n t,
c h e m ic a ls , c o a l e tc .
(S e e fiv e -y e a r a g r e e m e n t a b o v e .)
P ro to c o l on e x c h a n g e o f com m od itie s , s ig n e d in P e k in g o n 19
S e p te m b e r 1957 in a c c o rd a n c e
w ith th e n e w 5 -y e a r tr a d e a n d
p a y m e n ts a g r e e m e n t co n clu d ed a t
th e s a m e tim e .
C h in a
( T a iw a n ) —
Japan
1 A p r . 1957
— 31 M a r .
1958
T o t a l v a lu e : $92.6 m illio n e a c h w a y .
C h in a : s u g a r , ric e , b a n a n a s , c a n n e d p in e a p p le s , s a lt , c e d a r-w o o d , c o al, m o la s se s,
b a g a s s e p u lp , n a t u r a l e sse n c e , b a m b o o s h o o ts , te a , c a m p h o r e tc .
J a p a n : f e r ti liz e r s , ir o n a n d s te e l goo d s,
m a c h in e r y , r o ll in g s to c k a n d c o m m u n ic a tio n e q u ip m e n t a n d v e sse ls, te x tile s ,
c h e m ic a ls , e le c tr ic s u p p lie s , n o n - f e r r o u s
p r o d u c ts , v e h ic le s a n d p a r t s , p h a r m a c e u tic a ls a n d m e d ic a l s u p p lie s , ty r e s
a n d tu b e s a n d o th e r r u b b e r p ro d u c ts ,
a q u a t ic p r o d u c ts , c e r a m ic s e tc .
O p e n a c c o u n t in d o lla rs .
S ig n e d in T o k y o o n 31 A u g u s t
1957 f o r on e y e a r, re tro a c tiv e
fr o m 1 A p r il 1957. T h e t a r g e t
v o lu m e o f tr a d e is $16.5 m illio n
b ig g e r t h a n th e p re v io u s y e a r.
C h in a
(M a in la n d )
— I n d ia
14 O c t. 1956
— 31 D ec.
1958
C h in a : m e ta ls , o re s , n e w s p r i n t, c h e m ic a ls
a n d c h e m ic a l p r e p a r a t i o n s , r a w s ilk ,
c a s s ia e tc .
I n d i a : to b a c c o , r a w c o tto n , j u t e m a n u f a c tu r e s , s p ic e s , s h e lla c , m ic a , m e d ic in e s
a n d m e d ic in a l h e rb s e tc .
P a y m e n t in ru p e e s , B ala n c e c o n v e rtib le
in to p o u n d s s te r lin g
L e tte r s e x c h a n g e d in N e w D elhi
o n 25 M ay 1957, e x te n d in g th e
14 O c to b e r 1954 tr a d e a g re e m e n t,
o rig in a lly co n clu d ed f o r a p e rio d
o f tw o y e a r s , f o r a
fu rth e r
p e rio d u p to th e e n d o f 1958,
w ith so m e m o d ifica tio n s r e la tin g
to p a y m e n t.
C h in a
( M a in la n d )
— K o re a
(n o rth e rn )
T h r o u g h 1957
C h in a : g r a i n , c o tto n , c o tto n y a r n a n d
c lo th , c o a l, s a l t , ro lle d s te e l, r a w m a te r i a l s f o r c h e m ic a l e n g in e e r in g , p a p e r ,
b u ild in g m a te r ia ls e tc .
K o r e a : ir o n o re , fe rr o -s ilic o n , to o l s te e l,
n o n - f e r r o u s m e ta ls , c e m e n t, c a lc iu m c a r b ide, f r u i t s , m a r i n e p r o d u c ts e tc .
T w o p ro to c o ls , on C h in a ’s a id to
K o re a a n d on tr a d e , sig n e d in
P y o n g y a n g on 24 J a n u a r y 1957.
T r a d e v o lu m e to in c re a se cons id e r a b ly o v e r 1956.
C h in a
(M a in la n d )
— V ie t-N a m
(n o rth e rn )
T h r o u g h 1957
C h in a : c o tto n y a r n a n d c lo th , m e ta l p r o d u c ts , m o to r - c a r tu b e s a n d ty r e s , p h a r m a c e u tic a l p r o d u c ts , m e d ic a l s u p p lie s ,
c u l t u r a l a r tic le s e tc .
V ie t-N a m : a g ric u ltu ra l an d fo re s t p ro d u c ts , m in e r a ls , h a n d i c r a f t a r tic le s e tc .
S ig n e d in H a n o i on 31 J u ly 1957.
A t th e s a m e tim e w a s sig n e d a
p ro to c o l on a id in goods g r a n te d
b y C h in a to V ie t-N a m in 1957.
In d ia —
In d o n e s ia
T h r o u g h 1957
I n d i a : c o tto n te x tile s a n d y a r n , ju te
g o od s, to b a c c o , lin s e e d oil, h a r d w a r e ,
p h a r m a c e u ti c a ls
and
c h e m ic a ls ,
te a
c h e s ts , s h e lla c , s p o r t s go od s, r u b b e r
ty r e s a n d tu b e s , p o r c e la in w a re , p a p e r
a n d b o a rd s , m a c h in e r y in c lu d in g a g r i c u ltu ra l
im p le m e n ts ,
d ie se l
e n g in e s ,
s u g a r - c a n e c r u s h e r s , t e x tile m a c h in e r y ,
e le c tr ic a l e q u ip m e n t, s e w in g - m a c h in e s ,
h u r r i c a n e l a n t e r n s e tc .
I n d o n e s ia : c o p r a , c o c o n u t oil, p a lm k e r n e ls , e s s e n tia l oils, s p ic e s a n d b e te ln u ts , tim b e r , tin , r u b b e r , h id e s a n d
s k in s , c a n e s a n d r a t t a n s , g u m s a n d
r e s in s , t a n n i n g m a te r ia ls , s is a l fib re,
to b a c c o w r a p p e r s e tc .
P a y m e n t in r u p e e s o r p o u n d s s te r lin g .
T h e tr a d e a g re e m e n t, co n clu d ed on
30 J a n u a r y 1953, w a s e x te n d e d
f r o m tim e to tim e . F o r th e y e a r
1957 th e f ir s t e x te n sio n w a s a n n o u n c e d in F e b r u a r y a n d th e
second in J u l y e x te n d in g th e v a lid ity o f th e a g re e m e n t u p to 30
J u n e a n d 31 D e ce m b e r re sp e c tiv e ly .
Appendix
250
1.
E C A F E IN T R A - R E G I O N A L T R A D E A G R E E M E N T S
P e r io d
v a li d
C o n t r a c t in g
p a r t ie s
I n d ia —
Japan
1 A p r . 1957
— 31 M a r.
1958
I n d ia —
Japan
A p r . 1957—
A p r . 1962
I n d ia —
K o re a
(n o rth ern )
F e b . 1957
— 31 J a n .
1960
V a lu e o f tra d e a n d p r in c ip a l e x p o r ts
R em arks
M e th o d o f p a y m e n t
T h e I n d o - J a p a n e s e P e a c e T r e a ty
o f 9 J u n e 1952 p ro v id e d f o r
r e c ip r o c a l m o s t - fa v o u r e d - n a tio n
t r e a t m e n t in t r a d e m a t t e r s f o r a
p e rio d o f f o u r y e a r s u p t o 27
A p r i l 1956. T h e p e rio d , l a s t e x te n d e d u p t o 31 M a r c h 1957 o n
6 O c to b e r 1956, w a s f u r t h e r e x te n d e d u p t o 30 S e p te m b e r a n d
31 D e c e m b e r 1957 a n d 31 M a r c h
1958 b y e x c h a n g e o f l e t t e r s o n 30
M a r c h , 28
S e p te m b e r a n d
30
D e c e m b e r re s p e c tiv e ly .
I n d i a : i r o n o re (1 .3 m illio n to n s in
1957/58,
som e
1.4
m illio n
to n s
in
1958/59 , a n d 1.5 m illio n to n s e a c h y e a r
i n t h e r e m a i n i n g th r e e y e a r s ) .
F iv e - y e a r
a g re e m e n t,
s ig n e d
in
T o k y o in N o v e m b e r 1956 b e tw e e n
J a p a n e s e iro n - s te e l m a n u f a c t u r e r s
a n d t h e In d i a n G o v e rn m e n t.
I n d i a : r a w c o tto n , c o tto n a n d w o o lle n
te x tile s , j u t e goods, c o ir a n d m a n u f a c t u r e s , v e g e t a b le oils, s h e lla c , m a c h in e
to o ls, s e w in g - m a c h in e s , s a l t e tc .
K o r e a : c e m e n t, g la s s s h e e ts a n d p la te s ,
e le c tr o ly tic s in e , s te e l, a m m o n iu m s u lp h a t e e tc .
C o n clu d ed in N e w D e lh i o n 19
A u g u s t 1957 b e tw e e n th e T r a d e
D e le g a tio n o f D e m o c r a tic P e o p le ’s
R e p u b lic o f K o r e a a n d th e S ta te
T r a d i n g C o r p o r a tio n o f In d ia .
I n d i a : coal, c h e m ic a ls , d r u g s a n d m e d icin e s, m ill-b o a rd a n d s tr a w - b o a r d , m a c h in e r y a n d m ill w o rk , w o rk s h o p e q u ip m e n t,
e le c tr ic a l
in s tru m e n ts ,
c in e m a
film s, s u g a r , t e a f o r b le n d in g , coffee,
b e te l le a v es , b id is a n d h o o k a h to b a c c o ,
bid i le a v es , g u m s a n d r e s in s e tc .
P a k i s t a n : r a w ju t e , h id e s a n d s k in s ,
fish, p o u l t r y a n d e g g s , b e te l- n u ts , s p ice s,
h o n e y , c in e m a film s, m a c h in e to o ls,
b ic y c les a n d s p a r e p a r t s , s u r g i c a l i n s t r u m e n t s , s p o r t s g o o d s e tc .
S ig n e d
in
N ew
D e lh i
on
22
J a n u a r y 1957. R e c ip r o c a l m ostfa v o u r e d - n a t i o n
tre a tm e n t and
lim ite d
b o rd er
tra d e
p ro v id e d .
T h e a g r e e m e n t w ill r e m a in v a lid
f o r t h r e e y e a r s , w i t h th e a tta c h e d
S c h e d u le s s u b je c t t o re v is io n be f o r e th e c o m m e n c e m e n t of th e
y e a r s 1958 a n d 1959.
I t m ay,
h o w e v e r, a f t e r e x p i r y o f th e f ir s t
y e a r , be t e r m i n a t e d b y e ith e r
p a r t y g iv in g s ix m o n t h s ’ n o tic e
in w r i t i n g to th e o th e r.
T w o a g r e e m e n t s , e a c h f o r 7,000
to n s , s ig n e d in N e w D e lh i o n 1
M a y a n d 28 N o v e m b e r 1957 r e s p e c tiv e ly b e tw e e n S t a t e T r a d i n g
C o r p o r a tio n o f I n d i a a n d D em oc r a t i c R e p u b lic o f V ie t- N a m .
In d ia —
P a k is ta n
1
I n d ia —
V ie t- N a m
(n o rth e rn )
1957
14,000 t o n s
I n d ia —
V ie t- N a m
(n o rth e rn )
1957
I n d i a : 1.5 m illio n g u n n y b a g s , v a lu e d a t
a b o u t R s. 1.8 m illio n .
S ig n e d in J u l y 1957 b e tw e e n S ta te
T r a d i n g C o r p o r a tio n o f I n d i a a n d
D e m o c r a t ic
R e p u b lic
of
V ie tN am .
I n d i a : 14,000 to n s o f c e m e n t.
V ie t - N a m : 1,000 t o n s o f s u g a r .
S ig n e d in N e w D e lh i o n 5 O c to b e r
1957 b e tw e e n S t a t e T r a d i n g C orp o r a t i o n o f I n d ia a n d D e m o c r a tic
R e p u b lic o f V ie t- N a m .
C o n c lu d e d in D j a k a r t a o n 13 M a r c h
1957.
I n d ia —
V ie t- N a m
( n o rth e rn )
of
V i e t - N a m ’s
ric e .
In d o n e s ia —
Japan
1957
75,000 to n s o f I n d o n e s ia ’s s u g a r .
In d o n e s ia —
K o re a
( n o rth e rn )
15 M ay 1957
— 14 M ay
1958
I n d o n e s ia : r u b b e r , te a , c o c o n u t oil, c o p r a ,
d e sic c a te d co co n u t, s p ic e s , re s in s , v e g e t a b l e oils, q u in in e a n d c in c h o n a b a r k ,
coffee, r a t t a n , ta p io c a , t im b e r , p e a r ls ,
c o co a k e rn e ls , t a n n i n g m a t e r i a l e tc .
K o r e a : e le c tr o ly tic z in c a n d le a d , stee l,
c e m e n t, w in d o w g la s s , c h e m ic a l f e r t i liz e rs , c a u s tic so d a, c a l c iu m c a r b id e ,
so d iu m b ic a r b o n a te , s a lt e d fish, s ilk e tc .
I n d o n e s ia —
P a k is ta n
T h r o u g h 1957
I n d o n e s ia : c o p r a , p a lm -o il, s p ic e s , r u b b e r, tim b e r , t y r e s , q u in in e s a lt , tin ,
b u ild in g m a t e r i a l s e tc .
P a k i s t a n : r a w c o tto n , g u n n y b a g s , s p o r t s
goods,
s u r g ic a l
in s tru m e n ts ,
c in e m a
film s e tc .
T h e 7 F e b r u a r y 1953 t r a d e a g r e e m e n t, l a s t e x te n d e d t o end-1956,
w a s f u r t h e r e x te n d e d u p t o 30
J u n e a n d 31 D e c e m b e r 1957 in
M arch
and
S e p te m b e r
respectiv e ly .
I n d o n e s ia —
T h a ila n d
F e b .— A p r .
1957
50,000 to n s o f T h a i l a n d ’s ric e , v a lu e d a t
a b o u t £1.78 m illio n .
S ig n e d in B a n g k o k o n 22 J a n u a r y
1957.
In d o n e s ia —
T h a ila n d
M ay— J u ly
1957
50,000 to n s o f T h a i l a n d ’s ric e .
S ig n e d
1957.
In d o n e s ia —
T h a ila n d
N o v .— D ec.
1957
20,000 to n s o f T h a i l a n d ’s ric e , v a lu e d a t
£0.86 m illio n .
S ig n e d in B a n g k o k o n 20 N o v e m b e r 1957.
I n d o n e s ia —
V ie t- N a m
(n o rth e rn )
One year
I n d o n e s ia : r u b b e r , s u g a r , coffee, p e p p e r ,
c o p r a , c o c o n u t oil, q u in in e a n d c in c h o n a
b a r k , to b a c co , h id e s, t i n e tc .
V ie t - N a m : ric e , c e m e n t, f e r ti liz e r s , a n th r a c i t e , p h o s p h a te , d r ie d a n d s a lt e d
fish, te x tile s , s ilk goods, f r u i t s e tc .
P a y m e n t in p o u n d s s t e r l i n g .
S ig n e d i n D j a k a r t a o n 8 J a n u a r y
1957. R a tifie d in A p r i l 1957.
In d o n e s ia —
V ie t- N a m
( n o rth e rn )
J u l y — Dec.
1957
25,000 to n s o f V i e t - N a m ’s ric e .
P a y m e n t in p o u n d s s t e r l i n g .
S ig n e d o n 20 J u l y 1957.
P a y m e n t in t r a n s f e r a b l e p o u n d s s t e r l i n g .
C o n clu d ed in D j a k a r t a o n 15 M ay
1957 b e tw e e n r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f th e
I n d o n e s ia n I n d u s t r y a n d T r a d e
C o u n c il a n d o f t h e G o v e r n m e n t
o f K o r e a n D e m o c r a t ic P e o p le ’s
R e p u b lic .
in
B angkok
on
26
A p r il
Trade Agreement
1.
251
E C A F E IN T R A -R E G IO N A L T R A D E A G R E E M E N T S
C o n t r a c t in g
p a r t ie s
P e r io d
v a li d
M e th o d o f p a y m e n t
V a l u e o f t r a d e a n d p r in c i p a l e x p o r t s
R em arks
Japan—
P a k is ta n
1 J u l y 1957
— 30 J u n e
1958
J a p a n : c o tto n a n d r a y o n te x tile s a n d
y a r n s , ir o n a n d s te e l a n d o th e r m e ta ls ,
c a p i t a l g o o d s a n d m a c h in e r y , c h e m ic a ls
a n d d yes e tc .
P a k i s t a n : r a w c o tto n a n d j u te , c o tto n
lin te r s , h id e s a n d s k in s , s a lt , g y p s u m
Paym ent
Jap an —
P h ilip p in e s
1 M a r .— 31
J u l y 1957
J a p a n : te x tile s (c o tto n , fla x a n d r a y o n ) ,
s te e l p r o d u c ts , m a c h in e r y , p o r c e la in e tc .
P h i l ip p in e s : lu m b e r, ir o n o re , c o p p e r o re ,
a b a c a , j u t e e tc .
O n d o lla r o p e n a c c o u n t b a sis ,
s w in g l i m i t o f $2.5 m illio n .
Japan—
T h a ila n d
M a r .— J u n e
1957
80,000 to n s o f T h a ila n d ’s ric e , v a lu e d a t
a b o u t $9.96 m illio n .
Japan—
T h a ila n d
T h r o u g h 1958
J a p a n : c o tto n te x tile s , m a c h in e r y a n d
p a r t s , b u ild in g m a te r ia ls , a lu m in iu m ,
p o r c e la in , g la s s w a r e e tc .
T h a i l a n d : ric e , s a lt , p e a n u t , so y a b e a n s ,
c a s to r see d s, tim b e r , s tic k la c , s ee d la c ,
r a m i e e tc .
M ala y a
(F e d . o f) —
T h a ila n d
P a k is ta n —
T h a ila n d
P a k is ta n —
T h a ila n d
D ec. 1957
10,000 to n s o f T h a i l a n d ’s ric e , v a lu e d a t
£355,000.
J u n e — J u ly
1957
1958— 1959
25,000 to n s o f T h a i l a n d ’s ric e , v a lu e d a t
a b o u t £0.9 m illio n .
100,000— 200,000 to n s o f T h a ila n d ’s r ic e
each y ear.
P h ilip p in e s —
T h a ila n d
A p r.— J u ly
1957
20,000 to n s o f T h a i l a n d ’s ric e .
P h ilip p in e s —
T h a ila n d
S e p .— O ct.
1957
6,300 to n s o f T h a ila n d ’s ric e .
T w o -y e a r a g re e m e n t,
sig n e d
in
B a n g k o k in J u l y 1957, effectiv e
a s f r o m 1 J a n u a r y 1958.
T w o a g re e m e n ts , sig n e d in B a n g k o k in A p r il 1957, e a c h f o r 10,000
to n s .
S ig n e d in S e p te m b e r 1957.
P h ilip p in e s —
V ie t-n a m
(s o u th e r n )
1957
10,000 to n s o f V ie t- N a m ’s ric e , v a lu e d a t
a b o u t $1.5 m illio n .
S ig n e d in S a ig o n on 26 S e p te m b e r
1957.
2.
in
p o u n d s s te r lin g .
T r a d e a r r a n g e m e n t, con clu ded in
K a r a c h i o n 7 S e p te m b e r 1957.
w ith
a
T h e 18 M ay 1950 tr a d e a n d fin a n c ia l a g re e m e n t, la s t e x te n d e d in
D e c e m b e r 1956 u p t o 28 F e b r u a r y , w a s f u r t h e r e x te n d e d in
M a rc h , A p r il a n d J u l y u p to 31
J u l y 1957. W ith th e te r m in a tio n o f th e a g re e m e n t d o lla r c ash
s e tt le m e n t m e th o d w a s a d o p te d
a s f r o m 1 A u g u s t 1957.
S ig n e d in B a n g k o k on 25 F e b r u a r y
1957.
P a y m e n t in d o lla rs o r p o u n d s s te r lin g ,
o r in a n y o th e r c u r r e n c y a s m a y be
a g re ed upon.
T rade
a r r a n g e m e n t,
sig n e d
in
B a n g k o k o n 28 D e ce m b e r 1957,
re a ffirm in g t h e p r in c ip le o f re c ip ro c a l m o s t-fa v o u re d -n a tio n t r e a t m e n t a n d p ro v id in g f o r a u to m a ti c re n e w a l o f th e a r r a n g e m e n t
f o r e a c h c a le n d a r y e a r u n le ss t e r m in a te d on th r e e m o n th s ’ n o tic e .
T h e tw o g o v e rn m e n ts w ill a lso
m a k e e ffo rts to a ch iev e e x p a n s io n
a n d b a la n c e o f tr a d e .
S ig n e d in B a n g k o k o n 14 D ecem b e r 1957.
S ig n e d in B a n g k o k in M ay 1957.
E C A F E E X T R A -R E G IO N A L T R A D E A G R E E M E N T S
C o n tra c tin g
p a r tie s
P e r io d
v a lid
V a lu e o f t r a d e a n d p r in c ip a l e x p o r ts
A f g h a n is ta n —
C zechoslo v a k ia
1 A u g . 1957
— 31 J u l y
1958
A f g h a n is ta n —
U SSR
1957— 1958
B u rm a —
Czechos lo v a k ia
B u rm a —
Is ra e l
1957
T o ta l v a lu e : $15 m illio n e a c h w a y .
A f g h a n i s t a n : c o tto n ( a b o u t 1,600 t o n s ) ,
c o tto n see d s
( a b o u t 3,000 t o n s ) , oil
see d s, w ool, h id e s, d rie d n u t s , e tc .
C z e c h o slo v a k ia : m a c h in e r y , d ie se l m o to rs ,
m o to r-c y c le s , te le c o m m u n ic a tio n e q u ip m e n t, a n d te x tile s .
A f g h a n i s t a n : c o tto n , w oo l, d rie d f r u i t ,
o il seed s, a n d r a w h id e s.
U S S R : p e tr o le u m p r o d u c ts , f e r r o u s m e ta ls ,
b u ild in g m a te r ia ls , m o to r - c a r s , in d u s tr ia l
e q u ip m e n t, te x tile s e tc .
5,000 t o n s o f B u r m a ’s ric e .
B u rm a —
M a u r itiu s
B u rm a —
Seychelles
B u rm a —
S ie r r a
Leone
E n d i n g 31
D ec. 1957
1957
1957
1957
B u r m a : r ic e (8,0 00 to n s ) a n d s o f t h a r d w o od.
Is ra e l:
b u ild in g
m a te r ia ls ,
h a rd w a re ,
m a c h in e r y ,
m o to r - c a r s , e le c tr ic a l a p p lia n c e s , ty r e s a n d tu b e s , c h e m ic a ls ,
t e x ti l e s , fo o d s tu ff s e tc ., e q u iv a le n t in
v a lu e to th e r ic e a n d s o f t h a rd w o o d to
to b e b o u g h t f r o m B u rm a .
50,000 to n s o f B u r m a ’s ric e , v a lu e d a t
a b o u t £1.96 m illio n .
1,500 to n s o f B u r m a ’s ric e , v a lu e d a t
£38,587.
3,000 t o n s o f B u r m a ’s ric e , v a lu e d a t
£112,650.
M e th o d o f p a y m e n t
R em ark s
T r a d e p ro to c o l, s ig n e d in P r a g u e
o n 1 J u l y 1957, e n v is a g in g a
th re e fo ld in c re a s e in th e v o lu m e
o f tr a d e b e tw e e n th e tw o c o u n tr i e s f o r 1957 c o m p a re d w ith
1955.
T w o -y e a r tr a d e p ro to c o l, sig n e d in
K a b u l o n 7 J a n u a r y 1957, p r o v id in g f o r a n in c re a s e in th e
r a n g e a n d v o lu m e o f goods e x changed.
S ig n e d in R a n g o o n o n 5 J u ly 1957.
P a y m e n t in p o u n d s s te r lin g .
S econd
p ro to c o l,
sig n e d o n 15
J a n u a r y 1957 in p u rs u a n c e o f th e
t r a d e a g r e e m e n t co n clud ed on 15
D e ce m b e r 1955. T h e te r m o f th e
f ir s t p ro to c o l u n d e r th e a g re e m e n t e x p ire d on 14 D ecem ber
1956.
S ig n e d in R a n g o o n o n 13 F e b r u a r y
1957.
S ig n e d in R a n g o o n o n 3 M ay 1957.
O n c a s h b a sis .
S ig n e d in R a n g o o n on 5 J u ly 1957.
Appendix
252
2.
E C A F E E X T R A -R E G I O N A L T R A D E A G R E E M E N T S
P e r io d
v a lid
C o n t r a c t in g
p a r t ie s
B u rm a —
USSR
B u rm a —
Y u g o s la v ia
1957
R em arks
M ethod o f p a y m e n t
V a lu e o f t r a d e a n d p r i n c i p a l e x p o r t s
100,000 to n s o f B u r m a ’s ric e , v a lu e d a t
a b o u t £3.38 m illio n .
S ig n e d
on
9
F eb ru ary
1957.
T h e B u rm e s e T r a d e D e v e lo p m e n t
M in is t e r , o p e n in g a n e x h ib itio n
o f S o v ie t- m a n u f a c tu r e d goods in
R a n g o o n i n J u l y 1957, s a id t h a t
B u r m a w a s e x p o r t i n g ric e to
U S S R in e x c h a n g e f o r S o v ie t
m a c h in e r y , te x tile s a n d c o n s u m e r
goods.
30,000 to n s o f B u r m a ’s
a b o u t £1.23 m illio n .
S ig n e d in R a n g o o n o n 17 M ay 1957.
ric e ,
v a lu e d
at
C a m b o d ia —
P o la n d
T r a d e a g r e e m e n t, s ig n e d
P e n h on 17 D e c e m b e r
a g r e e m e n t o n s c ie n tif ic
n ic a l c o - o p e r a tio n w a s
t h e s a m e tim e .
C a m b o d ia —
USSR
T r a d e a g r e e m e n t, s ig n e d i n P h n o m P e n h o n 31 M a y 1957.
C ey lo n —
C zechos lo v a k ia
U p t o 16
J u n e 1958
C ey lo n —
Egypt
(— J a p a n )
in P h n o m 1957. A n
a n d te c h s ig n e d a t
T o t a l v a lu e : n o t le ss t h a n £2 m illio n a n n u a lly each w ay.
C e y lo n : te a , r u b b e r , c o c o n u t o il, c o p r a ,
d e s ic c a te d c o c o n u ts, c o ir fib re , cocoa
b e a n s , g r a p h i t e e tc .
C z e c h o slo v a k ia : m a c h in e r y , e q u i p m e n t f o r
h y d r o e le c tr ic
pow er
s ta t io n s ,
r o ll in g
s to c k , m o to r - c a r s , h a r d w a r e , b u ild in g
m a t e r i a l s , p a p e r , te le p h o n e s a n d a u t o m a tic
exchanges,
c h e m ic a l
p r o d u c ts ,
s u g a r e tc .
T h e a m o u n t in e x c e s s o f a s w i n g c r e d it
o f £500,000 t o be p a i d in g o o d s w i t h i n
th re e m o n th s , o r, a t th e e n d o f th e
th r e e - m o n t h
p e rio d , i n
tra n s fe ra b le
p o u n d s ste rlin g o r o th e r a g re ed c u rr e n c y im m e d ia te ly a t th e r e q u e s t o f th e
c r e d ito r p a r t y .
L e t t e r s e x c h a n g e d i n C o lom bo on
30 M a y a n d 14 D e c e m b e r 1957,
e x te n d in g
16
D ecem ber
1955
a g r e e m e n t u p t o 16 D e c e m b e r
1957 a n d 16 J u n e 1958 re s p e c tiv e ly .
T h e o rig in a l a g re e m e n t
a ls o p ro v id e s f o r r e c ip r o c a l m o s tf a v o u r e d - n a tio n t r e a t m e n t .
1.2 m illio n E g y p t i a n p o u n d s ’ w o r t h
C e y lo n ’s t e a to E g y p t .
C ey lo n to g e t p a y m e n ts f r o m J a p a n w h o
w ill i m p o r t c o tto n o f e q u i v a l e n t v a lu e
fro m E g y p t.
A
of
trip a rtite
tra d e
a g r e e m e n t,
s ig n e d in C a iro o n 2 S e p te m b e r
1957 b e tw e e n C ey lo n , E g y p t a n d
Japan.
C eylon—
G erm an y
( w e s te r n )
1 A p r . 1957
— 31 M a r .
1958
C e y lo n : c o c o n u t p r o d u c ts , te a , ru b b e r ,
sp ic e s , e s s e n tia l o ils, g r a p h i t e , c ru d e
d r u g s , k a p o k , e tc .
G e r m a n y : n o t spec ified .
C eylon—
Ita ly
1 J u n e 1957
— 31 M ay
1958
C e y lo n : te a , r u b b e r , c o c o n u t p r o d u c ts ,
s p ic e s , e s s e n tia l oils, g r a p h i t e , p a p a i n
e tc .
I t a l y : m a c h in e r y , m o to r v e h ic les, p r e c is io n i n s t r u m e n t s , s t a t i o n e r y , te x tile s ,
c h e m ic a l p r o d u c ts , h a r d w a r e , f r u i t s a n d
v e g e ta b le s e tc .
P a y m e n t to be s e tt le d in p o u n d s s t e r l i n g .
S ig n e d in C o lo m b o on 23 A p r i l
1957, s u b je c t t o r a tif ic a tio n . T h e
a g r e e m e n t a ls o p ro v id e s f o r re c ip ro c a l m o s t - f a v o u r e d - n a tio n t r e a t m e n t. I t m a y be e x te n d e d f o r a
f u r t h e r y e a r b y a g r e e m e n t tw o
m o n th s b e fo re i t s e x p ir y .
C ey lo n —
P o la n d
27 M a r c h
1957-
C e y lo n : te a , r u b b e r , f r e s h c o c o n u ts, c o p r a ,
c o c o n u t oil, c o c o n u t fib re, s p ic e s , g r a p h ite e tc .
P o l a n d : s u g a r , c e m e n t, ir o n a n d s te e l
p r o d u c ts , m a c h in e r y , c o al, s h ip s , te x tile s , p ly w o o d e tc .
T h e a m o u n t in e x c e s s o f a s w i n g c r e d it
o f £400,000 t o be p a id in goods w ith in
th r e e m o n th s o r in p o u n d s s t e r l i n g
w it h i n s ix m o n th s .
E x p o r t e r s in e a c h
c o u n tr y to be p a i d i n t h e i r o w n c u r rency.
E x t e n s io n
o f 2 D e c e m b e r 1955
t r a d e a n d p a y m e n t s a g r e e m e n ts
b y a n e x c h a n g e o f l e t t e r s in L o n don o n 29 J u l y 1957. T h e o r ig i n a l t r a d e a g r e e m e n t, w h ic h be c a m e e ffe c tiv e o n 27 M a r c h 1956,
a ls o p ro v id e s f o r r e c ip r o c a l m o s tf a v o u r e d - n a tio n t r e a t m e n t .
C h in a : s u g a r , t e a a n d a l u m in iu m .
C h ile : n i t r a t e , c o p p e r a n d s te e l.
O n b a r t e r b a sis .
A j o i n t c o m m u n iq u e , is su e d i n T a i p e i o n 9 A p r i l 1957.
C h in a
( T a iw a n ) —
C h ile
L e t t e r s e x c h a n g e d in C o lom bo on
20 M a r c h 1957, r e v is in g t h e lis ts
o f c o m m o d itie s e x p o r t a b l e f r o m
C eylon t o G e r m a n y a n n e x e d to 1
A p r i l 1955 a g r e e m e n t, o n a c c o u n t
o f th e e x te n s io n o f G e r m a n im p o r t lib e r a liz a tio n .
C h in a
( T a iw a n ) —
F ran ce
M ay 1 9 5 7 M a y 1958
C h in a : te a , c i t r o n e l l a oil, c a n n e d p i n e a p p le s , c a m p h o r e tc .
F r a n c e : c h e m ic a l f e r ti liz e r s , m e d ic a l p r o d u c ts, d y e p r o d u c ts , m a c h in e r y a n d to o ls
e tc .
Paym ent
C h in a
( T a iw a n ) —
G re e ce
30 N o v . 1957
— 29 N o v .
1958
C h in a : s u g a r , ric e , t e a a n d c a m p h o r .
G re e c e : to b a c c o , c o tto n , g y p s u m , r e s in
e tc .
P a y m e n t in d o lla rs .
S ig n e d
1957.
m ent
to be
C h in a
(T aiw a n ) —
Ita ly
2
T o t a l v a lu e : §15 m illio n .
C h in a : t e a , c a m p h o r , j u t e , r a m ie , c itr o n e lla oil e tc .
I t a l y : f a c t o r y e q u ip m e n t, m a c h in e r y , a u t o m o b ile s, t y r e s , c lo th o f a r tif ic i a l fibre
a n d c o tto n , e tc .
P a y m e n t in d o lla r s .
S ig n e d in R o m e o n 2 F e b r u a r y
1957 f o r o n e y e a r . T h e a g r e e m e n t m a y be t a c i t l y r e n e w e d a n n u a l l y u n le s s t e r m i n a t e d on th r e e
m o n t h s ’ n o tic e .
C h in a
(T aiw an ) —
Lebanon
One year
F e b . 1957
— 1 Feb.
1958
C h in a : s u g a r , te a , c o tto n te x tile s , p a p e r ,
a l u m i n i u m a n d p r o d u c ts , c a m p h o r , h o g
b r is tle s , c i tr o n e lla oil, e le c tr ic
fan s,
s e w in g - m a c h in e s e tc .
L e b a n o n : v e g e ta b le oils, to b a c c o le a f,
h id e s a n d l e a th e r , d rie d p e a s , c e m e n t,
cocoon s, a n i m a l g lu e , m e ta l c a b le s e tc .
in
d o lla r s
or
pounds
ste rlin g .
T h e 12 M a y 1954 t r a d e a n d p a y m e n ts a g r e e m e n t, a s re v is e d on
5 M a y 1956, w a s e x te n d e d in J u n e
1957 f o r a n o t h e r y e a r .
in A th e n s o n 30 N o v e m b e r
M o s t- f a v o u r e d - n a tio n t r e a t m u t u a l l y a c c o rd e d . E f fo rts
m a d e t o b a la n c e t h e t r a d e .
S ig n e d in B e i r u t o n 6 A p r i l 1957.
F a v o u ra b le
tre a tm e n t
m u tu a lly
a c c o rd e d . T h e a g r e e m e n t , effectiv e a s so o n a s le g is la t iv e p r o c e d u r e s a r e c o m p le ted b y t h e tw o
c o u n tr ie s , w ill be a u t o m a tic a l ly
e x te n d e d f o r o n e y e a r e a c h tim e
u n le s s t e r m i n a t e d o n tw o m o n th s '
n o tic e .
253
Trade Agreement
2.
E C A F E E X T R A -R E G IO N A L T R A D E A G R E E M E N T S
C o n t r a c t in g
p a r t ie s
P e r io d
v a li d
C h in a
( T a iw a n ) —
M o ro c co
27 M a y 1957
— 26 M ay
1958
T o t a l v a l u e : $4 m illio n e a c h w a y .
C h in a : s u g a r , t e a e tc .
M o ro c co : w ool, p h o s p h a te ro c k , s u p e r a n d h y p e r - p h o s p h a te s , v e g e ta b le h a ir ,
c o rk e tc .
Paym ent
s te r lin g .
S ig n e d in R a b a t on 27 M ay 1957.
F a v o u ra b le
tr e a t m e n t m u tu a lly
e x te n d e d .
C h in a
( T a iw a n ) —
S p a in
3
C h in a : c a n n e d p in e a p p le , te a , c a m p h o r ,
c it r o n e l l a oil a n d a lu m in iu m .
S p a i n : t y p e w r ite r s , e le c tr ic a l a p p lia n c e s
a n d m e d ic a l s u p p lie s .
A p a y m e n t a c c o u n t to b e e s ta b lis h e d a n d
s e tt le m e n t effe cted w h e n e v e r th e lim it
o f $300,000 is re a c h e d .
C oncluded b y a n e x c h a n g e of no te s
in M a d rid on 3 D e ce m b e r 1956.
C h in a ( M a in la n d ) —
A lb a n ia
T h r o u g h 1957
C h in a ( M a in la n d )—
B u lg a ria
T h r o u g h 1957
C h in a ( M a in la n d )—
B u lg a r ia
1958— 1960
C h in a (M a in la n d ) —
Czechoslo v a k ia
T h r o u g h 1957
D ec. 1956
— 2 D ec.
1957
M e th o d o f p a y m e n t
V a l u e o f t r a d e a n d p r in c i p a l e x p o r t s
in
d o lla rs
or
pounds
R em arks
T r a d e p ro to c o l, s ig n e d
o n 8 M a r c h 1957.
C h in a :
in d u s t r i a l
ra w
m a te r ia ls
and
h o u s e h o ld ite m s .
B u l g a r i a : n o n - f e r r o u s m e ta ls , c h e m ic a ls ,
te x tile s a n d p h a r m a c e u ti c a ls .
C h in a : m in e r a l p ro d u c ts , o ils a n d f a ts ,
oil -seed s, h id e s a n d le a th e r , h e m p a n d
j u te , s ilk , to b a c c o , te a , fo o d s tu ffs, r a w
m a te r ia ls f o r c h e m ic a l in d u s tr y , e tc .
C z e c h o slo v a k ia : s u g a r - c a n e m ills , r a ilw a y
c a r r ia g e s , p o w e r s ta t io n s , v a r io u s k in d s
o f s te e l m a te r ia ls a n d s te e l p la te s ,
m a c h in e c u t t i n g to o ls, w e ld in g m a c h in e s ,
t u r b i n e s , a g r i c u l t u r a l m a c h in e s , s te e l
r a ils , m a c h in e oil, c h e m ic a l p ro d u c ts ,
e tc .
in
P e k in g
S ig n e d
1957.
in
P e k in g
on
28 J a n u a r y
S ig n e d
1957.
in
P e k in g
on
11
O c to b er
S ig n e d in P r a g u e o n 6 M a r c h 1957.
T r a d e v o lu m e to be l a r g e r t h a n
in 1956.
C h in a (M a in la n d ) —
D en m ark
F i r s t t r a d e a g r e e m e n t, s ig n e d in
P e k in g
o n 1 D e ce m b e r 1957.
M o st - fa v o u re d - n a tio n tr e a t m e n t
m u tu a lly g r a n te d .
C h in a (M a in la n d ) —
Egypt
O ne year
T o t a l v a lu e : £13 m illio n e a c h w a y .
C h in a : s o y a b e a n s , m e a t, v e g e ta b le oils,
tim b e r ,
to b a c c o ,
te a ,
ir o n ,
tr u c k s ,
m a c h in e r y e tc .
E g y p t : c o tto n , c o tto n y a r n , te x tile s , ric e
e tc .
C h in a (M a in la n d ) —
F in l a n d
1 N o v . 1957
— 31 O ct.
1958
T o t a l v a lu e : 100 m illio n ru b le s .
C h in a : s o y a b e a n s , f a t s a n d oils, te a , e g g
p r o d u c ts , f r u i t s , c a n n e d g o o d s, s ilk , t in ,
a n im a l p r o d u c ts , h a n d i c r a f t s e tc .
F i n l a n d : p a p e r , c h e m ic a l p u lp , a r tif ic ia l
fib res, c o p p e r a n d m a c h in e r y .
S ig n e d in P e k in g o n 18 D ecem ber
1957.
C h in a (M a in la n d ) —
G e rm a n y
( e a s te r n )
T h r o u g h 1957
C h in a : m in e r a ls , n o n - f e r r o u s m e ta ls , foods tu ffs , a n im a l p ro d u c ts , s ilk fa b r ic s , te a ,
h a n d i c r a f t a r tic le s e tc .
G e r m a n y : c o m p le te s e ts o f in d u s tr ia l
e q u ip m e n t, m a c h in e r y , i n s t r u m e n t s a n d
c h e m ic a ls .
S ig n e d in P e k in g on 5 A p r il 1957
C h in a (M a in la n d ) —
G e rm a n y
( e a s te r n )
1958
D e liv e ry a n d s u p p ly b y G e rm a n y o f w hole
s e ts o f e q u ip m e n t f o r p o w e r s ta t io n s ,
c e m e n t p l a n t s , f a c to r ie s o f l i g h t in d u s tr y , a n d o th e rs .
P ro to c o l, s ig n e d in B e r lin o n 26
S e p te m b e r 1957, fo rm in g p a r t of
a t r a d e a g r e e m e n t to be co n cluded.
C h in a (M a in la n d ) —
H u n g a ry
T h r o u g h 1957
C h in a : m in e r a ls , f a r m p r o d u c ts , c h e m ic a l a n d te x tile r a w m a te r ia ls , h id e s e tc .
H u n g a r y : p o w e r s t a t i o n a n d te le c o m m u n ic a tio n e q u ip m e n t, ra d io t r a n s m i t t e r s ,
m a c h in e to o ls, v e h ic les, g e o lo g ic a l p r o s p e c t i n g a n d o th e r a p p a r a t u s , a g r ic u lt u r a l m a c h in e s , c h e m ic a l a n d m e d ic a l
p r o d u c ts e tc .
S ig n e d in B u d a p e s t o n 8 J u n e 1957.
C h in a ( M a in la n d )—
M orocco
T h r o u g h 1958
C h in a : te a , c o tto n c lo th , m a c h in e r y a n d
s ilk .
M o ro c c o : p h o s p h a te , s u p e r p h o s p h a te f e r tili z e r , f r o z e n m u tto n , c o tto n , w h e a t,
c a n n e d s a r d in e s a n d o liv e oil.
C oncluded
1957.
C h in a ( M a in la n d ) —
O u te r
M o n g o lia
T h r o u g h 1957
C h in a :
m a c h in e r y ,
carp en ters'
tools,
s a t i n s a n d b ro c a d e s , w o o lle n a n d c o tto n fa b r ic s , d rie d a n d f r e s h f r u i t s e tc .
O u te r M o n g o lia : h o rs e s, w ool a n d h a ir ,
s k in s a n d h id e s, in te s tin e s a n d c a s in g s
e tc .
S ig n e d in P e k in g on 22 D ecem ber
1956.
C h in a ( M a in la n d ) —
P o la n d
T h r o u g h 1957
T o t a l v a lu e : 310 m illio n r u b le s .
C h i n a : ir o n o re , m in e r a ls , n o n - f e r r o u s
m e ta ls , r a w m a t e r i a l s f o r c h e m ic a l a n d
t e x tile in d u s tr ie s , te a , to b a c c o , silk te x tile s e tc .
P o l a n d : c o m p le te s e ts o f in d u s t r i a l e q u ip m e n t, r o lle d p r o d u c ts , v e sse ls, la th e s ,
d ig g in g m a c h in e s , t r a c t o r s , c h e m ic a ls
e tc .
S ig n e d in W a r s a w on 1 A p r il 1957.
B a la n c e to be s e ttle d in c u r r e n c y
c e p ta b le to t h e c r e d ito r p a r t y .
ac-
T h i r d p ro to c o l u n d e r 1955 a g r e e m e n t, s ig n e d in P e k in g o n 21
D e ce m b e r 1957.
in
P e k in g
in
O c to b er
254
2.
Appendix
E C A F E E X T R A -R EG IO N A L T R A D E A G R E E M E N T S
C o n tr a c tin g
p a r t ie s
P e r io d
v a li d
C h in a (M a in la n d )—
R o m a n ia
T h r o u g h 1957
C h in a ( M a in la n d )—
Sw eden
D ec. 1957
— 4 D ec.
1958
V a lu e o f t r a d e a n d p r i n c i p a l e x p o r t s
M e th o d o f p a y m e n t
R em arks
C h in a : m in e r a ls , h id e s, j u t e , s ilk a n d
w o o lle n t e x t i l e s e tc .
R o m a n i a : p o w e r - g e n e r a t i n g e q u ip m e n t,
d r il lin g e q u ip m e n t, p e tr o le u m p ro d u c ts ,
c h e m ic a ls e tc .
S ig n e d i n P e k in g o n 19 A p r i l 1957.
C h in a : h id e s, o ils a n d f a t s , s p ic e s , h a n d ic ra ft
p r o d u c ts ,
c h e m ic a ls ,
te x tile s ,
fib res, m in e r a ls e tc .
S w e d e n : fo o d , w o o d p r o d u c ts , m a c h in e r y ,
ir o n a n d s te e l, m e ta l p r o d u c ts , i n s t r u m e n ts , e le c tr ic a l e q u ip m e n t, c h e m ic a ls ,
h o s p ita l s u p p lie s e tc .
P a y m e n t in
ste rlin g .
S w e d is h
k ro n o r
or
pounds
F i r s t t r a d e a g r e e m e n t, s ig n e d in
S to c k h o lm o n 8 N o v e m b e r 1957.
M ost - fa v o u re d - n a tio n tre a tm e n t
p ro v id e d .
C h in a : ir o n a n d s te e l p r o d u c ts , b u ild in g
m a te r ia ls , c h e m ic a l a n d p h a r m a c e u ti c a l
p r o d u c ts , s ilk e tc .
S y r ia : c o tto n , c o tto n seeds, s t r i n g a n d
c o rd , c e r e a ls e tc .
P a y m e n t in p o u n d s s te r lin g , e ffe c te d by
d ir e c t c l e a r i n g a r r a n g e m e n t s b e tw e e n
th e P e o p le ’s B a n k o f C h in a a n d a b a n k
n o m in a te d b y th e S y r ia n G o v e rn m e n t.
P r o to c o l r e v is in g th e 30 N o v e m b e r
1955 t r a d e a n d p a y m e n t a g r e e m e n t t o a c c o rd f u ll d ip lo m a tic
p r iv i le g e s a n d im m u n i tie s to e a c h
o t h e r ’s c o m m e rc ia l r e p r e s e n t a t i v e
a n d d e s ig n a te th e B a n q u e C ent r a l S y r ie in lie u o f t h e B a n q u e
S y r ie e t L e b a n t o o p e r a te th e
p a y m e n ts
a c c o u n ts ,
s ig n e d
in
D a m a s c u s o n 3 J u l y 1957, effect iv e a s f r o m 5 D e c e m b e r 1957 on
r a tif ic a tio n . T h e o r ig i n a l a g r e e m e n t, w i t h a m o s t- f a v o u r e d - n a tio n
c la u se , a ls o p ro v id e s f o r a u to m a tic re n e w a l by ta c it a g re e m e n t
a f t e r t h e i n i t i a l o n e -y e a r p e rio d
o f v a lid ity .
C h in a (M a in la n d )—
S y r ia
5
C h in a ( M a in la n d ) —
USSR
T h r o u g h 1957
C h in a : tu n g s t e n , m o ly b d e n u m , t i n , m e r c u ry , n o n - f e r r o u s m e ta l o re c o n c e n t r a t e s , c e m e n t, s u lp h u r , c h e m ic a l p r o d u c ts, t u n g oil, w ool, r a w s ilk , w o o lle n
a n d s ilk fa b r ic s , k n i t t e d goo d s, p ig
b r is tle s , s o y a b e a n s , t e a , c u r e d to b a c c o ,
c i tr u s f r u i t s , h a n d i c r a f t s e tc .
U S S R : m a c h in e to o ls , f o r g i n g a n d p r e s s in g e q u ip m e n t, o il- d r illin g a n d m in in g
e q u ip m e n t,
g e o lo g ic a l
s u r v e y in g
and
o th e r s c ie n tif ic in s t r u m e n t s , e le c tr ic a l
e q u ip m e n t, e x c a v a to r s , p e tr o le u m a n d
p r o d u c ts , s te e l p r o d u c ts ,
n o n -ferro u s
m e ta ls , c h e m ic a ls , m e d ic a l e q u ip m e n t
a n d m e d ic in e s e tc .
C h in a ( M a in la n d )—
Y u g o s la v ia
T h r o u g h 1957
T o t a l v a lu e : £7 m illio n , r e p r e s e n t i n g a
40 p e r c e n t in c r e a s e o v e r 1956.
C h in a :
tin ,
n o n -ferro u s
m e ta ls
and
m in e r a ls , a s b e s to s , h id e s, s o y a b e a n s ,
g r o u n d - n u ts , t u n g oil, r a w s ilk , d rie d
e g g s, s u g a r e tc .
Y u g o s la v ia : te x tile s , to b a c c o , m a c h in e r y ,
m e d ic in e s, m e d ic a l in s t r u m e n t s , c h e m ic als, p la s t ic s , h a r d w a r e e tc .
I n d ia —
A u stria
1 J u l y 1957
— 30 J u n e
1958
I n d i a : w a ln u ts , k a p o k , r a w w ool, p ig
b r is tle s , c o tto n -s e e d oil, c ru s h e d b o n e s,
b la d d e rs a n d g u ts , te a , c a r p e t s , h y d ro g e n a t e d oil, c a s t o r oil, c o ir a n d m a n u f a c tu r e s , h a n d i c r a f t p r o d u c ts ,
m anuf a c t u r e s o f iv o ry , r a w c o tto n , s p ic e s ,
c a s h e w -n u ts , le a th e r , s p o r t s g o o d s, s h e lla c , lin s e e d o il, m y r o b a la n s , ir o n a n d
m a n g a n e s s o re s , m ic a e tc .
A u s t r i a : b u ild in g a n d e n g in e e r in g m a te r i a ls , w o o l a n d w o o lle n g o o d s, n e w s p r i n t , h ig h - g r a d e s te e l a n d a llo y ste e l,
h a r d w a r e to o ls, i n s t r u m e n t s a n d a p p a r a t u s , m a c h in e r y e tc .
P a y m e n t in p o u n d s s te r lin g .
In d ia —•
B u lg a ria
T h r o u g h 1957
I n d i a : ir o n a n d m a n g a n e s e o re s , la c , te a ,
coffee, to b a c c o , s p ic e s , h id e s a n d s k in s ,
o il a n d o il-se e d s, r a w c o tto n , j u t e m a n u f a c t u r e s , s p o r t s g o o d s e tc ., a n d n e w
ite m s s u c h a s c i g a r s a n d c ig a r e tte s ,
c a s h e w -n u ts , c a s h e w k e r n e ls a n d s h e ll
oil, t a p i o c a a n d p r o d u c ts , s ilk a n d r a y o n
te x tile s a n d m a n u f a c t u r e s , p la s t ic goods,
h a r d w a r e , p a i n t s a n d la c q u e r s e tc .
B u l g a r i a : v a r io u s k in d s o f m a c h in e s s u c h
a s w o o d w o rk in g , m e ta l w o r k in g , f o r g i n g
p r e s s in g , a g r i c u l t u r a l , e tc .; c h e m ic a ls ,
p a i n t s , d r u g s a n d m e d ic in e s; e le c tr ic a l i n s t r u m e n t s ; m a c h in e r y e q u ip m e n t;
diesel e n g in e s e tc .; a n d s u c h n e w ite m s
a s f e r r o u s m e ta ls a n d p r o d u c ts , a llo y
r ib b o n s a n d c o m p le te p l a n t s .
P a y m e n t in
In d ia —
C zechos lo v a k ia
1 J a n . — 30
S e p . 1957
I n d i a : te a , s p ic e s , to b a c c o , c a s h e w -n u ts ,
v e g e ta b le o ils, s h e lla c , r a y o n a n d c o tto n
te x tile s , c a r p e t s , s k in s , m ic a , ir o n a n d
m a n g a n e s e o re s e tc .
C z e c h o slo v a k ia : c h e m ic a ls , m a c h in e r y a n d
m illw o r k , e n g in e e r in g a n d m e t a l l u r g i c a l e q u ip m e n t, t r a c t o r s , m a c h in e to o ls ,
d ie se l e n g in e s , g la s s , p a p e r e tc .
P a y m e n t in r u p e e s o r p o u n d s s te r lin g .
B a la n c e c o n v e r tib le in t o s t e r l i n g .
T r a d e p ro to c o l, s ig n e d
o n 11 A p r i l 1957.
in
M oscow
P r o to c o l, s ig n e d in P e k in g o n 4
J a n u a r y 1957 f o r e x te n s io n o f 17
F e b r u a r y 1956 t r a d e a n d p a y m e n ts a g r e e m e n t.
A u g u s t 1957, e x te n d in g th e v a lid ity o f 9 D e c e m b e r 1952 a g r e e m e n t ( w h ic h w a s l a s t e x te n d e d
o n 6 S e p te m b e r 1956, v a lid u p
t o 30 J u n e 1957) f o r a f u r t h e r
p e r io d o f o n e y e a r a n d s t i p u l a t i n g f o r f r e e ly lic e n se d i m p o r t a t i o n o f s o m e a d d itio n a l ite m s i n to
A u s t r i a f r o m I n d ia .
ru p e e s .
L e t t e r s e x c h a n g e d in N e w D e lh i
o n 20 J u n e 1957, re v is in g f o r
1957 th e S c h e d u le s a t t a c h e d to th e
18 A p r i l 1956 t r a d e a n d p a y m e n ts
a g r e e m e n t,
w h ic h
w ill r e m a in
v a lid u p t o 31 D e c e m b e r 1959.
T h e 17 N o v e m b e r 1953 tr a d e a g r e e m e n t, l a s t e x te n d e d u p to th e
e n d o f 1956, w a s f u r t h e r e x te n d ed u p t o 31 M a r c h a n d 30 S e p t e m b e r 1957 b y e x c h a n g e o f le t te r s o n 25 J a n u a r y a n d 3 J u n e
re s p e c tiv e ly .
Trade Agreement
2.
255
E C A F E E X TR A -R EG IO N A L TRA D E A G R E E M E N T S
C o n tr a c tin g
p a r tie s
P e r io d
v a lid
V a lu e o f t r a d e a n d p r in c ip a l e x p o rts
M e th o d o f p a y m e n t
R em ark s
I n d i a : o re s , s p ic e s , s k in s , v e g e ta b le oils,
c a s h e w -n u ts , te a , coffee, te x tile s (c o tto n ,
ra y o n
and
w o o lle n ),
p la s t ic
goods,
s p o r t s goo d s, c o ir p r o d u c ts , j u t e m a n u f a c tu r e s , lin o le u m , l e a t h e r goods, c ig a r s
a n d c ig a r e tte s , h a n d lo o m f a b ric s , h a n d ic r a f ts , I n d i a n film s e tc .
C z e c h o s lo v a k ia : m a c h in e r y , m a c h in e to o ls,
d ie se l g e n e r a t i n g
s e ts ,
m a r in e t y p e
d ie se l e n g in e s ,
a g ric u ltu ra l
tra c to rs ,
t e x t i l e m a c h in e r y , p a p e r a n d n e w s p r i n t,
d y e -stu ffs,
cam eras
and
a p p lia n c e s ,
d o m e stic h a r d w a r e , a b r a s iv e m a te r ia ls ,
n a r r o w - g a u g e d ie se l lo c o m o tiv e s, film s
e tc .
P a y m e n t in r u p e e s . B a la n c e c o n v e r tib le
i n to p o u n d s s te r lin g .
S ig n e d in N e w D elhi on 30 S epte m b e r 1957. T h e a g r e e m e n t w ill
be v a lid u p to th e e n d o f 1960
a n d c a n b e e x te n d e d .
I n d i a : j u t e goo d s, te a , p e p p e r , to b a c c o ,
e le c tr ic f a n s , d ie se l e n g in e s , c e n t r i f u g a l
pu m p s, d ry b a tte rie s,
c h e m ic a l a n d
p h a r m a c e u ti c a l p r o d u c ts e tc .
E g y p t : c o tto n a n d c e m e n t.
P a y m e n t in r u p e e s . A s p e c ia l r u p e e a c c o u n t, to b e o p e r a te d b y t h e S ta te
T r a d i n g C o r p o r a tio n o f I n d ia , w ill be
u s e d f o r p u r c h a s i n g c o tto n a n d c e m e n t
f r o m E g y p t a n d t h e s a le p ro c e e d s w ill
b e u s e d to p r o m o te e x p o r t o f I n d i a ’s
goods t o E g y p t .
T r a d e m e a su re s , c o n clu d ed in N e w
D e lh i in A p r il 1957. T h e s p e c ia l
r u p e e a c c o u n t w a s o p e n ed on 24
A p r il 1957.
I n d i a : to b a c c o , h id e s a n d s k in s , c a s h e w n u t s , s p ic e s , j u t e g o o d s, te a , coffee,
s h e lla c , c o ir y a r n
a n d m a n u f a c tu r e s ,
m y r o b a la n a n d e x t r a c t s , v e g e ta b le oils,
h a n d i c r a f t s a n d c o tta g e i n d u s t r y p r o d u c ts, c o tto n te x tile s , ta p io c a a n d p r o d u c ts, m ic a , r a w w o o l a n d w o o lle n
c a r p e t s , k a p o k , c o al, ir o n o re e tc .
F i n l a n d : m e c h a n ic a l a n d c h e m ic a l w ood
p u lp , n e w s p r i n t , p a p e r a n d p a p e r p r o d u c ts , b o a rd s , s ta t io n e r y , h o u s e h o ld a n d
s a n i t a r y p o r c e la in , s te e l files m a c h in e r y
fo r
fa rm in g ,
w o o d w o rk in g ,
p ly w o o d
a n d r o a d m a k in g , e le c tr ic a l a n d te le c o m m u n ic a tio n c a b le s , p u lp a n d p a p e r
a n d b o a r d m ill m a c h in e r y e tc .
B a la n c e t o b e s e tt le d in p o u n d s s te r lin g .
L e t t e r s e x c h a n g e d in N e w D elhi
o n 21 M a r c h 1957, e x te n d in g th e
v a lid ity o f t h e tr a d e a r r a n g e m e n ts o f 12 J a n u a r y 1951 a n d
2 S e p te m b e r 1952 f o r a f u r t h e r p e rio d o f o n e y e a r w ith
re v is e d s ch e d u le s. L a s t e x te n sio n
w a s m a d e o n 16 M a r c h 1956 fo r
a p e rio d o f o n e y e a r u p to 31
D e c e m b e r 1956.
I n d i a : j u t e goods, te a , coffee, m ic a , c h e m ic a ls, w ool, h id e s a n d s k in s , h a n d lo o m
c lo th ,
l e a t h e r g o o d s, m a c h in e
to o ls,
to b a c c o ,
h a n d ic r a f t s ,
fan s,
s e w in g m a c h in e s a n d o th e r e le c tr ic a l a p p lia n c e s .
G e rm a n y :
e s s e n tia l m a c h in e r y
(p a rtic u la r ly te x tile m a c h in e r y ) a n d in d u s t r i a l r a w m a te r ia ls .
G e rm a n y w ill o p e n a S p e c ia l T r a d e
D e v e lo p m e n t A c c o u n t w ith th e R e s e rv e
B a n k o f I n d ia , t o w h ic h t h e r u p e e p r o ceeds o f c o n tr a c ts f o r im p o r t o f th e
g oods f r o m G e rm a n y w ill b e c re d ite d .
T h e r u p e e b a la n c e s in t h e a c c o u n t w ill
be u tiliz e d o n ly f o r p a y m e n t o f e x p o r ts
f r o m In d ia .
T h is a r r a n g e m e n t w a s m a d e in
N e w D e lh i on 16 J u l y 1957 fo r
p r o m o t in g tr a d e b e tw ee n th e tw o
c o u n trie s . I t does n o t a ffe c t th e
o p e r a tio n o f o th e r A c co u n ts s tip u la te d in th e 8 O c to b er 1956
tr a d e a g re e m e n t.
A n d a ll th e
t r a n s a c tio n s u n d e r th is a r r a n g e m e n t w ill be g o v e rn e d b y th e
a g r e e m e n t e x c e p t f o r th e p ro c e d u re g o v e r n in g p a y m e n ts .
1 A p r . 1957
— 31 M a r.
1958
I n d i a : tw in e s , ro p e s , c o rd a g e a n d cab les
o f j u t e , fin ish e d c o tto n fa b r ic s , c o tto n
f u r n i s h i n g s a n d to w e llin g s , s ilk a n d a r t
s ilk fa b r ic s ,
w o o lle n fa b r ic s , c o tto n
b la n k e ts , k n o t t e d c a r p e t s o f te x tile s
o th e r t h a n s ilk , w ool, fin e a n im a l h a i r
a n d c o ir, ta n n e d l e a t h e r f r o m h id e s a n d
c a l f s k in s , fin ish e d l e a t h e r f r o m sh ee p
a n d g o a t s k in s , p i n e a p p le ju ic e , c a n n e d
tr o p i c a l
fru its,
r o a s te d
and
s a lte d
g r o u n d - n u ts , c a s h e w -n u ts , a lm o n d s e tc .
G e r m a n y : m a c h in e to o ls , r o lled s te e l p r o d u c ts , p r i n t i n g m a c h in e s , dy es, f e r t i liz e r, e le c tr ic a l m a c h in e r y a n d p a r t s ,
te x tile m a c h in e r y a n d p a r t s , s u r g ic a l
a n d o p tic a l in s t r u m e n t s , p h o to g r a p h ic
e q u ip m e n t a n d film s e tc .
P a y m e n t in p o u n d s s t e r l i n g .
L e tte r s re v is in g th e A n n e x u re to
th e 31 M a r c h 1955 tr a d e a g re e m e n t w e re e x c h a n g e d in N ew
D elh i on 16 A p r il 1957. T h e o rig in a l a g r e e m e n t w ill re m a in in
fo r c e u n t i l t e r m in a tio n by a 3m o n th s ’ n o tic e , s u b je c t to its a n n e x u r e c o n c e rn in g I n d ia n e x p o rts
b e in g re v ised e v e r y y e a r a cc o rd i n g to q u a n tita tiv e r e s tric tio n s in
G e rm a n y .
I n d ia —
H u n g a ry
T h r o u g h 1957
I n d i a : to b a c c o a n d m a n u f a c tu r e s , te a ,
coffee, p e p p e r , t a p i o c a a n d p ro d u c ts ,
c a s h e w -n u ts a n d c a s h e w s h e ll oil, c o tto n seed oil, c o rd a g e a n d ro p e s , s ilk a n d
r a y o n te x tile s a n d m a n u f a c t u r e s , s h e lla c ,
w o o l, b r is tle s , h id e s a n d s k in s , h a r d w a r e , l i g h t e n g in e e r in g goods, p a i n t s
a n d la c q u er s , c a n n e d f r u i t s e tc .
H u n g a r y : dyes, e le c tr ic a l e q u ip m e n t, t e x tile m a c h in e r y , t r a c t o r s a n d a g r ic u lt u r a l m a c h in e r y , l a b o r a to r y e q u ip m e n t
e tc .
Paym ent
In d ia —
Iraq
T h r o u g h 1957
I n d i a : fo o d a n d a g r i c u l t u r a l p ro d u c ts ,
ti m b e r a n d p r o d u c ts , te x tile s , fib re s a n d
b r is tle s , r u b b e r p r o d u c ts , h id e s a n d
s k in s a n d p r o d u c ts , c e r a m ic s , g la s s w a re ,
c h e m ic a ls a n d p r o d u c ts , m in e r a ls a n d
ore s, m a c h in e r y a n d m e ta l p r o d u c ts e tc .
I r a q : a n im a ls , c o tto n , f o o d g r a in s , d a te s ,
g a l l n u t s a n d h id e s a n d s k in s .
|
I n d ia —
C zechos lo v a k ia
1
O c t. 1957
— 31 D ec.
1960
I n d ia —
Egypt
I n d ia —
F in l a n d
T h r o u g h 1957
I n d ia —
G e rm a n y
( e a s te r n )
In d ia —
G e rm a n y
( w e ste rn )
in
ru p e e s
or
pounds
s te r lin g .
L e tte r s e x c h a n g e d in N e w D elhi
on 11 A p r il 1957, e x te n d in g th e
v a lid ity o f th e S chedules a tta c h e d
t o t h e 17 J u n e 1954 a g re e m e n t
f o r a f u r t h e r p e rio d o f o n e y e a r
e n d in g 31 D e ce m b e r 1957 w ith
som e m o d ificatio n s.
L e t t e r s e x c h a n g e d in B a g d a d on 5
M a r c h 1957, e x te n d in g t h e 6 M ay
1953 tr a d e a g r e e m e n t fo r a f u r t h e r p e rio d o f o n e y e a r fr o m 1
J a n u a r y 1957. T h e o rig in a l a g re e m e n t a ls o p ro v id e s f o r re c ip ro c a l
m o s t-fa v o u re d -n a tio n tr e a tm e n t.
256
2.
Appendix
E C A F E E X T R A -R E G IO N A L T R A D E A G R E E M E N T S
P e r io d
v a li d
C o n tr a c tin g :
p a r t ie s
V a lu e o f tr a d e a n d p r in c ip a l e x p o r ts
M e th o d o f p a y m e n t
R em arks
I n d ia —
Ita ly
T h r o u g h 1957
I n d i a : te a , to b a c c o , co al, m in e r a l o re s ,
la c a n d s h e lla c , g o a t a n d s h e e p s k in s ,
h y d r o g e n a te d o ils, e s s e n tia l o ils, c o tto n , s ilk w a s te , d r u g s a n d m e d ic in e s,
le a th e r
f o o tw e a r ,
carp ets,
c o ir
and
m a n u fa c tu re s, s p o rts goods e tc .
I t a l y : p r e s e r v e d fo o d s tu ffs, a r tif ic i a l s ilk
y a r n a n d fa b r ic s , s t a p l e fib re , h a b e r d a s h e ry ,
m a n u fa c tu re s
o f a lu m in iu m
a n d a llo y s th e r e o f , m a g n e s iu m a llo y s
a n d m a n u f a c t u r e s th e r e o f , r a ilw a y ro lli n g s to c k , v a r io u s k in d s o f m a c h in e r y ,
m a c h in e to o ls e tc .
P a y m e n t a n d s e t t l e m e n t to b e r e g u la te d
in a c c o rd a n c e w i t h th e S t e r l i n g P a y m e n t A g r e e m e n t b e tw e e n t h e G o v e rn m e n t o f U n ite d K in g d o m a n d t h e Gove r n m e n t o f I t a l y in fo r c e a t t h e tim e
o f r e m itt a n c e .
L e t t e r s e x c h a n g e d in N e w D elhi
o n 11 F e b r u a r y 1957, e x te n d in g
t h e v a lid ity o f th e 29 J u l y 1954
t r a d e a r r a n g e m e n t , a s a m p lifie d
in l e t t e r s e x c h a n g e d o n 14 D ec e m b e r 1955, f o r a f u r t h e r p e rio d
o f o n e y e a r e n d in g 31 D e c e m b e r
1957.
I n d ia —
N o rw ay
U p t o 31
D ec. 1958
I n d i a : te a , coffee, to b a c c o , j u t e goods,
c o ir p r o d u c ts , h y d r o g e n a te d o ils, sh e lla c ,
m ic a , ir o n a n d m a n g a n e s e o re s , w o o lle n s, c a r p e t s , ta n n e d h id e s a n d s k in s ,
c o tto n a n d w o o llen te x tile s , l i g h t e n g i n e e r in g goods, p l a s t i c m a n u f a c tu r e s ,
h a r d w a r e , s p o r t s g o o d s e tc .
N o r w a y : m e c h a n ic a l a n d c h e m ic a l p u lp ,
n e w s p r i n t , a lu m in iu m m a n u f a c t u r e s in c lu d in g a lu m in iu m b o a ts , g a lv a n iz e d a n d
b la c k s te e l
p ip e s , t e s t i n g
m a c h in e s ,
w e ld in g e q u ip m e n t, m a r i n e - t y p e d iesel
e n g in e s , m a c h in e to o ls , fis h in g v essels,
c a lc iu m c a rb id e , u r e a f o r m a ld e h y d e e tc .
P a y m e n t in p o u n d s s t e r l i n g .
L e t t e r s e x c h a n g e d in N e w D elh i
o n 17 D e c e m b e r 1957, e x te n d in g
th e v a lid ity o f 24 J u n e 1955 a r r a n g e m e n t f o r a p e r io d u p to 31
D e c e m b e r 1958 a n d re v is in g th e
a t t a c h e d s c h e d u le s.
I n d ia —
P o la n d
T h r o u g h 1957
I n d i a : ir o n a n d m a n g a n e s e ore s, m ic a ,
s h e lla c , m y r o b a la n a n d e x t r a c t s , te a ,
coffee, to b a c c o , s p ic e s , h id e s a n d s k in s ,
r a w c o tto n , c o tto n te x tile s , r a w w ool,
w ool w a s te , j u t e g o o d s, fla x m a n u f a c tu r e s , p a i n t s a n d la c q u e r s , b r is tle s ,
p la s t i c
g o o d s,
e le c t r i c a l
a c c e ss o rie s,
h a r d w a r e , c a n n e d f r u i t s , c a s h e w s h e ll
oil, h a n d i c r a f t s a n d c o tta g e i n d u s t r y
p r o d u c ts e tc .
P o la n d : m a c h in e r y f o r b u ild in g a n d ro a d
b u ild in g , te x tile , d r il lin g , m ill in g a n d
w e ld in g e tc .; c o m p le te p l a n t s a n d e q u ip m e n t, s u c h a s s u g a r re fin e rie s , a lc o h o l
d is tille rie s , m a c h in e to o l p l a n t s , r a i l w a y r o ll in g
s to c k
p la n ts ,
e le c tr ic a l
a p p a r a t u s p l a n t s , ir o n a n d s te e l s t r u c tu r e s , d iesel e n g in e s , e le c tr ic m o to r s ,
a g r i c u l t u r a l im p le m e n ts a n d t r a c t o r s ,
g la s s a n d g la s s w a r e , o p tic a l a n d m e d ical in s tru m e n ts , in d u s tria l m a te ria ls ,
c h e m ic a ls e tc .
P a y m e n t in r u p e e s .
i n t o s te r lin g .
In d ia —
Sw eden
T h ro u g h 1957
I n d i a : c o tto n te x tile s , s ilk a n d r a y o n
fa b r ic s , j u t e g o o d s, w oo l a n d w o o lle n
m a n u f a c tu r e s , c o ir a n d p r o d u c ts , c o tto n w a s te , l e a t h e r g o ods, m y r o b a la n
a n d e x t r a c t s , s p o r t s go o d s, v e g e ta b le
o ils, h y d r o g e n a te d oil, s p ic e s , t e a , coffee,
to b a c c o , c ig a r s a n d c i g a r e tte s , ta p io c a
a n d p r o d u c ts , s h e lla c , m a n g a n e s e o re
a n d m a g n e s ite , k y a n ite , c h ro m e a n d
ir o n o re s , c o al, p a r a f f in w a x , l in o le u m , b r is tle s , c o tta g e i n d u s t r y p r o d u c ts ,
c a s h e w k e r n e ls e tc .
S w e d e n : fo o d s tu ffs, b u ild in g m a te r ia ls ,
c h e m ic a ls a n d p h a r m a c e u ti c a ls , h id e s,
s k in s , l e a t h e r a n d m a n u f a c t u r e s , c h e m ic a l a n d m e c h a n ic a l p u l p , n e w s p r i n t ,
c a r d b o a r d , w a llb o a rd , te x tile s ( r a y o n ,
w ool a n d s i l k ) , ir o n a n d s te e l, m e ta l
m a n u f a c tu r e s , v a r io u s k in d s o f m a c h in e r y a n d e q u ip m e n t, e le c tr ic a l e q u ip m e n t, d o m e stic w ire le s s re c e iv in g s e ts ,
g r a m o p h o n e s , r e f r i g e r a t o r s , r a i l w a y ro llin g
s to c k
and
lo c o m o tiv e s ,
h o s p ita l
e q u ip m e n t, office m a c h in e r y a n d e q u ip m e n t e tc .
In d ia —
U SSR
2
I n d i a : te a , coffee, to b a c c o , s h e lla c , s p ic e s ,
c a s h e w -n u ts , w ool, w o o lle n f a b r ic s , h id e s
and
s k in s ,
f o o tw e a r ,
v e g e ta b le
and
e s s e n tia l o ils, h y d r o g e n a te d o ils, m ic a ,
e tc .
USSR:
fo o d g r a in s
(w h e a t
and
b a rle y ),
cru d e
p e tr o le u m
and
p e tro le u m p ro d u c ts , tim b e r , p a p e r , ir o n a n d
s te e l m a n u f a c tu r e s , a lu m in iu m , r o u g h
e m e ra ld s , c h e m ic a ls , d y e -s tu ffs , m e d ic a m e n ts , o p tic a l goo d s, v a r io u s k in d s o f
i n d u s t r i a l e q u ip m e n t in c lu d in g b o r in g ,
m i n i n g a n d r o a d - b u ild in g e q u ip m e n t,
e x c a v a to r s , c o m p re s s o rs , e le c tr ic a l e q u ip m e n t, e q u ip m e n t f o r te x tile , s h o e, food
a n d p o ly g r a p h ic in d u s tr ie s , t r a c t o r s a n d
a g r i c u l t u r a l m a c h in e r y , m a c h in e to o ls
a n d i n s t r u m e n t s e tc .
D ec. 1956
— 1 D ec.
1957
B a la n c e
c o n v e r tib le
L e t t e r s e x c h a n g e d in N e w D elh i
on 1 M a r c h 1957, e x te n d in g th e
S c h e d u le s a t t a c h e d t o t h e 3 A p r il
1956 t r a d e a g r e e m e n t f o r a p e rio d
o f o n e y e a r w i t h s o m e m o d ifica tio n s .. T h e o r ig i n a l a g r e e m e n t w ill
r e m a in v a lid u p to 31 D e c e m b e r
1959.
L e t t e r s e x c h a n g e d in N e w D elhi
o n 1 J u n e 1957, r e v is in g th e
S c h e d u le s a t t a c h e d t o th e 31 M ay
1955 t r a d e a r r a n g e m e n t f o r 1957.
P a y m e n t in r u p e e s . B a la n c e
in to pou nd s s te rlin g .
c o n v e r tib le
L e t t e r s e x c h a n g e d in N e w D elhi
o n 30 J a n u a r y 1957, e x te n d in g
f o r 1957 t h e S c h e d u le s a tta c h e d
to t h e 2 D e c e m b e r 1953 t r a d e
a g r e e m e n t, w i t h so m e a d d itio n s .
T h e o r ig i n a l a g r e e m e n t w ill re m a in v a lid u p t o 2 D e c e m b e r
1958.
Trade Agreement
2.
257
E C A F E E X TR A -R EG IO N A L T R A D E A G R E E M E N T S
P e r io d
v a li d
C o n t r a c t in g
p a r t ie s
V a l u e o f t r a d e a n d p r in c i p a l e x p o r t s
M ethod o f p a y m e n t
R em arks
P a y m e n t t o b e s e ttle d in r u p e e s o r p o u n d s
s te r lin g .
L e tte r s e x c h a n g e d in N e w D elhi
o n 19 J u n e 1957, e x te n d in g th e
S c h e d u le s a tta c h e d to th e
31
M a rc h 1956 tr a d e a g r e e m e n t fo r
1957 w ith so m e m o d ifica tio n s. T h e
o r ig in a l a g re e m e n t, w h ic h a lso
p ro v id e s
fo r
re c ip ro c a l
m o stfa v o u re d -n a tio n
tr e a t m e n t
and
clo se s c ie n tific a n d te c h n ic a l coo p e ra tio n , w ill re m a in v a lid u p
t o 31 D e ce m b e r 1959.
I n d ia —
Y u g o s la v ia
T h r o u g h 1957
I n d i a : ir o n o re , m a n g a n e s e o re , m ic a ,
sh e lla c , m y r o b a la n a n d e x t r a c t s , te a ,
coffee, to b a c c o , s p ic e s , h id e s a n d s k in s ,
c o tto n te x tile s , r a w c o tto n , r a w w ool,
w oo l w a s te , j u t e go o d s, fla x m a n u f a c tu re s,
p a in ts a n d
la c q u e r s , b ris tle s ,
e le c tr ic a l a c c e ss o rie s
and
a p p lia n c e s ,
h a r d w a r e , c a s h e w s h e ll oil, h a n d i c r a f t s
a n d c o tta g e i n d u s t r y p r o d u c ts e tc .
Y u g o s la v ia :
fo o d s tu ffs, tim b e r , w o o d e n
f u r n i t u r e , c o tto n s e w in g t h r e a d , w o o lle n
a n d a r tif ic i a l s ilk fa b r ic s , c h e m ic a ls ,
p h a r m a c e u ti c a l p ro d u c ts , g la s s a n d g la s s w a r e , d y e in g a n d t a n n i n g s u b s ta n c e s ,
in s u la to r s ,
ir o n
and
s te e l p ro d u c ts ,
r o ll in g s to c k , w a g o n s , r a ils , c o p p e r a n d
z in c p r o d u c ts , n o n - f e r r o u s a llo y s a n d
m a n u f a c tu r e s , s t e a m b o ile rs , d ie se l a n d
s te a m lo c o m o tiv e s a n d t r a c t o r s , t u r b in e s , m o to r s , e le c tr ic a l goo d s, m e d ic a l
a p p a r a t u s a n d i n s tr u m e n ts , m a c h in e r y ,
c r a n e s , s h ip s , c e m e n t e tc .
I n d o n e s ia —
Egypt
M ar. 1 9 5 7 M a r . 1958
I n d o n e s ia :
r u b b e r , te a , coffee, c o p ra ,
s u g a r , t i n e tc .
E g y p t : c o tto n , c o tto n te x tile s , c e m e n t e tc .
In d o n e s ia —
H u n g a ry
16 O c t. 1957
— 15 O c t.
1958
I n d o n e s ia : t i n , r u b b e r , c o p ra , t e a , coffee,
p a lm -o il, to b a c c o , s u g a r , p e p p e r , r a t t a n , re s in , k a p o k , ta p io c a , w ood, s p ic e s,
p e tr o le u m a n d p r o d u c ts e tc .
H u n g a r y : v a r io u s k in d s o f m a c h in e r y a n d
e q u ip m e n t s u c h a s a lu m in iu m fa c to rie s ,
ir o n , s te e l a n d m e ta l fo u n d r ie s , c h e m ic a l w o rk s , s u g a r f a c to r ie s , ric e -h u llin g
m ills,
re frig e ra tin g
and
ic e p la n ts ,
e le c tr ic a l fa c to r ie s , c e m e n t fa c to rie s ,
d r il lin g e q u ip m e n t e tc ., p o w e r p la n ts ,
p o w e r d is tr ib u ti o n m a te r ia ls , r a ilw a y
m a te r ia ls , m o to r v e h ic le s , s h ip s a n d
b o a ts , s e w in g - m a c h in e s ,
m e d ic a l a n d
p h a r m a c e u ti c a l a r tic le s , c h e m ic a ls , s t a tio n e r y , te x tile s e tc .
In d o n e s ia —
I ta ly
A u g .— D ec.
1957
50,000
In d o n e s ia —
S w ed en
1
D ec. 1956
— 31 M ay
1958
I n d o n e s ia : coffee, te a , c o p ra , d e sic c a te d
c o c o n u ts, s p ic e s , to b a c c o , p a lm -o il, o ilc a k e s , r u b b e r , g u m s a n d re s in s , r a t t a n ,
t i n e tc .
S w e d e n : fo o d s tu ffs, te x tile s , l e a t h e r a n d
m a n u f a c tu r e s , c h e m ic a ls , b u ild in g m a te r ia ls , ir o n a n d s te e l, m e ta l m a n u f a c t u r e s , m a c h in e r y a n d e q u ip m e n t, m e a n s
o f t r a n s p o r t e tc .
In d o n e s ia —
Y u g o sla v ia
14 D ec. 1956
— 13 D ec.
1957
I n d o n e s ia : r u b b e r , c o p r a , d e sic c a te d cocon u ts , coffee, t e a , to b a c c o , p e p p e r , s p ic e s ,
c ocoa b e a n s , v e g e ta b le o ils, s u g a r , g u m s
a n d re s in s , r a t t a n , t a n n i n g m a te r ia ls ,
tin , p e tr o le u m p r o d u c ts e tc .
Y u g o s la v ia : c h e m ic a ls , p h a r m a c e u ti c a ls ,
t a n n i n g e x t r a c t s , te x tile s , p a p e r , p la te
g la s s a n d g la s s w a r e , ir o n a n d ste e l
g o o d s, c o p p e r p r o d u c ts , a lu m in iu m , le a d
a n d z in c p r o d u c ts , f a r m m a c h in e r y a n d
to o ls, d ie se l e n g in e s a n d g e n e r a t in g
s e ts , b u ild in g a n d m in in g m a c h in e s a n d
e q u ip m e n t, e le c tr ic m o to r s a n d in s t a l l a tio n
m a te r ia ls ,
r a ilw a y
e q u ip m e n t,
b ic y c les a n d tru c k s , s h ip s e tc .
Japan—
A u s t r a lia
6 J u l y 1957
— 5 J u ly
1960
J a p a n : te x tile s , ir o n a n d s te e l p ro d u c ts ,
m a c h in e r y , p o tte r y , fo od e tc .
A u s t r a l i a : w ool, w h e a t a n d b a rle y , s u g a r ,
ta llo w , h id e s, s k im m ilk , d r ie d v in e
f r u i t s e tc .
to n s
o f I t a l y ’s
E x te n s io n o f th e M a rc h 1956 tr a d e
a g re e m e n t, a n n o u n c e d in a j o in t
s ta t e m e n t issu e d in D j a k a r t a on
3 A p r il 1957.
P a y m e n t in t r a n s f e r a b l e p o u n d s s te r lin g .
S ig n e d in D j a k a r t a on 16 O c to b er
1957. T h e a g re e m e n t, v a lid f o r
o ne y e a r , m a y b e e x te n d e d f o r
a n o th e r y e a r i f n o n o tic e o f t e r m in a tio n is g iv e n 3 m o n th s b e fo re
its e x p iry .
S ig n e d in J u ly o r A u g u s t 1957.
ric e .
E x te n s io n o f 1955 a g re e m e n t, a n n o u n c e d in D j a k a r t a o n 5 J u ly
1957, w ith r e tro a c tiv e effect fro m
1 D e ce m b e r 1956.
P a y m e n t in tr a n s f e r a b l e p o u n d s s te r lin g .
S ig n e d in B e lg ra d e on 14 D ec e m b e r 1956.
R e c ip ro c a l m o stfa v o u re d -n a tio n
t r e a tm e n t p r o v id e d . T h e a g re e m e n t, v a lid f o r
o n e y e a r , m a y b e ta c itly e x te n d ed f o r a n o th e r p e rio d o f one
year.
S ig n e d in T ok yo on 6 J u ly 1957.
T h e a g re e m e n t p ro v id e s, in te r
a lia , f o r ( a ) re c ip ro c a l m o stfa v o u re d n a tio n
t r e a tm e n t in
ta r if f m a tte r s a n d n o n -d is c rim in a to r y t r e a t m e n t in im p o r t c o n tro l
a n d e x c h a n g e c o n tro l m a tte r s ;
( b ) s u sp e n sio n b y o n e p a r ty ,
a f t e r c o n s u lta tio n w ith th e o th e r,
o f its o b lig a tio n s i f im p o r ts fro m
th e o th e r t h r e a t e n se rio u s d a m a g e
t o its d o m e stic in d u s try ; (c ) co ntin u a n c e o f th e p r e s e n t d u ty -fre e
e n t r y i n t o J a p a n o f A u s tr a lia n
w o ol f o r th r e e y e a rs ; a n d (d )
te r m in a tio n o f th e a g re e m e n t on
o r a f t e r 6 J u ly 1960 on th r e e
m o n th s ’ n o tic e .
258
2.
Appendix
E C A F E E X T R A -R E G IO N A L T R A D E A G R E E M E N T S
C o n t r a c tin g
p a r tie s
P e r io d
v a li d
V a lu e o f tra d e a n d p r in c ip a l e x p o r ts
M e th o d o f p a y m e n t
R em arks
Japan—
B r a z il
1
F e b .— 31
D ec. 1957
T o t a l v a lu e : $35 m illio n e a c h w a y a n n u a lly .
J a p a n : ir o n a n d s te e l p r o d u c ts , n o n f e r r o u s m e ta ls , c h e m ic a ls , te x tile s , m a c h in e ry , s h ip s , m a r i n e p r o d u c ts e tc .
B r a z i l: r a w c o tto n , ric e , h id e s a n d s k in s ,
coffee, s o y b e a n , r a w w ool, v e g e ta b le o ils
e tc .
O p e n a c c o u n t b a se d o n d o lla r.
Japan—
F ran ce
15 N o v . 1957
— 14 N o v .
1958
J a p a n : r a w s ilk , c h e m ic a l fib re g o o d s,
e s s e n tia l oils, te a , m e ta ls , a g a r - a g a r ,
p e a r l s a n d p re c io u s s to n e s , s ilk fa b r ic s ,
m a c h in e r y f o r th e r ic e a n d s ilk - s p in n in g
in d u s tr ie s , e tc .
F r a n c e : p h o s p h a te ro c k , coffee a n d cocoa
b e a n s , o il seed s, te x tile a n d o th e r m a te ria ls , c e r e a ls , d y e -s tu ffs , c e m e n t, n ic k e l
o re , ir o n a n d s te e l p ro d u c ts , m a c h in e
to o ls, c h e m ic a l a n d p h a r m a c e u t i c a l p r o d u c ts , p e r f u m e r y p r o d u c ts , e tc .
P a y m e n t in t r a n s f e r a b l e p o u n d s
o r F re n c h fra n c s .
Japan—
G re e ce
1 A p r . 1957
— 31h M a r .
1958
T o t a l v a lu e : $2.5 m illio n e a c h w a y .
J a p a n : m a c h in e r y , s h ip s , m e ta l goods,
p o tte r y , c a n n e d fish e tc .
G re e c e : d rie d f r u i t s , le a f to b a c c o , r a w
c o tto n e tc .
O p e n a c c o u n t in d o lla rs ,
l im i t o f $500,000.
Japan—
Ita ly
J a n .— Ju n e
1957
J a p a n : ir o n a n d s te e l p r o d u c ts , n o n f e r r o u s m e ta ls , e le c tr o d e , te x tile s , a g r i c u l t u r a l a n d a q u a t i c p r o d u c ts , c h e m ic a l
p r o d u c ts , d r u g s , m a c h in e r y , p a p e r p r o d u c ts e tc .
I t a l y : ric e , food a n d v e g e ta b le p ro d u c ts ,
sa lt,
n o n - m e ta llic
m in e r a ls , c h e m ic a l
p r o d u c ts a n d d r u g s , m a c h in e r y p a r t s ,
m o to r - c a r s a n d p a r t s , te x tile s , c o rk e tc .
P a y m e n t in s te r l i n g
Jap an —
N o rw ay
14 O c t. 1957
— 13 O ct.
1962
Japan—
Sw eden
1 A p r . 1957
— 31 M a r .
1958
J a p a n : c o tto n fa b r ic s , s h ip s , ir o n a n d
ste e l, to y s , w o o lle n y a r n , m e d ic a l a n d
o p tic a l a p p a r a t u s , p o r c e la in in s u la to r s ,
e le c tr ic m a c h in e r y e tc .
S w e d e n : m a c h in e r y , ir o n a n d s te e l p r o d u c ts, p u lp , r e s in , office m a c h in e s , m e d ic in e s e tc .
P a y m e n t in d o lla rs ,
S w e d ish k r o n o r .
Japan—
USSR
6
D ec. 1957
— 5 D ec.
1958
T o ta l v a lu e : $28 m illio n o r m o re e a c h
w ay.
J a p a n : v e sse ls, r o ll in g s to c k , fish p r o c e s s in g a n d fish c a n n i n g e q u ip m e n t,
o p tic a l in s t r u m e n t s , b e a r in g s , r o lle d f e r ro u s m e ta ls , c a b le s , te x tile s , c h e m ic a ls
e tc .
U S S R : lu m b e r, co al, m in e r a l ore s, c ru d e
oil, f e r t i l i z e r s ,
c h e m ic a l
g o o d s, m a c h in e s, i n d u s t r i a l e q u ip m e n t e tc .
P a y m e n t in p o u n d s s te r lin g .
S ig n e d in T o k y o o n 6 D e c e m b e r
1957.
A t t h e s a m e t im e w a s
s ig n e d a t r e a t y o f c o m m e rc e , v a lid
f o r five y e a r s , w h ic h p ro v id e s fo r
re c ip r o c a l m o s t - f a v o u r e d - n a tio n
t r e a t m e n t a n d e s ta b l i s h m e n t o f a
U S S R t r a d e m is s io n in J a p a n , th e
c h ie f o f w h ic h a n d tw o a s s i s t a n t s
w ill b e a c c o rd e d d ip lo m a tic p r i v ile g e s.
Japan—
U n ite d
K in g d o m
1
O c t. 1956
— 31 M a r.
1958
T o ta l v a lu e : J a p a n ’s e x p o r t s to a n d im p o r t s f r o m t h e U n ite d K in g d o m w e re
fix ed a t £300 m illio n a n d £330 m illio n
a y e a r re s p e c tiv e ly .
J a p a n : c a n n e d fish s u c h a s s a lm o n , t u n a ,
s a r d in e s e tc .; c a n n e d c r a b m e a t, c a n n e d
f r u it such as peaches, m a n d a rin o ra n g e s
e tc .; t o m a to k e tc h u p ; v in e g a r ; b e e r ; c u ltu r e d a n d a r tif ic i a l p e a r ls ; p l a s t i c g o o d s;
iv o ry p r o d u c ts ; w h a le -o il; c o tto n a n d
r a y o n g r e y c lo th , w e a r i n g a p p a r e l ; b a ll
b e a r in g s ; c a m e r a s e tc .
U n ite d K in g d o m : w ool te x tile s , w h is k y ,
c o n fe c tio n e r y , m a c h in e r y , m o to r v e h ic les
a n d p a r t s , fo o d s tu ffs, c h e m ic a ls , s p o r ts
goods e tc .
P a y m e n t in p o u n d s s te r lin g .
T r a d e a r r a n g e m e n t , c o n c lu d e d in
L o n d o n o n 26 F e b r u a r y 1957,
e ffe c tiv e f o r a p e r io d o f o n e y e a r
b e g in n in g 1 O c to b e r 1956. I t w a s
e x te n d e d o n 18 O c to b e r 1957 f o r
a n o t h e r s ix m o n th s u p to 31
M a r c h 1958.
Japan—
U n ite d
S ta te s
1957— 1961
A n n u a l c e ilin g f o r J a p a n ’s c o tto n te x tile
e x p o r ts t o U S s e t a t 235 m illio n s q u a r e
y a r d s (113 m illio n f o r c o tto n c lo th a n d
122 m illio n f o r m a d e -u p p r o d u c t s ) .
Japan—
U ru g u a y
28 A p r . 1957
— 27 A p r .
1958
J a p a n : te x tile s , m a c h in e r y , m e ta l
d u c ts e tc .
U r u g u a y : w ool, h id e s, o ils a n d
c a s e in , r ic e e tc .
w ith
The
1952 t r a d e
and
p a y m e n ts
a g re e m e n t, once due to be te rm in a te d o n 30 J u n e 1956 b u t
th e n tw ic e e x te n d e d u p t o 31
J a n u a r y 1957, w a s f u r t h e r e x te n d e d in J a n u a r y , A p r il, J u n e
a n d S e p te m b e r u p to 31 D ecem b e r 1957.
a
s te rlin g
F i r s t t r a d e a g r e e m e n t s in c e S econd
W o r ld W a r , s ig n e d in P a r i s on
15 N o v e m b e r 1957.
sw in g
N o te s e x c h a n g e d in A th e n s o n 14
A u g u s t 1957, e x te n d in g t h e 20
S e p te m b e r 1956 a g r e e m e n t fo r
o n e y e a r r e t r o a c tiv e ly f r o m 1
A p r il.
o r d o lla r.
L e t t e r s e x c h a n g e d o n 28 F e b r u a r y
1957, e x te n d in g t h e v a lid ity o f 18
O c to b e r 1955 p ro to c o l f o r a f u r t h e r p e r io d o f s ix m o n th s .
T r e a t y o f C o m m e rc e a n d N a v ig a tio n , s ig n e d in T o k y o o n 28 F e b r u a r y , r a tif ie d o n 14 S e p te m b e r
a n d e ffe c tiv e f o r five y e a r s as
f r o m 14 O c to b e r 1957. R e c ip r o c a l
m o s t - fa v o u r e d - n a tio n t r e a t m e n t
p ro v id e d .
p ro f a ts ,
pounds
s te rlin g
or
S ig n e d in T o k y o o n 1 J u n e 1957.
J a p a n to c o n tin u e e x te n d in g to
im p o r ts f r o m S w e d e n t h e s a m e
t r e a t m e n t a s g iv e n t o im p o r ts
fro m t h e
s te rlin g
area,
and
S w e d e n to c o n tin u e t r e a t i n g im p o rts fro m J a p a n su b sta n tia lly
t h e s a m e a s th o s e f r o m O E E C
c o u n trie s .
T h is c o n tr o l p la n , a n n o u n c e d by
th e
tw o
G o v e r n m e n ts
on
16
J a n u a r y 1957, w ill b e in fo r c e
f o r a p e r io d o f five y e a r s b e g in n i n g 1 J a n u a r y 1957. I t m a y be
a d j u s t e d a f t e r a n n u a l re v ie w ex c e p t f o r v e lv e te e n s a n d g in g h a m s
f o r w h ic h q u o ta s a r e p e g g e d a t
2.5 m illio n a n d 35 m illio n sq .
y d s. re s p e c tiv e ly .
Paym ent
in
pounds
s te rlin g
or
d o lla rs .
F u r t h e r e x te n s io n s o f M a y 1949
p r o v is io n a l a r r a n g e m e n t in A p r i l
a n d O c to b e r 1957, e a c h t im e f o r
a p e r io d o f s ix m o n th s .
259
Trade Agreement
2.
E C A F E EX TR A -R EG IO N A L T R A D E A G R E E M E N T S
P e r io d
v a lid
V a lu e o f t r a d e a n d p r in c ip a l e x p o r ts
K o re a
(n o rth e rn )
— B u lg a r ia
T h r o u g h 1957
K o r e a : m e ta l a llo y s , n a t u r a l s ilk e tc .
B u lg a r ia : c a b le s , p h a r m a c e u ti c s , c e m e n t,
g la s s e tc .
K o re a
( n o r th e r n )
— B u lg a r ia
1958— 1960
K o re a
( n o rth e rn )
— C zechos lo v a k ia
T h r o u g h 1957
C o n tr a c tin g
p a r tie s
K o re a
(n o rth e rn )
— Egypt
M e th o d o f p a y m e n t
R e m a rk s
S ig n e d in D e ce m b e r 1956.
S ig n e d in P y o n g y a n g o n 28 S ep te m b e r 1957. A tr a d e p ro to c o l
f o r 1958 w a s s ig n e d a t th e s a m e
tim e .
K o r e a : n o n - f e r r o u s m e ta l o re s, c o ru n d u m ,
o il-seed s, to b a c c o e tc .
C z e c h o slo v a k ia :
m a c h in e r y a n d i n s t r u m e n ts , e le c tr ic w ire , m e d ic a l a p p a r a t u s ,
c h e m ic a ls , te x tile p r o d u c ts e tc .
S ig n e d in P r a g u e on 13 F e b r u a r y
1957. T h e e x c h a n g e o f goods in
1957 w ill b e 12 p e r c e n t h ig h e r
t h a n in 1956.
K o r e a : s t r u c t u r a l s te e l, e le c tr o ly tic le a d
a n d z in c , a m m o n iu m s u lp h a t e f e r ti liz e r ,
c a r b id e ,
g r a p h ite ,
m a g n e s ia
c lin k e r,
p lu m b ic ox id e, n a p h th a lin e , c o rn s ta r c h ,
d rie d a n d s a lt e d fish, g in s e n g e tc .
E g y p t : g in n e d c o tto n , c o tto n y a r n a n d
fa b r ic s , r a y o n y a r n a n d fa b r ic s , w o olle n f a b r ic s , d y e s, s p ic e s , l e a t h e r a n d
l e a t h e r g o o ds, m a n g a n e s e , g y p s u m e tc .
S ig n e d in P y o n g y a n g on 10 D ecem b e r 1957.
K o re a
( n o rth e rn )
— G e rm a n y
(e a s te r n )
1957— 1961
K o r e a : n o n - f e r r o u s m e ta ls , s ilic o n iro n ,
to b a c c o , h o p s , c a n n e d fish, fish p o w d e r
e tc .
G erm a n y :
m a c h in e r y ,
e q u ip m e n t
fo r
c h e m ic a l a n d a r tif ic i a l fib re in d u s trie s ,
p re c is io n m a c h in e s , o p tic a l in s tr u m e n ts ,
m e d ic a m e n ts , film e tc .
T w o a g re e m e n ts , one f o r 1957 a n d
th e o th e r f o r 1958-1961, sig n e d
in B e r lin o n 22 F e b r u a r y 1957
s im u lta n e o u sly .
K o re a
(n o rth e rn )
— H u n g a ry
T h r o u g h 1957
K o r e a : m e ta ls , c h e m ic a ls , s ilk m a te r ia l,
m e d ic a l h e rb s , o il- b e a r in g seeds e tc .
H u n g a r y : in d u s t r i a l e q u ip m e n t, e x p e r im e n ta l a p p a r a t u s , e le c tr ic e q u ip m e n t,
r a d io s , m e d ic a m e n ts e tc .
S ig n e d in B u d a p e s t in M a rc h 1957.
T r a d e t o b e in c re a se d b y 30 p e r
c e n t o v e r 1956.
K o re a
( n o r th e r n )
— O u te r
M o n g o lia
T h r o u g h 1957
K o r e a : t e x tile p ro d u c ts .
O u te r M o n g o lia : c a t t l e
d u c ts .
C o n clu d ed in D e ce m b e r 1956.
K o re a
( n o r th e r n )
— O u te r
M o n g o lia
T h r o u g h 1958
K o re a
(n o r t h e r n )
— P o la n d
T h r o u g h 1957
K o r e a : z in c c o n c e n tr a te s , m ic a , m a g n e s ia
c lin k e r, s q u a m o u s g r a p h i t e e tc .
P o la n d :
m o to r s ,
o p tic a l
in s tr u m e n ts ,
m e d ic a l a p p a r a t u s a n d m a te r ia l, z in c
p la te s , lo c o m o tiv e a n d ro ll in g s to c k
s p a r e p a r t s e tc .
S ig n e d
1957.
K o re a
(n o rth e rn )
— R o m a n ia
1957— 1960
K o r e a : v a r io u s k in d s o f o re s , m e ta l
a llo y s , h ig h s p e e d s te e l, n o n - f e r r o u s
m e ta ls , c h e m ic a l p ro d u c ts , v e g e ta b le oils,
p l a n t fib re, fish e tc .
R o m a n ia : oil r e f in e r y a n d o th e r in d u s t r i a l e q u ip m e n t, c ru d e oil p ro d u c ts ,
m a c h in e s
and
in s tr u m e n ts ,
e le c tr ic a l
a p p lia n c e s , c h e m ic a l p ro d u c ts , m e ta l
p ro d u c ts e tc .
S ig n e d in N o v e m b e r 1956.
K o re a
(n o rth e rn )
—USSR
T h r o u g h 1957
K o r e a : le a d , z in c c o n c e n tr a te s , n o n - f e r ro u s m e ta l o re , p ig ir o n a llo y s , c h e m ic a l p r o d u c ts , f r u i t , f u r s e tc .
U S S R : in d u s t r i a l e q u ip m e n t, a u to m o b ile s ,
oil p ro d u c ts , p ip e s , c a b le s , c h e m ic a ls ,
ru b b e r
p r o d u c ts ,
m e d ic a m e n t,
su p erp h o s p h a te o f lim e , c o tto n e tc .
A
K o re a
(s o u th e r n )
— U n ite d
S ta te s
7 N ovem ber
1957—
T r e a ty o f F r ie n d s h ip , C o m m erce
a n d N a v ig a tio n , sig n e d in Seoul
o n 28 N o v e m b e r 1956, ra tif ie d on
7 O c to b e r 1957, a n d e ffe c tiv e as
fr o m 7 N o v e m b e r 1957. R ec ip ro c a l n o n - d is c r im in a to ry t r e a t m e n t o f t r a d e a n d s h ip p in g , a n d
p a r tic ip a tio n o f n a tio n a ls in com m e rc ia l a n d i n d u s tr ia l a c tiv itie s ,
w a s p ro v id e d .
L a o s—
F rance
16 N o v . 1956
— 15 N o v .
1957
S ig n e d in P a r i s on 16 N o v e m b er
1956.
R e c ip ro c a l m o s t-fa v o u re d n a tio n t r e a t m e n t p ro v id e d .
The
a g re e m e n t, a f t e r th e in iti a l v a lid ity p e rio d o f on e y e a r , w ill contin u e in fo rc e in d e fin ite ly u n le ss te r m in a te d o n th r e e m o n th s '
n o tic e .
and
m eat
p ro -
S ig n e d in U la n B a to r on 2 N o vem b e r 1957.
in
W arsaw
on
26
A p ril
p ro to c o l, sig n e d in P y o n g y a n g
on 22 A p r il 1957. T h e v o lum e o f
c o m m o d ity e x c h a n g e to b e in c re a s e d s u b s ta n tia lly in 1957 o ver
1956.
260
2.
Appendix
E C A F E EX TR A -R EG IO N A L T R A D E A G R E E M E N T S
C o n t r a c t in g
p a r tie s
P e r io d
v a li d
V a lu e o f t r a d e a n d p r i n c i p a l e x p o r t s
M ethod of p a y m e n t
R em arks
P a k is ta n —
A u stria
24 D ec. 1956
— 23 D ec.
1957
P a k i s t a n : j u t e , c o tto n , h id e s a n d s k in s,
ta n n e d l e a t h e r a n d l e a t h e r m a n u f a c tu re s,
s p o rts
goo d s,
san to n in ,
fu rs,
a n i m a l h a i r , oil-se e d c a k e , d rie d fish,
c a n n e d f r u i t s , h a n d i c r a f t a r ti c l e s e tc .
A u s t r i a : p i g ir o n , a lu m in iu m a n d a llo y s ,
ir o n a n d s te e l goo d s, a s b e s to s s h e e ts
a n d o th e r m a n u f a c tu r e s , b u i l d i n g a n d
e n g in e e r in g m a te r ia ls , m a c h in e r y a n d
m illw o r k a n d p a r t s , d ie se l t r a c t o r s a n d
p a r t s , c h e m ic a ls , p h o t o g r a p h i c i n s t r u m e n ts , o p tic a l i n s t r u m e n t s e tc .
P a y m e n t in p o u n d s s t e r l i n g u n le s s o th e r w is e a g r e e d to .
S ig n e d in K a r a c h i o n 24 D ecem b e r 1956, in i t i a l l y v a lid f o r o n e
y e a r . T h e a g r e e m e n t w ill b e a u to m a tic a lly re n e w e d f r o m y e a r to
y e ar, b u t m ay be te rm in a te d a t
th e e n d o f e a c h a g r e e m e n t y e a r
o n t h r e e m o n t h s ' n o tic e .
P a k is ta n —
F ran ce
1 J u l y — 30
S e p . 1957
P a k i s t a n : c o tto n , j u te , w ool, a n i m a l h a ir ,
h id e s a n d s k in s , c ru s h e d b o n e s, te a ,
s p o r ts g o o d s, c a r p e t s ,
m ic a , c h ro m e
o re , to b a c c o e tc .
F r a n c e : ir o n a n d s te e l, r a i l w a y m a te r ia l,
b o ile rs , m a c h in e s a n d m e c h a n ic a l a p p a r a t u s , a lu m in iu m , e le c tr ic a l e q u ip m e n t,
ru b b er
g o o d s,
c h e m ic a ls ,
d y e -s tu ffs ,
s y n th e t ic te x tile s , p la s t ic s , p h a r m a c e u tic a ls , w in e s a n d s p i r i t s e tc .
P a y m e n t in p o u n d s s t e r l i n g .
E x t e n s io n o n 27 J u n e 1957 o f 31
J u l y 1956 a g r e e m e n t f o r a p e rio d
o f t h r e e m o n th s .
P a k is ta n —
G e rm a n y
(w e stern )
1
J u l y 1957
— 30 J u n e
1958
P a k i s t a n : j u te , c o tto n , h id e s a n d s k in s ,
s h e e p a n d g o a t l e a th e r , l e a t h e r goo ds,
a n i m a l h a ir , te a , to b a c c o , c h ro m e o re ,
e s s e n tia l oil, oil c ak e , fish m e a l, s p o r t s
g o o d s, c a r p e t s a n d r u g s , h o n e y e tc .
G e r m a n y : m a c h in e r y a n d m illw o r k , h a r d w a r e , e le c tr ic a l g o o d s, d y e in g a n d t a n n i n g s u b s ta n c e s , v e h ic les, m e d ic in e e tc .
P a y m e n t t o b e e ffe c te d th r o u g h a c c o u n ts
k e p t in a c c o rd a n c e w i t h th e e x is t in g
A n g lo - G e r m a n M o n e ta r y A g r e e m e n t c o n s i s t e n t w ith th e o b lig a tio n s o f P a k i s t a n
a s a m e m b e r o f t h e S te r l i n g A r e a .
S ig n e d in K a r a c h i o n 9 M a r c h
1957 f o r a n i n i t i a l p e rio d o f o n e
y e a r b e g in n i n g 1 J u l y 1957.
If
n o n o tic e o f t e r m i n a t i o n is g iv e n
b y 30 A p r i l 1958, t h e a g r e e m e n t
w ill c o n tin u e to r e m a i n in fo rc e ,
s u b je c t to a n n u a l re v ie w , b u t
m a y b e t e r m i n a t e d a t a n y tim e
a f t e r t h e i n i t i a l p e r io d w i t h a
t h r e e m o n th s ’ n o tic e .
P a k ista n —
S y r ia
26 S e p . 1957
— 25 S ep
1958
P a k i s t a n : te a , h id e s, f e r ti liz e r s , s p o r ts
g o ods, s u r g ic a l a n d m u s ic a l in s t r u m e n t s ,
c u tle r y , c a r p e t s a n d r u g s e tc .
S y r i a : to b a c c o , a rt i f i c i a l s ilk y a r n , g la s s
s h e e ts , a n is e e d , c u m in , b a r le y e tc .
P a y m e n t in p o u n d s s t e r l i n g u n le s s o th e r w is e a g r e e d u p o n .
S ig n e d in K a r a c h i o n 18 D e c e m b e r
1955, e ffe c tiv e a s f r o m 26 S e p te m b e r 1957, th e d a te
o n w h ic h
in s t r u m e n t s o f r a tif ic a tio n w e re
e x c h a n g e d in D a m a s c u s .
M o stf a v o u r e d - n a tio n t r e a t m e n t m u tu a lly g r a n t e d . T h e a g r e e m e n t w ill
be r e n e w e d a u to m a tic a l ly y e a r
a f t e r y e a r u n le s s t e r m i n a t e d on
th r e e m o n t h s ’ n o tic e .
5,203 to n s o f T h a i l a n d ’s
v a lu e d a t $563,493.
P a y m e n t in d o lla rs .
C o n c lu d e d in B a n g k o k in O c to b e r
1957. T h e r ic e t o b e d e liv e re d to
L aos.
T h a ila n d —
U n ite d
S ta te s
g lu tin o u s
ric e ,
V ie t- N a m
( n o rth e rn )
— B u lg a r ia
T h r o u g h 1957
V i e t- N a m :
m in e r a l
o re s , c e r e a ls ,
oilb e a r i n g g r a in s , ti m b e r e tc .
B u l g a r ia : e le c tr ic a l m a te r ia ls , c h e m ic a ls,
p h a r m a c e u ti c a l p r o d u c ts , te x tile s , b u ild i n g m a te r ia ls e tc .
S ig n e d in H a n o i o n 14 F e b r u a r y
1957. T r a d e o f 1957 to in c re a s e
c o n s id e ra b ly o v e r t h a t o f 1956.
V ie t- N a m
( n o r th e r n )
— B u lg a r ia
T h r o u g h 1958
V i e t- N a m : ric e , m a iz e , o il a n d f a ts ,
m in e r a l o re s , h a n d i c r a f t p r o d u c ts e tc .
B u l g a r i a : p h a r m a c e u t i c a l p r o d u c ts , elect r i c a l s u p p lie s , r a w m a t e r i a l s f o r c h e m ic a l in d u s tr y , te x tile s e tc .
S ig n e d
1957.
V ie t- N a m
( n o rth e rn )
— C zechos lo v a k ia
T h r o u g h 1957
V i e t- N a m : ric e , c o rn , m a n io c , o il- b e a rin g
g r a in s , te a , e s s e n tia l o ils, v e g e ta b le oils,
h a n d i c r a f t a r tic le s e tc .
and
e q u ip C z e c h o slo v a k ia :
m a c h in e r y
m e n t, d y e a n d c h e m ic a l p r o d u c ts , p h a r m a c e u tic a l
p r o d u c ts ,
te x tile s ,
paper,
s h e e t m e ta l, e le c tr ic a l e q u ip m e n t e tc .
S ig n e d in H a n o i o n 12 M a r c h 1957.
T r a d e v o lu m e o f 1957 to in c re a s e
b y 20 p e r c e n t o v e r t h a t o f 1956.
V ie t- N a m
(n o rth e rn )
—Egypt
1958— 1960
V i e t- N a m : co al, tim b e r , c a s s a v a ro o t,
s w e e t p o ta to e s , f r u i t , p o r k , t e a , a n is e e d ,
c a m p h o r a n d o th e r v e g e ta b le o ils, b a m boo, c e m e n t, m a tc h e s , w o o d en a r tic le s,
j u t e a n d j u t e ro p e , e tc .
E g y p t : r a w c o tto n ; c o tto n , flax, a rtif ic i a l
silk a n d o th e r s y n th e t ic f a b r ic s ; f r u i t ,
m e d ic in a l c ro p s , a r o m a tic h e rb s , l e a t h e r
a n d l e a t h e r goo ds.
S ig n e d in H a n o i o n 31 D e c e m b e r
1957.
E a c h c o u n tr y w ill e s ta b lis h c o m m e rc ia l r e p r e s e n t a t i o n in
t h e c a p i t a l o f t h e o th e r .
V ie t-N a m
(n o rth e rn )
— F ran ce
14 O c t. 1957
— 14 O ct.
1958
V ie t- N a m : a n t h r a c i t e , g r e e n te a , r a w
s ilk , a g r i c u l t u r a l a n d f o r e s t p ro d u c ts ,
t i n , h a n d i c r a f t a r tic le s e tc .
F r a n c e : m a c h in e r y , s p a r e p a r t s a n d a c ces s o rie s f o r t e x t i l e i n d u s t r y , s u g a r ,
b ic y c les a n d s p a r e p a r t s , m o to r v e h ic les,
b u ild in g m a te r ia ls , c h e m ic a ls , p h a r m a c e u tic a ls , e tc .
L e t t e r s e x c h a n g e d in H a n o i o n 18
O c to b e r 1957, e x te n d in g th e 14
O c to b e r 1955 a g r e e m e n t f o r a n o th e r y e a r u p to 14 O c to b e r 1958.
V ie t- N a m
(n o rth e rn )
— G e rm a n y
(e a ste rn )
T h r o u g h 1957
V i e t- N a m :
m in e r a ls , f a r m a n d f o r e s t
p ro d u c ts , fin e a r t a n d h a n d i c r a f t a r t i cles e tc .
G e rm a n y :
m a c h in e r y ,
c lo th ,
m e d ic a l
e q u ip m e n t,
b ic y c les
and
a c c e ss o rie s ,
c h e m ic a l p r o d u c ts , e le c tr ic a l e q u ip m e n t
etc .
S ig n e d in H a n o i o n 25 F e b r u a r y
1957.
T r a d e v o lu m e o f 1957 to
i n c r e a s e b y 250 p e r c e n t o v e r
t h a t o f 1956.
in
H anoi
on
8
O c to b e r
261
Trade Agreement
2.
E C A F E EX TR A -R EG IO N A L T R A D E A G R E E M E N T S
C o n tr a c tin g
p a r tie s
P e r io d
v a lid
V a lu e o f t r a d e a n d p r in c ip a l e x p o r ts
M e th o d o f p a y m e n t
R em arks
V ie t- N a m
( n o r th e r n )
— H u n g a ry
T h r o u g h 1957
V ie t- N a m : ric e , m a iz e , o il- b e a rin g g r a in s ,
v e g e ta b le e ss e n c e s , tim b e r , h a n d i c r a f t
a r tic le s e tc .
H u n g a ry :
m a c h in e r y , e le c tr ic a l e q u ip m e n t, c h e m ic a ls , m e d ic a l s u p p lie s a n d
a p p lia n c e s , s p a r e p a r t s f o r t r a n s p o r t
v e h ic le s , c o tto n p ie c e-g o o d s e tc .
S ig n e d in H a n o i on 6 M ay 1957.
T r a d e v o lu m e o f 1957 to double
t h a t o f 1956.
V ie t-N a m
(n o rth e rn )
— O u te r
M o n g o lia
T h r o u g h 1957
O u te r M o n g o lia : w o o lle n p ro d u c ts , b u t te r , d rie d m e a t e tc .
V ie t- N a m : tim b e r , d rie d f r u i t s , s ilk e tc .
F i r s t goods e x c h a n g e a n d p a y m e n ts
a g re e m e n t, sig n e d in H a n o i on
10 J u n e 1957.
V ie t- N a m
( n o rth e rn )
— P o la n d
T h r o u g h 1957
V ie t- N a m : a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c ts , m in e r a ls
e tc .
P o la n d : m a c h in e r y , te x tile s , m e ta ls , p h a r m a c e u tic a l a n d c h e m ic a l p ro d u c ts , e tc .
S ig n e d in H a n o i o n 6 F e b r u a r y
1957.
T r a d e v o lu m e o f 1957 to
in c re a s e by 250 p e r c e n t o ver
t h a t o f 1956.
U n d e r a c re d it
a g r e e m e n t s ig n e d a t th e s a m e
tim e , P o la n d w ill g r a n t c re d its
f o r th e e s ta b lis h m e n t o f a s u g a r
f a c to r y a n d f o r th e e q u ip m e n t
o f a p o w e r p l a n t in n o r th e r n
V ie t-N a m , th e c re d its re d e em ab le
th r o u g h d e liv e ry o f V ie t-N a m ’s
p ro d u c ts .
V ie t- N a m
( n o rth e rn )
— R o m a n ia
T h r o u g h 1957
V ie t- N a m : ric e , o il- b e a rin g g r a in s , h a n d i c r a f t a r tic le s e tc .
R o m a n ia : te x tile s , p a p e r , m a c h in e s , p h a r m a c e u tic a l a n d c h e m ic a l p r o d u c ts e tc .
S ig n e d
1957.
V ie t-N a m
( n o rth e rn )
— USSR
T h r o u g h 1957
V ie t- N a m : h a rd w o o d s , te a , coffee, s p ic e s,
s ta r c h , h a n d i c r a f t a r tic le s e tc .
U S S R : f e r ti liz e r s , p e tr o le u m p ro d u c ts ,
m e d ic in e s, p a p e r , s u g a r e tc .
T r a d e p ro to c o l, sig n e d in H a n o i on
30 M a rc h 1957. T r a d e v o lu m e to
in c re a s e n o ta b ly o v e r 1956.
in
H anoi on
19 F e b r u a r y