(DAI.{M, V 1. 0; 09-87) panphfet,

xrr{Eeir.
sEpaRA{,ToN TFa'tfNaorrEs
(DAI.{M,V 1. 0; 09-87)
r.hich ls based
The so.7e enphasis of this panphfet,
an the
',ainly
but conplete,
is to
experience of the author and is everttxhinq
give you an idea ,rhat night be done by nov and in vhich ,ray in our
nev nineraL separation 7ab. since it is also ditected to the very
tbeginnertt you night tind sone expianations or advices t&undant.
The author
in
any
case
vouid
deepiy
appreciate
any
codnents
suqqestions
concerning
the nethods describd
and asks the
to cLose his eyes on the af7 too obvious Languaqe nistakes.
I.
ot
reader
PREPARATIONOF SAI{PIAS
Techniques used for rnineraL separation
depend upgn the purpose of
poorLy
analysis and lrhether or not the sanple is unconsolidated,
or, is a !'e1l Lithified
or fairly
consolidated,
sedirnentary rock
neight
or a crystalline
rock. sone projects
requj.re deternining
percentages
of
various
and also
an
a sanple,
exanination af the shapes and surface textures of ninerals.
Other
pure
projects
require
the
separation
of
clean?
virtually
concentrates of indivj.duaL uj.nerals for chenical analysi6 rdithout
minerals
in
described
reqard
for
nineral
tlorphology.
The beLov briefly
operations are appllcable to sedinents as well as hard rocks, even
so initiaL
handting procedures Day dlffer.
:l'+
a.
UNCONSOTIDATEDoT WEAKLY CONSOLIDATED ROCKSI
particles,
grains
First
nust be cl,eaned of adhering fine-grained
gand graj,ns
such as clay coatings
on feldspars.
Beach and rlver
put the Earple in a
are usually
fairly
clean.
After
sieving,
nater and place it in a sonic vibrator.
The
beaker of destilled
particles,
sonic vibrator
scrubs individual
cleaning
then af
adhering
or
finer-grained
tf
adhering
laterial
is
an oxide
is necessary. Fe-oxj-de coatings
Hcl (1:5 H2O), but avoid prolonged
Day be reDoved by dilute
are present. Dilute acetic
treatnent,
especially
if rnetasilicates
acid (1:1 H2O) uj.ll generally dissolve carbonates. If the purpose
do
is to exanine the Dorpholoqy and surface narklngs on graing,
not
carbonate,
daterial.
leave
chernical treatnent
then
in
a sonic
vibrator
nore
than
1',/.h
to
2h or
in
acids too long!
Partially
consolidated
rocks require additionaL operations before
scrubbing in a sonic vibrator
or acid treatnents:
(not grinding! ) in a clean
Break then by gentle crushing
nortar
and pestle,
especially
if shapes and surface textures
are to be studied;
screen the broken rock throuqh a 2nn gieve to eliuinate
slrall
particles
that are broken by crushingt
place the pea- aDd walnut-sized fragnents in a jar containing
a steeL roller
agenc
and about a leaspoon of dlsperslng
(e.9.: sodiuD hexanetaphosphate ) , fill
the jar rrith nater and
r o l l th e j a r fo r l h to 2h on a jar nill;
-
(6ave the
lrash the sedinenC through a 60/r! (25onesh) -screen
finer-grained
Daterial for possible pipette anaLysis) t
scrub the sand in a sonic vibrator
cleaningt
for further
the sanple ls novJ ready for 61zing by sievlng and further
oDeratl0ns.
b.
HARD ROCI(S (SEDIIIENTAR9 or
inltl.al
hard rocks rEqulres
fron
(or weight)
of rock
crushing,
sieving
and cleaning.
The size
needed for getting
nineral
Eeparates varies according to rock tltpe
be enough for
and the purpose of analysis.
cenerally
5009 vilL
special.
fineto
silicate
However,
nediun-grained
rocks.
Any
separation
CRySfALIINE):
of
ninerals
populations
U/Pb
aeparation
of, zircon
for
like
deternlnatlon
Dight requi.re sanple sizes in excess of 50okg.
operatlons
age
Prelininary
thin
section
exanination
is
hiqhly
advisable
to
determine lhe approxinate percentage and grain slze of ninerals,
in the rock sanples. Thls will belp to establish vhat nesh size(s)
lhe sample is to be ground. The nesh-size needed for nineral
separation
depends on the grain
size,
inclusions,
zoning and
intergro\tths,
The sample should be ground fine enough to release
the particular
nineral
fron its
inclusions
or intergrowths.
parCicular
zones are to be separated in zoned ninerals,
should be as fine as the zone widths.
$aterial
If
the
If
ni.nerals
are different
in hardnesg or size
in the sane
speciDen, a prelininary
concentration can be done during grinding.
In a garnet-chlorlte
schist,
for exanple, the garnet will
be
concentrated in the coarse fraction
and the chlorite
in the fine.
In granitic
rocks, the accessories often occur in the <l8o,.n
( < 8 o r n esh-fra
) cti o n .
Ms
furthemore
inportant
to work with
a uniforn-sized
satople in
nineral separations because the techniques described bel-ord depend
on physical properties
or forces
for separation. These properties
do no! react
unifornly
vith
naterial
of unequal size,
particularly
Eagnetic separations where the same nineral of different
be preferentially
separated by nagnetic attraction.
Crushed DateriaL
is best
partj.cul.arly
contanination,
solder
water
and netal
afler
frag[ents.
size
nay
si.zed by sieving,
but gRrard against
lrith brass gieveg ehich nay introduce
sieves should b6 nashed with desti].led
each operation
to
renove
in the
adhering fragments
(or
llesh.
Disposable
PTrE sieve
nets hel-d in cuC PP bottles
wharever acetone-resistant
is at hand!) is a nore satisfactory
is
nethod
of
sieving
because little
or
no contaDination
introduced. Renove all the fine particles
once the required neshthe nineral
size is attained.
This nay be done by elutriating
grains in aqua dest. /ethanol/nethanol
or acetone or gcrubbing then
for th to 2h in a sonic vibrator.
Many rocks
nineraL
contain
separations.
alteration
rron
oxide
products
lrith the
interfere
and carbonates nay inpregnate or
lrhich
surrounal
the
nineral
grains.
this
undesirable
naterial
prepared gallples are ready for
II.
Gentle acid
(aee earlier
IIAGNEAIC SEPARATIoN
treatlent
uill
further
dlscussion! ) .
operatl0ns.
(fRANlz
ISODINAIIIC
reDove
The
so
SEPARAIOR)
INTRODUCAION:
The Frantz
separator
is
excallent
concentrates
of
thould be taken in its use
centrifugo
separates
froD
analytical
lrork.
extrenely
vergatile
and can produce
nany Dinerals.
soDe caution
Iloirever,
and in Dost casea,
the Frantz
beforE
It
Day be furbherDore
suggested
parphlet
read this
carefully,
frustration.
to
as
the
it
user,
niII
it is advisable
they arg u6€d
to
for
to take the tiDe
save hiD delay
and
and
FIJNDAUENIAI,S :
property
uagnetic
susceptibility
is
an iDportant
of toinerals.
l{inerals
are paralragDetic
nhen nagnetic
force Iines pasE through
them lore easiLy than lhrough air,
and are diaDagnetlc
when they
paas readily.
g.n.ral
Beaides this
description,
thsrc
are six
different
t)Tres
of
Dagnetic
naterials
(feel
free
to
skip
thig
over! ) :
OIAII'GIIETIC:TI€SE UTdIIi I'IICH THEIIA6TTIC II{OIf,IIOI IS SLIGIITLT
LESSTHAIITNTAPPLIMMGilETICFITLOi
olurcx€Tlsrts lti aro{c scA.tcorisEouEtlcE
0FTHE
LENz-uc 0Flliolf,Tlor
t m olfl GlEltcnTaIlLs,
THtPIO{EILITYlS SLIGIjTLY
ttSSI}l^Xth T 0€ Eft?Tt
splcE, AltDTltEtt EitTlcsuSCtpllElLtTY
IS iE6Tltt
lio sr LL.
PARAIiAGiETIC:
TIiOSI |lTHIIi VIIICIjTHEIAGIITTICIIit)lJcIIOIiIS SLIOIILYGREITER
THAI{IhE APPLIOI{IGITIIC FIEIO;
PATIIAGIIETISII
TTISESFNOilHT PARTIA!A!IGI{4EIiT
I{ATflIC OIPOLE
IOIEIiIS Of AIOiS OT
OF Iffi P€NMNEI(T
IOiS; THTPMTf|8II.ITI IS SLIOHILI TEAIENIHANTMI OF EIIPT'ISPACE, A'iD IIT I.IA6Ii€TIC
SUSCEPTIBILITY
I S P o S IT Ml r0 S XL L ,
FlRiotl6ltTlc:
Trfst Iri $ cll TtiE NltNE c iqlEiTs 0F AT0ts 0N IoNS lli A t{a6[tTlc DfiaIi TEIiDIo Et aLl6tEo
PATALLEL
IO OIT IIIOTIITIII ZEROAPPLII! FITII), STLOtiI CHAIIITERISTIC
IAIPERIIURE, CAI.LED
TNECURIE
P0I[i
corPtErEoRDERIIG
Is lcrlEvto oitt rT THt A8sorultrtm 0F rolPnrrnEt ylntr A ll^ filc
Dfl lli, ATISSoLUTE
IIoil 15 EQUAL
I0 Tllt SlJr0F lrlE ll 6|{EIICrOrErlIS
ZERo, THtiAGTiETIZ
0F Ttlt A]olis0R
I0N5PtRltilT voLltlE
taTTER,Corstsltm0f iaNYsHALL
ilGt{ETIcmulis,
hAsa ltETtt4qErlzaTlotl
i BU|'"K
(HySIER€SIS
$tIcN DEPflioS
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0F Tfl€SPECIiOT
tFFtCr)i ttt PtFr€lEtLITIDIPI|OS
0x rHt t|^G|6ncFttLo, rxo ctri Rtlcr vatuts oF rHE0R0ER
0F 1OE+06 rlriEs Tlt T oF Fttt sptcEi
a80vETrlEonlt P0lriT, THEst{aTERIAL
BECCTE
PAIANA6TIEIIC.
AX]IFERROIAGilETIC:
THOSE
IIi iiIIICHTHEIAGNEIIC
IONEIiTS
OFA,IOI'IS
ORIoIIs TEII|).IoASSL}4T
AI{oROERE|)
iRTAIIGI,IEIIT
IIi
ITROAPPLIED
fIELD, slf,tJIIIAI TIITVECIMSWOFThEI{)IIEIITS
I5 ZEiO. EEIOJ
A CIARACTERISIIC
TEIIPTI^TIJRE
$!LED NE NEiL POII{T; ThEPTRIiT8III'IY
NATERIALS
OF
I5 COIPARA6LT
IO TIIATOF
p MraorETIcrurtttaLsi ABow rHE NEiL ibltT,^|iTIFERNO|iIGIiETIC
rHEst r TE lt-s BEcuiEpat,| 6xE ct eIttpLE3
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FERnl|ilGlltTlC:
rO AsSUll€
TIOSEIrl ttlICUTtiEr,lG|iEIICrOlElTSOFAT0|SORIOIISTEIIO
All OROERED
8ln rioll-PlllLLtL
AiRAIGO,ITIIT
III ZERO
APPLIEO
FIELO, EELOI NEE1t,OIiI; Ii THEUSUAL
CASE, VITIiIIIA iTGrcTIC
'HE FRorTd€axrr-PARALtEL
otli ri, a sr.BsrAtTIAL |lAGttTIzTlori RtguLTS
arlcrartlll 0f ri€lclrsRlrGnri'rtT
IHE
EqUIvALErlt
S|ELAITICE5.
|,|ICR0SC0PIC
IS
T0
THII
0F
FERROIIGIIETI
Sl , A80VtTllE
EEIIAVIoUR
SIIIILAR
i
NErLPolfi, fitsE taltRl^Ls SEcottpaR{u6iETIc.
riETrt ErtTlc: TrosEsllch
FEtfln EiEIIc Il{ ttlt FItLos, Bw nitclt lEcotEFENR0roElErlruLy
soEtlD ]n
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S1ROI6
APPLITD
FITOS.
Conlron
paralagnetic
nlnerals
are
dioptase;
pyrlte,
larkaglte,
dololite,
!.Emeaite,
beryll,
coNlon dl.aDagnetic subgtances are: copper, gold, silver,
galena, quartz,
lead, sulphu!,
halite,
calqlte,
f,luorite,
tolra8, zircon (only if very pure!) i
the
following
ferroragDetic
€I€!€nts:
avaruito:
l(nown
group:
terreEtrial
ninerals
belong
rutile,
blsDutb,
alEtlt€,
the
Fe. Co, Nl, Gd
Nl'Fe (crystal lattice
of Ni, ca. 78* Nir connon in
serpentlnltes,
e.g. Josephine Co., OR, Ararua. New
Zealand) t
vairauite:
CoFe (coruon In Eerpentinites,
N e w ze a l a n d) ;
lagnetite:
F e --F e rr!.o .,
lagmoferrite:
ja*obsite:
ltgFezO. t
HnFe'o. (in lIlrestones; heavily nagnetic!);
(narbles and skarns,
(zn, Un':) (Ferrr, Hn!r!)iO.
frantlinite:
e.g.:
wairau vaLley.
e .g .:
trevoritei
lagheDite:
cubanite:
Prrrhotite:
F ra n k lin, NJ) t
NiFe2o. (rare, e.g,i Barberton, Transvaal)
from nagnetite, \didespread,
e-Fe.o" (originate
e .g .: Iro n ut., Shasta Co., CA, Bushveld,
Transvaal, Sierra Mutun, Bollvia)
cuFe"s. (vlde6pread, e.g.: uorro ve1ho, Bra6l,l,
NaDibla,
Ellanar-Distrj.ct,
Alaska, otjosongati,
Kaveltorp & I\rnaberg, Sweden) t
Fes (only Eonoclinal 4c-phase!, videspread,
(Ni, Fe)'S., espeqlally
associated with pentlandite
nore rare:
in Dafic rocks (gabbros/diorites,
basaltoidE),
dykes
in pegiDatltlc-pneulatol)rtj.c
(e.9.: Tysfjord, Norvay, Tunaberg, sweden), ln
dykes (e.g.:
Morro velho, Brasil),
both. contactDetanorphic
aureoles and
(e. 9. : Bajuvarian
regionalnetaDorphic
terraines
hydrothernal
Forest, w-Gernany, CSSR, Ducktosn,
the Baltic Shield), in sedinentary
e .g .: C ri tnea, USSR) .
In nineral
separation
we uEe the
TN, coDDon to
rocks (rare,
(s),
Eas8-susceptibifity
ELven byl
9 tz
s = l t(P -L l / ( 4n9r ) I E+o6) ; [cn' g- ' ]
specific density of a ninerali
nagnetic pemeability
of a nineral.
Dagnetic dinerals:
nomally nagnetic Dinerals:
veakly nagmetic uinerals:
non-lagnetic ninerals:
heavily
s =
s =
s =
S =
(1 )
3 5 , O 0 0 E+O6 cD'g-a;
3 5 , 0 o o E+O6
200
in
cD'g-!;
E+06 cn.g-a t
< 2 0 0 E+O5 cn.g-1.
rdhiqh 16
In
general
Cenns,
the
grouplng
of
either
ferro-,
a nineral nill
para-
or
dianagnetic elenents in the structure
of
lnfluence
perDeabj,Iily.
since elenents of al,1 six different
Dagnetic
its
vi11 not neceEsarj.Ly be
types nay be present,
a given nineral
para-,
either
diaor ferronagnetic.
Para- and ferronagnetic
ninerals
are attracted
lrhen placed in a nagnetic field,
a property
Frantz isodynanic separator.
This property
is IesE
chenical variations
than is density,
but bxtrenely
clean separations can be nade only \rith certaj.n nineral.s.
used by the
sensitlve
to
is only possible applying an inhonogeneous,
isodynanic
fieLd,
where translatory
forces
are produced.
In a
hodoqeneous field
the inserted
are only affected
ninerals
by a
parallel
nonent of rotation
and subsequently oriented
to ehe
direction
r,ithout
of the nagnetic
field,
any further
novenent. A
field
is called isodynanlc,
if at any given point the product of
(/o) , field-strength
(H) and the change of the
induction-constant
A nagnetic
separation
(grad H) at a gj.ven point of the vector-field
fieldstrenght
(on the
direction
norr0aL to lhe equipotential-planes
decreasing H-values) equals constant:
( 2)
gr ad H = const
,/Jo *fl +
3.
in the
side
of
GENERAIJREMARKSON THE FRANTZ ISODYNA}IIC SEPARATOR:
The separator consiscs of an el,ectrolagnet
vith a slot betrreen its
pole shoes. A chute made of non-nagnetic
naterial
is nounted in
this slot which can be set vibratillg
at an controllable
anpliUud6.
The whole nagnetic
systeh can be noved around two axeg, vhereby
the direction
at right angles co the length of the chute will be
qalled side slope, and parallel
to the length, forr,ard alope. The
Dinerals
to
be seperated
are
inserled
the
into
systelo by Deans of
a funnel.
The shape of the pole shoes is calculated
Therefore
the
naqmetic
force
F- effecting
to
fulfill
a nineral
equation (2).
graln is given
by:
(3)
Fi=CrX*12rV
I:
exciter
anperagei
C3 constantt
x: Eusceptibility
t
v: volune of nineral
grain.
The side 6lope P resuLts in a gravity
Gr=y*vi9r co6p
g : w e i g ht o f th e u i n e ra l gr ain;
.
^^- r , , ^+
conponent cl
( 4)
1 ., i + ,,,
directed
opposite to the lragnetic force.
If cr>F-, the nineral
gra1ns nove to the lover side of the chute, if c"<F- the resulting
novenent is directed
vice
versa.
At a given side slope F and
g.ains
exciter
aDperage the clas3ificatlon
of lineral
along the
chute
is deperdent
onLy upon their
specific
susceptibilityl
A! j.ts Iover end the chute is dtvided
by a center rail,
so two
different
susceptibility
classes
can be extracted
into
tvo
beakers.
By systeoatic
change of ttre erciter
a lixture
arperag€,
grains
of
different
lineral
ca!
be
Eplit
into
different
Eugcelrtibility-claases
!
ThereforE lhe nost lDportant
aettings
Ere Eid€ glolre .l, and exciter
a4rerage ! Both, fortrard slope and vibratl,on
aDplitude
define only
the transport
velocity
within the chute and the tine of separatlon
respectively.
SOIi{EI!.{PORTANTFACTS BEFOREGETTING STARTED:
a,
Itnder
all
lhen
fror
the aeparator
carrylng
a CARDIAC-PACEI(AXm.- othen ise thls night have been
the last \rork you tri.ed to perforol
You also night not rrant
to carry
a hearing-aid,
since interference
of this
device
generated
lrith
the
strong
electroEagnetic
flel,d
by the
separator
clrsulstances,
night
Etay
avay
cause severe daDage to your inner
ear!
9
b.
Do not carry a natch - this night cause the sudden rrdeathrr of
jelreL or at least
your precious
vill
not be very rduch
appreciated
by its
electronics!
AIso,
remenber: You are
dealing
not
with
rant
a very
to
strong
use
electromagnet:
screrrdrivers,
close to the pole
sililar
tools
just as fast as strongly
You therefore
pocketknifes
spatulas,
shoes - because those vill
do
or
be
attracted by the nagnet!
IN.'I'RIES OR DA!{AGETO EOUIPT{ENT
! --------------AVOID
c.
Make repeatedly sure that the funnel is scre!,/ed in tighbly
and noC becane loose by the osciLlati.on of the chute! Do not
overfill
the
funnel
very
fine-grained
llaterials
- since
behave alnost
d.
uake sure
e.
Reuove all
f.
g.
like
Newtonian fl.uids,
they tend to spj-Il!
ahead of any separation
that no ferroDagnetic
or
paraDagnetic
to the
strongly
lateriaLs
are left
clinging
chute or pole shoes. You oight
l{ant to clean the
rather
(using a fine
paint-brush! ) again,
apparatus
of
instead
spoiling your aarnple!
(abraslve
ferroDaqmetic
Dinerals
and particles
grinding!)
crushing,
loading
the saDple
frou forner
before
(using
into
the
separator
the nethod described
further
positively
below!).
Even very few of those particles
will
clsan-up
block the chute and vill
lead to spi1l,
requiring
and to repeat the separation (think of your precious tine!),
and Dight even cause loss of your saDple!
uake sure your sanples are not contaninated vith dust, Ij.nts
or overslzed nineral grains! Dust causes static
charge, lints
and oversized grains blockage of the funnel - both lrorsen
seriously the results of your separation!
Do not leave the separator
unattended or let
it run uithout
load! The effecliveness
of your work is highly dependenc upon
continouity
the
-
i.e.
the
quality
if
separation
you stay
vill
be achieved
nost in
separator uhile
vith
the
highest
runnlng and add naterial
constantl.y!
Renehber: The throughput
of your sanple is not only dependent upon forward slope and
anperage,
but
al-so
content
of
higher
exciter
upon
paranagnetic ninerals!
l0
Nornally
a
side
slope
of
approxinately
20-
is
used
and
a
forerard slope near 3Oo. A steeper forrard
slope nay cauge the
graj.ns to bounce rrhen coarser graj.n sizes are being separated
nhereas too snall a slope with finer grain sizes lrili
inpede
free flov of the sanple down the chute. Snaller Eide slopes
(2o - 10o) are used t'o separate the Dinerals irith very snall
nagnetic
susceptibil
ities
uhich lrould separate
on the nonrnagnetic side of the chute at a 20- slope and Daxinun
current.
Hovever, vhile
standard settings
of 20- side slope
and 30- forrrard slope are norhally used, these val,ues are not
at aII critical.
Uany laboralories
use 10- to 15- 6Lde slopes
and snaller
forward slopes. So any satj.sfactory
aetting can
rtrial
easily
be deten0ined by
& errorrr - feeL encouraged to
on your own settings!
Rate of flow is controlled
by screwing the input funnel up or
doun. SiDilarl-y
a steeper forrrard slope eill
increase rate of
florr or a qentLer slope decrease it. The proper rate of flol,
can be judged by eye after a little
practice.
U6ualLy, given
try
the
slopes
suggested,
a flov
rate
of +/-lcn.Din-'
will
result,
However, rapid
initial
separatlons
such as the
renoval of 90* quartz + feLdspar from a rock in nhich it is
desired to concentrate
present
a nagnetic
in 6DalI
nineraL
aDount, can be nade at
+,/-5c[3nin-1.
a rate
of
Final
purificatj.on
of the desired nineral
lrould than be nade at
perhaps
powders
O.3cn.nin-l.
But you should rerneDber that
fine
will
flow at sonetthat lo\der rates
and coarser
at
faster.
The thickness of the strean of povder should be kept
aliJayg the
saDe. Once having
observed
the proper
strean
thi.ckness, there is no difficulty
in adjusting
lhe flow for
any grain size or slope to conforE to this
optlDuD strean
thickness.
In qeneral
the ganple should be at least
roughly sized.
Ordinarj.Iy
Eeparations
are nade in the range 63F! - 18O|u
(DIN 4f88), or 23oDesh - 8oresh (AsTu E11-7o) respectively.
50qp! (3oDeah) is about the largest
sj.ze on vhich geparations
are convenient and 45,F8 (325Desh) about the snallest.
With
the
finer
difficulties
nay be encountered
fron
eLectrostatic
charge on the particles
and consequent "balling
upn. If,
however, the sanple can be disaggregated,
good
separations can be nade dovn to 4 5ptI or 325nesh respectively.
k.
Do not
sizes
forget
to
CLEA}| the rhole
apparatus
as vell
as
your operation
eveything
else used during
I{EDIATELy after
uee! That prevents not only spoil.j.ng your samples bue will be
greatly appreciated by the next user!
For cleaning
of the nagmet, especially the pol,e shoes and the
preferably.
chute, use carbon tetrachloride
It is j.nportant
that no OIIJ or any cleaning rnateriat containing
GRAESEshoul-d
be used under any circudstances on these partg, since even a
thin filn of oi1/grrease viII
cause qrains to etick and either
lnpair
l.
4.
---A.
the separation or cause cutting of the sliding parts.
Report al.l accidents or datnage to equipnent innediately
- so
it can be Caken care ofl
HOW TO USE THE FRANTZ ISODYNAI,IIC SEPARATOR
(ALWAYSSTART WITH A. BEFORE PROCEEDINGTO ANY OTHER STEP!)---
Preparation
of salples:
Use the binocular
first
to
compounds in your sanple i
prepare
a fraction
betveen
find
out
about qrain
63Fn and 18orrtn or
(for restrictions
sieving
Eizes
and
23Otnesh to
an grain
Sonesh respectiveLy,
by
si.zes see abovel ) t
lrash your Biewed satnplo using ethanol/hethanol
or acetonei do
not use destilled
vater
to avoid staining
of the grains
by
iron oxide produced froh iron filings;
this nay t0ost easily
be done by stirrlng
the sanple in a beaker of solvent,
alloving
to Eettle
it
for
2Os and decanling the solvent
several tines,
or by scrubbing j.t in an ultrasonic
cleaDeri
(wash and dry
in proper ventilated
hood
only! Do not use infrared
separation
la[ps in nineral
Lab to
dry sa.qrles previoqsly
rashed ritb
organic solvents ! ) t
dry
sanples;
saDples
d.
use binocular again - if still
heavily contaninated irith dust
( reDenber:
grains
or Linls
If
lhe
are dust-coated,
the
quality of the separation nay be Eaterially
reduced!): Repeat
step c. (decide vhich type of ninerals you need to separate
and for vhat purpose: You Dight fi,nd it
suitable
to use
diluted acj,ds (HNo", HCI) for further cleaning, If you do so,
you have to wash the sarnple several
times using aqua dest.
afterwardsl
Rehernber: Thig night result
in Etaining,
so you
night
find
it worlh to renove iron fillngs
nith
a paper-
e.
vrapped hand-nagnet firstl)t
if only fev contaninants renain,
use hand-picking for final clean-up;
try
to uake sure that
naxj.nu! grain
size is snaller
than
particles
intergroltn
extract
intergroi.bhs
by
- otherwise
qrain sizes or sieving using finer
either nilling
to finer
maxinun sieve-size.
and d. !
B.
you had to go through
this,
repeat
c,
particles
fast Eeparation
of ferroDagtretic
and contalinants:
Take chute out of pole shoest
(using
turn
both hands) nagnet so direction
of slot
is
vertical i
cover whole length of slot with paper and fix it to the pole
shoes using Scotchn
(or lrhatever else suitable)
- DO NOT
(thiE
LEAVE ANY PART OF lHE
POLE SHOES UNCOVERED!
I!
positively
lrill
put
a
wide
Renenber,
in a lot of trouble for you!) t
( 0.1
exciter
anperage
A i6
definitely
result
s!.itch
on lor
sufficientl
);
e.
If
porcelain/glass/aluDinuD
you are dealing
with
(NO
a naqnet...)
STEEL
beaker
PTEASE!! !
underneath
the end of lhe slott
or
build yourseLf a funnel using ghick aluninun/plastic
foil
paper and for! the outlet
9o it t0atches the shape of the slot
(you night as vell
use a plastic
funnel
for Dore pernanent
usei
to
ho{ever,
avoid
cross-contanination
of
different
sanples, you better build a ne!, one every tine!) t
!t.
let the sanple faLL
into the beaker;
freely
and at good pace through
the
sLot
particles
RESULT: Ferronagnetic
paper,
Eo the
or
contaEinants
gtick
to
the
sanple
wiII
be
freed
of
then
alDost
quantj.tatively
at the first
run.
h.
Take another beaker - switch off
anperage and all
this
stuff is 9oin9 to fall into this beaker.
ferronagnetic
(it happened to ne several
SUGGESTION:Do not hix up beakers....
linesl).
Repeat this procedure at least ttro nore tilres to
yield good results;
if you feel you already dj.d a good job on
and 'ran)rnay you are short of tine..."
not having followed this advice, but will
as I was first
doing thisl)
not to skip it
that
---CIJAN
- you night regret
be convinced (saDe
the next tinel
THE FRANTZCOI.{PLETELY
! ----
C.
Fast aeparation
a,
b.
Take the chute out of the s1o!t
adjust foroard slope to about 85-, side slope to about 2--5-;
insert funnel. (see abovel) inlo slot facing tolrard yout
design a nsample-separatlng devicert (carton,
cardboard) and
c.
d,
of dia[agnetic
Dinerals:
e,
nount to Lolrer end of slott
provide
tlro beakers
underneath
carton;
e.
slritch
on high exciter
f.
insert
saupl-e like
RISUI"TI only
stralght
to you) .
outlet
anperage (at least
separated
by
this
1..2 A)t
during B.
grains wiIl, not be deflected
and fall
dianagnetic
downuards into the provided beaker (the one closer
qrains and suitch off Dagnet Renove beaker lrith dianagnetic
all. paraDagnetic graj.ns irill no!, fall into beaker left,
SUGGESTIONS:Buitd "sanple-separating-devicel
in a nanner, that
rrseparating
you are able to insert
a
nallir about lrr into
S.
Repeat this procedure several
w i t h yo u r b e a ke rs.....
s1ot.
ADVANTAGE: This
separation
sanple voLumes (up to
anounts
of
is
hj.ghly
2okg/day)
dianagnetic
ninerals
tiDes
- and do not Dix up
greater
reco!$ended
for
qreat
of rocks containing
quartz,
feldspars,
like
14
quartzites,
e.g.:
sandstones,
IiDestones, nables etc.
! -------CLEAN THE FRANTZ COT'{PLETELY
calcj.te
aplites,
D.
Reuoval
of
a[ounts
of
amounts
sDall
paraEagnetic
b.
ad just
forward
slope
facingt
for! ards
(instead
c.
hang both
d.
adjust
exciter
e.
insert
sarnple through
RESULT:
flow
rear
separation
2'
-
3-
rate
of
chute;
1.2 A;
rnounted to
funnel
lriIl
paranagnetic
chute,
up
be
or
adjust
down,
col.lected
ninerals
L'iIl.
purifi.cation
in
look
the
for
beaker
into
be deflected
a
especially
(oDphacite!)
for
biotite-,
pre-concentrates.
! ---THE FRANTZ COI,IPLETELY
nineral
mixture
nDagnetictr
into
and
'non-
fractions:
side
slope
to
(facing
10-
backvards!),
slope
foryard
2 0-;
c.
set
d.
Lnsert
exciter
anperage to
approx|nateLy
completely'rseparaterr
siritch
off
bin ocular
all
oscillation
- there
ninerals
there
and
are
chute;
0.1A;
of
1cr['
sanple
into
funnel
both
fractions
and
Iet
;
ahd vieu
present
are
to
find
no separation
in
both
taken
species
separates
separation
yielded
under
p o s s ib ilit ie s :
sone )nineral
non-magnetic
quantitative
of
are t h re e
has been virtually
2.
least
to
s p illin g ;
rninerals
choose nediurn oscill.ation
1.
at
pre v e n t
b.
e.
huge
as usual:);
hooks at end of
into
input
provides
of
Dagnetic'
to
s id e
of backvards
the
---CLEAN
Adjust
s lo p e
-
funnel
pyroxene-
a.Dphibole-,
a.
3 o -,
frou
beaker.
ADVANTAGES: t{ethod
E.
2o-
beakers
rate,
you,
to
to
anperage to
Dianagnetic
facinq
the
aluninuli
screnj.ng
constant
ninerals
in place;
Leave chute
by
diaDagmetic
veins,
grains:
a.
flol,
of
quartz
respectively
place;
-
there
place;
enriched
has taken
beakers
in
the
-
nagnetic
but
no
3.
In
the naqnetic fraction
consj.sts of one or nore nineral
species, lrhich do not occur in lhe non-nagnetic
fraction
an).rDore - conplete separatj.on uas achieved.
cases l.
and 2.
return
bottr fractions
to
funnel
ln
case
3. only non-lagmetic
f.
fraction;
anperage glightly:
lncrease exciter
c ase 1 .: a p p r, 0 .0 5 A;
c ase 2 .: a p p r. 0 .1 4 ;
c a se 3 .: a p p r. 0 .2 A t
slritch oscillation
of chute on;
proceed vith
your sauple has been separated
step d. until
into as Dary fractions
obCaina.ble by this Dethod.
RESULT: This is the most conplete separagion possible using the
Frantz isodynanic separatorl
!---------CLEAN THE FRANTZCOMPLETELY
5.
GENER,ALCOUMENTS:
Even so the Frantz
separating
ninerals
having fairly
sinilar
careful variation
of
will
isodynanic
one night
often
susceptibilities.
both
experience
of plutonic
ninerals
susceptibilities
has
is
a polrerful
diaBagnetic
aDperage
result.
shown
rocks
sufficient
that
especially
often
slorrly
cooled
a gcatter
in
do not exhibit
using
llonever,
for
this
Eethod.
and vol.canic rocks generally displ,ay far
have yielded
rnineral.s :
studies
in
nineraL
species
case even the nost
Detanorphic, sedinentary
greater variation
and thus are nore apt for applying
Enpirical
tool
encounter
In this
fl.ow rate and exciter
slopes,
not Iead to a satisfying
Previous
separator
the
fol-Lowing table
the Franlz.
for
para-
and
16
a.
uagnetic
fraction
ollvine
chrolite
at slde alope 2O-l
0 .9 A:
I.2 A:
hornblende
diopaidq
hlDersthone
trerollte
auglte
enstattte
aktinollte
spinel
chlorltold
heDatite
staurollte
epidote
0 . 4 A:
ilDenite
garnet
biotite
chlorite
nschorln
b.
lld€ alope: 56r alpcrage 1.2 A:
Dagmetic fractLon:
non-EagnelLc fractlgn:
titanlte
zircon
leucoxene
rutlle
apatlte
anatalre
andalusite
brooklte
nonaztte
pyrite
Xsnotine
CorunduD
topaz
lluorlte
kyanite
silliDanlte
anhydrite
beryI
dla[and
Du3covlte
zolglte
clinozolsit€
turDallne
L7
III.
I.
TIIE USE OF EEAVY LIQUIDS
INTRODUCTIONI
grains according to their
of nineral
The separation of nixtures
specific
density using "heavy liquids'r haB been used since alnost
a 1oo years. Density ls one of the host sensitive Properties that
up to about
separations.
Oensities
can be utiLized
in lrineral
generaL
the
In
!'ith
beavy liquids.
5gcn-3
can be obtained
Houever,
frastionation.
separation
is rnade by a islnk-floatn
nineraLs vilh densitites
or jigging
- techniques
renove the
l lghter
5gcn-3 nay be separated
which use uater and eccentric
over
by Panning
notions to
fractions.
the heavy
sonte introductory
renarks shoul.d also be nade regarding
in
you may use: IGUUBEIN & PETTI,TOHNsuggested already
liquids,
to
should have the folloving
attributes
1938 that a heavy liguid
(i) inexpensive,
(ii)
easily prepared or purchased'
be effective:
(v) non(iii)
(iv) liquid
at ordinary te[peratures,
transparent,
(vii)
tovards Dost r0inerals,
inert
(lx) easily diluted
and
not viscous,
add - (x) non-Coxic.
However, none of
but soDe
the heavy liquids now ln use have all of these qualitles,
there is a tendency of the
than others.
f'urthennore,
are better
proporgional
to
their
being
directLy
expense of
the
Liquids
bc noted further
density.
9o, in any case, and besides what !,ill
down, all
efforts
should be nade not only to gain the highest
(vi)
corrosive,
chenically
odor, (viii)
fluitl,
vithout
recovered,
and - one should
quality
for
of
re-use.
separatj.on of
your
sample, but to
recover
the
liquids
2.
FUNDAI.IENTAIS:
Specifj.c
density is a characteristic
property of every solid or
fluid
at given pressure and tenperature.
Using heavy liquids
to
separate different
Einerals according to their
speclfic
density,
the settling
g:
.
gravity
rate
in a Nentonian liquid is given by STOKETSla!r:
v = [2 sr2 ( 9c - gL) l/( etll
( 5)
acceLeration;
r:
radiug of a spherical crystal
9- ,9-3 density of the crystal and the liquid
viscosity
Ti
The density of Dinerals,
several reasons:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
honever,
by
far
the najority
solutions,
so their
bight
respectiveLy
be widely
variable
due to
of
rock-forning
ninerals
are soLidconpositions
night
be lridely
variable
mixtures of up to four najor conponentsi
specific
lattice
conponenls night
be substituted
by heavier
or lighter
ones;
part
of the hydrous phases nigbt
be reDoved froE crygtal
latticet
ninerals
Eight
fluid/gageous
separated;
exhibit
intergrowth
inclusions
lrhich
with
due
other
to
size
ninerals
or
cannot
be
ninerals
containing
U and/or
Th night
shov a tendency
to
isotropisation
and thus decrease in density;
the speclflc
density of these Dinerals
(e.g.:
zircon, nonazite) can vary
fairly
ridcly.
Density
follolring
ranges
table
of the tnost connon minerals
(TROEGER,197t ) :
are
given
in
the
19
Densitiles
the host
corftron ninerals
(except
salts):
27 -0
lll4;!,
';3
zn-'
laT
t2/
227
'l,tt
22!
2JZ
22tt
zlz
i
tt
z!
lht
tl/
ulz
Jlu/Jort
tttto/o
,run4r4/tt!t/4
I
E/
:i
It,t.)
,tt
zaz
/u'|'Jii/b
!t4t41i
E
-l
612
nt /
tza
!!JhrJ2toun//
A,aJ2/4
Jlulpt?
qttp,tDl
Ttrszaot
L
t!
tE
A4rptf
!/Nvy
a/n {4aa
i
-r
q/
z!
/t
oz
0,
6
2r
J?
J .:
Jit
:110
JlJ
Jt,
t,
@!',a,"'"",, ,',3
--
oan/l :tat ls
tt,7?t
/x/.
/at
;"./
'1..)',.',,r""r lou
f'aaarq
r
a nn/ntbi/t
ij;
/70
/7,
Jr!
L
t
J,;,'
1;
1'5
t?
22
density of a particular
nineral
- is the grain size of the sanple:
Denaity separation using heavy liquids
is virlually
not possible
for grain sizes <36 D (<4ooDesh) - unless one uses a centrifugel
Iitost critical
- besides that
can just be estinated
The fine uaterial
dorrn sone lighCs
SiDilarly,
the
has a tendency
and the
the
lights
sanple
actual
to clot
with
lhe heavies
dragging
lrill
occlude sone of the heavieg,
volune
reconDended - given
the
ninirnum
apparatus used - should not fall belou lcn.. On the other hand, it
is possible to fractionate
nineraLs having a difference
in density
of only E-02 gcm-5 - even so this requires painstaking ,ork.
HEAVY LIQUIDS COMUONLY
USED:
s6.ri rrhh.|rvtuhgr.ltat.,
contains
[3Na.WO..9WO..H2O], non-toxic,
about 85.66* wo. and is readily
soluble in water (up to 80
nass-* at 25-C; nass-* = {gram I substance ] /gram [substance +
vaterl lrr100) .
The naxir0un density
of
an
aequous Napolytungstate
(25-C),
solution
but
can be
is
3.12gcn-'
extended by adding tungsten
carbide powder to the saturated
6o1ution.
of this
cloudy suspension lrill
than
The desity
reach up to 4.6gcn-3 (25o) by introduci.ng up !o 40& tunEsten
stable lrlthin
carbide. The aequous solulions
are colourless,
a pH-range
of
2-L4 and are both,
easy to prepare
and
regeneraEe.
ptease
For preparation
and use of Na-polytungstate
solutions,
note the
-
foLlouiDq:
vatert
use only destj.lled
uEie onLy glass containers;
if poasible,
contact sith
do
not
the solution
alloe
to core into
reducing agents. Horrever, if it should, tbe
blue colour
has no infl,uence
on the density
resultinq
choseni
pollrtungstate
the
vashing
sol.ution
particles
respective
evaporating
pol)rtungstate
to
should
vith
the
desired
respestively.
uashing !
be
recovered
aqua dest.
density,
Ilo not
or
use
by
and then
addlng soljd
any organic
solventa for
the garple Daterial
to be separated should be free of
soLuble
Ca-coDponents!
Othervise,
Cainsoluble
polltungstate
vill
be forled.
A respective
exanple are
pleage eagh sanple
clay
Dinerals;
if
in
any doubt,
thoroughly
in hot destilled
water!
tvo lajor
the
-
disadvantages
have to be relarked:
viscosity
of
a
Na-pollrtungstate
solution
increases very rapidly
above a density of 2.59c[-3;
tfa-poltrbungstate
has a rather
high
trace
el.euent
(Xo: +/-2ppu;
content
As: +/-5pIrD:
U: +/-lofrtD)
that Dight interfere
with chenical
anal.ysis of the
concentrates
if they are not cleaned carefully
vith
aqua dest. to reDove any residue.
For
preparing
golutions
the
follolring
values
are
given
for
reference:
desired density
of heavy I iquid
( gcn - 3):
Na-polytungstate
to addi
g (Na-polytungstate)
nass-t !
1, 0000!ol aq. dest
b.
3.0
80. 00
77 .50
2.5
75.00
70.00
Bro[ofoEt,
sensitive
containing
ICHBr'],
to
I j.ght
copper
naxinurn
( should
filings
density:
be
or
stored
nesh),
4,000.00
3,450.00
3,210.00
3,000.00
2,300.00
2.8949cn- !
in
anber
letabolic
aC
2O- C ,
bottles
poison,
25
inhalation
flow
of
of
tears
exposure
dahage
c.
sball
and saliva,
causes
the
amounts
causes
reddening
lacriDation
liver
of
and
and cause
provoking
irritation,
the
face,
nore
narcosis,
can
the
serious
seriously
death.
(acetylentetrabromj.de,
Tetrabronethan
Muthnannrs
solution),
2 . 9 6 ' 1 g c -3 a t 2 0 -C, s e n s i t i v e
[C gB r=.CHB r=], naximum d e n s it y :
(should be stored in ahber
to light
bottles
containing
copper
fi.lings
or nesh! ) , cancerogene.
(dij.odonethan),
Uethylene
iodide
3.3259cn-3
arnber
at
20-C,
bottfes
products
and
cause
conjunctival
of
20-C,
toxic
highly
Rohrbach I s
20-C,
highly
Clerici
and
assimilated
an
lethal!),
it
is
Tl
nephritis,
causes
CIJRICI
the
reseDbles
skin
neight
its
degeneration
density
3.1559cn-.
of
of
bariurn
3 . 4 8 59 c n - 3
thal1i-uh
such
such
a
forltr
body
formate
it
rjith
as ert thenas
and in
loss
paralysis,
of
through
and
the
skin
noted
from
digestive
above - Cleri-ci
irill
that
hair,
diaEhea,
death,
clerici
and rashes;
BE CONSIDERED THE T{OST DANGEROUS OF AI,L
solution
be
[7D1
considered
aokg! I
are
properties
toxic
causes
can
l'eight
of
and ultiDately
in
synptons
in
libbs
coDpounds
toxic
potassiu![
solution
intoxication
tIQUIDS ! Thalliun
the
opacity
of
solution
(O.49/kq
body
Pb in
irritations
ITIGIII
is
the
cardiac
blepharitis,
of
n ax i n u h
I 1 1 2 c a H2 0 4 ] ,
5 . I o g c n -3 / 1 00 - C ,
4 . 6 o g c n -3 / 9 O -Ci
poison,
in
absence
rn a lo n a t e
average
pains
craDps,
the
overexposure;
solution
thalliurn
a cuhulative
heshl ) ,
nervous
h a x irn u m d e n s it y
I B a (Hg J " )] ,
nercury
coBpound;
thalliu n
into
considering
frod
equirnolare
because
edena,
aequous
4.O4gc1\-3 / 2 O -Ci
poisonous
ttle
aequous
toxic
solution,
ITlHco2]
de nsities:
vision,
effects
solution,
te traiodomercurate-II
at
of
[K2 (HgJ") ], maxinun
Dercury conpound;
iodohercurate-I1
or
dardage
pulnonary
reflexes,
filings
seriously
derangement
cornea and fatal
Thoulet I s
solution,
at
copper
can
the
tetra
to
containing
deconposition
systeD
s e n s it iv e
naxirnum density
tCH2I2l,
L j. g h t (s h o u ld b e s t o red
in
are
readily
tract
cause
absorbed
causing
alnost
HEAVY
the
instant
lrhite
(Iater
coloration
silvery-grey!
turning
) on contact
lrith
into
shiny,
Detallic
the skin.
General remarks:
With
the
exception
of
the
pollrtungstate,
Thouletrs-,
of
described
the
above
properly
ventilated
PROHIBITED
IN
the
use
organic
heavlt
provided
rrith
person
safety
precautions.
-
aLways
clerici;
skin,
with
even
-
eatinq,/drinling
(see
or
Iaboratory
and near
clean
t!!e
area
after
use
-
these
the
BASED
dispose
off
solvents
in
report
ON
CHEUICAI,S
ABOVE
of uhat
all
STATED
DEFINITELY
DEFINITELY
This
also
vapors
hood
has
of
to
be
adequate
of
physician
detergent;
left
the
alL
next
to
you
bight
so,
in y o u r
e.g.
for
above
r.atch
in
the
prohibited;
apparatus
iuEediately
not
shat
he no6t
knos,
likely
eill
tteavlr
liquids
you
not
be
g la s s n a re . . . . . ;
positively
-
your
solutions;
positiveLy
and
-
vith
lunches/beverages
is
r.ith
iDDediately
if
reaction
already be trenoughn.-.!);
in
with,
sorking
contact
sorked
user
is
take
nhile
slightest
lots
solutions
properly
no
or
seser;
accidents
PREVIOUS
AND
a
baEerialst
gloves
storing
you
have been vorking
ava te
IS
should
- reueDber: A fev Dg Dight
your hands frequently
vhen using
r'ash
outside
Since
air,
liquids
the
vith
reaction
-
-
USE
than
occurs
-
THEIR
la.boratory!
safety
of
thoroughly
described
used
incfude:
contact
case
vash
the
heavy
disposable
in
be
SEPARATION IABORATORY ! ) I
heavier
nith
These
vear
Dight
none
ventilation!
norking
prolonged
avoid
are
a bottoD
(i.e.
in
(Na-
solutions
and Clerici-solutioir),
liquids
hood
acetone
liquids
Every
-
heavy
NEW I{INERA].
of
aequous
Rohrbachrs-
firbe
TIIE
affects
hon-volatile
daDage to
EXPERIENCE,
ACCIDEIflI
RUIJS
or
RATE,
AND/OR
TIIE
AI{Y
ACTING
equipDent
inEediately.
POTENTIAI.
DANGER
PERSON
WITH
NOT
COI,IPLYING
GROSS NEGLIGENCE
SUSPENDED fROIi{ TIIE USE OF THESE FACILITIES!
OF
TIIESE
WITA
THE
SHOI'LD BE
geologist
Re[ove foolhardy
to fresh air
(broDoforn),
at once! If
breathing
has stopped
use arti.ficial
respiration!
caII aDbulance iulediately
and Dake Eure that label
infomation.
of soLution used is provided for further
In
case
of
Itinerals
vith
intoxication:
having
anorqanic
rather
high
decolposed
heavy liquids,
aDounts
by
of
reacti.on
(zeolith,
sDectite)
reaet
change their
heavy
density and incorporate
are
SoDe sulfide
uirerals
Detals.
rith
sol.utions
containing
heavy Detals.
(acetonel ) can be incorporated
into
clay
sone organic
solvents
[inerals
alrd cau6e decrease
4.
properbies
ion-exchange
in densitv.
SEPAR-ATIONAPPARATUSFOR USE WITH HEAVY LIQUIDS:
The
sinplest
nethod for
separation
is the use of
funnel,s for nineraL separation. The setup consists of:
a.
the separatory
funnel;
b.
a disDounta.bte
filter
c.
Delbrane i
a filter
uhich can be evacuated
flask,
puDp.
vater-otrrerated
filter
funnel
vith
a built-in
separatory
ceranic
by connestion
fiLter
to
a
Both lhe heavy li.quid used and the sahple are introduced
into the
separatory
funnel
and agitated
with
a glass
stirring
rod.
Dependent upon your grain size,
density
and viscosity
of your
you should not introduce rnore than a rlaxiDu.u of about
heavy liquid
o.sct! of sahplo materlal;
as a rule you ghould start lrith barely
covering the surface of the heavy liquid
with grains - wait and
to
observe if the grains stj.ll
or start
clotting
settle
freely,
each other preventing separation. You nay lhan (stepwise) add nore
A11ol, than the
uaterial,
stirring
the mixture after each addition.
rnixture
to
conpleCely
are
and heavy fraction5
quite sorne tine,
depending
is
It
of the heavy tiquid.
the
stand until
light
separated. This Dight take
upon volune,
density
and viscosity
2A
advisable
to
trapped
heavies
a
fairly
bu t
#4 ) ;
the
and passing
papers
nake
rapid
strength
filter
is
laboratory
filters)
cerahic
stopcock
The
the
heavies
using
the
vacuum system.
process
all
liquid
heavy
bottle,
the
is
use
solvent
or
liquid
in
the
heavy
chenistry
solution
always
use
destilled
unless
filter
After
filter
each
apparatus:
the
liquids
sieve
Even
both,
be better
or
so
of
acetone.
sanples
had
fumes
the
are
(no
-
one uust
use
for
drying!
with
!,/ater
fune
only
or
for
containing
cleaning
heavy
tiquid
the
to
stock
the
are
washed
do positively
vith
of
If
other
air
and
acetone
had
(lov
and fastest
(or
hood
do not
any other
the
After
lrashed
) I
the
solvent
tapped
have
oven)
contaDinate
organic
of
the
liquid.
saDples
been
and
speeds
fractions
Furthermore,
acetone
this
staining!)
the
forget
heavy
explosive!
safest
(do not
essential,
(nixtures
water
funnel.
grains
returned
the
the
the
from
as
both
To dry
fil.ter
not
the
and
turning
introduced
is
vacuun
containing
when
flasks
it
volune
the
is
<36,pn
sizes
funnel
net!)
under
destilled
liquid
fron
to
by
filter
recovered
funnels
lab
off
to
EIFE
is
- which is
point)
inethod
tapped
trough
a greater
used
boili-ng
Whatrnan
s in c e
grain
by
pass
done
acetone/methanol/ethanol
been
the
sieve-net
(e.g.:
appears
Than a new filter
IR-lamps,
ttten
all
PIFE
e s p e c ia lly
paper
clogged
to
tapped.
water
the
n ic e L y ,
than
tapped,
best
filter
destilled
not
is
and recovers
the
vith
are
paper
process
fi.l.ter
allow
paper
filter
filter
are
them
the
renaining
do
get
heavies
filter
to
as fast
to
and allowing
insert
grade
coffee
tirice
After
to
ti)nes
(preferably
a fil.ter
will
nenbrane
(<400nesh).
several
than the laboratory
grade filter
1/ao
are about only
the cost as e.g. Whatnan #4
is inserCed
into
the filter
funnel
to prevent
and they
-
sure
laboratory
of
tine
Lights
sink.
a coffee
wet
the
to
the
proceeding,
Before
or
agitate
been
sanples
renoved
funnels !
separation
Use destilled
one
water
llust
first,
thoroughLy
than
clean
acetone
ttle
(fune
-
vttole
hood!),
29
process!
Never leave used
separation
of Narrill
result
in precipitation
uncleaned as this
in the fj.Lter ueDbrane,
polytungstate
on the rtalls and especially
! ntrthenore,
insoluble
Ca-polytungstates
turn
into
uhich night
allov
to
glassrrare
turn
the
fLasks,
.
5.
dry
filter
before
next
punp off,
nake sure IR-bulbs
aLlolt
air
are snitched
systeD
fill
off (tiDerl).
to
and filter
REIARKS:
for Producing pure
The above-degcri.bed netbod is not satisfactory
particutarly
and is tine-consuldng.
nith
fine naterial
separates.
are needed ttith a resultant
large voLuues of llquid
Furthernore,
ttle
Hosever.
witb
each separation.
of Dore heavy liquid
loss
Na-polytqngstate,
non-toxic
of
coDparably
cheap,
avail.ability
has qreatly
toxic
heavy liquids,
of the connon, highly
instead
overco[es both of
Centrifuqling
i.Dcreased the use of this [ethod.
is nat in
but the ttide use of the centrifuge
these difficulties.
rotor
tubes and reinforced
because the special
evidence nainly
expensive.
and are therefore
axeg needed have to be custoE-built