Improved Sanitation in South Asia Atsushi Kaneko Asian Development Bank

Improved Sanitation in South Asia
Accelerating Achievement of the Millennium Development Goals
Atsushi Kaneko
Asian Development Bank
17 February 2012
Outline
1. Assessment of Status: Access to Improved
Sanitation in South Asia
2. Constraints to Expanding Sanitation Coverage
3. New Sanitation Agenda : Increase in
Sanitation Coverage is not Enough
4. ADB Operations in India and Lessons Learnt:
Key Challenges and Way Forward
2
Assessment of Status:
Need to do much more on sanitation
• MDG target 10 (Goal 7): halve, by 2015, proportion of
people without sustainable access to basic sanitation.
• Over 2.6 billion people word wide do not use improved
sanitation. About 1.1 billion do not have access to any
facility and practice open defecation.
• Targets for 2015: coverage 63% for South Asia and 57%
for India
– only 36% and 28% respectively achieved by 2008.
• Inadequate sanitation costs India US$53.8 billion
annually or 6.4% of annual GDP. (Of the amount, US$38.5
billion loss from health-related costs.)
(Source: Water and Sanitation Program)
3
Assessment of Status:
Sanitation Coverage in the Regions
Improved Sanitation Coverage (%)
South Asia
120
100
80
1990
60
1995
40
2000
20
2005
0
2009
TARGET BY 2015
South Asian countries are
lagging behind in
achieving the targets.
Source: World Bank.
Global Data Monitoring Information System
4
Assessment of Status:
Current Status and Target Percentages among
South Asia Countries
Sri Lanka
Nepal
Maldives
India
Bhutan
Bangladesh
South Asia
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
Target
40.0
50.0
1990
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
2009
5
1.1 billion people still defecate in the open as of 2008.
This is cited from “Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water” 2010
Update, WHO and UNICEF (2010)
6
Constraints to expanding Sanitation Coverage
More investment is required, but slow progress has been
recorded. Why?
• Lack of Awareness: Low priority and weak linkage with public
health.
• Social and Occupational Aspects: Open defecation and manual
scavenging.
• Fragmented Institutional Roles and Responsibilities: Gaps and
overlaps at the national, state, and city levels.
• Lack of an Integrated City-wide Approach: Need of City
Sanitation Plan (CSP) to avoid a piece-meal approach.
• Limited Technology Choices: Not always cost-effective or
affordable.
• Reaching the Poor: See the next slide.
Source: National Urban Sanitation Policy, Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India
7
Target the poor
Wealth-based differentials in the progress of
households with toilets (%)
Sanitation services for
the lowest income group
and illiterate households
improved the least.
Rural sanitation lags
behind urban sanitation.
2nd Poorest
2nd Richest
Richest Quintile
100
Middle
98
94
94
90
80
Percentage of households with toilets
Much of the advances
have been enjoyed by
the middle and uppermiddle classes.
Poorest Qunitile
74
70
60
57
50
40
38
34
30
22
20
15
14
10
0
9
4
1
1992-93
2
1998-99
Year
5
2005-06
Source: National Family Health Surveys of India, 1992-1993; 1998-1999; and
2005-2006
New Sanitation Agenda:
Increase in sanitation coverage is not enough
• Each country in South Asia has made significant efforts to
increase sanitation coverage, which is still a valid agenda.
• Disparity between urban and rural has been an issue for
access to improved sanitation.
• Centralized, advanced engineering solutions for wastewater is
still prioritized while decentralized and/or low-cost sanitation
has been recently perceived as one of the options, to increase
the coverage.
• While substantial portion of urban households are connected
to sewerage systems or on-site sanitation such as a septic tank
or latrines, 85% of South Asia’s wastewater is discharged
untreated - polluting groundwater, rivers and coasts.
9
ADB Operations in India and Lessons Learnt
Operations at Glance
• Outputs of ADB funded projects starting from 1995 with
cumulative 22 loans (+US$2,500 M) are: 641MLD capacity of
sewerage treatment plants and 3121 km sewerage
pipelines. (4.7 million people have been benefitted)
• ADB has focused on sanitation systems including collection
pipelines, treatment (STP), and disposal (sludge TP), while
the investment included delivery of low-cost sanitation
facility services to the urban poor. More attention, however,
is required to the policy level issues of the DMCs.
• ADB approved in 2011 a Technical Assistance on septage
management to support urban local bodies (ULBs) to
prepare locally-customized septage management plans.
10
ADB Operations in India and Lessons Learnt
Key Challenges and Way Forward (1)
• WSP estimates that US$97 billion will be required for
sanitation infrastructure for India alone during 2007
– 2020. Poor implementation capacity, however, has
resulted in poor investment.
• New approaches such as Public-Private Partnerships
(PPPs) are essential, in addition to capacity
development of relevant stakeholders.
• Operation and maintenance costs, and manpower
constraints are an issue for local authorities.
• Sector reform is essential as for water supply.
11
ADB Operations in India and Lessons Learnt
Key Challenges and Way Forward (2)
• Conventional sewerage system seems attractive; but
the development has proven to be a greater challenge
and also requires longer periods to deliver benefits.
• Hence on-site sanitation including low-cost sanitation
should be more explored. Recent CPS is likely to
consider on-site sanitation as an option.
• Inappropriate management is however causing
pollution to water environment, especially from on-site
sanitation systems.
• It is often difficult to find an appropriate disposal site
for sludge.
12
ADB: Wastewater Management Revolution
•
Knowledge drive: compilation of successful and
sustainable sanitation case studies
•
Technology drive: promote cost effective and/or
innovative technologies for various end-users
•
Financing and incentives drive: business briefs
and pre-feasibility studies with financing
mechanisms to fast-track wastewater investment
projects; encourage extraction of resources from
wastewater (e.g., water, energy, nutrients)
•
Awareness and advocacy drive: dissemination of
knowledge products
•
We know that we have a problem – but we also seem to be a minority who sees it this way. There
are many others who do not. We need to change mindsets and start a wastewater revolution.
What will this entail?
•
Components of the Wastewater Management Revolution:
• Knowledge drive will involve compilation of case studies and working models of sanitation and
wastewater and sludge management to share experiences and lessons learned, and influence
the policy- and decision-makers on the range of solution options that can be adopted.
• Technology drive will focus on: least cost and appropriateness; mosaic of treatment
options; new cities installations and refits of older systems designed around the cascading,
modular system; sewage harvested for energy and/or nutrients, then ‘cleaned enough’ for
agricultural, industrial or environmental use.
• Financing and incentives drive will incorporate: (a) development of business and investment
opportunity briefs based on prefeasibility studies demonstrating financial viability of sanitation
solution options and dissemination for use by utilities, agencies, and other service providers and
investors; (b) innovative financing for new solutions and to fast-track investment projects; (c)
financial mechanisms to encourage the extraction of resources from wastewater. When
wastewater is seen as a resource, the incentive package changes.
• Awareness and advocacy drive will comprise of: (a) subregional and in-country conferences;
investment roundtables; and capacity development workshops to trigger the use of technology and
financing options, and move forward on the identified business and investment opportunities; (b)
advocacy product development and dissemination, e.g., policy briefs, multimedia, articles, brochures,
among others; and (c) knowledge product development and dissemination, e.g., toolkits on a range
of technology options and financing arrangements, and other training and instructive materials.
14
Sewage Treatment Facility (STP) in Rajasthan and Karnataka
15
Sewerage pipe (Kolkata)
16
Low cost sanitation in Karnataka and Slum improvement including toilets in Kolkata
17
Promote Reuse and Extraction of Resources
– Recycling of treated domestic wastewater for
industrial and agricultural use: augments water
supply; revenue-earner (Rajasthan case)
– Duckweed-based wastewater treatment pond:
low cost treatment; high net revenues from sale
of duckweeds as feeds
Tourism:
Eco-lagoon for 12
hotels, Bali, Indonesia
– Toilets connected to biogas digesters: source of
cheap energy for lighting and cooking
– Methane capture from wastewater and septage
treatment: carbon credits
Agriculture
Excreta Fertilizer
Cooking gas
Power
Thank you
Atsushi Kaneko
[email protected]