Trade Facilitation and Paperless Trade Implementation Survey 2015
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Trade Facilitation and Paperless Trade Implementation Survey 2015
Joint United Nations Regional Commissions Trade Facilitation and Paperless Trade Implementation Survey 2015 Latin America and the Caribbean Report Cross-borrder paperless ttrade Paperlless trade Formalities Transparen ncy In nstitutional arrrangement and co ooperation D isc la ime rs : Thedes igna t ionemp loyedandthep resen ta t iono fthe ma te r ia linthe Repo r tdono timp lythe exp ress ion o f any op in ionwha tsoe ve r onthe pa r to fthe Sec re ta r ia to fthe Un i ted Na t ions conce rn ingthelega ls ta tus o fany coun t ry ,te r r i to ry ,c i ty o ra rea o ro fi ts au tho r i t ies ,o r conce rn ingthe de l im i ta t ion o fi t sf ron t ie rs o r bounda r ies . The Un i ted Na t ions bea rs no respons ib i l i t yfo rtheava i lab i l i tyo rfunc t ion ingo fURLs . Op in ions ,f igu resande s t ima tesse tfo r thinth ispub l ica t iona rethere spons ib i l i tyo ftheau tho rs , andshou ldno tnecessa r i lybeconside redasre f lec t ingthev iewso rca r ry ingtheendo rsemen to f the Un i ted Na t ions .Anye r ro rsa retherespons ib i l i tyo ftheau tho rs . Men t iono ff i rmnamesand comme rc ia lp roduc tsdoesno timp lytheendo rsemen to ftheUn i tedNa t ions . Therepo r thasbeenissuedw i thou tfo rma led i t ing LC /W .667 Copy r igh t©Un i tedNa t ion s ,Sep tembe r2015 .A l lr igh t sre se r ved P r in teda tUn i tedNa t ion s ,San t iago S .15 -00869 i i P r e fa c e Th eG loba lSu r v e y onT rad eFa c i l i ta t ion and Pap e r l e s sT rad eImp l em en ta t ion 2014 -2015 ( “G lob a l Su r v e y ” ) i sag lob a le f fo r tle db yth eE con om i ca ndSo c i a lComm i s s ionfo rA s i aandth eP a c i f i c( E SCAP ) in co l l abo r a t ion w i thth eo th e rfou r Un i t ed N a t ion sR e g ion a l Comm i s s ion s ,n am e l y ,th eE conom i c r i c aandth eC a r ibb e an( E C LAC ) ,th eE conom i candSo c i a lComm i s s ionfo r Comm i s s ionfo rL a t inAme W e s t e rn A s i a( E SCWA ) ,th eE conom i cComm i s s ionfo rA f r i c a( ECA )andth eE conom i cComm i s s ion fo r Eu rop e(UN E C E ) .Th ego a lo fth eG lob a l Su r v e yi stog a th e rin fo rm a t ionf romth em emb e rs t a t e so fth e r e sp e c t i v eR e g ion a lComm i s s ion sont r ad ef a c i l i t a t ionandp ap e r l e s st r ad em e a su r e sands t r a t e g i e s imp l em en t eda tth en a t iona landr e g i on a ll e v e l s .Th er e su l t so fth esu r v e yw i l len ab l ecoun t r i e sand d e v e lopm ent p a r tn e r sto b e t t e runder s t andand mon i to rp ro g r e s s ont r ad ef a c i l i t a t io n , suppo r t e v id en c e -b a sed pub l i c pol i c i e s ,sh a r eb e s tp r a c t i c e s andid en t i f yc ap a c i t y bu i ld in ga nd t e chn i c a l a s s i s t an c en e ed s . Th eG lob a lSu r v e yi s ak e y in i t i a t i v eund e rth e Jo in t UNRC App roa chto T rad eFa c i l i ta t ion( the a nu a r y2010b yth eE x e cu t i v eS e c r e t a r i e sfo ra l lf i v e “App ro a ch ” )a g r e eduponinB e i ru t ,L eb anoninJ Un i t edN a t ionsR e g ion a lComm i s s ion s .Th eApp ro a ch w a sd e s i gn edtoen ab l eth eR e g ion a lComm i s s ion s top r e s en tajo in tandg lob a lv i ewont r ad ef a c i l i t a t io ni s su e sinl i gh to fth e Wo r ldT r ad eO r g an i z a t ion Doh aRoundandth eh e i gh t en edim po r t an c eo fg lob a lsupp l ych a i n s .W i thth econ c lu s iono fn e go t i a t ion s o fth e Wo r ldT r ad eO r g an i z a t ion T r ad eF a c i l i t a t ion A g r e em en tin D e c emb e r 2013 ,an dw i thth e fth e A g r eem entund e rw a y ,th eApp ro a chb e comese v en mo r es i gn i f i c an tonar e g ion a l and r a t i f i c a t iono g lob a ls c a l e .W i th inth i sf r am ewo r k ,th eG lob a lSu r v e yw a sd e s i gn edb yth eUn i t edN a t ion sR e g ion a l Comm i s s ion sto g e th e rw i thth eO r g an i z a t ionfo rE con om i cCoop e ra t ionandD ev e lopm en t(O ECD )an din i tedN a t ion sCon f e r en c eonT r ad eandD e v e lopm en t ,th eIn t e rn a t ion a lT r ad e co l l abo r a t ion w i thth eUn C en t r e ,andth e Wo r ld Cus tom sO r g an i z a t ion . Th equ e s t ionsin c lud edinth eG lob a l Su r v e yd r awf romS e c t ion s Iand I I Io fth e Wo r ldT r ad eO r g an i z a t ion T r ad eF a c i l i t a t ion A g r e em en t , a s w e l l a s th e D r a f t T e x t o f th e “A g r e em en t / F r am ewo r k A g r e em en t / F ram ewo r kA r r an g em en tonF a c i l i t a t iono fC ro s s -bo rd e rP ap e r l e ssT r ad einA si aandth e 1 P a c i f i c ” ,cu r r en t l yund e rnego t i a t ionamon gE SCAPm embe rs t a t e s .InL a t inAm e r i c aandth eC a r ibb e an , n in e t e encoun t r i e sp a r t i c ipa t ed inth eG lob a l Su r v e y .Th ere su l t so fthesu r ve y ,a sin c lud ed inth i s r epo r t , a imtop ro v id eap r e l im in a ryb en chm a rkonth eimp lem en t a t iono ft r ad ef a c i l i t a t ionandp ap e r l e s s t r ad e m e a su r e s inth er e g ion . Th i sr epo r tw a sp r ep a r edb yT an i aG a r c í aM i l l ánan dS eb a s t i ánH e r r e ro so fth eIn t e rn a t ion a lT r ad eand In t e g r a t ionD iv i s iono fth eE conom i cComm i s s ionfo rL a t inAme r i c aandth eC a r ibb e an( EC LAC ) .The a t al i a M e y er ,a l sof romEC LAC ’ s In t e rn a t ion a lT r ad e au tho r sth an kJo s éDu r ánL im a ,N anno Mu ld e randN and In t e g r a t ionD i v i s ion ,fo rth e i ra s s i s t an c e inth et a bu l a t iona ndv e r i f i c a t iono fcoun t r yr e sp on s e s . 1 S e ed r a f tt e x t on l in ea t h t tp : / /www .un e s c ap .o r g / s i t e s /de fau l t / f i l e s /P TA _ I I SG1 _WP1 _ E .pd f i i i [ Th i sp ag eh asb e enin t en t io n a l l y l e f tb l an k ] i v Con ten t s P r e f a c e. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i i i Abb r e v i at ion s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .v i i i 1 . In t rodu c t ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 1 .1 B a ckg rounda ndo b j e c t iv e. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 1 .2 M e thodo lo g yo fth eG lob a lSu rv e y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 1 .2 .1S t ru c tu r eo fth equ e s t ionn a i r e. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 1 .2 .2Coun t r yP a r t i c ip a t ion ,D a t aCo l l e c t ion ,andD a t aV a l id a t ion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 2T r ad eF a c i l i t a t ioninL a t i nAm e r i c aandth eC a r ibb e an :Ov e rv i ew. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 2 .1 .Im p l em en t a t iono fT r a d eF a c i l i t a t ionandP ap e r l e s sT r ad eM e a su r e sinLACSub r eg ion s. . . . . . . . . . . .10 2 .2 Mo s tandL e a s tIm p l em en t edT r ad eF a c i l i t a t ionandP ap e r l e s sT r ad eM e a su r e s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 3Im p l em en t a t iono fT r ad eF a c i l i t a t iona ndP ap e r l e s sT r ad eM e a su r e sbyC a t ego ry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 3 .1“T r an sp a r en cy ”M e a su r e s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 3 .2 :“Fo rm a l i t i e s ”M e a su r e s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 3 .3“ In s t i tu t i on a lA r r ang em en t sandcoop e r a t ion ”m e a su r e s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 3 . 4“P a p e r l e s sT r ad e ”M e a s u r e s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24 3 . 5“C r o s s -bo rd e rP ap e r l e s sT r ad e ”M e a s u r e s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29 4 .No t ab l ea ch i ev em e n t sandcomm onch a l l eng e sinth eim p l em en t a t ion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36 5 .Con c lu s ionsa nd W a yFo rw a rd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38 B ib l io g r aph y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41 Ann e x1 : Summ a r yo fcoun t r ys co r e sb ym e a su r e. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43 v L i s to f Tab le s T ab l e1 :In t r aande x t r a r eg ion a lcomp re h en s i v et r ad eco s t sin L a t i nAm e r i caan dth eC a r ibbe an( e x c lud in gt a r i f fco s t s )2008-2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 T ab l e2 :G loba lSu r v e yonT r ad e F a c i l i t a t ion andP aper l e s sT r ad eImp l emen t a t i on :Qu e s t ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 :L a t inAm e r i canan dC a r ibb e ancoun t r i e s an dgo v e rnm en ta g en c i e sp a r t i c ip a t in gin th eG lob a l T ab l e3 Su r v e yonT r ad eF a c i l i t a t io nandP ap e r le s sT r ad eImp l em en t a t ion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 T ab l e4 :Mo s t and le a s timp l em en t e dt r ad ef a c i l i t a t ionm e a su r e s in L a t inAme r i caandth eC ar ibb e an (W i th i ne a chg roupo f t r ad ef a c i l i t a t ionm e a su re s ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 L i s to fF igu re s F i gu r e1 :LAC ,O ECDand E a s tandSou th e a s tA s i a :t im eandco s t toe x po r ta20 foo tcon t a i n e r ,2014 . . .1 F i gu r e2 :LACandE a s tandSou th e a s tA s i a : t im ean dco s tto impo r ta20 foo tcon t a in e r ,2014. . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 F i gu r e3 :O v e ra l lImp lem en t a t iono ft r ad ef a c i l i t a t ionand P ap e r le s sT r ad eM e a su r e s in19LAC Count r i e s( inp e r c en t ag eo fth em a x imumpos s ib l es co r e ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 e rc ap i t a(2013 ,PPP )andt r ad ef a c i l i t a t ionimp l em en t a t ionr a t e so fL a t inAm e r i c an F i gu r e4 :GDPp andC a r ibb e ancoun t r i e s( I ncu r r en tin t e rn a t ion a ldo l la r sandp e r c ent a g e so fth e m a x imumpo s s ib les co r e ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 F i gu r e5 :Imp lem en t a t iono fT r ad e F a c i l i t a t ionandP ap e r l e s s T r ad eM e a su r e s inLAC sub r e g ion s ( Inp e r c en t a geso fth em a x imumpo s s ib les co r e. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 :Imp lem en t a t iono fT r ad e F a c i l i t a t ionandP ap e r l e s s T r ad eM e a su r e sb yg roup F i gu r e6 ( Inp e r c en t a geso fth em a x imumpo s s ib les co r e. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 F i gu r e7 :Imp lem en t a t iono ft r an sp a r en c ym e a su r e s :L a t inAm e r i c a and C a r ibb e anA v e r a g e( I n p e r c en t a g e s ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 F i gu r e8 :L e ve l so f Imp l emen t a t iono f T r an sp a r en c yM e a su r e sinL a t in Am e r i c a and th eC a r ibb e an a (H i gh e s ttoLow e s t , inp e r c en t a g e s ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 F i gu r e9 :Imp lem en t a t iono fFo rm a l i t i e sM e a su r e s : L a t inAm e r i c aa ndC a r ibb e an A v e r a g e ( In p e r c en t a g e s ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 F i gu r e10 :L e v e l so fImp lem en t a t iono fFo rm a l i t i e sM e a su r e sinL a t in Am e r i c a and a th eC a r ibb e an( F romh i ghe s ttolow e s t , in p e r c en t a ges ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 F i gu r e11 :Imp l em en t a t iono f In s t i tu t ion a l A r r an g emen tan dCoop e ra t ion M e a su r e s : e r i c a and C a r ibb e anA v e r a g e( I np e r c en t a g es ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 L a t inAm F i gu r e12 :L e v e l so fImp lem en t a t iono fIn s t i tu t ion a l A r r an g em en t sandCoop e ra t ion M e a su r e s L a t i nAme ri c a andth eC ar ibb e an( F ro mh igh e s ttolo w e s t ,in pe r c en t ag e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 in F i gu r e13 :Imp l em en t a t iono fP ap e r l e s sT r ad e M ea su r e s :L a t inAm e r i c aandC a r ibb e anA v e r a g e( In p e r c en t a g e s ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25 v i F i gu r e14 :L e v e l so fImp lem en t a t iono fP ap e r l e s sT r ad eM e a su r e s inL a t i nAme ri c a| andth eC ar ibb e an . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26 F i gu r e15 :Imp l em en t a t iono fC ro s s -bo rd e r P ap e r l e s sT r ad eM e a su r e s :L a t inAm e r i c aand C a r ibb e anA ve r a g e( I np e r c en t ag e s ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29 F i gu r e16 :L e v e l so fImp lem en t a t iono fC ro s s -bo rd e rP ap e r l e s sT r ad eM e a su r e s inL a t i nAme ri c a th eC a r ibb e an ( F romh i gh e s t tolo w e s t , inp er c en t a g e s ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 and F i gu r e17 :Imp l em en t a t iono fT r an s i tF a c i l i t a t ion M ea su r e s :L a t inAm e r i c a andC a r ibb e an A v e r a g e s( I np e r c en t a g e s ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32 F i gu r e18 :L e v e l so fImp lem en t a t iono fT r an s i tF a c i l i t a t ion M e a su r e s inL a t inAme r i c a andth eC a r ibbe an(H i gh e s ttoLow e s t , in p e r c en t a g es ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33 F i gu r e19 :T r ad eF a c i l i t a t io nandP ap e r le s sT r ad eM ea su r e sonwh i chmo s tp ro g r e s sw a sm ad e in L a t i nAme ri c a andth eC ar ibb e aninth e l a s t 12mon th s(Num b ero fm en t ion s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36 F i gu r e20 : Common Ch a l len g e sf a c e db yL a t inAm e r i canandC a r ibbe anCoun t r ies inImp l emen t in g T r ad eF a c i l i t a t ion andP aper l e s sT r ad eM e a su r e s (Numb e ro fm en t ion s ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37 F i gu r e21 : Mo v in g upth et r ad ef a c i l i t a t ion l add e r to w a rd ss e am l e s sin t e rn a t ion a lsupp l y ch a i n . . . . . . . . .40 v i i Abb rev ia t ion s ADB……………………………………………………… A EO……………………………………………………… APoA…………………………………………………… . . A S EAN………………………………………………… . . . A S YCUDA……………………………………………… . Au tom a t ed ECA…………………………………… ………………… EC E…………………………………… ………………… EC LAC………………………………………………… . . EN EA…………………………………………………… . E SCAP………………………………… ………………… E SCWA………………………………………………… . . Un i t ed EU……………………………………………………… . . .Eu rop e an GA T T…………………………………………………… . GCC……………………………………………………… . IC T……………………………………………………… . .In fo rm a t ion IRU……………………………………………………… .In t e rn a t ion a l I TC……………………………………………………… . . LDC…………………………………… ………………… L LDC…………………………………………………… . . W E S TA S IA…………………………………………………… NCA……………………………………………………… N T FC…………………………………………………… . . O ECD…………………………………………………… .O r g an i z a t ion S E LA…………………………………………………… . . S SWA…………………………………………………… .Sou th T F……………………………………………………… . . .T r ad e T FA…………………………………… ………………… UA E……………………………………………………… . . UN /C E FAC T…………………………………………… . . Un i t ed UNC TAD………………………………………………… Un i t ed UNN E x T………………………………………………… . Un i t ed UNRC…………………………………………………… . U SA……………………………………………………… U SD……………………………………………………… W TO…………………………………………………… . . . Wo r ld v i i i A s i anD e v e lopm en tB an k Au tho r i z ede conom i cop e r a to r A lm a t yP ro g r amm eo fA c t ion A s so c i a t iono fSou th e a s tA s i anN a t ion s S y s t emfo rCu s tom sD a t a Un i t edN a t ion sE c onom i cComm i s s ionfo rA f r i c a Un i t edN a t ion sE c onom i cComm i s s ionfo rEu rop e Un i t edN a t ion sE conom i cComm i s s ionfo rL a t in Am e r i caan dth eC a r ibbe an E a s tandNo r th E a s tA s i a Un i t edN a t ion sE conomi candSo c i a lComm i s s ionfo r A s i aandth eP ac i f i c N a t ion sE conom i candSo c i a lComm i s s ionfo r W e s t e rnA s i a Un ion G en e r a lA g r e emen tonT a r i f f sandT r ad e Gu l fCoop e r a t ionCoun c i l andcomm un i c a t ion st e chno lo g y Ro adT r an sp o r tUn ion In t e rn a t ion a l T r ad eC en t r e L e a s td e v e lop edcoun t r y L and lo c k edd ev e lop in gcoun t r y W e s tA s i a No r thandC en t r a lA s i a N a t ion a lt r ad ef a c i l i t a t ioncomm i t t e e fo rE conom i cCo -op e r a t ionand D e v e lopm en t L a t inAm e r i c anandC a r ibb e anE conom i cS y s t em a ndSou th -W e s tA s i a f a c i l i t a t ion T r ad eF a c i l i t a t ionA g r e em en t Un i t edA r abEm i r a t e s N a t ion sC en t r efo rT r ad eF a c i l i t a t ionand E l e c t ron i cBu s in e s s N a t ion sCon fe r en c eonT r ad eandD e v e lopm en t N a t ion sN e two rko fE xp e r t sfo rP ap e r le s sT r ad e andT r an spo r tfo rA s i aa ndth eP a c i f i c Un i t edN a t ion sR e g ion a l Commi s s ion Un i t edS t a t e so fAm e r i c a Un i t edS t a t e sdo l l a r T r ad eO r g an i z a t ion 1 . In t rodu c t ion 1 .1Ba ckgroundandobj e c t i v e r ad ef a c i l i t a t i onr e f e r stoth es imp l i f i c a t ion ,s t and a rd i z a t ionan dh a rmon i z at io no fp ro c edu re s T anda s so c i a t edin fo r ma t ionf low sr eq u i r edtomo vegood sf roms e l l e rt o bu y e randto m m en t a k ep ay th e r (UN EC E / CE FAC T 2012) .Ins imp l ete rm s ,t r a de f a c i l i t a t i on sh ou ld s t re am l inec us t om s and o p ro c edu re s ino rde rt or e du c eth et imeandco s ttot r ad e-e s se n t i a l l y ,c utthe“ redt a p e ”a tth ebo rde r (W TO2013 ) .A l thoug ht r ad ef a c i l i t a t i oni s no t en t i r e l y a nov e li s s u e , th er e c e n t con c lu s i on o f in g n e go t i a t ion sfo rth e Wo r ld T r a de O r g an i z at ion T r ad eF a c i l i t a t ionAg r eem en t – andthe ongo r a t i f i c a t i ono fth eA g reemen t–h a sp rop e l l edi t t othetopo fth er e g ion a landg a d ea g end a . lob a lt r I ng en e r a l ,L a eC a ri bb e an( L AC )f de r ab l ech a l l e n ge sint e r mso f t i nAm e r i c a andth a c e scon s i eco s t s-e ea s so c i a t edw r edu c in gth x c lud in gt a r i f f s-andt im i th fo r e i g nt r ad eop e ra t ion s .O v e r al l ,th e r e g ionp er fo r m sb e t t erth anlow e r i n comed e v el op ingr e g ion ss u ch a sS ubS ah a r anA f ri c a ,Sou t hA si aand C en t r a lAs i ainth et r a din ga c ro s sbord e r scomp on en to fth eWo Wr ldB an k ’sDo in gBu s ine s sr a n k in g( W rld Wo B an k2 0 1 5 ) .How e v e r ,i ts t i l ll a g sbeh indbo thth ed e v e lope dcoun t r i e so fth eO ECDandth ed ynam i c , t r ad e -o r i i s i s con f i rm e mth e e n t ede cono mi e so fE a s t a ndSou thE a s tA s i a ( F i gu r e s1 an d2 ) . Th db yd a t af ro f t en E SCAP -W or ldB an kt r a d eco s td a t ab a s e, wh i cha l sosu g g e s tth t ion a lt r ad ec o s t sr em a ino a tin t e rn a dth i th in LA h i ghe ra mon gLACe c onomi e sth a nb e tw e enLACan e Un i t edS t a t e s( T ab l e1 ).W C,th e C a r ibb e ana l soapp e a r stof a c es i gn i rt r ad eco s t sth ane i th e rS ou th o r C en tr a lAm e r i ca . f i c an t l yh i ghe ,O ECDa ndE a s tandS ou the a s tA si a :t imeandc o s ttoe xpor ta20 foo tc on t a ine r ,2014 F i gu re1 :LAC A .T im e( ind a ys ) B . Cos t( incu r r en tdo l l a r s ) 1 a s tandSou the a s tA s i a :t im eandco s tto impo r ta20 foo tcon t a in er ,2014 F i gu re2 :LACandE B . Co s t( incu r r e ntdo l l a r s ) A .T im e( ind ay s ) Sou r c e :Au tho r s ,b a s edonWo Wr ldB an k ,Doi n gBu s ine s s2015[on l in e ]a t www .do in gbu s in es s .o r g / r epo r t s / g lob a l r epo r t s / do in g bu s ine s s -2015 a E a s tandS ou th e a stA si a in c lud e sCh in a ,t heCh ine seP ro v in c eo fT a iw an ,Hon gKon g( Spe c i a l Adm in i s t r a ti v eR e g iono fChin a ) andthe10mem be r so fA SE AN .J a p anandt h eR epub l i co fKo r e aa r ein c lu dedinth eO ECD g roup . raande x t r a re g ion a lc omp rehen s iv v et r adeco s tsinL a t inAm er i c aandth eC a r ibbe an T ab le1 : Int (e x c lud in gt a r i f fco s t s )2008 -2013 Re g ion C a ri bbe an -2 Cent ra lAme r i c a -3 So uthAme r i c a 4 A SE AN -4 EU 3 U SA C a r ibbe an -2 154% (15 .0% ) 160% (1 .9% ) 218% ( -2 .6% ) 301% ( -12 .6% ) 178% (12 .5% ) 89% (7 .6% ) Cen t r a l Sou th A S EAN -4 Ame r i c a -3 Ame r i c a -4 88% ( -1 .9% ) 124% ( -7 .3% ) 200% ( -3 .5% ) 152% ( -2 .6% ) 66% ( -4 .7% ) 91% (0 .6% ) 155% ( -4 .2% ) 115% ( -2 .7% ) 84% ( -1 .9% ) 76% (8 .7% ) 108% (1 .9% ) 85% (11 .2% ) EU -3 43% ( -4 .2% ) 67% (0 .1% ) Sou r ce : E SC AP -Wor ldB an kT r a deCo s tD a t ab a se,upd a ted June2015. A v a il ab le f ro mh t tp : / /d a t ab an k. wo r ldb an k .o r g /a nd h t tp : / /www .une s c ap .o r g / t id / ar tne t / t r ade co s t s . a sp . No t e s :T r ad eco e rp re teda st a r i f fe qu i v a len t s .Pe r cent a gech an ge s int r ad eco s t sb e tw ee n2002 -2007an d2008 -2013a r ei n s t sm a y b ein t p a r en th e s e s .C , ar ibbe an :Domi n i c anR epub l i c ,J a m a i c a ;Cen t r al Ame r i c a : Me x i co , Gua tem a l a ,Co s t aRi c a ; Sou thAme r i ca : B ra z i l ,A r gen t ina le .A S EAN -4 : Indo ne s i a ,M a l a y s i a ,Ph i l ipp in es ,Th a i l a nd ;EU -3 :Ge rm any , F r an ce ,Un i t ed Kin gdom . Co lomb i a ,Chi H i ght r ad e co s t s inth er e g i ona reare s ul to f mu l t ip le ef a c to r s ,mos tno t ab l y ,a nin su f f i c i en ts to c k o fe conomi ndS án c h e z2014 c( in c lud in gt r an spo r t )i n f r a s t ru c tu re(P e r ro t t ia ndS án c h e z2011 ;L a rdéa ) . t ar i f fc th N e v e r th el e s s ,in e f f i c i e n c iesinad min i s t r a t i v epro cedu re sa l sor a i s eth enon os t so ft r ade ,bo ere g ionan dw i the x t r a -r e g ion a lp a rt ne r s .A g a in stth i sb a c k g round ,m a k ingp e w i th in th ro g re s sonth 2 t r ad ef a c i l i t a t iona g end as e em sc ru c i a ltoimp ro v eth er e g ion ’ sin t e rn a t ion a lcomp e t i t i v en e s sandto enh an c ei t sp a r t i c ip a t ionin in t e rn a t ion a l p rodu c t ionn e two r k s . Th econ c lu s i ono fth eT r ad eF a c i l i t a t ionA g r e emen to fth eWo r ldT r ad eO r g an i z a t ion(W TO )in 2 t son go in gr a t i f i c a t ionp ro c e s sh a v eb rou gh tin c r e a s eda t t en t iontoth i si s su e . D e c emb e r2013andi U s in gth er e su l t so fth eG lob a lSu r v e y ,th i sr epo r ts e e k stoe s t ab l i s hb en chm a rk s ,o rcoun t r yb a s e l in e s , tod e t e rm ineth e cu r r e n t imp l emen t a t ionl e v e l so fr e gu l a t io n s and p ro c edu re sr e l a t edto t r ad e f a c i l i t a t ion ,p ap e r l e s st r ad e ,c ro s s -bo rd e rp ap e r l e s st r ad eandt r an s i tf a c i l i t a t i ona c ro s sth er e g ion .B y do in gso ,th eR epo r tp ro v id e sanind i c a t iono fhowp r ep a r ed ther e g ioni stob e g inimp l em en t i n gth e n ewd i s c ip l in e scon t a i n edinth eW TOT r ad eF a c i l i t a t io nA g r eem en t .Th i sm ay ,intu rn ,h elpfo cu sth e e f fo r t so fL a t i nAm e r i c an andC a r ibb e ango v e rnm e n t sontho s ea r e a s wh e r eth e r ea r et e chn i c a land l e g a lg ap s , in c lud i n gth rou ghin t e rn a t ion a l coop e r a t io np ro g r am s . em a in d e ro fth i sf i r s tse c t iond e s c r ib e sth es t ru c tu r e Th i sr epo r ti ss t ru c tu r eda sfo l low s .Th er andm e thodo lo g yo fth esu r v e yandhowth ere su l t sw e r et abu l a t edan dan a l y z ed .Th es e conds e c t ion rL a t inAme r i c aandth eC a r ibb e anan di t sth r e esub p ro v id e sano v e r v i ewo fth esu r v e y ’ sr e su l t sfo r e g ion s .Th eth i rds e c t ionp ro v id e sad e t a i l edan a l y s i so fimp l em en t a t ionl e v e l sfo re a chc a t e go r yo f m e a su r e scon t a in ed inth esu r v e y .Th efou r ths e c t ionloo k sa tno t ab l ea ch i e v em en t sandcommon ch a l l en g e sinimp l em en t i n gt r ad ef a c i l i t a t ionandp ap e r l e s st r ad em e a su r e sinth er e g ion .Th ef i f th c l ud e s . s e c t ioncon 2 A so fth ew r i t in go fth i sdo cum en t ,N i c a r agu aandT r in id adandTob a gow e r e th eon l ycoun t r i e sf romth er e g ion tor a t i f yth eW TOT r ad eF a c i l i t a t ionA g r e em en t .On c etwo th i rd so fth eW TOm emb e rsh ipr a t i f i e sth eA g r e em en t , i tw i l len t e r in tofo r c e . 3 1 .2M e thodo logyo fth eG loba lSu rv ey 1 .2 .1S t ru c tu r eo fth equ e s t i onna i r e Th equ e s t ionna i r es en ttocoun t r i e sinth eco n t e xto fth eG lob a lSu r v e yi sd i v id edin to3 3 s e c t ion s .S e c t ionAs e e k s toob t a in in fo rm a t ionabou t th ecoun t r yre spond e r , in c lud in gth eo r g an i z a t ion onb eh a l fo f wh i chh eo rsh ei sr e sp ond in g ,jobt i t l e ,y e a r so fe xp e r i en c eint r ad ef a c i l i t a t ionand p a r t i cu l a ra r e a so fe xp e r t i s e .Th e qu e s t ionn a i r e ’ sm a in s e c t io n ,S e c t ion B ,con t a in s 38 qu e s t ion s r e g a rd in gt r ad ef a c i l i t a t io nm e a su r e s and wh i ch f a l lin tofou rb ro adc a t e go r i e s :G en e r a lT r ad e ap er l e s sT r ad eF a c i l i t a t ion ;C ro s s -Bo rd e rP ap e r l e s sT r ad e ;andT r an s i tF a c i l i t a t ion F a c i l i t a t ion M e a su r e s ;P ( s e eT ab l e2 ). T ab le2 :G lob a lSu r ve yonT r adeF a c i l i t a t ionandP ape r le s sT r ade Imp lemen t a t ion :Que s t ion s Gene r a lT F me a su re s T r an sp a r en c y Fo rm a l i t i e s In s t i tu t ion a l a r r an g em en t and coop e r a t ion P ape r le s st r ad e 3 T r adef a c i l i t a t ion me a su re( andque s t ionNo . ) intheque s t ionn a i re 2 .Pub l i c a t iono fe x i s t in gimpo r t e xpo r tr e gu l a t ion sonth eIn t e rn e t 3 .S t a k eho l d e rcon su l t a t ionon n ew d r a f tr e gu l a t ion s(p r io rto th e i rf in a l i z a t ion ) 4 .Ad v an cepub l i c a t ion /no t i f i c a t ion o f newr e gu l a t i onb e for eth e i rimp l em en t a t ion ( e . g . , 30d ay s p r io r ) l i n g(ont a r i f fc l a s s i f i c a t ion ) 5 .Ad v an c eru 9 .Ind ep end en t ap p e a lm e chan i sm( fo rt r ad e r stoap p e a lCus tom san do th e rr e l e v an tt r ad e con t ro la g en c i e s ’ru l in g s ) 6 .R i s km an a g em en t( a sab a s i sfo rd e c id in gwh e th e rash ipm en tw i l lb e o r no tph y s i c a l l y in sp e c t ed ) 7 .P r e a r r i v a lp ro c e s s in g 8 .Po s t c l e a r an c eaud i t 10 .S ep a r a t iono fR e l e a s ef romf in a l d e t e rm in a tiono fcu s tom sdu t i e s , t a x e s ,f e e sandch a r g e s 11 .E s t ab l i shm en tandpub l i c a tiono fa v e r a g er e l e a s et im e s 12 .T r ad ef a c i l i t a t ionm e a su r e sfo rau tho r i z edop e r a to r s xp e d i t edsh ipm en t s 13 .E 14 .A c c ep t an c eo f p ap e ro re l e c t ron i cco p i e so fsuppo r t in gdo cum en t sr e qu i r edfo rimpo r t , e xpo r to rt r an s i tfo rm a l i t i e s . 1 .E s t ab l i shm en to fan a t ion a lt r ad ef a c i l i t a t io ncomm i t t e eo rs im i l a rbod y 31 .Coop e r a t ionb e tw e ena gen c i e sonth eg rounda tth e n at ion a l l e v e l 32 .Go v e rnm en ta g en c i e sd e l e g a t in gcon t ro l stoCu s tom s au tho r i t i e s 33 .A l i gnm en to fwo r k in gd a y sandhou r sw i th n ei g hbou r in gcoun t r i e sa tbo rd e rc ro s s in g s ,and l i gnm ento ffo rm a l i t i e sa ndp ro c edu r e sw ithn e i ghbou rin g coun t r i e sa tbo rde rc ro s s in g s 34 .A 15 .E l e c t ron i c / au tom a t edCu s tom sS y s t eme s t ab l i sh ed( e . g . ,A S YCUDA ) t e rn e t conn e c t ion a v a i l a b l etoCu s tomsando th e rt r ad eco n t ro la gen c i e sa tbo rde r 16 .In c ro s s in g s 17 .E l e c t ron i cS in g l e W indow S y s t em 18 .E l e c t ron i csubm i s s iono fCu s tom sd e c l a r a t ion s 19 .E l e c t ron i cApp l i c a t ionandI s su an c e o fT r ad eL i c e n s e s 20 .E l e c t ron i cSubm i s s ion o fS e a C a r go M an i f e s t s l e c t ron i cSubm i s s ion o fA i r C a r goM an if e s t s 21 .E Th equ e s t ionn a i r ec anb ea c c e s s edinEn g l i sh ,Sp an i s hando th e rl an gu a g e sa tth eG lob a lSu r v e y ’ sw ebp a g e : h t tp : / /unn e x t .un e s c ap .o r g / t f fo rum14su r v e y . a sp 4 22 .E l e c t ron i cApp l i c a t ionand I s su an c eo fP re f e r en t i a lC e r ti f i c a t e o fO r i gin 23 .E -P a ym en to fCu s tom sDu t i e sandF e e s 24 .E l e c t ron i cApp l i c a t ionfo rCu s tom s R e fund s 25 .L aw sandr e gu l a t ion sfo re l e c t ron i c t r an s a c t ion sa r einp l a c e ( e . g .e co mm e r c e l aw ,e t r an s a c t ion l aw ) 26 .R e co gn i z edc e r t i f i c a t ionau tho r i t y i s su in gd i g i t al c e r t i f i c a t e stot r ad e r stocondu c te l e c t ron i c t r an s a c t ion s C ro s s -bo rde r 27 .En g a g em e n to fth ecoun t r y int r ad e r e l a t edc ro s s -bo rd e re l e c t ron i cd a t ae x ch an g ew i th p ape r le s st r ad e o th e rcoun t r i e s 28 .C e r t i f i c a t eo fO r i g in e l e c t ron i c a l l y e x ch an g e db etw e enyou rcoun t r ya ndo th e rcoun t r i e s an i t a r y& Ph y to S an i t a r yC e r t i f i c a t ee l e ct ron i c a l l ye x ch an g edb e tw e enyo u rcoun t r yan d 29 .S o th e rcoun t r i e s 30 .B an k sandin su r e r s inyou rcoun t r yr e t r i e v in g l e t t e r s o fc r ed i t e l e c t r on i c a l l yw i thou tlo d g in g p ap e r -b as eddo cum en ts 35 .T r an s i tf a c i l i t a t iona g r e em en t ( s )w i thn e i ghbou r in gcoun t r y ( i e s ) T r an s i tf a c i l i t a t ion 36 .Cu s tom sAu tho r i t i e s l im i tth eph y s i c a l in sp e c t ion so ft r an s i tgood sandu s er i s ka s s e s sm en t 37 .Suppo r t in gp r e a r r i v a lp ro c e s s in gfo rt r an s i tf a c i l i t a t ion 38 .Coop e r a t ionb e tw e ena gen c i e so fcoun t r i e s in vo l v ed int r an s i t No t e :T r an sp a ren c ym e a su re s co r r e spondtoQue s t ion s2 ,3 ,4 ,5a nd9 ,re sp e c t i ve l y ; Fo rm a l i t ie sm e a su re s co r re spondtoQu e s t ions6 , 7 ,8 ,10 ,11 ,12 ,13,and14 ,r e sp e c t i v e l y ;In s t i tu t ion a lA r r an g em enta ndCoop e r a tion m e a su re sco r re spondtoQu e s t ions1 ,31 ,32 ,33, an d34 ,re sp e c t i v e l y ;P ape r le ssT r adem e a su re s co r r e spon dtoQue s t ion s15 ,16 ,17 ,18,19 ,20 ,21,22 ,23 ,and24,r e sp e c t i v e l y ;C ro s s bo rde rp ap e r les st r ad em e a su re sco r re spondto Qu e s t ions25 ,26 ,27 ,28 ,and29 ,r e sp e c t i v e l y ;T r an s i tf a c i l i t a t i onm e a su re s co r re spo nd toQu e s t ions35 ,36 ,37and38 , r e sp e c t i v e l y( se eAnne x1 ) . E a chqu e s t ioninS e c t ionBh a sf i v epo s s ib l er e sp on s e s :( i )To t a l l yImp l em en t ed ;( i i )P a r t i a l l y Imp l em en t ed ;( i i i )P i lo tS t a g e ;( i v )NotImp lem en t e d ;o r( v )Don ’ tKnow .Fo re a chqu e s t ion ,coun t r y r ep r e s en t a t i v e sa l soh adth eop t iono fp ro v id in gasho r tn a r r a t iv eonan yp ro g r e s so rimp ro v em en t m ad eo v e rth el a s t12 mon th sfo rth em e a su r ea ti s su ea sw e l la san yo th e rin fo rm a t ionth ecoun t r y r ep r e s en t a t i v em a yd e ema sv a lu ab l eandr e l e v an t .F in a l l y , S e c t io nCa s k scoun t r yr e spond e r sto ind i c a t e as m ad eth e mo s tp ro g r e s sinimp l em en t a t iono v e r uptoth r e em e a su r e sinwh i chh i so rh e rcoun t r yh th el a s t 12 mon th s ,to d e s c r ib ean yo th e r impo r t an tt r ad ef a c i l i t a t ion m e a su r e s and in i t i a t i v e s imp l em en t ed inth el a s t12 mon th s ,an dtoid en t i f yth e mo s ts e r i ou sch a l l en g e sf a c edb yth ecoun t r yin imp l em en t in g t r ad ef a c i l i t a t ionm e a su re s . 1 . 2 . 2Coun t r yPa r t i c ip a t i on ,Da taC o l l e c t i on ,andD a t aV a l id a t i on Th equ e s t ionn a i r ew a sd i s t r ibu t edto28coun t r i e s inL a t inAm e r i c aandth eC a r ibb e an ,a c ro s sa l l th r e esub r e g i on s :C en t r a lAm e r i c aan dM e x ico ,th eC a r ibb e an ,andSou t hAme r i c a .Th eque s t ionn a i r e s w e r ed i r e c t eda tgo v e rnm en ta g en c i e sin vo l v edint r ad ef a c i l i t a t ionan dre l a t edm a t t e rs ,e sp e c i a l l y Cu s tom sa g en c i e sandM in i s t r i e so fT r ad eandIndu s t r y .Fo c a lpoin t sw i th ingo v e rnm en ta g en c i e sw e r e e s t ab l i sh edth rou ghEC LA C ’ sn e two r kandr e sou r c e sand ,insom ein s t an c e s ,th rou ghco l l a bo r a t ionw i th s so c i a t iono fC a r ibb e anS t a t e s(AC S )andth eS e c r e t a r i a tfo rC en t r a lAm e ri c an E conom i cIn t e g r a t ion th eA ( S I ECAinSp an i sh ) .D a t aco l l e c t ionandd a t av a l id a t io n( a sd e s c r ib edbelow )too kp l a c eo ve rth ecou r s e 5 o fapp ro x im a t e l ye i gh tmon th sf romNov emb e r2014un ti lJu l y2015 .O fth e28coun t r i e sth a tr e c e i v ed 4 su r v e y s ,19p ro v id edr e spon s e s( s e eT ab l e3 ) . T ab le3 :L a t inAme r i c anandC a r ibbe ancoun t r ie sandgo ve rnmen ta gen c ie sp a r t i c ip a t in g intheG lob a l Su r ve yonT r adeF a c i l i t a t ionandP ape r le s sT r ade Imp lemen t a t ion Coun t r y B a rb ado s Dom in i c anR epub l i c Su r in am e T r in id ada ndTob a go Sub re g ion C a r ibb e an C a r ibb e an S C u a r i r i n b a b m e e an C a r ibb e an Co s t aR ic a E lS a l v ado r C en t r a lAm e r i c a&M ex i co C en t r a lAm e r i c a& M e x i co Gu a t em a l a Hondu r a s M e x i co C en t r a lAm e r i c a&M ex i co C en t r a lAm e r i ca&M e x i co C en t r a lAm e r i ca&M e x i co N i c a r a gu a C en t r a lAm e r i ca&M e x i co P an am a Bo l i v i a(P lu r in a t ion a l S t a t eo f ) B r a z i l C en t r a lAm e r i ca&M e x i co Sou t hAm e r i c a Ch i l e Co lomb i a E cu ado r P a r a gu a y P e ru U ru gu a y Sou t hAm e r i c a Sou thAm e r i ca Sou t hAm e r i c a Sou t hAm e r i c a Sou t hAm e r i c a Sou t hAm e r i c a Sou t hAm e r i c a P a r t i c ip a t in gGo ve rnmen tA g en c y M in i s t r yo fFo r e i gnA f f a i r s an dFo r e i g nT r ad e G en e r a lCu s tomsD i r e c to r a t e Cu s tom s M in i s t r yo fT r ad e ,Indu s t r y , In v e s tm en tan d Commun i c a t ions N a t ion a lCu s tom sS e r v i c e C en t r alR e s e r v eB an ko fE l S a l v ado r ,C en t e rfo r Impo r t an dE x po r tP ro c e s s e s M in i s t r y o fE con om y C en t e rfo rE xpo r tP ro c e s s e s S e c r e t a r i a to f F in an c eandPub l i cC r ed i t ,T a x M an a g em en tS e r v i c e M in i s t r y o fP rodu c t ion ,Indu s t r yan dComm er c e to g e th e rw i thth eG en e r a lD i r e c to r a t eo f Cus tom s S e r v i c e sand In t e r in s t i tu t ion a lComm i t t e efo rT r ad e F a c i l i t a t ion N a t ion a lCu s tom sAu tho r i t y S an t aC ru zCh amb e ro fE xpo r t e r s S e c r e t a r i a to fF ed e r a l R e v enueo fB r a z i lan dth e Coun c i lo fFo r e i gnT r ad e N a t ion a lCu s tom sS e r v i c e N a t ion a l D i r e c to r a t efo rT a x a t i onan dCu s toms N a t ion a l Cu s tomsS e r v i c eo fE cu ado r N a t ion a l Cu s tomsD i r e c to r a t e M in i s t r y o fT r ad ean dTo u r i sm N a t ion a l D i r e c to r a t efo rCu s toms Sou r c e :Au tho r s ,b a s edon G lob a lSu r v e yon T r ad eF a c i l i t a t ionandP ap e r l e s sT r ad e2014 -2015 . Upon r e c e i v in gcomp l e t edqu e s t ionn a i r e sf romcoun t r yr ep r e s en t a t i v e s ,r e spon s e stoe a chqu e s t ion w e r et abu l a t edanda s s i gn edacomm on ,p r e -d e t e rmin ednum e ri c a ls co r e ,soa stoen ab l ecomp a r i s on s er e g ionanda l soa c ro s sth ed i f f e r en tr e g ion sp a r t i c ip a t in g inth eG lob a lSu r v e y b e tw e encoun t r i e sw i th inth (A s i a ,A f r i c a, e t c . ) .Ar e spon s eo f“ Fu l l Imp l em en t a t ion ”r e c e i v ed3poin t s , “ P a r t i a lImp l em en t a t i on ”r e c e i v ed in t s, “ P i l o tS t a g e ”r e c e i v ed1poin t ,and“No t Imp l em en t ed ”r e c e i v ed0 po in t s. 2po 4 Inth ec a s eo fth eP lu r in a t ion a l S t a t eo fBo l iv i a ,r e spon s e sw e r ep ro v id ed b y th eS an t aC ru zCh amb e ro fE xpo r t e r s (CAD EX ) ,ap r i v a t e ,no t fo r -p ro f i to r g an i z at ioncomm i t t edtop romo t inggood sands e r v i c e se xpo r t sf romth e .Th eP lu r in a t ion a lS t a t eo fBo l iv i ai sth eon l y D ep a r tm en to fS an t aC ru z( s e eh t tp : / /www . c ad e x .o r g /CAD EX . a sp x) p a r t i c ip a t ingcoun t r y wh e r er e spon s e stoth eSu r v e yw er ep ro v id ed b yap ri v a t e ,bu s in e s ss e c to ra s so c i a t ion in s t e ado fago v e rnm en ta g en c y .CAD EX ’ sr e spon s e sdono tn e c e s s a r i l yr e f l e c tth epo s i t iono fth ego v e rnm en to f th eP lu r in a t ion a lS t a t eo fBo l i v i aont r ad ef a c i l i t a t ionandp ap e r l e s st r ad em a t t e r s . 6 A f t e rth ein i t i a lt abu l a t ion ,EC LACr e v i ew edth er e spon s e sandcondu c t edind ep end e n td e s k r e s e a r ch ino rd e rtocon f i rmo ram endth er e spon s e sp ro v id edb ycoun t r yr ep r e s en t a t i v e s .Th i sen t a i l ed id en t i f y i n ga nd e v a lu a t in gth el e g a land po l i c yf r am ewo r k ,p ro c edu r e sandp r a c t i c e s ,in s t i tu t ion a l f r am ewo r k ,ph y s i c a landd i g i t a lin f r a s t ru c tu r e ,andhum anan df in an c i a lre sou r c e sinp l a c efo re a ch m e a su r einqu e s t ion . Mo r e sp e c i f i c a l l y ,th efo l lo w in gd e f in i t ion sw e r eu s edto d e t e rmin el e v e l so f imp l em en t a t i on : • Am e a su r ei scon s id e r eda s“ Fu l l yImp l em en t ed ”i fa l lo fth efo l low in ge l em en t sa r einfo r c e : ( i )Le g a lF r am ewo r k ;( i i )H a rmon i z edp ro c edu r e sa ndp r a c t i c e s ;( i i i )In s t i tu t io n a lF r am ewo r k ; ( i v )Ad equ at eh a rdin f r a s t ru c tu r e(w h e r en e c e s sa r y ) ;( v )In fo rm a t ionandCommun i c at ion s T e ch no lo g y ;and( v i )Adequ a t eHum anand F in an c i a lR e sou r c e s . Add i t ion a l l y ,a m e a su r emus tb e a v a i l ab l efo rth eimme d i a t eandun cond i t ion a lu s eb yr e l e v an ts t a k eho ld e r s in c lud in g , in t e ra l i a , cu s tom su s e rs .Gu id anc ec anb esou gh tinr e l e v an tin t e rn a t ion a ls t and a rd sandb e s tp r a c t i c e s in c lud in g ,fo re x amp l e , theIn t e rn a t ion a lCon v ent iononth eS imp l i f i c a t ionand H a rmon i z a t iono f ro cedu r e s( a l sor e f e r r edtoa sth e“R e v i s edK yo toCon v en t ion ” ) ,th eUn i tedN at ion s Cu s tom sP C en t r efo rT r ad eF a c i l i t a t i onandE l e c t r on i cBu s in e s s(UN /C E FAC T )R ecomm en d a t ion s ,th eW TO T r ad eF a c i l i t a t ionA g r e ementanda c comp an y in ggu id e l in e scon t a i n ed inth eW TOA g r e em enton T r ad eF a c i l i t a t ion S e l fA s s e s sm en t Gu id e , and /o r th e Un i t ed N a t ion s Comm i s s ion on In t e rn a t ion a lT r ad eL aw (UNC I TRA L )Mod e lL awonE l e c t ron i cComm e r c e . • Am e a su r ei sco n s id e r eda s“P a r t i a l l yImp l em en t ed ”i f ,w i th r e sp e c ttoth eL e g a lF r am ewo r k , H a rmon i z ed P ro c edu re sa ndP r a c t i c e s ,In s t i tu t ion a lF r am ewo r k ,Ad equ at eH ardIn f r a s t ru c tu r e (wh e r en e c e s s a r y) ,In fo rm a t io nan dCommun i c a t ion sT e chno lo g y ,an dAd equ at eHum anand F in an c i a lR e sou r c es ,e i th e r :( i )a tl e a s ton e ,bu tno ta l lo fth ee l em en t s ,a r einfo r c e ;( i i )on eo r mo r ee l em en t sa r eonl y p a r t i a l lyin fo r c eo rh a v eno ty e tb e enpu tin p r a c t i c e;o r ( i i i )som eo r a l lo f th ee l em en t sa r einfo r c ebutp r a c t i c ed onanadhoco ra rb i t r a r yb a s i sa ndnota v a i l a b l efo rth e imm ed i a t e an dun cond i t iona lu seb yr e l e v an ts t a k eho ld e r sin c lud in g , in t e r a l i a ,cu s tom su s e r s . • Am e a su r ei scon s id e r edinth e“P i lo tS t a g eo fImp lem en t a t ion ”i f i ti sb e in gimp l em en t edona t r i a lb a s i sand /o ri sa v a i l ab l e on l ytoav e r ysm a l l po r t iono fs t a k eho ld e r s .Th i ss t a g eo f r eh e a r s a l sand p r epa r a t ionfo rfu l limp l em en t a t ion . imp l em en t a t iona l so in c lud e sr e l e v an t • Am e a su r ei scon s id e r eda s“No tImp l em en t ed ”i fth ego v e rnme n th a sno tt a k enan ys t ep sto : e v elop aL e g a lF r am ewo r k ;( i i )H a rmon i z ep ro c edu re s and p r a c t i c e s ;( i i i )C r e a t ean ( i )D In s t i tu t ion a lF r am ewo r k ;( i v )P ro v id ead equ a t e h a rdin f r a s t ru c tu r e(wh e r e n e c es s a r y ) ;( i v )C r e a t e and /o ru t i l i z er e l e v an ta nd n ec e s s a r y In fo rm a t ion and Commun i c a t ion sT e chno lo g y ; and equ a t ehum anandf in a n c i a lR e sou r c esfo rth eimp l em en t a t iono fa m e a su r e .Th i s ( v )P ro v id ead do e sno te x c lud eth epo s s ib i l i t yth a tal e g a lb en chm a r k ,n e ed san a l y s i sand /o rf e a s ib i l i t ys tud y r epa r a to r ys t ep sh a v eb e ent a k en in an t i c ip a t iono fe v entu a limp l em en t a t ion . o ro th e rp Coun t r yr e spon s e sv a l id a t edb yEC LAC–th a t i s tos a y ,an sw e r sco n f i rm edo ram end edb yEC LAC b a s eduponind ep end e n td e s kr e s e a r chu s in gp r ima r yands e cond a r ysou r c e s–a r econ s id e r eda sf in a l . Th eg r aph s ,t ab l e sandan a l y s i sp r e s en t edin th i sr epo r ta r eb a s eduponv a l id a t ed d at a . 7 2T rad eFa c i l i ta t ioninLa t inAm e r i caandth eCa r ibb ean :Ov e rv i ew O v e r a l l ,th er e su l t so fth eG lob a l Su r v e yshowth a tth er e g ionh a sm ad econ s id e r ab l ep ro g r e s sin imp l em en t in gt r ad ef a c i l i t a t ion m e a su r e s .B a s edonr e spon s e sto30o fth e38qu e s t ion so fth eSu r v e y , 5 th ea v e r a g ele v e lo fimp l em en t a t ionfo rL a t inAm e r i caandth eC ar ibb e ani s67% ( S e eF i gu r e3 ) . F i gu re3 :O ve r a l l Imp lemen t a t iono ft r adefa c i l i t a t ionandP ape r le s sT r ade Me a su re s in19LAC Coun t r ie s( inpe r cen t a geo fthe ma x imumpo s s ib les co re ) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% T r an sp a r en c y Fo rm a l i t i e s In s t i tu t ion a la r r an g em en tand coop e r a t ion P ap e r l e s st r ad ef a c i l i t a t ion C ro s s -bo rd e rp ap e r l e s st r ad e Sou r ce :EC LAConth eb a s i so fd a t aob t a in ed th ro u ghth eG lob a lSu r v e yon T r ad eF a c i l i t a t io nandP ap e rl e s s T r ad eIm p l em en t a t ion2015 . A sc anb es e eninF i gu r e3 ,th i r t e eno fn in et e enp a r t i c ip a t in gcoun t r i e se x c e edth er e g ion a l a v e r a g eb ybetw e en3an d16p e r c ent a g epo in t s . Ap a r t i cu l a r l ys t ron gp e r fo rm an c ew a ss e enin Sou t h Am e r i c a ,wh e re7o fth e8p a r t i c ip a tin gcoun t r i e s e x c e ed edth ea v e r a g er e g ion a limp l em en t a t ionr a t eb y 5 Th er em a in in ge i gh tqu e s t ionsw e r eno tcon s id e r edfo rth epurpo s e so fF i gu r e1 ,s in c eth e yw e r eno tapp l i c ab l e toa l lcoun t r i e sinth es amp l e .Th equ e s t ion se x c lud eda r e :20( E l e c t ron i cSubm i s s iono fS e aC a r go M an i f e s t s ) ,33 a y sandhou r s w ithn e i ghbo r in gcoun t r i e sa tbo rde rc ro s s in g s ) ,34(A l i gnm en to ffo rm a l i t i e s (A l i gnm en to fwo r k in gd and p ro c edu re sw i th n e i ghbo r in gcoun t r i e sa t bo rd e rc ro s s in g s ) , 35( T r an s i tf a c i l i t a t ion a g r e em en t sw i th n e i ghbo r in gcoun t r i e s ) , 36(Cu s tom sau tho r i t i e sl im i t th e ph y s i c a lin sp e c t ion o ft r an s i tgood sand u s er i s k a s s e s sm en t ) ,37( Suppo r t in gp r e a r r i v a lp ro c e s s in gfo rt r an s i tf a c i l i t a t ion ) ,and38(Coo p e r a t ionb e tw e ena g en c i e s o fcoun t r i e sin vo l v edint r an s i t ) .Add it ion a l l y ,Qu e s t ion30 ,r e l a t in gtob an k sandin su r e r sb e in gab l etor e t r i e v e l e t t e r so fc r ed i te l e c t ron i c a l l yw i thou tlod g in gp ap e r -b as eddo cum en t s ,w a se x c lud eda sar e su l to fth en e a r l y un an imou sr e sp on s e so f“Don ’ t Know”b yp a r t i c ip a t in gLA Ccoun t r i e s . 8 6 nd15p er c en t a g epo int s . Inth eg roupcompo s edb yC en tr a lAme r i c aa nd M e x i co ,5 o f7 b e tw e en3a e g ion a li p a r t i c ip at in gcoun t r i e se x c e ed edthea ve r a ger mp l emen t a t ion r a te b yb e tw e e n7 a nd16 p e r c en t ag e po in t s . Ca eo th e r han d ,h ad l owe r pe r fo rman c el e v e l s r ibb e an co un t r ie s , on th .The epub l i cwa a limp l em en Dom in i c anR sth eon l yc oun t r yw i th inth i sg roupth a te x c eed e dth er e g ion t a t io n r a t e(b y4p eo th e rt e r c en t a gepo int s ) ,wh i leth h r e eC a r ibbe anp a r t i c ip at in gcoun t r i e sr e g i s t e r eds co re s w e l lb e lowth a ta ve r a ge . Amon ga l lp a r t i c ipa t in gcoun t r i e s ,anda c r os sa l lme a su r e s ,M e x i co oand t a t ion ,83%a Co lomb i ah a v eth eh ig h es tl e v e l sofimp l emen nd82%r e s pe c t i ve l y ,fo l low edb yE c uado r a l v ado r(8 1% )and Ch i le(77% ) .Conv e r sel y ,Bo l iv i aandSu r in helowe s tl e v (81% ) ,E lS am eh a v et e l so f imp l em e nt a t i ona c ro s sa l l m e a su r es . c an F i gu re4:GDPpe rc a p i t a(2013 ,PPP )andt r adef a c i l i t a t ionimp lemen t a t ionr a te so fL a t inAme r i andC a r ibbeancoun t r ie s( Incu r r en t in te rn a t ion a ldo l l a r sa ndpe r cen ta ge s o fthe m a x imum m po s s ib les co re ) Sou r ce : EC LAConth e ba s i so fd a t a ob t a in ed th rou g h th eG lob a l Su r v e yon T r a de F a c i l i t a t ionand P ap e r l e s sT r ad e Imp l emen t a t ion2015 ,andIn t e rn a t ion a lMone t a r yFund ,Wo Wr ldE c onom i cOu t lookD a t aba s e ,Ap r i l2015 . No te s :BRB:B a rbado s .BO L:Bo l i v i a(P . S . ) .BRA :B ra z i l .CHI : i a .CR I : Co s taR uado r .S LV :E lS a l v ado r . Ch i l e .CO L :Co lomb i c a .ECU :E c GUA :Gu a tem a l a.HND :Hondu r a s .M EX :Me Mx i co .N IC :N ic a r a gu a .PAN :Pan am a .PAR :Pa r a gu a y .P ER :Pe ru .DOM :Domi mn i c an R epub l i c .S UR :Su r in am e . T AT :T r in id adan dTob a g o .URU :Uru gu a y . Ov e r a l l ,th e r ei sapo s i t i veco r re l a t ionb e tw e enco un t r ys co r e sinth eG loba lSu r ve yan dp e r x c ep t ion s .Fo re x amp le e c ap i t ain c ome .Howev e r ,th e r ea r eimpo r t an te ,thetwoc oun t r ie sw i thth r in a a te s lowe s ts c o r e s ,th eP lur in a t ion a lS t a teo fBo l i v i aandSu me ,ob t a inedid en t i c a lim pl em e n t a t ionr s2 .7 (31% )d es e a su redinpu p i t eth ef a c tth a tSu r in a m e ’ sp e rc a pi t aGDP–m r cha s in gpow e rp a r i t y -i t im e sth a to f Bo l i v i a .T r in id adandTob a go ,b yf a rth er i ch e s tcoun t r yw it h inth es am pl eint e rm sofp e r 6 Th er e su l t sfo rSou thAm e r i c a shou l db ein t e rp r e t edw i th som ec au t io n ,s in c ethe ye x c lud eA r gen tin aa ndth e epub l i co fVe n e zue l a ,twoo fth el a r g e s te conom i e si nth i ssub r e g i onan dwh e r et r ad eb a r r i e rsh a ve Bo l i v a r i anR i nre cen tye a r s . in c r e a s ed 9 ,a l soob t ai n edab e lowa v e r a g es co r ve y .B ycon t r a s t ,P a r a gua y ,Gu a t em a laand c ap i t aGDP r einth eSu rc ap i t aGDPwe e sp e c i a l l yE lS a l v ado r ob t a in edab ove a ve r a ges co r e s inth eS u r vey ,d e sp iteh a v in gape l l b e lowth es amp le ’ sa v e r a geo f13, 996do l l a r s( s e eF i gu r e4) di c a t e sth a tothe rv a r i ab l e sa re .A l lth i sin a l sore le v an t ine xp l a i nin gacoun t r y ’ spe r fo rma n c e ,su cha sin s t i tu t ion a lc ap a c i t i e s ,be in gani s l an do ra t e g r a t ion me i th l and lo c k e d coun t r y , and be in g pa r to ff re et r ad ea g r e emen t so rin chan i sm sw e n s i vet r ad ef a c i l i t a t ionc omm i tm ent s ,amon go ther s . comp r eh 2 .1 .Impl em en ta t io no fT rad eFa c i l i ta t ionandPap e r l e s sT rad eMe M a su r e s inLACSub r egio ns on sdemon st a r i sono fo ve r a l ll e ve l so fimp l e m en ta t iona mon g th et hr e esub r e g i r a te s Acomp th a tC ent r a lAm e r i c aan dM e x i co h a v eth eh ig he s tle ve l sofimp lemen t a t ion w i tha na ve r a ger a t eo f 74% .Cent r a lAm e r i caandMe x ic c oa r efo l lo wed b ySou t h Am e r i cawh i ch h a sa na ve r a ger a t eo f imp l em e nt a t i ono f70% andthe C ar ibbe anw i thana v e r a g er a t eo f51%( s e eF i gu re5 ) . s F i gu r e5 : Imp leme nt a t iono fT r a deF a c i l i t a t ionandP aper le s sT rade Ma Me su re s inLACsub re g ion ( Inpe r cen t a ge so ft he m a x imum po s s ib les c ore Sou r ce :EC LAConth e ba s i so fd a t a ob t a in ed th rou g h th eG lob a l Su r v e yon T r a de F a c i l i t a t ionand P ape r le s sT r ad e Imp l emen t a t ion2015 . No te s: A v er a g e sfo rsub r e g ion sa r e ind i c a t edb yr ed l in e s ;Imp nr a t e sfo r ind i v i du a lcoun t r i e sa r e ind i c a t edb yb l em en t a t io lu e d i amond s . C en t r a lAm e r ic aandM e x i co ’ sh i gha ve r a g e i sdu e ,i np a r t ,to M ex x i c o ’ sh i ghi mp lemen t a t ionr a t e (83% ) .Inf re v iou s ly a c t ,a sno tedp , Me x i coi stheh i ghe s tp er fo rm in gcoun t r yr e g i on -w id ea c r os sa l l me a su res lS a l v ado r ,Gu a tem a l a ,Co .Amon gC ent r a lAm e r i ca nco un t r i e s ,E s t aR i c aan dP an am a pr e sen t w i thimp l emen t a t ionr a te so f81%,76% ,76% ,a nd74% ,re s pe c t iv e l y .N ic a r a gu aandHondu r a s ,th etwo low e s t in c omecoun t r i e sw i th int hi ssub g roupo fcoun t r i e s-per fo rms l i gh t l yb e low th esub r e g ion a l 10 a v e r a g ea t64%and 60%,r e sp e c t i v e l y . Th er e l a t i v e l yh ighle v e l so fp e r fo rm an c eam on gC en t r a l Am e r i c ancoun t r i e sa r ear e su l to faco mmon l e g a landr e gu l a to r ycu s tom sf r am ewo r k ,th eUn i fo rm C en t r a lAm e r i c anCu s tom sCod e( “Cod i goAdu an e roUn i fo rm eC en t ro am e r i c ano ”o rCAUCAinSp an i sh ) , wh i chh a sr e su l t edinas imp l i f i c a t iono f impo r tande xpo r tp ro c edu r e sa sw e l la sc ro s s -bo rd e re l e c t ron i c e x ch an g eo fin fo rm a t ion . Mo s tno t ab l y , CAUCAh a ss e r v eda sth el e g a lb a s i sfo rth ec r e a t ionandu s eo f “ Fo rm u l a r io Adu an e ro Ún i co C en t ro am e r i cano ” ) , as in g l ee l e c t ron i ccu s tom sfo rm u s ed FAUCA ( th rou ghou tC en t r a lAme r i c afo rimpo r t in gande xpo r t in ggood sa ndwh i cha l sodoub l e sa saC e r t i f i c a t e o fO r i g in .Th eS e c r e t a r i a tfo rC en t r a lAm e r i c anE conom i c In t e g r a t ion( “ S I ECA ”b y i t s a c ron y m inSp an i sh ) h a sb e enin s t rum en t a l insuppo r t in gth e s ein i t i a t i v e sa sp a r to f i t sv a s te f fo r t stofo s t e re conom i c ,t r ade andso c i a lin t e g r a t ionin th esub r e g ion . O th e rf a c t o r scon t r ibu t in gtoC en tr a lAm e r i ca ’ ssu c c e s sint r ad ef a c i l i t a t ionan dp ap e r l e s st r ad e po l i c i e sin c lud eth eF r e eT r ad eA g r e emen tan dth eA s soc i a t ion A g r e emen t info r c ew ithth eUn i t edS t a t e s andth eEu rop e anUn ion ,r e sp e c t i v e l y .Th eC en t r al Am e r i c a -Dom in i c anR epub l i c -Un it edS t a t e sF r e eT r ad e 7 A g r e em en t (CA F TA -DR ) ,whi ch en t e r e din tofo r c e in2 00 5 ,con t a in sa“Cu s tom sAdm in i s t r a t ionan dT r ad e F a c i l i t a t ion ”ch ap t e rwh i ch i sb ro adins cop e a ndco n t a in scomm i tm en t sr an g in gf romR e l e a seo fGoodsto R i s kM an ag em en ttoAd v an c eRu l in g s ,amon go th e r s.S im i l a r l y ,in2 0 1 3 ,th eEu rop e anUn ion -C en t r a l Am e r i c aA s so c i a tionA g r e em en t8 en t e r edin tofo r c ew i th a“Cu s tom sandT r ad eF a c i l i t a t ion ”ch ap t e r con t a in i n g amp l ecomm i tm e n t s on cu s tom san dt r ad e r e l a t edp ro c edu re sands t a t e sth a tcu s tom s l e g i s l a t ion an dp ro c edu r e ssh a l l b eb a s ed ,in t e ra l i a ,uponth eWo r ld Cu s tomsO r g an i z a t ionF r am ewo r ko f S t and a rd stoS e cu r ean dF a c i l i t a t eG loba lT r ad e .Inth i sv e in ,th eEu rop e anUn ionh a sd e l i v er eds i gn i f i c an t t e chn i c a la s s i s t an c ean dc ap a c i t ybu i ld in gtosuppo r timp l em en t a t iono fth eA s so c i a tionA g r e em en t th rou ghth e PRA IAAp ro g r am( “P ro y e c toR e g iona ld eApo yoa l aIn t e g r a c ió nE c onóm i c aC en t ro am e r i c anay al a Imp l em en t a c iónd e lA cu e rdod eA so c i a c ión ”in Sp an i s h ) . S e condamon gth esub re g ion si sSou t hAme r i c aw i tha70%a v e r a g er a t eo fimp l emen t a t ion . Co lomb i a ,E cu ado r ,Ch i l e ,B r a z i landP e ruh a v eth eh i gh es tr a t e so fimp l emen t a t ion inth esu b r e g iona t 82% ,81% ,77% ,74% , an d74% ,r e sp e c t i v e l y .Inth ec a s eo fCo lomb i a ,Ch i l eandP e ru ,th e s e coun t r i e s r ad eA g r e em en t sinfo r c ew i thth eUni t edS t a t e sandth eEu rop e anUn ionth a th a ve h a v eF r e eT 9 e xp an s i v et r ad ef a c i l i t a t io nandcu s tom sadm in i s t r a t ioncomm i tm en t s . E cu a do r ,onth eo th e rh and , 10 tth er e c en t l y do e sno th a veF r e eT r ad eA g r e em ent sw i thth eUn i tedS t a t e so rth eEu rop e anUn ion ,bu imp l em en t ed“ ECUAPA S S ”–aso f tw a r ep ro g r am mod e l eda f t e rKor e a ’ sUN I -PA S Swh i chp erm i t sn e a r l y i g i t a l i z a tiono fcu s tom sp ro c edu re s–he lp edsp i k ei t sa v e r a g e .B r a z i l ’ sh ighper fo rm an c er a t e sc an fu l ld b ea t t r ibu t edtoan e xp an si v edom e s t i c l e g a l f r am ewo r koncu s tom sr e l a t ed m a t t e r sa sw e l lcoop e r a t ion 7 A l lcoun t r i e sinth eC en t r a l Am e r i c ansu b r e g iona r es i gn a to r i e sw i th th ee x c ep t io no fP an am a wh i chh a sa s ep a r a t eF r e eT r ad eA g r e emen tw i thth eUni t edS t a t e s info r c es in c e2012 . 8 Un l i k eCA F TA -DR ,a l l coun t r i e s inth eC en t r a lAm e r i c ansub r e g ion ,in c lud in gP an am a ,a r es i gn a to r i e s . 9 Th eCo lombi a -Un i t edS t a t e sF TAen t e r e din tofo r c ein2012;th eCh i l e-Un i t edS t a t e sF TAen t e r e din tofo r c ein 2004;th eP e ru-Un i t edS t a t e sF TAen t e r edin tofo r c ein2009.Th eCo lomb i a -P e ruEUMu l t ip a r t yT r ad eA g r e em en t en t e r ed in tofo r c e in2013 ;th eCh i l e EUF r e eT r ad e A g r e emen ten t e r edin tofo r c e in2003 . 10 InJu l y 2014, E cu a do ran dth eEu ro p e anUnion con c lu d edn e go t i a t ion sa l low in g E cu ado rto jo inth eColomb i a and P e ru–EU Mu l t ip a r t yT r ad eA g r e em en t . Bo thp a r t i e s in i t i a l edth e a g r e em en t inD e c emb e r2014andp ro c edu r e sfo r r a t i f i c a t iona r eund e rw a y . 11 a tth ebo rd e rw i thf e l lowM ERCO SURm embe rs t a t e s(A r g en t i n a ,U ru gu a y ,an dP a r a gu a y ) . Bo l i v i ai sthe e x c ep t iontoSou thAm e r i ca ’ sh i ghp e r fo rm an c er a t ew i thimp l em en t a t ionl e v e l so fon l y31% ,sh a rp l y b e lowth esub r e g ion a la v e r a g e .T r ad ef a c i l i t a t ione f for t s inBo l i v i aa r eh amp e r edb yanumb e ro ff a c to r s in c lud in g , am on go th e rth i n g s ,b e ingl and lo c k e dand– a c co rd in gtoth er e spon s e sp ro v id edb yCAD EX -a 11 l a c ko fcoo rd in a t ionamon ggo v e rnm en ta g en c i e s . R an k ingth i rdamon gth es ub r e g ion si sth eC a r ibb eanw i th ana v e r a g eimp l em en t a t ionr a t eo f t stwol a r g e s te conom i e s –th e Dom in i c an R epub l i c and T r in id adand Tob a go – h a ve 51% . I imp l em en t a t i onr a t e sabo v eth ea v e r a g ea t71%a nd53% ,r e sp e c t i v e l y .A sp r e v iou s l yi nd i c a t ed ,th e Dom in i c anR epub l i ci sas i gn a to r ytoth eCA F TA -DRF r e eT r ad eA g r e em entan d ,l i k eth eo th e rp a r tn e r s , h a sa c c ep t edandimp l em en t edamp l et r ad ef a c i l i t a t ioncomm i tm en t s .F a l l in gb e lowth esub r e g ion a l a v e r a g ea r eB arb ado s(47% )andSu r in a m e(31% ) . 12 2 .2 Mo s tandL ea s tImp l em en t edT rad eFac i l i ta t ionandPap e r l e s sT rad eM ea su r e s Amon gg roup so fm e a su re s ,T r an sp a r en c y ,Fo rm a l i t i e sandP ap er l e s sT r ad em e a su r e sh av ethe h i gh e s tl e v e l so fimp l em en t a t iona t78% ,73% ,a nd73% ,r e sp e c t i v e l y .Th e ya r efo l low edb yt r an s i t f a c i l i t a t ion m e a su r e sw ith ana v e r a g er a t eo f imp l em en t a t i on o f 61% . Th e low e s tr a t e so f imp l em en t a t i onl i einIn s t i tu t ion a lA r r an g em en t san dCoop e r a t ion m e a su r e s(52% )andC ro s s -bo rd e r p ap e r l e s st r ad emea su r e s ,w i th 46% ( s eeF i gu r e6an dT ab l e3 ) . T r an s i t f a c i l i t a t ion m e a su r e s show th e sm a l l e s tr an g einl e v e l so f comp l i an c e w i th imp l em en t a t i onr an g in gf rom57%to61% .Th i sr e f l e c t sth eempha s i ssom ecoun t r i e sh a v ep l a c edupon t r an s i tf a c i l i t a t ion a sp a r to fb ro ad e rt r ad e ande conom i c in t e g r a t ionpol i c i e s .Fo rt r an sp a r en c y r e eou to ff i v em e a su r e se xh ib itfu l f i l l m en tl e v e l sb e tw e en84%and93% ,r e f l e c t i n gth e m e a su r e s , th con t in u edfo cu sonth e s et yp e so fm e a su r e sinF r e eT r ad eA g r e emen t stowh i chcoun t r i e sinth er e g ion a r es i gn a to r i e s . Con v e r s e l y ,p ap e r l e s st r ad ee xh ib i t sal a r g ed e g r e eo fh e t e ro g enei t y in imp l em en t a t ion .W i th in p ap e r l e s st r ad em e a su r e s ,fo re x amp l e ,th eu s eo fane l e c t ron i c / a u tom a t edcu s tom ss y s t emh a sa98% imp l em en t a t i onr a t e-th eh i gh e s tamon ga l lm e a su r e se x am in ed– m e anwh i l e , e l e c t ron i capp l i c a t ionfo r e fu nd son l yh a sa26%r a t eo fimp lem en t a t i on ,th es e co nd low e s to fa l lm e a su r e san a l y z ed . cu s tom sr As im i l a rt r e ndi ss e eninth ec ro s s -bo rd e rp ap e r l e s st r ad ec a t e go r y ,wh i chin c l ud e son eo fth e m e a su r e sw ithth eh i gh es tl e v e l so fimp l emen t a t i on wh i l ea l socon t a in in gtwoo fth elow e s t r an k ed re x amp l e ,l aw s and re gu l a t ion s fo re l e c t ron i ct r an s a c t ion sh a v e an 84%r a t eo f m e a su r e s . Fo 11 I tshou ldb ebo rn ein m indth a tBo l i v i ai sth eon l yp ar t i c ip a t in gcoun t r ywh e r er e spon s e stoth eG lob a lSu r v e y w e r ep ro v id edb yabu s in e s ss e c to ra s so c i a t ionin s t e ado fago v e rn m en ta g en c y . Th i sm a ya l soe xp l a ini t slow s co r e ,toth ee x t en tth a tth ebu s in e s ss e c to r ’ sp e r c ep t iono fth es t a t eo ft r ad ef a c i l i t a t io n inth ecoun t r yc and i f f e r f romth a to f th en a t ion a lgo v e rnm en t . 12 Th e C a r ibb e ani s und e r r ep r e s en t edinth e G lob a lSu r v e ya son l y4C a r ibb e ann at ion sp a r t i c ip a t ed. W i th in c r e a s ed p a r t i c ip a t ion ,p a r t i cu l a r l yf r omCAR ICOM m emb e rs t a t e sb en e f i t t in gf r omth eW TOA idfo rT r ad eS t r a t e g y ,i t s a v e r a g em ayh a v eb e enh i gh e r . 12 nt a t i on .Ont he o the r h and,e l e c t ron i ce x ch a n g eo fs an i t a r yandph y to s an i t a ryc e r t i f i c a t e sh a sa imp l em e h atth i si sp ar t i a l l y m e r e 11%imp l em en t a t ionr a tea c r o s sth ere g i onw i thon l yt wocoun t r i e sind i c a t in gt imp l em e nt edandtwo mo r ecoun t r i e s ind i c a t in gth a t i t i s int h ep i lots t a g eo fimp l em e n t a t ion .L i k e w i se , e l e c t ron ice x ch an g eofc e r t i f i c a t e so fo r i g inh asa28%le v e lo fimp l em e n t a t ionw i th on l yonec oun t r y e enfu l l yi r t i a l l y ind i c a t in gth a ti th a sb mp l emen t eda ndse venc oun t ri e sind i c a t in gth a ti ti se i th e rp a imp l em e nt edo r in th ep i lots t a g e . F i gu re6 :Imp lemen t a t iono fT r adeF a c i l i t a t ion a ndP ape r les sT rade Me a s u re sb yg roup( Inpe r cent a ge s o fthe m a xi mumpo s s ibl l es co re 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 T r an sp a r en c y Fo rm a l i t i e s In s t i tu t ion a l P ap er l e s s t r ad e Cro s s -bo rd e r T r an s i tf a c i l i t a t i on a r r an g em en t sand p ap e r l e s st r ad e coop e r a t ion Sou r ce : E C LAConth eb a s iso fd a t a ob t a inedth rou ghthe G loba lSu r v e yonT r ad eF a c i l i t a t ionand P ap e r l e s sT r ad eI mp lemen t a t ion2015. No te s:Redl ine sind i c a tea ve r a geto t a lim plemen t a t ionr a t e sfo re a chc a te g o r y ;B lu edo t si nd i c a tea ve r a gei mp lemen t a t ionr a te sfo r ind i v idu a l me a su re sw i th ine a chc a te go r y . 13 T ab le4 : Mo s tand le a s t imp lemen tedt r adefa c i l i t a t ion me a su re s inL a t inAme r i c aandtheC a r ibbe an (W i th ine a chg roupo ft r adef a c i l i t a t ion me a su re s ) G roupo f me a su re s T r an sp a ren c y Mo s t imp lemen ted Ind ep end en t app e a lm e ch an i sm Pub l i ca t iono fe x i s t in gimpo r t e xpo r t r e gu l a t ion sonth ein t e rn e t Fo rm a l i t ie s Po s t c l e a r an c eaud i t E xp ed i t edsh ipm e n t s In s t i tu t ion a l a r r an gemen t s andcoope r a t ion Coop e ra t ionb e twe ena g en c i e sonth e g rounda tth en a t ion a l l e v e l P ape r le s st r ade E l e c t ron i c / au tom a t edCu s tom sS y s t em In t e rn e t conn e c t iona v a i l ab l etoCu s tom s ando th e rt r ad eco n t ro la g en c i e sa tbo rd e r c ro s s in g s L aw sandr e gu l a t i on sfo re le c t ron i c t r an s a c t ion s R e cogn i z edc e r t i f i c a t ionau tho r i t y C ro s s -bo rde r p ape r le s st r ade Imp lemen t a t ion Le a s t imp lemen ted r a te 93% S t a k eho ld e rcon su l t a t iononn ew d ra f tr e gu l a t ion s 88% Ad v an c epub l i c a t ion /no t i f i c a t iono f n ewr e gu l a t ion sb e fo r eth e i r imp l em en t a t ion 86% T r ad ef a c i l i t a t ion m ea su r e sfo r au tho r i z edop e r a to r s 86% E s t ab l i shm en tandpub l i c a t iono f a v e r a g er e l e a s et im e s 70% E s t ab l i shm en to fN a t ion a lT r ad e F a c i l i t a t ion Comm it t e e Go v e rnm en ta g en c i e sd e l e g a t in g con t ro l sto Cu s tomsau tho r i t i e s 98% E l e c t ron i cS in g l eW indowS y s t em 86% E l e c t ron i capp l i c a t ionfo rcu s tom s r e fund s 84% 54% T r an s i t f a c i l i t a t ion E l e c t ron i ce x ch an g eo f c e r t i f i c a t eo f o ri g in E l e c t ron i ce x ch an g eo f s an i t a r yand ph y to s an i t a r yc e r t i f i c a t e s Coop e ra t ionb e twe ena g en c i e so f coun t r i e s in vo l v ed int r an s i t Imp lemen t a t ion r a te 65% 60% 61% 39% 49% 37% 63% 26% 28% 11% Suppo r t in gp r e a r r i v a lp ro c e s s in gfo rt r an s i t 63% 57% f a c i l i t a t ion Cu s tomsau tho r i t i e s l im i tth e ph y s i c al 61% in sp e c t ion so f t r an s i tgood sandu s er i s k a s s e s sm en t Sou r ce :EC LAConth eb a s i so fd a t aob t a in ed th ro u ghth eG lob a lSu r v e yon T r ad eF a c i l i t a t io nandP ap e rl e s s T r ad eIm p l em en t a t ion2015. 14 3Imp l em en ta t iono fT rad eFa c i l i ta tionandPap e r l e s sT rad eM ea su r e s byCa t ego ry 3 .1“T ran spa r en cy” M ea su r e s c lud e d inth eG lob a lSu r v e ya r eb a s edonA r t i c l e s1th rou gh4o f Th et r an sp a r en c ym e a su r e s13in th eW TO T r ad eF a c i l i t a t ionA g r e em ent .Th e s em e a su re sp e r t a intopub l i c a t iono fimpo r tande xpo r t r e gu l a t ion s on l in e ,s t a k eh o ld e r con s u l t a t ion on n ew d r a f t re gu l a t ion s , ad v an c e pub l i ca t ion and no t i f i c a t ion o fn ewr e gu l a t ion sp r io rtoth e i ren t ryin tofo r c e ,ad v an c eru l i n g s ,andanind ep end en t app e a lm e ch an i sm .Th e s em e a su r e sa r eb a s edon ,ande xp ands i gn i f i c an t l yupon ,th ecomm i tm en t s con t a in e d inA r t i c l eXo fth eG en e r a lA g r e em entonT a r i f f sandT r ad e(GA T T )th a tadd r e s s ,amon go th e r s t om sandc l a s s i f i c a t ionm at t e r s .T r an sp a r en c ym e a su r e sa r eon eo fth r e esub g roup so f th in g s ,cu g en e r a lt r ad ef a c i l i t a t ionm e a su r e se x am in ed in th eG lob a lSu r v e y . Co l l e c t i v e l y ,t r an sp a r en c ym e a su r e s ,wh enfu l l y im p l em en t ed ,a l lowt r ad e r stop l a yaro l ein th e d e s i gno fn ewr e gu l a t ion sth a tm a yimp a c tth em ,h a v ep r ed i c t ab i l i t yincu s tom sm a t t e r s ,andh a v eth e e g a lr e v i ewo fcu s tom s ru l in g s .L a t inAm e r i caan d th eC a r ibbe anp r e s ent sano v e r a l l r i gh ttoal imp l em en t a t i onr a t eo f78%fo rt r an sp a r en c ym ea s u r e s-th eh i gh e s to fan yg roupo fm e a su r e s 14 e x am in edinth eG lob a lSu r v e y( s e eF i gu r e7 ) . Amon ga l lth r e esub r e g ion s ,C en t r a lAm e r i c a and M e x icoh a v eth eh igh e s ta v e r a g er a t eo fimp lem en t a t iona t87% w i th a l lbuton ecoun t r ye xh ib i t in g p a r t i a lo rfu l l imp l em en t a t ion o fa l lt r an sp a r en c ym e a su r e s . Sou th Am e r i ca h a sas i m i l a r l yh i gh imp l em en t a t i onr a t e- 82%- w i th mo s t coun t r i e se xh ib i t in gp a r t i a lo rfu l l imp l em en t a t ion o f t r an sp a r en c ym e a su r e sw i thth e e x c ep t iono ftho s ere l a t edtoth e ru l e -m a k i n gp ro c e s s( e . g . ,s t a k eho lde r con su l t a t ionandad v an c e pub l i ca t iono fn ew no t i f i c at ion s ) . Th eC a r ibbe anh a sth elowe s ta v e r a g eo fa l l3sub r e g ion sw i th a55%imp l em en t a t ionr a t e .Th e s t ron g e s tp e r fo rm e ramon gC a r ibb e ancoun t r i e si sth eDom in ic anR epub l i cth a th a se i th e rp a r t i a l l yo r fu l l yimp l em en t eda l lm ea su r e s .Th ere m a in in g th r e ecoun t r i e s–B a rb ado s ,Su r in am ean dT r in id adand Tob a go–showv a r iou sd e g r e e so fimp l em en t a t ionamon gm e a su re sw i thsom e ,in c lud i n gtho s er e l a t ed eru l e -m a k in gp ro c e s sandad v an c eru l in g s ,no t imp l em en t eda ta l l . toth Amon gt r an sp a r en c ym e a su r e s ,e s t ab l i shm en to fanindep end e n tap p e a lme ch an i sm h asth e h i gh e s tr a t eo fimp l em en t a t iona t93% ,fo l low edb ypub l i c a tiono fe x i s t in gimpo r t e xpo r tr e gu l a t ion s (88% ) ,andad v an c eru l in g sont a r i f fc l a s s i f i c a t ion(84% ) .F a l l i n gb e lowth e s eimp lem en t a t ionr a t e si s v an c epub l i ca t ionandnot i f i c a t iono f s t a k eho ld e rcon su l t a t iononn ewd r a f tr e gu l a t ion s(65% )andad n ewr e gu l a t ion sb e fo r eth e i rent r yin tofo r c e(60% ) . 13 T r an sp a r en c ym e a su r e s co r r e spondtoQue st ion s2 -5an d9o fth eG lob a lSu r v e y .S e eT a b l e1 . O v e r a l limp l em en t a t ion r a t e sfo re a chc a t e go r yo fm e a su r e sw e r ec a l cu l a t eda sth es imp l ea v e r a g eo f imp l em en t a t ionr a t e s fo ra l lm e a su r e sw i th in th a tc a t e go r y . 14 15 ure7 : Imp le me mn t a t iono ft r an sp a ren c y me a su re s : L a t inAme r i caandCa r ibb eanA ve ra ge F i g ( Inpe r cen t a ge s ) Sou r ce : E C LAConth eb a s iso fd a t a ob t a inedth rou ghthe G loba lSu r v e yonT r ad eF a c i l i t a t ionand P ap e r l e s sT r ad eI mp lemen t a t ion2015 . T he mo s timp l em en t edme e a su r e–Ind e p end en tAppe a lM e ch an is s m– r equ i re sth a tt r ade r sh a ve v iewa th e r th er i gh ttore nds e e kco r r e c t ionth edec i s ion si s su e db ycu s to mso f f i c i a l soro f f i c i a l so fo 15 g en c ie s . O fth e19cou n t r i e sth a tpa r t i c i p a t edi ntheG loba lSu r v e y ,17(89% )h a vefu l l y bo rd e ra n t r ie s imp l em e nt edth i sm ea a su r e( s e eF i g u re8 ).Count r ye xpe r ienc e sa c ro s sth er e g ionind i c a teth a tcou h a v et a k e nd if f e r en ta pp ro ach e st oimp lem en t a t ion .Insom ec a s e s ,coun t r i e sh a v ee st tom s ab l i sh edCus t r i e sh avee xp andedth and /o rT a xCou r t sw i the x c lu s i v ej ur i sd i c t ion ; ino the rc a se s ,coun eju r i sd i c t i ono f ecu s tom sma t te r s . a l re ad ye x i s t i n glo c a l a nd /o rn a t iona lcou r ts y s t e m stoin c lud P ub l i c a t ion o fimpo r t -e xpo r tr e gu l a t ion s–th en ex tmo s timp le men t edm e a su ure-con tem pl a te s e rnmen t ssh a l lm a k eimp or t ,e xpo r ta ndt r an s i tpr o cedu re sa v a i l ab l einanon -d i s c r im ina to r y th a tgo v ande a s i lya c c e s s ib l emanne rsot ha to th e rgo v e rnmen t s ,t r ade r sandi nt e r e s t edp er son sm a ybe come a cqu a in t e dw ithth e m. m Th i sr equ i r e m en t bu i ldsuponcom mi tm en t scon t a in edinGAT TA r t i c l eXa ndi s a l socom mon l yfoundint r ad ef a c i l i t a t ionand c u s tom s coop e r a t ionch ap t e r s inF r e eT r adeA g reemen t s. su r eh asb gin D a t are f l e c t sth a tth i smea e enp a r t ia l l yo rfu l l yi mp l emen t edbya l lcoun t r i e sp a r t i c ip a tin th eG loba lSu r v e y ( s e eF i gu r e8 ) . A g sr e l a t etot r ade r s ’r i gh tt oob t a inar ul in gon th et a r i f fc l a s s i f i c ood s d v an ceru l in a t iono ftheg b e in gim po r tedbe fo rethegood sa c tu a l l y a r r i v ea tth ed e s t ina t io ncoun t r y .InCen t r a l Ame r i c a ,ad v an ce ru l in g sa r ego v e rn edbyCAUCAan dth eCA F TA -DRF T Aanda r e ,thu s ,fu l l yinfo r c e ina l ls i x p a r t i c ipa t in g 15 See W TO OA g r eem en tonT r ad eF a c i l i t a t ionS e l fA s se s sm en tGu ide , TN / T F /W /1 43 /Re v .9 ,No ve mbe r2014[o nl in e ] a th t tp s : // do c s .w to .o r g/ 16 su l t ina com mon p r a c t i ce .In Sou thAm e r i ca , ne a r l ya l lco un t r ie sh a ve fu l l y coun t r i e s andre tedS t a te sa nd /o r imp l em e nt edth i sm ea a su rea sare s u lto fcom mi tm e n t sin c l ud edinF TA sw i thth eUni th eEu ro pe an Un ion .Th eC a r ibbe and i ve r ge ssomewh a tf e ndwhe re intwoo fth efou r romth i st r eop t ion ofad t i a l l y p a r t i c ip at in gcoun t r ie s do no tof fe rt r ade r sth v an ceru l in g so rha v e on l yp ar imp l em e nt edth i s m ea su re . r i c aandtheC a r ibbe F i gu re8 :Le ve l so fI mp m lemen t a t iono fT r an spa ren c y Me a s u re sinL a t inAme an (H i ghe s tt oLowe s t , inpe r cen t a ges )a a t ion sonth e Pub l i c at iono fe x i s t in gi mpo r t e xpo r tr e gu l i nt e rn e t I nd ep end en tapp e a l m e ch an i sm Ad v an c er u l in g(o nt a r i f fc l a s s i f i c a t ion ) S t a k eho ld e rcon su l t a t iononn t ion s (p r io rto ewd r a f tr e gu l a th e i rf i na l i z a t ion ) Ad v an c epub l i c a t ion /no t i f ic a t iono fn ewr e g ul a t ion b e fo r e th e i rim pl em en t a t ion Fu l l y imp l em en t ed P a r t i a l l yi mp l em en t ed 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% P i lo ts t a g e No timp l em e n t ed Don' t know r ad e t a in ed th rou Sou r ce :EC LAConth e ba s i so fd a t a ob g h th eG lob a l Su r v e yon T r a de F a c i l i t a t ionand P ape r le s sT a t ion2015 . Imp l emen t a B a sedonpe r c e n t a geo fc oun t r i e sa ch i e v i ngfu l l imp l eme nt a t iono fe a chme ma su re . F a l l in gw e l lbe lowth e s ehi ghr a t e so fimp l emen t a t iona r es t a k eho ld e rcon s u l t a t ion sonn ew d r a f tr e g u l a t ion sandad v an c epub l i c a tiono fn ewr e gu l a t ion sbe fo reen t r yin tof o r c e .S t a k e ho lde r con su l t a t c i e shold r e g i on s ,a s i t st i t l e su g g e s t s ,r equ i re sth a tbo rde ra gen u l a rcon su l t a t ion sw i tht r a de r s , s tom sl a tth i s s t a keho l de r sandin t e re s tedp a r t ie sont r ade r e l a t edandcu ws .Th ef i gu r e sshowth a m e a su r eh a sv a r iedde g ree so fi mp l em en t a t ioninth er e g ionbu tf a l l smo wo f s tl yw i thinth epu r v ie p a r t i a l l yi xp e r ie n c e ss hth i sp l thou g mp lem en ted( seeF i gu r e8) .Coun t r ye ug g e s tth a ta r a c t ic ei sus ed ,i t i sno t co ns i s t en to rs y s t em a t i can di a s e -b y c a s ap p l i edonac seb a s i s . A d v an cepub li c a t iono fn ew d r a f tr e gu l a t ion sm anda v e rnmen t spub l i shin fo r ma t ion t e sth a tgo ton ewa nd /o ram end edt r ad e r e l a t edandcu s t om sl aw ssoth a tt r ad e r sandin t e r e s t edp ar t i e sha vean t yand r e a s e imp l em oppo r tuni on ab l et im et ocomm en tonp ropo s a l s . Th en t a t iono ft h i s me a su rev a r ie s e g i s l at ioninp c ro s sthere g ion . Insom eco un t r i e s ,t h e rei snol a te sad v an ce w id e l ya l a ceth a tmand r ,a l t e rn a t i pub l i c a t iona nd ,th e r e f o r e ,i t i s e i t he rnotdon eo v e l y ,p r a c t i c edspo r ad i c a l l y .A t th eo the rend ,su cha s B r az o fthesp e c t rum , inso mecoun t r i e s i lfo r e x ample ,a me a su rec ann o ten t e r in tofo r ceun l e s s i th a sbee npub l i sh edinth lg a z e t t ean rth an45d ay sthe re a f te r(un l e s sth e r ea re eo f f i c ia dnotsoone e x c ep t iona lc i r cum s t a nc e s ) . 17 3 .2 :“For ma l i t i e s” Me M a su r e s T heG lob a lSu r v e ye x am ine se i gh tm e as s u r e s–co l l e c t i v e l yr e f e r r edt oa s“ Fo r m a l i t i e s ”– wi th in th epu r v ie wo fs t re am l in in gand e xpedi t in g t r ad ep ro c edu r es .Th e s e m e as s u re sa reb a sedonA r t i c l es6 ,7 , fthe W TOT T TAr 9and10o r ad eF a c i l i t a t ionA g r e emen twh i ch ,i ntu rn ,bu i lduponGA t i c l eVI I Ient i t l ed dFo rm a l i t i e sconn e c t edwi t hImpo r t a t ionandE x e s em e a su ur e sr e l a t et or i s k “ Fee san po r t a tion . ” Th in a l m an a g em men t ,p re a rr i v a lp ro c es s in g , po s t -c l e a r an c ea ud i t , s ep a r a t ion o f re l e a se f rom f i m e s , au th d e t e rm ina t iono fcu s t om sdu t ie s ,e s t ab l i shm e ntan dpub l ic a t iono fa ve r a g ere l e a s et or i zed ope r a to rs ,e xp ed i t eds h ipmen t san da c c ep t an c eo fp ape ro re op ie so fsupp o r t in gdo cumen t s. l e c t ron i cc To g e th e r ,th e s em e as s u r e ss e e kt os i mp l i f y th efo rm a l i t i e sfo rimpo r t in gan de xpo rt in g–su cha s ,fo r e x amp l e ,do cum en ta ndin fo rm a t i onr equ i r em en t s -andr ed u c eth ef e e s ,ch a r ge san ddu t i esa s so c i a t ed n t r yand e x i to fgood s a c r o s sbo rde r s . w i thth ee L a t inAm e r i caandth eC a ri bb e anp r e sen e l so fimp l em en t at ionfo rth i sc a t e go r yw i th t sh i ghl e v th e rw i thSo ana ve r a g er a t eo f73%( S e eF i gu r e9 ) .Cen t r a lAme r i c a an dMe Mx i c o ,to g e uthAme r i c a ,show ne a rle ve l so fimp l em e n t a t iona t79%a nd78%,r e sp e c t i v e l y .W i th on l ym ino re x ce pt ion s ,coun t r ie sin bo thsub l lfo rm a l i re g ion se xh ib i tp a r t i a lorfu l limp l e m en t a t ion ofa t ie sme a su re s .TheC a r ibb e an p r e s en t salo ndw i thmo re we ra ve r a g e-53%-a ev a r iedp a t te rn so fimp l e men t a t iona c ro s sth i sg r oupo f me a su res . F i g u re9 : Imp lemen fFo rma l i t ie s Me a su re s :La a t inAme r i caandC a r ibbe anA ve r a ge t a t ionof r cen t a ge s ) ( Inpe Sou r ce : E C LAConth eb a s iso fd a t a ob t a inedth rou ghthe G loba lSu r v e yonT r ad eF a c i l i t a t ionand P ap e r l e s sT r ad eI mp lemen t a t ion2015. 18 Th e mo s tw id el yimp l em en t edm e a su r e sa r epo s tc l e a r an c eaud i tande xp ed i t edsh ipm en t s( 8 6% ) , r i s km an a g em en t( 8 4% ) ,an dp r e a r r i v a lp ro c e ss in g( 8 3% ) .Th e s ea r efo l low edb ys ep a r a t i ono fr e l e a s ef r om f in a ld e t e rm in a t iono fdu ti e sandf e e s( 7 5% )anda c c ep t an c eo fp ap e ro re l e c t ron i cc op i e so fs uppo r t in g do cum en t s( 7 0% ) .D i v e r g in gf rom th i sg en e r a l fu l f i l lm en tp a t t erna r et r ad ef a c i l i t a t io nm e a su re sfo r au tho r i z edop e r a to r s ( 6 1% )ande s t ab l i shm en ta ndpub l i c a t iono fa v e r a g er e l e a s et im e s ( 3 9% ) . i r s tfo rm a l i t ie s r e l a t edmea su r e sth a t wou ldcomein top l a yinat yp i c a lim po r t Amon gth ef t r an s a c t ioni sp r e a r r i v a lp ro c e s s in g .Th i sr e fe r sto cu s tom sand o th e r bo rd e ra g en c i e sa l low in g impo r t e r stosubm i tdo cum en t a tiona ndo th e rin fo rm a t ionr equ i r edfo rr e l e a s eo fimpo r t edgood s ,in e l e c t ron i cfo rm a twh e r ea pp rop r i a t e ,p r io rtoth ea r r i v a lo fth egood s ino rd e rtoe xp ed it eth e i rr e l e a s e . L a t inAm e r i caandth eC a r ibb e anp r e sen t san83%im p l ement a t ionr a t ew i tha v e r a g el e v e l sc lo s e l y sp r e ada c ro s sa l lth r e esub r e g ion s .Th i sr e f l e c t s coun t r yin v e s tm en t s in In fo rm a t ionandCommun i c a t ion T e ch no lo g i e sa tth en a t iona landsub r e g ion a l l e v e l s . S ep a r a t iono fr e l e a s ef romf in a ld e t e rm in a t ioncon t em p l a t e sth a tcu s tom sw i l la l lowimpo r t e r s toob t a inr e l e a s eo fth e i rgood s ,und e ragu a r an t e e ,i fr equ i r ed ,p r io rtoth ef in a ld e t e rm in a t iono f app l i c ab lef e e sandt a r i f f s wh ensu chd e t e rm in a t ioni sno tdone p r io rto ,upona r r i v a l ,o ra sr ap id l ya s po s s ib l ea f t e ra r r i v a lo fth egood s .Th eo v e r a l lcomp l i a n c er a t einth er e g ioni s75%w i thap a r t i cu l a r l y s t ron gp e r fo rm an c eb yC en t r a lAme r i c a andM e x icoinwh i cha l lbuton ecoun t r yh a sfu l l yimp l em en t ed e a su r e . Mo r eo v e r ,coun t r ye v iden c esu g ge s t sth a tM e x icoh a st a k enimp l emen t a t i onon es t ep th i sm fu r th e rb yco n so l id a t in gt r an s a c t ion sanda l low in gr e l e a s eo fa l lim po r t sa r r i v in gw i th inasp e c i f i e dt im e f r am efo ras i n g l eimpo r t e r . F i f t e enou to fn in e t eenp a r t i c ip a tin gcoun t r i e s(79% )h a v efu l l yimp l em en t e dpo s t c l e a r an c e aud i t s( s eeF i gu r e10 ) .E v id en c es u g ge s t sth a tsom ecoun t r i e sh a v eh adpo s t c lea r an c eaud i t sinp l a c e s in c ea t l e a s tth e1990 s .Su ch i sth ec a s e ,fo re x amp l e ,o fC en t r a lAm e r i c an coun t r i e sth a th a v er e gu l a t ed po s t c l e a r an c eaud i t sth rou ghCAUCAandh a v ec le a r l yd e f in edpo l i c i e sinp la c e .M e x ico ,fo ri t sp a r t , r e c en t l yc r e a t edaG en e r alAdm in i s t r at ion o fFo r e i gnT r ad eAud i t in g( “Adm in i s t r a c iónG en e r a lde Aud i to r i ad eCom e r c ioE x t e r io r ” inSp an i sh ) ino rd e rtofo cu s e x c lu s i v e l yonpo s t c l e a r an c eaud i tcon t ro l , in v e s t i g a t ion s ,andp l ann in g .Sou t hAme r i c ancoun t r i e sfo l lowas im i l a rt r enda lb e i t mo s t l ya tth e n a t ion a l , no tsub r e g ion a l ,l e v e l .Fo re x amp l e ,E cu ado r ,P e ruandU ru gua yh a v ew e l le s t ab l i sh ed r am ewo r k sinfo r c eth a tgo v e rnpo s t c l ea r an c eaud i t sande f fo r t sa r eund e rw a ytoimp ro v e r e gu l a to r yf uponth emth rou ghth eu s eo ft e ch no lo g y . Po s t c l e a r an c eaud i t ,th em e a su r ew i thth eh i ghe s tfu l f i l lm en tl e v e l sa c ro s sth er e g ioninth i s c a t e go r y(86% ) ,r e f e r stocu s tom s ’v e r i f i c a t iono fcomp l i an c ew i thcu s tom sandr e gu l a t ion sth rou gh k sandr e co rd sa tth ep r em i s e sfo l low in gth er e l e a s eo fgood s .Und e rthe e x am in a t iono ft r ad e r s ’boo b ro ad e rr equ i r em en t so f th eW TO T r ad eF a c i l i t a t io nA g r e emen t , po s t c l e a r an c e aud i t s mu s tb e condu c t ed w i th a v i ewto e xp ed it eth er e l e a s eo fgood s and , wh e r e v e rp r a c t ic a l ,in fo rmr i s k m an a g emen t . Mo r eo v e r ,aud i t s mu s tb et r an sp a r en t a ndth ep e r son ssub j e c ttoaud i tshou ldb eno t i f i ed o fth ere su l t s . 19 :Le ve l so fImp lemen t a t iono fFo r ml ma i t ie s Me a su re s inL a t inAme r i caandtheCa r ibbe an F i gu re10 ( F r omh i ghe s tto olowe s t , inp er cen t a ge s )a Sou r ce : EC L AConthe b a s iso fd a t a ob t a in edth rou ghtheGlob a l Su r v e yon T r ad eF a c i l i t a t i onandP ape r le ssT r ade Imp l emen t a t ion2015 . a B a sedonpe r c e n t a geo fc oun t r i e sa ch i e v i ngfu l l imp l eme nt a t iono fe a chme ma su re . C lo s e l yt i edt opo s t c l e a ra n c eaud i t sa r er i s km ana g em en tpo li c i e s .R i s kman a g em en ti sth e m e thodol l o g yo rp r a c ti ceth a tcu s t om su se sto de t e rm in e whi ch im po r t ,e xpo r to rt r a ns i tt r an s a c t i on so r ope r a to rsshou ld b e sub j e c tto con t ro landth et yp ea nd d e g r e e ofcon t ro lt ob e app l i ed .Th e en t scon t a i l y comm i tm nedintheWT W OT r ad eF a c i l i t a t ionAg reemen tre qu ireth a tc us t om ssh a l lapp con t ro lonh rde rtodoth i gh r i s kc on s i gnmen tsande xped i t eth er e l e a seo flow r i s kgood s .Ino i s , app rop r i a t ese l e c t i v i t yc r i t e r i a mu st tb eapp l i ed . R i s kM an a g em men th a san84%comp er e g ion .W ee x c ep t i on ,a l l l i an c er a t einth i thon l y on coun t r i e sa r e esub r e g ion sh a vee c ro s stheth i th e rp a r t i al l yo rfu l l yi mp l emen t edr i s km an a ge e men t po l i c i e s( i c a t e dr S u r inam eh asind i s km an a g em men tpo l i c i e sa r einth epi lo ts t a g e ) .T r en d sa c ro s sthe r e g ionr e f l e c tth a t m an nycoun t r ie sha veadop te dWor ldCu s tom sO r g an i za t ions t and a r d san da res e e k in g e s , in c lud in gE ru , tofu r th e rc e n t r a l i z ea nds t r e am l in eth ep ro c e s s. Mo reo ve r , s om ecoun t r i cu ado randPe h a v eb e gunapp l y in gBi g D at atoma a k er i s km ana a g eme n tp roc e s se smo ree f fe c t i veande f f i c i en t . i s E x p ed i t edsh i pm en tse xh ib i tas im i l a r l yh i gha v e r a g er a t eo fimp t iona t86%.Th l emen t a t san m e a su r e re gu l a te sdocumen dgood simp or tedb ya i re xp r e s s -d e l i v e r yope r a to rs .Th eW TOT r a d e F a c i l i t a t i on A g r e em entcon t emp l a t e sth a t , wh enfu l l yi mp l emen t ed , th i sm e a sur ew i l la l lo w th e e xp ed i t e dre le a seo fa tl e a s ttho s egood sen t er edth rou gha i rc a r gof a c i l i t i e s .Th eh ig himp l em en t a t ion le ve l so f t h i sm e a su r e a r edu e ,in pa r t ,tothe i r i nc lu s io n inman yF r e eT r a deA g re em ent sw i ththeUn i t ed 20 S t a t e sandth ec ap a c i t ybui ld in gde l i v e redb yth eUni t edS t a t e sA gen c yfo rIn t e rn a t ion a lD e v e lopm en t (U SA ID ) inth er e g ion ,p a r t i cu l a r l yin C en t r a lAm e r i c a . Th ee s t ab l i shm en to ft r ad ef a c i l i t a t ionb en e f it sfo rau tho r i z edop e r a to r sh a sa61%a v e r a g e imp l em en t a t i onr a t er e g i on -w id e .B a s edonA r t i c le7o fth eW TO T r ad eF a c i l i t a t ionA g re em en t ,th i s m e a su r es t a t e sth a tcoun t r i e ssh a l lp ro v id esp e c i a lo rp r e f e r en t i a lcu s tom st r e a tm en ttor e l i ab l et r ad e r s 16 o r“ au tho r i z edop e r a to r s ” whop r e s en tlowr i s ko fnon compl i an c ew ithle g a lr equ i r em en t s . Both Sou thAm e r i caandC en t r alAm e r i c aandM ex i cop re s en ta71%a v e r a g er a t eo fimp l emen t a t ion .A l l coun t r i e sinbo thsub re g i on sh a v ee i th e rfu l l yo rp a r t i a l l yimp l em en t edau tho r i z edop e r a to rs ch em e s , o ra r einth ep i lo ts t a g eo f th e i rimp l em en t a t ion . Th eonl yth r e e coun t r i e stoe xh ib itnon imp l em en t a t i ona r ef romth eC a r ibb e an(B a rb ado s ,Su r in am eandT r in id adandTob a go ) .Th er em a in in g C a r ibb e anco un t r y–th eDom in i c anR epub l i c–h a sfu l l yimp lem en t edth i smea su r e . Ano th e rimpo r t an tm e a su r einth i sc a t e go r yi sa c c ep t an c eo fp ap e ro re l e c t ron i cco p i e so f suppo r t in gdo cum en tsr equ i r edfo rimpo r t ,e xpo r t ,o rt r an s i tfo rm a l i t i e s .Th i sm e a su r econ t emp l a t e sth a t whenago v e rnm e n ta g en c yo facoun t r ya l r e ad yho ldsth eo r i g ina lo fado cum en tu sedfo rimpo r t ,e xpo r t o rt r an s i tm a t t e r ,an yo th era g en c yin th a tcoun t r ysh a l la c c ep ta p ap e ro re l e c t ron i ccop yf r omth ea g en c y ho ld in gth eo r i g in a ldo cum en tinl i euo fth eo r i g ina ldo cum en t.Th er e g ionp r e s ent sa7 0%r a t eo f imp l em en t a t i on .Th esub r e g i onw ithth eh i gh e sta v e r a g ei sth eC ar ibb e anth a te xh ib i t san8 3%r a t eo f fu l f i l lm en t .So u thAm e r i caandC en t r a lAm e r i caa ndM e x icop r e s ents l i gh t l ylow e r a v e r a g e s ,7 1%an d6 2% , r e sp e c t i v e l y .Coun t ri e sth a th a v enoty e tfu l l yimp l em en t e dth i sm e a su reind i c a t eth a tpo l i c i esa r eb e ing con s id e r edtoc r e a t ed i g it a lr epo s i to r i e sfo rt r ad e r e l a t eddo cum en ts( e . g .E lS a l v ado r )o re f fo r t sa r e und e rw a ytoin c lud e mo r ego v e rnm en ta g en c i e sin a l r e ad ye x i s t in gd i g i t a lp ro c e ss e s( e . g . ,B r a z i l ) . Th e l e a s t imp l em en t edm ea su r e inth i sg roup in gi s th ee s t ab l i shmen tandpub l i ca t iono fa v e r a g e r e l e a s et im e sfo rimpo r tsh ipm e n t s ,w ithon l ya39%comp l i an c er a t e .On l yfo u rcoun t r i e sinth er e g ion h a v efu l l yimp l emen t edth i smea su r eandfou radd i t ion a lcoun t r i e sh a v ep a r t i a l l yimp l em en t e di t . Coun t r ye v id en c eshow sth a tth i sm e a su r eh a sb e ena pp l i edonal im i t edb a s i sb e c au s e , in ge n e r a l ,th e re i snol e g a lobl i g a t iontopub l i shr e l e a s et im e s .Inf a c t ,th esm a l lnumb e r so fcoun t r i e sen g a g edin pub l i sh in gth ed a t adosoa sp a r to fab ro ad e rsub r e g ion a lin t e g r a t ione f fo r t-a s i sth ec a s efo rC en t r a l Am e r i c aandS I ECA . Mo r ew id e sp r e adimp l em en t a t iono fth i sm e a su r ew i l lh e lpt r a c kth ep e r fo rm an c e o fcu s tom sando th e rbo rd e ra g en c i e sw ithr e sp e c ttoth er e l e a s eo fgood s . 16 Th e ad v an t a g e sg r an t e dto au tho r i z ed op e r a to r sm a yin c lud e ,in t e ra l i a , lo w e r do cum en t a r y an dd a t a r equ i r em en t s ,a low e rr a t eo f ph y s i c a l in sp e c t ion s ,f a s t e rr e l e a s et im e ,and d e f e r r edp aym en to fdu t i e s,t a x e s ,f e e s andch a r g e s . 21 3 .3“ In st i tu t iona lA r ran gem en t sandcoop e ra t ion” m e a su r e s T heth i rdg ro upo fm e a su re sw i th inth es copeo fg e n e r a lt r ad ef a c i l i t a t ionme a su re si se nt i t l ed “ In s t i tu t i on a lA r r an g ement sandCoop e r a t ion ” .Th i sg roup i ngi scomp r i s e do fon l yt hr e eme a su re e sbu t th e i rim po r t an cec an no tbeo ve rs t a te d .B a sedonA r t i c l es8and23ofthe W TOT r ad eF a c i l i t a t io n A g r e em ent , th e s e me a su re sg ove rn the in s t i tu t ion a l an d po l i cy f r amewo r k ne ce s s a ryfo r imp l em e nt a t i ono ft r a def a c i l i t a t io nandp ap e r le s st r ad emea su re s . rth i s L a t inAm e r i c a andth eC ar ibb e anp r es en t sana ve mn me t a t ionr a t eo f52%fo r a g eimp l e gsub c a t e go r y .Amon r e g ion s,Cent r a lAm e r i c aa ndM e x icoha stheh i ghes timp lemen t a t ionr a tea t68% , ytheC a r ibbe an(44% )a ndSo u thAme r i c a(42% )( se eF i gu r e11 ) .Imp l em e n t a t ionr a t e sv a r y fo l lowedb h i sc a t e go r y .Inth w id e l ya mongth eth r e em e a su r e sin c lud edin t ec a seofCen t r a lAme r i c aandMe e x i co , a ve r a ge imp l em en t a t ionr a te sa mon gm e a su ur e sr an g ef rom 62%t o 81% .W id de rd i f fe renc e s in nt a t i onl e v e l sa reseeninC a r ibb e ana ndSo u thAme r i c ancoun t r i e s .Inth eCa r ibbe an ,a v imp l em e e r a g e ,o r50p r a te so fi mp l em en t a t ionfo re a chme a su rer an g ef rom17%to67% e r c en t a gepo in t s .S i mi l a r l y , imp l em e nt a t i onr a t e sin So u thAme r i c ar a n g ef r om25%to71% ,o r46per c en t a g epo int s . mp m lemen t a t iono f In s t i tu t ion a lA r ran gemen tandCo oope ra t ionMe Ma su re s : F i gu re11 : I L a t inAme r i caa ndC a r ibbea nA ve r a ge ( Inpe r cen t a ge s ) Sou r ce :EC LAConth e ba s i so fd a t a ob t a in ed th rou g h th eG lob a l Su r v e yon T r a de F a c i l i t a t ionand P ape r le s sT r ad e a t ion2015 . Imp l emen t C oope r a t ionbe tw e ena g e nc i e sonth eg rounda tt hen a t ion a ll ev e lh a sth eh i gh e s tde gr ee o f nt a t i ona t71% .Th i si s fo l low edb ye st ab l i shm en to faN a t ion alT i t a t ionCommi t t e e imp l em e r ad eF a c i l e g a t in g con (49% )an dgo ve rnmen ta g en c i e s d el t ro ltocu s to msau tho r i t i e s ,w i th37% ( s e eF i g u r e12) . 22 oope r a t ionbe tw e ena g e nc i e sonth eg hen a t ion a ll e v e lcon t em pl a t e sth a tbo rde r C rounda tt a g en c i e sin vo l v edini mpo r t,e xpor tandt r an s i tt r an s a c t ion s( fo re x amp le ,cu s tom s ,s an i t a r yin sp e c t ion a g en c i e sa ndpub l i che a l tha g en c i e r s )w i l lcoo r d in a t econ t r o l san dp ro cedu r e stof a c s ,amon go the i l i t a t e efo rth i sme c ro s s -bo r de rt r ad e .Ce n tr a lAm e r i caandMe x i co oh a veth eh ig h e s timp l e mn me t at ionr a t e a su re s ecoun t r i e s at ion a l ,b i -na a t81%r e f le c t in gthe ’comm i tm e nt stocoope r a t ea tth en t io n a l ,an dsub r e g ion a ll e v e l s . M e x i co o,fo r i t s p a r t,h a sno t ab l y rcon t ro l sa sp a r to fa n at ion a l e l e v a t edth ero le o fbo rde s e cu r i t ys t r a t e g yb yc r e a t in gaHi ghL e v e lS pe c i a l i z edComm i t t e eon D i s a rm ament ,T e r ro r i s m and In t e rn a t i on a lS e cu r i t y(CAM E T I in S p an ish )toin hib i t i l l e g a l a r m st r ad e ,a mon go the rt hin g s . F i gu r e12 :Le ve l sof Imp lemen t a t iono f In s t i tu t ion a lA r r an gemen t sa ndCoope rat ion Me a su r es inL a t in Ame r i c aand theCa r ibbe a n( F romh i ghe s tto lowes t , inpe r cen t a ge s sonth eg rounda Coop e r a t ionb e tw e ena g en c i e tth en a t ion a l v e l le l T r ad eF a c i l i t a t io N a t iona nComm i t te e Go vernm en ta g en c i e sd e l e g a t in gcon t r ol stocu s tom s u tho r i t i e s a Fu l l y imp l em en t ed P a r t i a l l yi mp l em en t ed 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% P i lo ts t a g e No timp l em e n t ed Don' t know Sou r ce : E C LAConth eb a s iso fd a t a ob t a inedth rou ghthe G loba lSu r v e yonT r ad eF a c i l i t a t ionand P ap e r l e s sT r ad eI mp lemen t a t ion2015. T hen e x tmos s timp l em en t edm e a su r ei l i shm entofa N a t ion a lT r ad eF a c i l i t a t ion sth ee s t ab Comm i t tee .T h i sr e f e r stoafo rm a lin s t i tu t ion a la r r an g em e ntth a t mu s tse ch an i smtob r vea same r in g en t i f yanda to g e th e rgo v e rnm en ta c to r sandth ep r i v a t es e c to rtoid dd r e s sch a l l e n g e sino rde rto s t r e am l in et r ad ep roc edu r e s .T he re g ion pr e sen t s a49% comp l i a nc er a t e , wi thth es t r on ge s t p e r fo rm an c e sinC ent r a lAm e r i c a(62% )andt heC a r ibb e an(6 7% )anda we r fo r m an c ea a ke rpe mon g Sou thAme r i e s(29% ) .T xp la in edbyth mr i c ancoun t he s er e l a t i v e l y lowfu l f i l l mentl e v e l sma a yb ep a r t i a l lye e in s t i tu t io na lcomp l e x i t yo fs e t t in gupaN a t iona lT r ad eF a c i l i t a t io nComm i t t ee .T r a def a c i l i t a t io ni sa c ro s s cu t t in gi s sueth a tre l a t e stothe wo r ko fm an y pub l ica gen c ie swi t hw id e l yd if f e re n tm anda te s . no faN a t iona The re fo r e ,th ec r e a t io lT r ad eF a c i l i t a t io nCommi t t e er equ i r e spol i t i c a l c omm i tm en ta tth e f fec t i v e l y .Wi h i gh e s tl e ve ltoh a vea l lr e l e v an ta g en c i e sp ar t i c ip a tean dcoo rd in a t ee W thth ee ve n tu al en t r yin t ofo r c eo fth eW TO T r ad eF a c i l i t a t ionA g reemen t ,the mi t t e e sw i l lpl a yanin c re a s ecom s in g l y r e de s s en t i al–an impo r t an tr o l ea st h eya recon s ide da lmo s tap r e r equ is i t e-toth ei mp l emen t a ti ono f th eT FA .I nf a c t ,th ec r e a t iono fNa t ion a lT r ad eF a c i l i t a t ionComm i t t e ei sas t and a lo ner equ i r em e n tfo r s i gn a to r ycoun t r i e s( S e eA r t i c le23ofthe W TOT r adeF a c i l i t a t ion A g reemen t ) . 23 No t ewo r th yamon gv a r iou s in i t i a t i v e simp l em en te din th er e g i oni sth e In t e r In s t i tu t io n a l Comm i t t eeonT r ad eF a c i l i t a t ion(Com i s iónIn t e r in s t i tu c ion a ld eF a c i l i t a c iónd e Com e r c ioo r“C I FCO ”in Sp an i sh )c r e a t edinN i c a r agu ain2008 .C I FCOh a spo l i ti c a lsuppo r ta tth eh i gh e s tgo v e rnm en t a ll e v e l s anda m and a t etos e e kso lu t ion sto t r ad ef a c i l i t a t ion , in v e s tm en t a ndp rodu c t i v it y i s su e s . I tre l i e s h e a v i l y 17 onapub l i c -pr i v a t econ s en su sandp l a y sa k e yro l e in d e v e lop in gpub l i cpo l i c iesandr e l e v an ts t r a t e g i e s . Th el e a s timp l em en t e dmea su r einth i sg roup in gr e l a t e stogo v e rnm en ta g en c i e s( su cha s ,fo r e x amp l e ,s an i t a r yin sp e c t i ons e r v i c e so rt r an spo r tm in i s t r i e s )de l eg a t in gcon t ro l sto cu s tom sau tho r i t i e s -th eh i gh e stfo rm o fin t e r a g en c yco l l abo r a t ion . Onl yf i v ecoun t r i e s inth er e g ionh a v e fu l l y imp l em en t edth i smea su r eandon l yth r e ecoun t r ie sh a v eimp l em en t edi tp a r t i a l l y .Th er em a in in g coun t r i e sh a v eno timp l emen t edth i smea su r e inan yd e g r e e.Inf a c t ,g i v e nth eh i gh l yspe c i a l i z edn a tu r e o fth ein sp e c t ion ssu cha g en c i e s mu s tp e r fo rm ,i tm a yno ta lw a y sb ef e a s ib l e–o re v en d e s i r ab l e -to emto cu s tom sau tho r i t ie s . d e l e g a t eth 3 .4“Pap e r l e s sT rad e” M ea su r e s Th eG lob a lSu r v e ye x am in e sn in em ea su r e sth a ta r ec a t e go r i z eda sp ap e r l e s st r ad em e a su r e s i chre l a t etoth eu seandap p l i c a t iono fIn fo rm a t ionandCommun i c a t ion sT e ch no lo g y( IC T )to andwh fu l f i l lfo rm a l i t i e sr equ i r em en t s( s e eS e c t ionI I I .Babo v e ) .P ap e r l e s st r ad er e f e r stot r ad e“ t a k in gp l a c eon th eb a s i so fe l e c t ron i ccommun i c a t ion s ,in c lud in ge x ch an g eo ft r ad e r e l a t edd a t aanddo cum en tsin 18 e l e c t ron i cfo rm . ” Th em ea su r e se x am in edinth eG lob a lSu r v e ya r eb a s ed ,inp a r t ,on W TOT r ad e F a c i l i t a t ionA g r e em entA rt i c l e s7and10a sw e l la sth ecomm i tm en t sg en e r a l l ycon t a in e dinth eD r a ft eo fth e “A g re em en t / F r am ewo r kA g r e em ent / F r am ewo r kA r r an g em en tonF a c i l i t a t io no fC ro s s T e x to fth bo rd e rP ap e r le s sT r ad einA s i aandth e P a c i f i c ”und ern e go t i a tionamon g E SCA Pm embe rs t a t e s . L a t in Am e r i caandth eC ar ibb e anp r e sen t sa73%a v e r a g er a t eo fimp l em en t a t ion o fthe x am in ed .Amon gsub r e g ion s ,Sou thAme r i c ah a sth eh i gh e s t r a t eo fimp l em en t a t ionw i than m e a su r e se a v e r a g eo f79% ,fo l low edb yC en t r a lAm e r i c aandM ex i co w i thana v e r a g er a t eo f73% ,andC en t r a l Am e r i c aw i th ana v e r a g er a t eo f61%( s e eF i gu r e13) .W i thm ino re x c ep t ion ss e eninth eC a r ibb e an ,a l l th r e esub r e g i on sp e r fo rmcon s i s t en t l ya c ro s sind i v idu a lm e a su r e s . 17 S ee ,fo re x amp l e ,“Be s tP r a c t i c es inA idfo rT r ade :Th eC a s eo fN i c a r a gua ”d e l i v e r eda tth eIn t e rn a t ion a lS e m in a r“ F a c i l i t a t in g th eE f f e c t i v eIn t e g r a t iono fD e v e lop in gE c onom i e sin toth eG lob a lE conom yth rou ghA idfo rT r ad e ”inN i c ar a gu ainS ep t emb e r 2013 [on l in e in Sp an i sh ] a t .S e ea l so h t tp : / /www . c ep a l .o r g / com e r c io /no ti c i a s /do cumen to sd e t r ab a jo /7 /51867 / Jo e _H en r y _ Thomp son _u y _no v _2013 .pd f “ Th eW TOT r ad eF a c i l i t a t ionA g r eemen tinN i c a r a gua ”d e l i v e reda tth eIn t e rn a t ion a lS e m in a r“ F a c i l i t a t in gth eE f f e c t i v e In t e g r a t iono fD e v e lop in gE conom i e sin toth eG lob a lE conom yth rou ghA idfo rT r ad e ”inth eDom in i c anR epub l i cinS ep t emb e r t tp : / /www . c ep a l .o r g / s i t e s /d e f au l t / f i l e s / e ven t s / f i l e s /p r e s en t a c ion _ i x ch en _ t r i gu e ro s _ 2014 [on l in e in Sp an i sh ] a t h _m in i s t e r io _d e _ fom en to _ indu s t r i a_ y _ com e r c io _d e _n i c a r a gu a .pd f 18 S e eA r t i c l e3 ( a )o fth eD r a f tT e x to f“A g r eem en t / F r am ew o r kA g r eem en t / F r am ewo r kA r r an gem entonF a c i l i t a t iono fC ro s s bo rd e rP ap e r l e s sT r ad ein A s i a and th eP a c i f ic ” cu r r e n t l yb e in gn e go t i a t ed amon gE SCAP m emb e r s t a t e s ,a t h t tp : / /www .un e s c ap .o r g / s i t e s /d e fau l t / f i l e s /P TA _ I I SG1 _WP1 _ E .pd f 24 e13 : Imp le men t a t iono fPape r le s sT r ade Me :L a t inAme r i c aandCa r i bbe anA ve r ag e F i gu r a su res ( Inpe r cen t a ge s ) Sou r ce : EC L AContheb a s i so fda t aob t a inedth r ou ghtheG lob a lS ur v e yonT r ad eF a c i l i t a t ionand P ape r l e s sT r ad eImp l e men t a t ion2015 . B ysp e c i f i cme e a su re s ,u seofe l e c t ron i c/ au tom a t edc u s tom ss y s t emh asa98% imp lem en t a t ion r a t e .Th i si sfo l low edbyin t e rn e tc onn e c t iona v a i l ab l etocu s tom sandot h e rcon t ro la gen c ie sa tbo rde r c ro s s in g s(86% ) ,e l e c t ron i csubm i s s iono fcu s t om sd e c l a r a ti on s(84% ) ,e l e c t ro n i cp ay m en to fcu s tom s du t i e san ) ,e le c t ron i csubm i s s ionofa i rc a r goman i f e s t s(7 7% ) ,e l e c t ron i capp l i c a t io nand df e e s(81% i s su an c eofp s su an c en se s r e f e r en t ia lc e r t i f i c a t eo fo r i g in(70 % ) ,e le c t ron icapp l i c a t ionandi eo ft r ad el i c ) . y s tem( (70% ) ,e l e c t ron i cw indows 63%) ,andl a s t l y , e le c t ron icapp l i c a t ion f o rcu s tom sr e fund s(26% Wi W th inth i sc a t e go r yo fmea su re s ,i ti st h ee s t ab l i shmen to fanel e c t ron i cs in g lew indows y s t em th a twoul dperm i tco mp ml i an c eandp r a c t ic eo fmo s t ,o ra l l ,ofth er em a in in gm e a su r es s .As in g l ew indow r an spo r ttosubm nd /o r re fe r stoaf a c i l i t yth a ten ab le sp a rt ie sin vo l ved int r ad eandt i tdo cum en ta t iona 19 d a t ar eq ui r em en t sfo rimpo r t a t ion , e xpo r t a t ion ,o rt r an s i t ofgood sth rou gha s in g l eent r ypo in t . Wh W en th es in g l ew indowi se l e c t ron i c-a si sen cou ra ge db yth eWT W OT r ad eF a c i l i t a t ionAg r eem en tan dthe D r a f tT e x to fth e“A g r e emen t / F r a mewo rkA g r ee men t / F r ame wo r kA r r ang em en tonF a c i l i t a t io no fCro s s bo rd e rPa pe r le s sT r a deinA s i aa ndth eP a c i f ic ”-In fo rm a t ionTe chno l og yi su s edt oa l lowd a taand do cum ent stobesub mi t tedand e xc h an g ede l ec t ron i c a l l y . T hea ve r a ger a t eo fimp l e men t at ionfo cs in g l ew indowth rou g hou tL a t inAme mr i c a rane l e c t roni andth eCa r ibbe an i s63% .A tthes ub r eg ion a ll e ve l ,theh i ghe s ta ve r a gei sseen in Sou t hAm e ri c a ( ne a r l y 19 S e e A r t i c le10 .4o ftheWT T OT r ad eF a c i l i t a t i onA g reement . 25 owedb yCent r a lAm e r i caandMe x i co ow i th67% .T h eC a r ibb e anl a g ss i gn i f i c an t l yb eh indw ith 80% ) ,fo l l on l ya25% imp leme nt a t i onr a t e ;howe ve r ,a sw il lb ed is cu s s edb e low,th en a t ion a le xp e r i e nceo f T r in id ada ndTob a go i swor thh i gh l igh t i n g . F i gu re1 4:Le ve l so f I mp m lemen t a t iono fP ape r les sT rade M ea su re s inL a t inAme r i c aa ndtheC a r ibbean E le c t ron i c / au tom a t edCu s tom sS y s t e m E l e c t ron i cApp li c a t ionand I s su a nc eo fT r ad eL i c en s e s E l e c t ro ni csubm i s s iono f Cu s tom sd e c l a r a t ion s I nte rn e tconn e c t io na v a i l ab l eto Cu s tom sando th e rt r a d e… E l e c t ron i cS in g l eW indowS y s t e m E -P a ym en to fCu s tom sDu t i e sandF e e s E l e c t r on i cSubm i s s ionofA irC a r goM an i fe e s t s E l e c t r on i cApp l i ca t iona nd I s su an c eo fP re f e r e n t i a lC e r t i f i ca t e … E l e c t ron i cApp l i c a t ionf o rCu s tom sR e fund s 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%100% F ul l y imp l em en t ed P a r t i a l l yi mp l em en t ed P i lo ts t a g e No timp l em en t ed Don ' tknow Sou r ce : EC L AContheb a s i so fda t aob t a inedth r ou ghtheG lob a lS ur v e yonT r ad eF a c i l i t a t ionand P ape r l e s sT r ad eImp l e men t a t ion2015 . I nSou t hAmer i c a ,a l lp a r t ic ip a t i n gcou nt r i e sind i c a t eth a te le c t r on i cs in g lewindow sa reei th e r p a r t i a l l yorfu l l yimp l e m en t ed.F i v eco un t r i e s– th eP lu r in a t ion a lS t a t eofBo l i vi a ,B r az i l ,Ch i le ,P a ra gu a y andU ru gu a y –e xh ib itp a r t i a limp l e m en ta t ione ith e rb e c au see l e ct ron i cs i n g l ew indowsa rea v a i l a blefo r on l yimp or to re xpo r tp ro c edu r es(bu tno tboth )o rb e c au s eth e r ea r es t i l lc e r t a i nop e r a t ionsth a t l ,fo r r equ i r epap e r -b a sedc op ie so rp ar t i e stob eph y s ic a l l yp re s en t .Th el a t t e ri sth ec a seinB r a zi n t r i e s e x amp l e ,wh i ch i scu r r en t lym a k ing ge f for t store a chfu l l d i g i ta l i z a t io n .Ont he o the r h and ,th r e ecou -Co lombi ru ’ se le c a ,E cu ado ra nd P e ru–ha vefu l l yim p l emen t ede l e c t ro n i cs in g lew indow s.Pe t ron i c s in g l ew indow ,inp l ac es i n c e2006,i samon gt hemos tin t e g r a t e dinth ere g ionfo ri mpo r t ,e xpor tand t r an s i t r e l a t e dp ro c e ss e s .I t ssu c c e s si sdue ,inp a r t ,toane x t en s i v el e g a lf r am ewo r k ,p a r t i c ip a t ionb y mo r e th a nado z enpub l i ca g en c i e sinimp le men t a t ion rel a t eda c t i v i t i e s ,a ndas t ron gp l a t fo rm fo r s t a keho l de ra ndp r i v at es e c to rp a rt i c ip a t ion in i t sc re a t iona ndongo in gde ve lopmen t . I nth ec a s eo fCen t r a lAmer i c a ,a l lp a r t ic ip a t in gcou nt r ie sh a vepa r t i a l l yimp l e t ron i c m en t ed e l e c s in g lew indow sw i thon ion–N i c a ra gu a– wh i chind i c a t e s i ti sin th ep i lo tph a s e .M e x ic c o ,fo r l yon ee x c ept i t sp a r t ,ha sane l e c t r on ics in g l ewindo wfo ri mpo r t ,e xpo r tandt r an s i t r e l a t edm a t te e r sandi sth eon l y coun t r yi nth i ssub r e g iontoe xh ib itfu l lcom pl i an ce .P a r t icu l a r l yno t ewo r thyi sth ee l e ct ron i cs in g le l yfu l l yope w indowi nE lS a l v ado r .A l thou ghpr e s e n t l yi ti son r a t ion a lfo re xpo r t s ,i tha sthec ap a c i t yto a t ae x cha en g a g ei ne l e c t ron i cd n g ew i th Ni c a r a gu a ,Gu a t em a l a , a nd Hondu r as .I tre l ie son a a t edd i g i t a li n f r a s t ru c tu re–suppo r t e db yth eS e c re t a r i a tf or C en t r a lAme mr i c anE co nom i c soph i s t i c 26 20 In t e g r a t ion( S I ECA )-th a tin t e g r a t e scu s tom so f f ic e sandr e l a t e da g en c i e sth ro u ghou tth esub r e g ion . E f fo r t sa r ecu r r en t l yund e rw a yfo rane l e c t ron i cs i n g l ew indowfo rim po r t sth a ti se xp e c t edtobe g in fun c t ion in ga tth eendo f2015 .E lS a l v ado r ’ sgo a li stoe v en tu a l l ye l im in a t eph y s i c a lo f f i c e sa roundth e coun t r y . a r ibb e an h a sas i gn i f i c an t l ylow e r l e v e lo fimp lem en t a t ion ,w i thana v e r a g eo fon l y25% . Th eC T r in id adandTob a goh a sad v an c edth e mo s t ,r e po r t in gp a r t i a limp l em en t a t i ono fane l e c t ron i cs in g l e w indow . Th e Dom in i c an R epub l i ci s inth ep i lot ph a s e ,wh i l eB a rb ado s and Su r in am eh a v e no t imp l em en t edan e l e c t ron i cs in g l e w indowa ta l l . Inth ec a s eo fT r in id adandTob a go ,a l thou ghi t ind i c a t e s on l yp a r t i a limp l em en t a t i on ,th ee l e c t ron i cs in g l ew indowi son eo fth e mo s tamb i t iou sa ndimpo r t an t p ro j e c t sunde r t a k en b yth en at ion a lgo v e rnm en t .En t i t l ed“ T TB i z L in k ” ,th ee l e c t ron i cs i n g l ew indow op e r a t e sund e ras lo g ano f“Bu s in e s sM ad eE a s y ”andi sd e s c r ib eda s“ anent i r en a t ion a lch an ge m an a g emen tp ro c e s sth a t mod e rn i z e sth ew a ycomp an i e sconn e c tw i thgo v e rnm en ta g en c i e sinth e 21 p ro c e s so fcondu c t in gt r ad e . ”I tw a simp l em en t edin2009 w i thth ego a lo ffu r th e rc ap i t a l i z in gon T r in id adandTob a go ’ ss t ron g po s i t iona sa bu s in e s s ,comm e r c i a l ,t r an s sh ipm en t ,and f in an c i a lhub in th e C a r ibb e an . Th er em a in i n gm e a su r e se x am in edfo cu sh e a v i l y on e l e c t ron i ct r an s a c t io n s and th eIC T in f r a s t ru c tu reandsuppo r tn e ed edtoa ch i e v ep ape r le s st r ad e .Th em e a su r e w i thth eh i ghe s tr a t eo f imp l em en t a t i onw i th inth i sc a t e go r y i sth eu s eo fane l e c t ron i c / au tom a t edcu s t om ss y s t em .Inf a c t ,a ta 98%r a t eo fimp l em en t a t i oni ti sno ton l yth eh i ghe s tw i th inth ec a t e go r ybu ta l so ,amoun t stoth e h i gh e s ta v e r a g eo fa l l38 m e a su r e sin c lud edinth eG lob a lSu r v e y .D a t ashow sth a te v e r ycoun t r yinth e r e g ionh a sfu l l y imp lem en t edane l e c t ron i ccu s tom ss y s t emw ithth ee x c ep t iono f on l yonecoun t r yth a t h a sp a r t i a l l y imp l em en t ed i t(Hondu r a s ) .S e v e r a lau tom a t eds y s t em sa r eu t i l i z edth rou ghou tth er e g ion 22 A S YCUDA ( in c lud in g a l sor e f e r r edtoa sS IDUN EA inSp an i sh ) , aso f tw a r eth a ts e e k stos imp l i f ycu s tom s p ro c edu r e sa ndr edu c eth et imeandco s ta s so c i a t ed w i thcu s t om sc l e a r an c e s .A scoun t r i e ss e e kto th e i rd i g it a lcu s tom sc ap ab i l i t i e s ,som ea r ea l r e ad y inth e p i lots t a g eo f mo r ead v an c edv e r s ion s in c r e a s e o fth e i rcu r r en te l e c t ron i ccu s tom ss y s t em s . E l e c t ron i csubm i s s iono fcu s tom sd e c l a r a t ion sa l soh a sah i ghr a t eo fimp l em en t a t ionw ithan t r yinth es amp l eh a v ep a r t i al l yo rfu l l y 84%a v e r a g e .Su r v e yr e spon s e sind i c a t eth a ta l lbu ton ecoun imp l em en t edth i sm e a su re ,w i th12co un t r i e se xh ib i t in gfu l limp lem en t a t iona nd6coun t r i e se xh ib i t in g 20 S e e ,fo re x amp l e ,p r e s en t a t ionen t i t l ed“V en t an i l l a Ún i c ad eCom e r cioE x t e r io r :E x p e r i en c i ad eE lS a l v ado r ” d e l i v e r eda tth e“ In t e rn a t ion a lS em in a ronF a c i l t i a t in gth eE f f e c t i v eIn t e g r a t iono fD ev e lop in gCoun t ri e sin toth e G lob a l E conom y th rou g h A id fo rT r ade ” , in M an agu a , N i c a r a gu a , S ep t em b e r 2013 [on l in e ] a t h t tp : / /www . c ep a l .o r g / s i t e s /d e f au l t / f i l e s /e v en t s / f i l e s /p r e s en t a c ion _ em e r i t a _ c a s t ro _ f _b an co _ c en t r a l _d e _ r e s e r v a _d e _ e l _ s a l v ado r.pd 21 S e e h t tp s : / /www . t tb i z l in k . go v . t t / tn t cmn / f a c e s /pnu /PnuD i sp l a yCon t en t . j s f 22 A S YCUDA i sth eAu tom a t edS y s t emfo rCu s tom sD a t a(o rS i s t em aAdu an eroAu tom a t i z ado ,S IDU N EAin Sp an i sh ) . I ti s“ acompu t e r i z edcu s tom sm an a g em en ts y s t emwh i chco v e r s mo s tfo r e i gnt r ad ep ro c edu re s .Th es y s t em h and l e sm an i f es t sandcu s tom sd e c l a r a t ion s,a c coun t in gp ro c edu r e s ,t r an s i tandsu sp en s ep ro c edu re s .A S YCUDA g en e r a t e st r ad ed a t ath a tc anb eu s edfo rs t a t i s t i c a le conom i can a l y s i s .[… ]So f tw a r ei sd e v e lop edinG en e v ab y UNC TAD… ” Fo r mo r ein fo rm a t ions e eUn i t edN a t ion sCon f e r en c eonT r ad eandD ev e lopm en t ,Abou tA S YCUDA [on l in e ]a th t tp : / /www . a s y cud a .o r g / abou t a s . a sp. 27 p a r t i a limp l em en t a t ion( s e eF i gu r e12) .N a t ion a le xp e r i enc e ss u g g e s tth a te l e c t ron i csu bm i s s iono f cu s tom sd e c l a r a t ion sa r ea lmo s ta lw a y s l in k edtoth eu s eo fe l e c t ron i cfo r e i gnt r ad es in g l ew indow s ( e . g . Co s t aR i c a ) . Coun t r i e sth a t ind i c a t ep a r t i a l imp l em ent a t ion no t eth a t ,no tw i th s t and in ge l e c t ron i c subm i s s ion ,phy s i c a lcop i e sa r es t i l lr equ i r ed( e . g . , M ex i co ) . Ar e l a t edt r an s a c t ion ,e l e c t ron i csubm i s s iono fa i rc a r go m an i f e s t s ,h a sas im i l a r l yh i ghr a t eo f imp l em en t a t i ona t77% .Cen t r a lAme r i c aand M e x i coandSou thAm e r i cah a v en e a r l yequ a lr a t e so f imp l em en t a t iona t76% an d75% ,r e sp e c t i v e l y . I t i sth eC a r ibb e ancoun t r i e s th a th a v eah i gh e ra v e r a g e in th i sr e a lmw ithanimp l em en t a t ionr a t eo f83% .Th eDom in i c anR epub li ca ndSu r in am eh a v efu l l y imp l em en t edth i sm e a su r e , wh i l e B a rb ado sandT r in id adandTob a goh a v ep a r t i al l y imp lem en t ed i t . G i v enth el a r g enumb e ro fF r e eT r ad eA g r e em en t s ando th e rp re f e r en t i a lt r ad ea g r e em en t sto wh i chcoun t r i e s inth er e g i ona r es i gn a to r i e s ,th em e a su r er e l a t in gto e l e c t ron i capp l i c a t ionandi s su an c e o fp r e f e r en t ia lc e r t i f i c a t e so fo r i g in i s p a r t i cu l a rl y impo r t an t .L a t inAm e r i c aandth e C a r ibb e an h a sa70% l em en t a t ion ,w i th 11 coun t r i e s ind i c a t in g fu l limp l em en t a t i on , 3 coun t r i e sp a r t i a l r a t eo f imp imp l em en t a t i on ,1coun t r y inp i lo ts t a g eand4coun t r i e sno th a v in gimp l em en t ed i ta ta l l( s eeF i gu r e 12 ) . Coun t r i e sno t eth a twh en th ec e r t i f i c a t eo fo r i g inc anb eapp l i edfo randi s su ede l e c t ron i c a l l y ,i ti s u su a l l ydon esoth rou ghth ee l e c t ron i cs in g l ew indow .I tshou ldb eh i gh l i gh t edth a tth eL a t inAm e r i c an In t e g r a t ion As so c i a t ion(A LAD I inSp an i s h )h a sb eenen g a g edin e ffo r t ss in c e2004toimp l em en tad i g i t a l c e r t i f i c a t eo fo r i g inth rou ghou tth er e g ionth a tc a nb eu s edfo rp r e f e r en t i a la g r e emen t sn e go t i a t ed w i th inth ef r am ewo r ko fA LAD I . W i thr e sp e c ttoe l e c t ron i capp l i c a t ionandi s su an c eo ft r ad el i c en s e s ,th er e g iona sawho l e e xh ib it sa70%r a t eo fimp l em en t a t ion . Mo s tcoun t r i e sinth er e g ionf a l lw i th inth epu r v iewo ffu l l y imp l em en t ed(6 )o rp a r t i al l yimp l em en t ed(10 ) .Fo rtho s ecoun t r i e s wh e r ee le c t ron i capp l i c a t ionand i s su an c eo ft r ad e l i c en s e s i sa tap a r t i a l l e v e lo f fu l f i l lm en t , coun t r yd a t asu g g e s t sth a tth i sr e f l e c t son eo r mo r eo fth e fo l low in gpo s s ib i l i t i e s :( i )l i c en s e sb e in ga v a i l ab l ee i th e rfo re xpo r to rimpo r t(bu tno tbo th p ro c edu r e s ) ;( i i )a l lr e l e v a n tpub l i ca g en c i e sth a tc a ni s su el i c en s e sa reno tye tequ ipp edtodoso e l e c t ron i c a l l y;o r( i i i )no tw i th s t and in ge l e c t ron i capp l i c a t ionandi s su an c e ,ph ys i c a lcop i e s mu s ts t i l lb e e x ch an g edb e tw e enth et r ad e randth er e l e v an ta g en c y . Twor e l a t ed m e a su r e s -e l e c t ron i cp a ym en to f cu s tom s du t i e s andf e e s and e l e c t ron i c app l i c a t ionfo rcu s tom sr e fund s–e xh ib i toppo s i t ere su l t s .E -p a ym en to fcu s tom sdu t i e sa ndf e e s ,b a s ed .2 o fth eW TOT r ad eF a c i l i t a t ionA g r e emen t ,s t a t e sth a tcoun t r i e s ,toth ee x t en tp r a c t i c ab l e , onA r t i c l e7 sh a l ladop to rm a in t a inp ro c edu r e sa l low in gth eop t ion o fe l e c t ron i cp a ym en t fo rdu t i e s ,t a x e s ,f e e s ,and l l e c t edb ycu s t om sin cu r r eduponimpo r t a t io nande xpo r t a t ion .Fo rth i sm e a su re ,th er e g ion ch a r g e sco p r e s en t san81%r a t eo fimp l em en t a t i on .Th i sr e f le c t sanind i v i du a lcoun t r yp e r fo rm an cewh e r e in14 coun t r i e sh a v efu l l yimp lem en t edi t ,2coun t r i e sha v ep a r t i a l l yimp l em en t edi t(M e x i coa ndP an am a ) , and3coun t r i e sh a v eno timp l em en t ed i ta ta l l( th eP lu r in a t ion a lS t a t eo fBo l i v i a ,B a rb ado s ,andT r in id ad and Tob a go ) . Con v e r s e l y ,e l e c t ron i c app l i c a t ionfo r cu s tom s r e fund sh a s th elow e s tr a t eo f imp l em en t a t i oninth i sc a t e go r ya ton l y 26% ,andinf a c ti sth es e condlow e s t i mp l em en t ed m e a su r ein th eG lob a lSu r v e y .O f19p a r t i c ip a t in gcoun t r i e s ,on l y 3e xh ib i tfu l limp l em en t a t ion(Co lomb i a ,E cu ado r , 28 a y )andan oth e r3e xh i bi tp ar t i a lim plemen t a t io n(B r a z i l ,Ch i le ,andM e x ic c o ).Th er em a in in g andU ru gu coun t r i e sh a ve no t im plemen t ed i t a ta l landth e r ei sno e v ide n c eo fp i lo t s t a gee f fo r t s . T hel a s tm e as s u r ee x am in edinth i sc a te go r yre l a t e stowhe the ranIn te r i oni s n e tconn e c t a v a i l ab l etocu s tom sa deco n t ro la g en c i e sa tbor d e rc ro s s in g s .Inp r a c t i c a lt e rm s ,th i sa l low s ndo th e rt r a p a r t i e st oa c ce s s in fo r ma t ionon l ineab ou tt r ad et r an s a c t ion s . L a t i nAm er i c aa ndth eCa r ibbe anp re sen t s ah i ghr a t eo fimp l em e n t a t ionw i th ana v e r a g eof86% .Su r v e yre su l t s sh owth a te v e r ycoun t r ya c r os sa l l th r e esu bre g ion sh a se l l yo rfu l l yi mp l em en t edth i sm e a su re ew i thon l yon ee x c ep t ion( th e i th e rp a r t ia P lu r i l a t e ra lS t a t eo f Bol i v i a ) . 3 .5“C r os s -bo rd e rPap e r l e s sT r ad e” M eas u r e s Pa p e r l e s st r ad e in vo l ve sc ondu c t in gt r a det r an s a c t io n sonth eb as i so fan e l e ct ron i ce x ch angeo f cumen ts ,incon on a lw a yo fe d a t aanddo t r a s tt oth et r ad i t i x ch an g in gt r adere l a te d-d a t au sin gpape r do cum ent ro s s -bo rderp s( Sun gandS an g2014 ) .C ape r le s st r ad ei sp a r t i cu l a r l yimpo r t an tinth ec on te x t o fre g ion a landg lob a l .A s mo r eco un t r ie sb e comein vo l vedi nth ep roduc t iono fgoo dsand v a lu ech a in s se r v i ce s ,t h enumberofbo rde rc ro s s in g sg row s ,m a k in gth ee xp ed i t iou sf low o fre le v a n tdo cum ent a t ion e v e rmo re eimpo r t an t . T heG lob a lSu r v e yin c l ud e sf i v ec ro s s -b ord e rp ap e r l es st r ademe as u re s .L a t i nAme r i c aan dt h e C a r ibb e anp re s en t sa46%a ve r a ger a t eo fimp l e m en ta t ionofth e s e m e a su ure s .B ysub r e g ion ,C en t ra l sa55% a ve r a g er a t eo fi Am e r i c aa ndM e x icoha mp l em en t a t ion ,fo l lowedb ySo u thAme r i c a(47% )a nd th eC a r ibbe an ,w i th26%( s e eF i gu r e15) . F i gu re15 : I mp m lemen t a t iono fC ro s s -borde rP ape r l es sT r ade Me a su re s :L a t i n Ame r i c a an dC a r ibbean Ave r a ge( Inpe r cen t a ge s ) Sou r ce : EC L AContheb a s i so fda t aob t a inedth r ou ghtheG lob a lS ur v e yonT r ad eF a c i l i t a t ionand P ape r l e s sT r ad eImp l e men t a t ion2015 . 29 e a su r e -b yme a su re an a l y s i s ind i c a t e sth a tth emo s tw id e l yi ml mp em en t edme ma su r er e l a t e sto Am l aw sand re gu l a t ion sf ore le c t ron i ct r an s a c t ion s ,w i thare g i on a la v e r a g er a t eo fimp l e m en t a tion of84% . Th i s i sfo l low ed b yr e c ogn i z edc e r t i f i c a t i onau th or i t ie si s su in gd ig i t a lc e r t i f i c a t e sto t r a de r stocond uc tan e l e c t ron ict r an s a c t ion ,wh i chh a sa na v e r a g er a t eo fimp l e men t a t iono f54% ,andeng a gemen tint r ad e le c t ron i cda r e l a t edc ro s s -bo rde re t ae x ch an g e ,w i tha51% a v e r a ge .Th elo w e s ta v e r a g er a t e so f nt a t i oncon c e rnth ee l e c t r on i ce x ch ang eo fc e r t i f i c a te so fo r i g in(28% c t ron i ce x chan g e imp l em e )ande le o fs an i t a r yan dph y to san i t a r yc e r t i f i c a t e s , w i th11%. wome a su res–l aw sandr e gu l a t ion sfo i ct r an s a c t io nsandr e co g n i z edc e r t i f i c a t io n T re le c t ron au tho r i t yi s su in gd i g i ta lc e r t i f i c a t e stot r ade r st oen ab l eth e m tocondu c te l e c t ron i ct r an s a c t ion s–a r e con s id e r o gn i t iono ft e dthe“b a s i cbui ld in gb loc k stow a rden ab l in gth ee x ch an g ea ndle g a lre c r ad e SCAP2015 ) .S r e l a t edda t aanddo cumen t s ”(UN E u r veyr e spo n s e sind i c a t eth a t14 cou nt r i e sinth e r e g ion h a v efu l l yimp l em en t edl aw sandr e gu la t ion sf ore l e c t ron i ct r an s a c t ion sand3coun t r ie sh a vep ar t i a l l y dT r in id ada n t r ie s imp l em e nt edap e r t inen tf r am ewo r k(Hondu r a s ,P an am aan ndTob a go ) .On l ytw ocou Bo l i v i aandS th a ves im re16 ) . (P lu r in a t i on a lS t a teo f u r inam e )dono i l a r l a w s inf or c e( s e e F i gu L e s sf requen t l yimp l em en t e d inth er e g i ona r er e co g n i z edc e r t i f i c a t ionau tho r i t i e s i s su in g di g i t a l c e r t i f i c a t e stot r ade r stoen ab l e th emto c ondu c te le ct ron i ct r an s a c t ion s .E s s e n t i a l l y ,fo r di g i t a l a r t y s i gn a tu r e stob er e co g n i z edanda c cep ted( a spa r to fe le c t ro n i ct r ad et r a ns a c t ion s ) ,at ru s t edth i r dp ythe knowna saC e r t i f i c at ionAu tho r it yi sneededtoi s su edi g i t a lc e r t i f i c a te sth a ts e r vetove r i f l l son .Imp l em en t e l e c t ron iciden t i t i e sofu se r sandor g an i z a t ion s a t iono fth i sm e a su r eint h ere g ionf a so fthes oppo s i t eend p e c t rum ;9c oun t r ie se xhib i tfu l limp l em ent a t ion ,wh i l e8 cou nt r i e se xh ib itnon nt a t i onandon l y2coun t r i e se xh ib i tp ar t i a lcomp l i a nc e( s e eF i gu r e16) . imp l em e F i gu re1 lemen t a ti i ono fC ro s s -bo rde rP aper le s sT rade Ma Me su re s inLa t inAme r i c aand 6 :Le ve l so f Imp theC a r ibb ean( F romh i g he s tto lowes t , inpe r ce nt a ge s ) c t r an s a c t ion s L aw sandr e gu l a t ion sfo re l e c t roni En g a ge men t int r ad e r e l a t edc ro s s -bo rd e re le c t ron i cd a t a e x ch an g e Re co gn i s edc e r t i f i c a t ionau tho r i t y x ch an g eo fC e r t i fi c a t eo fO r i g in E l e c t ron i ce E l e c t ron i ce x ch an g eo fS an i t a r y&Ph y to S an i ta r yC e r t i f i c a te F ul l y imp l em en t ed P a r t i a l l yi mp l em en t ed 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% P i lo ts t a g e No timp l em en t ed Don ' tknow Sou r ce : EC L AContheb a s i so fda t aob t a inedth r ou ghtheG lob a lS ur v e yonT r ad eF a c i l i t a t ionand P ape r l e s sT r ad eImp l e men t a t ion2015 . 30 Ane s s en t i a lp i l l a rtoa ch i e v in gc ro s s -bo rd e rp ap er l e s st r ad ei sfo rcoun t r i e stoen g a g eint r ad e r e l a t edc ro s s -bo rd e re l e c t ron i cd a t ae x ch an g e .Th i sen comp a s s e sth ee l e c t ron i ce x ch an g eo fdo cum en t s th a ta r en e c es s a r ytocomp l e t eanin t e rn a t ion a lt r ad et r an s a c t ion .G lob a l Su r v e yr e su l t s su g g e s tth a tth i s i sno tcomm on l yp r a c t i c edinth er e g i ona son l y3coun t r i e sd emon s t r a t e fu l lcomp l i an c e( E lS a l v ado r , N i c a r a gu a ,a ndM e x i co ) . N in ecoun t r i e se xh ib i tp a r t i alimp l em en t a t ionan d5coun t r i e sdo no th a v ean y l e c t ron i cd a t ae x ch an g e. fo rmo fe Su r v e yr e su l t ssu g g e s tth a tsom ecoun t r i e s ,p ar t i cu l a r l ytho s einC en t r a lAme r i c a ,eng a g ein som efo rm o fd a t ae x ch an g eth rou ghth eM e so ame r i c ap ro j e c t“Good sinIn t e rn a t ion a lT r an s i t ” t e rn a c ion a ld eM e r c anc i a so r“ T IM ”inSp an i sh )an dth ee l e c t ron i ce x ch an g eo fth eC en t r a l ( T r an s i toIn Am e r i c an S in g l e Cu s tom s Do cum en t( Fo rmu l a r io Adu an e ro Ún i co C en t roam e r i c ano o r FAUCA ) . How e v e r ,m an ycoun t r i e sp a r t i c ip a tin ginth eG lob a lSu r v e yno t edth a tth e yne edc a p a c i t ybu i ld ingin o rd e rtoad e qu a t e l yimp lem en tth i sp r a c t i c e.Inf a c t ,th i si so fd ir en e c e s s i t yinth ere g iona simpo r t an t t r ad in gp a r tn e r sb e g ina pp l y in gsoph i s t i c a t e dands e cu r efo rm so fd a t at r an sm i s s ionin c lud in gth e app l i c a t iono fB i gD a t atocu s t om sandt r ad e r e l a t edp ro c e s s e s . W i th r e sp e c ttoth ee l e c t r on i cc ro s s -bo rd e rt r an sm i s s iono fsp e c i f i cdo cum en t s ,th eG lob a l Su r v e ye x am in e stwodo cum en t s :c e r t i f i c a t e so fo r i ginands an i t a r yandph y to s an i t a r yc e r t i f i c a t e s .A s r e f e r en c edp r e v iou s l y ,c e r t i f i c a t e so fo r i g ins e r v ea sswo rnd e c l a r a t ion sb ye xpo r t e r stoid en t i f yth e e t e rm inei fp r e f e ren t i a lt r e a tm en tw i l lb eg r an t edand /o r wh a tdu t i e s o r i g ino fap rodu c tino rd e rtod w i l lb ea s s e s s eduponth ep rodu c t .S an i t a r yandph y to s an i t a r yc e r t i f i c a t e s ,fo rth e i rp a r t , a r eu t i l iz edb y e xpo r t e r stoind i c a t eth a tap rodu c tco mp l i e sw ithacoun t r y ’ sfo ods a f e t ys t and a rd sa sw e l la san im a l l anth e a lthr e gu l a t ion s . andp A l thou ghsu r v e yr e su l t sshowa70%r e g ion a lr a t eo fimp l em en t a t ionfo rm e a su r e sth a ta l low e l e c t ron i cap p l i c a t ionandi s su an c eo fc e r t i f i c a t e so fo r i g intot r ad e r s( s e eS e c t ionI I I .Dabo v e ) ,th e r e su l t sa r ed i f f e r en tfo rth ea c tu a lc ro s s -bo rd e re l e c t r on i ce x ch an g eo fth e s ec e r t i f i c a t e sb y a ndb e tw e en xh i b i tfu l lcomp l i an c ew i the l e c t ron i ce x ch an g eo f coun t r i e s .Th eon l ycoun t r yinth es amp l etoe c e r t i f i c a t e so fo r i g ini sth eDom in i c anR epubl i c( i nadh e ren c ew i th CA F TA -DR comm i tm en t s ) .F i v e coun t r i e sinth er e g ion(C h i l e ,Co lomb i a ,E lS a l v ad o r ,Gu a t ema l a ,M e x icoandN i c a r a gu a )e xh ib itp a r t i a l comp l i an c ea ndth erem a in in g coun t r i e sdono ten g ag einth i s p r a c t ic e . No tw i th s t andin g sp e c i f i c n at ion a le xp e r i en c e s ,wo r thh i gh l i gh t in gi sth eC en tr a lAm e r i c anS in g l e Cu s tom s Do cum en t( Fo rmu l a r io Adu an e ro Ún i co C en t ro am e ri c ano o rFAUCA )wh i ch doub l e sa sa C e r t i f i c a t eo fO r i g ina tth esub r e g ion a ll e v e l .D a t ash ow in gnon fu l f i l lm ento ron l yp a r t i a lfu l f i l lm en to f th i sm e a su r e inC en t r a lAm e r i c am a ysu g g e s tth a tco un t r i e sa r eno ty e ten g ag in ginth i sp r a c t i c ew i th a r tner sou t s id eth esub r e g ion .A l thou ghb e yondth es c op eo fth i spub l i ca t ion ,th eu s eand t r ad in gp no t ab l esu c c e s so fth eC en t r a lAm e r i canS in g l eCu s tom sDo cum en tshou ldb ee xp lo r edfu r th e ra sa po t en t i a le x am p l eo fb e s t p r a c t ic e s . A sc anb es e en inF i gu r e14 ,th ee l e c t ron i cc r o s s -bo rd e re x ch an geo fs an i t a r yandph y to s an i t a r y c e r t i f i c a t e sh a sth elow e s ta v e r a g er a t eo fimp l em en t a t ion( ju s t11% ) .Su r v e yr e su l t sshowth a tno coun t r yinth er e g ionh a sfu l l yimp lem en t edth i sp ra c t i c e .On l ytwocoun t r i e sh a v eind i c a t edp a r t i a l 31 c e( E lS a l v ad ora ndM e x i co o)a ndtwoa dd i t ion a lcou nt r ie ss t a tet he ya r e inth ep i lo tph a se (Ch i l e comp l i an andGu a te m al a ) .Th er em a in in gco un t r iesinth ere g iondono tsh owan ye v id en c ey e to fimp l em en t in g th i sme a su r e . 3 .6T ra ns i tFa c i l i ta t ion M ea su r e s T he G lob a lS ur v e ye x am ine sfou rmea a su r e sr e l a t e dtot r an s i tf a c i l i t a t iont h a ta r eb a se don A r t i c l e s7,11and12ofth eW TOT r ad eF a c i l i t a t ionA g r e emen t .Un l i k eot h e rt r ad ef a c i l i t a t ionm ea a su re s th a tin vo l vetheimpo r tan de xpo rto fgood sa tad e f in i t epoin to fa r r i v a lando r i g in ,t r an s i tf a c i l i t a t ion me a su resen comp a s sth er e gu l a t i on sandpo l i c ie sth a tcu s t om sand t r an s po r tm in i s t rie sap p l ytog ood s fo rere a c TO th a tmu st tp as sth rou g hacoun t r ybe hin gaf in a lpo in to fde s ti n a t ion .A c cord in gtoth eW a s t em en t ,th eme T r ad eF a c i l i t a t ionA g re a su re sa pp l iedtot r a f f i cint r an s i tsh a l lbea pp l i edinth ele t r ad e r e s t r i c t i vem anne ra nda l lfe e sshou ldbel im i t edin s co p e. T her e g ionpr e sen t sa74% a ve r a ger a t eo fimp l e men t at ionoft r an s i tf a c i s u re s . l i t a t ionm e as i f f e r en tr e C en t r a lAme r ic ah a sa75% a ve r a g er a t eo fi mp l emen t a t ion;a lbe i tfo rd a son sth anCe n t r a l r e s en t sahi Am e r i c a–a sw i l lb edi s cu s s edb el ow-Sou thAme r ic aa l sop ghr a t eo fi mp lemen t a ti ona t 73%( s e eF i gu r e17 ) .23 : Imp lement a t iono fT r a n s i tFa c i l i t at ion Me a su r es :L a t inAm er i c aandC a r i bbe anA ve ra ge s F i gu re17 ( Inpe r cen t a ge s ) Sou r ce : EC L AContheb a s i so fda t aob t a inedth r ou ghtheG lob a lS ur v e yonT r ad eF a c i l i t a t ionand P ape r l e s sT r ad eImp l e men t a t ion2015 . Ov e r a l l ,th emo s t imp l e men t edme as s u r ein t r an s i tf a c i l i t a t io nr e l a t e s toa g r e em en t sw i th ono fth er e m a in ingm ea n e i ghbo r in gcoun t r i e s(87% ) .Th i si sfo l low edbyar a th e re v enapp l i c a t i a su re s 23 G i v en t he i rg eo g r aph y , th e s em e a sur e sdo no t app l yto C a r ibb e an i s l ands t a t e s . Th e r e f o r e ,t heC a r ibb e ans ub r e g ion i sno tin c lud e din th i san a l y s i s . 32 c ludecu s to msau tho r i t i e sl im i t in gt heph y s i c a li nsp e c t ionoft r an s i tgoo d san du s ingr i s k wh i ch in a t ion(71% ) ,andcoope a s se s sme n t(73% ) ,s uppor t in gp rea r r i v a lp roc e s s in gfo rt r an s i tf a c i l i t r a t ion gen c ie so fcoun t r i e si nvo l v edint r an s i t ,w i th64%( seeF i g u r e16) .Not w i th s t and ingth i s b e tw e ena y -me a su r ebre m e a su r e -b a kdown ,a nan a l y s i soft r an s i tf a c i l i t a t ionin L a t i nAme r i c al e nd si t se l ftoasub r e g ion a la n a l y s i sr a th e rth aname asu re -b y -me a s u reapp ro a c h( s eeb e low) . F i gu re 1 8:Le ve l so fImp a t ion o fT r a n s i tF a c i l i t at ion Me a su r esinL a t inAme r i c a and the lemen t e r cen t a ge s ) C a r ibbe an(H i ghe s tto Lowe s t , inp T r an s i tf a c i l i t a t ion a g r e em e n t ( s )w i thn e i ghbou r in gcoun t r y ( i e s ) Coop e ra t ionb e tw e ena g e n c i e so fcoun t r i e s in vo l v ed int r an s i t S uppo r t in gp r e a rr i v a lp ro c e s s in g fo rt r an s i tf a c i l i t a t i on Cu s tom sAu tho ri t i e s l i mi tth e ph y s i c al i nsp e c t ion so ft r an s i t good sa ndu s er i s ka s s e s s men t Fu l l yimp l em en t ed P a r t i a l l yim pl em en t ed 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%100% P i lo ts t a g e No timp l em en t e d Don ' tk now Sou r ce : EC L AContheb a s i so fda t aob t a inedth r ou ghtheG lob a lS ur v e yonT r ad eF a c i l i t a t ionand P ape r l e s sT r ad eImp l e men t a t ion2015 . T he coun t r i e scomp r i s in gth eC en t r alAm e r i ca a nd M e x i co sub r e g ionpa r t i c ip a t ei n th e g ion a li n t r ie s Me so ame e r i c aP ro j e c t ,are nte g r a t ionan dd e v e lopme n tp lantoc onn ec tM e x ic c o ,a l ls i xcou inC en t r alAm i aandth epub l i cb ys t imu l a t i ngin v e s tm e ntinin f r a s t r uc tu r e e r i c a ,Colomb eDom in i canR andfo cu the r a t ion s ,t un ic s in gonen e r g y ,t e l e comm r ad ef a c i l i t a t i on ,an dhumande ve lopmen t ,amon go en t r a lAme i s su e s .I nth i sr e a lm ,C r i c aandMe Mx i co h a v eimp l em en t e dth e“Goo dsinIn t e rn a t ion a l T r an s i t ”Pro g r am( T r á n s i toAdu ane roIn t e rn a c t r eo rT IMi nSp an i sh )t ha tgo ve rn sg ood s ion a lTe r re s t r an spo r tbetweenan damon ga l lc oun t r ie sf ro mM e x icotoP an am a ,o roth e rw i s ekn owna sthePa c i f i c Co r r ido r .Th eEu rop sth e i sp ro g r am -b a s edontheNewCompu t e r i z edS y s temu sedinth e anUn ion-i m a in t r a i t i a t i v e in de( a ndt r an s i ,cu s tom s co n t ro landbor d e rs e cu r i t yin pl a c e inth e Ce n t r a l t )f a c i l i t a t ion Am e r i c aa ndM e x icos ub re g ion( W O2012 WC ) . t ro I np r a c t ic e ,T I Mi san “e le c t ron i cs y s t e m fo r m an a g ingandcon l l in gth e mov v em en to f go od s in oas in g lee le t r an s i t ,ha rm on i z in gpre v iou s l ycu me mb r som epr o cedu re sin t c t ron i cdo cum en t ” .I ti sba sed on th r e em ainp i l la r s :( i )h a rmon i z in g mu ul t ip l ep ap er -b a s ed d e c la r a t io n s in t oa un iqueand n i t a r y comp r eh e n s i vee l e c t r on icdo cum entth a tg a th e r sa l ld a t ane ededb ycu s t om s ,imm i g r a t ionands a a g en c i e s ,n am e l y , th eS in g l eT r an s i tD e c l a r a t ion ;( i i )conn ec t in gth ein t r ane ts y s te mso fp a r t i c ipa t in g coun t r i e s gthe ,in c lud i n gs t a t e -o f th e a r tr i s kan a l y s i sandc a r g oco n t ro ls y s t em ;and( i i i )imp ro v in . coop e r a t i onw i thcou nt r i e sandbet w e ena g en c i e sop e r a t in ga tbo rd e rc r os s in g s(WCO2012) 33 B a s edonth eGood s inIn t e rn a t ion a lT r an spo r tin i t i a t i v e ,Su r v e yr e su l t sshowth a ta l l coun t r i e sin C en t r a lAm e ri c a e xh ib i te i th e rp a r t i a lo rfu l limp lem en t a t iono fa l lt r an s i tf a c i l i t a t ionm e a su re se x am in ed w i thon l yon ee x c ep t ion( e . g . ,Co s t aR i c aind i c a t e sth a tm e a su r e stol im i tph y s i c a lin sp e c t iono ft r an s i t goodandr i s ka s s e s sm en ta r eno timp l em en t ed ) .Onth eo th e rh and ,M ex i co ’ sr e spon s e sind i c a t eth a t non eo fth et r an s i tf a c i l i t a t ionm e a su r e se x am in eda r eimp l em en t edinl i gh to fc e r t a inbo rde rs e cu r i t y i s su e sa tth e M e x i co -Un i t edS t a t e sandM e x ico -Gu a t em a l abo rd e r s .24 Th ecoun t r ie so fC en t r a lAm e r i c aan dM e x icop r e s enth igha v e r a g er a t e so fimp l emen t a t i onfo r a l lth efou rm e a su r e sin c lud edinth et r an s i tf a c i l i t a t ionc a t e go r y :p r e a r r i v a lp ro c e s s in g(81% ) ,t r an s i t f a c i l i t a t iona g r e em en t sw ithn e i ghbo r in gcoun t r i e sandcoop e r a t ionb e tw eena g en c i e so fcoun t r i e s in vo l v edint r an s i t(bo t ha t76% ) ,an dimp l emen t a t iono fr e gu l a t ion stol im i tth eph y s i c a lin sp e c t iono f t r an s i tgood sandu s eo fr i s ka s s e s sm en tp ro c edu r e s(67% ) . InSou thAme r i c a ,t r an s i tf a c i l i t a t io ne f fo r t sa r esp e a rh e ad ed b yth ev a r iou ssub r e g ion a l in t e g r a t ions ch eme sinp la c esu cha sth eAnd e anCommun it y(C omun id adAnd in ainSp an i s h ) ,th eL a t in s soc i a t ion( L A IA ,o rA LAD IinSp an i sh ) ,a ndth eCommon M a r k e to fth eSou th Am e r i c anIn t e g r a t ionA (M ERCO SUR ) ,a lon gw i thsom eb i l a t e r ale f fo r t s( s e eJ a imu r z in a2014fo ral i s to fr e l e v an tr e g ion a l in i t i a t i v e s ) .Th eAnd e anCommun it y–comp r i s edo fth eP lu r in a t ion a lS t a t eo fBo l i v i a ,Co lomb i a ,E cu ado r and P e ru – h a saw e l l-d e v e lop edle g a lf r am ew o r k fo rt r an s i tf a c i l i t a t ion m a t t e r sth a ti so fa 25 as edonfou rD e c i s ion s ,th sup r an a t ion a lch a r a c t e r .B e r ei saco mmon r e gu l a t o r yf r am ewo r kinp l a c e th a tgo v e rn st r an spo r to fgood sf romapo in to fo r i g intoaf in a ldes t in a t ion ,a nda l lbo rd e rs inb e tw een , wh entho s epo in t sl i ew ith inth ebound a r i e so f And e anCommun it ym emb e rs t a t e s . Mo r eo v e r ,th e it yh a sadop t edaS i n g l eCu s tom sDo cum en tb a s edonre comm end a t ion so fth eK yo to And e anCommun 26 Con v en t iono fth e Wo r ldCu s tom sO r g an i z a t ion . Su r v e yr e su l t sind i c a t eth a ta l lm emb e rs t a t e s–w i th th ee x c ep t iono fBo l i v i a-h a v ee i th e rp a r t i a l l yo rfu l l yimp l em en te dth efou rt r an s i tf a c i l i t a t i on m e a su r e s e x am in edinth eG lob a l Su r v e y . T r an s i tf a c i l i t a t ionin th erem a in in gcoun t r i e sin Sou t hAme r i c ai sgo v e rn edb yth e A g r e em enton In t e rn a t ion a lL andT r an spo r t(o rA cu e rdosob r eT r an sp o r t eT e r r e s t r eIn t e rn a c ion a l ,A T I TinSp an i sh ) , en t e r edin toin1990b yA rg en t in a ,th eP lu r in a t ion a lS t a t eo fBo l iv i a ,B ra z i l ,Ch i l e ,P a r a gu a y ,P e ru ,and i sa g r e em en t ,a l soknowna sA LAD IP a r t i a lS cop eA g r e emen tNo .3(A cu e rdod e U ru gu a y( LA IA2013 ) .Th A l c an c eP a r c i a lNo .3 inSp an i sh ) ,go v e rn sth et r an sp o r to fgood sandp a s s en g er sa sw e l la sr a i lt r an spo r t amon gs i gn a to r ycoun t r i e s .M ERCO SUR –cu r r en t l ycomp r i s edo fA r g en t ina ,B r a z i l ,P a r a gu a y ,U ru gu a y , e Bo l i v a r i an R epub l i co fV en ezu e l a–h a su t i l iz edA T I T comm i tm e n t sa sth eb a s i sfo ri t s and th 24 A l thou ghl i t e r a tu r ef romth e Wo r ldCu s tomsO r g an i z a t ion m a ysu g g e s to th e rw i s e ,th er e spon s e sp ro v id edb yM e x i co inth e G lob a lSu r v e yh av eb e enu s ed inth ean a l y s i sp r e s en t edh er e(WCO2012 ) . e c i s ion617en t i t l ed“Commun i t yCu s tom sT r an spo r t ”( “ T r án s i toAdu an e roComun it a r io ”inSp an i sh )d a t edJu l y15 ,2005 25D anda sam end edb yD e c i s ion636en t i t l ed“Am endm en ttoCommun i t yCu s tom sT r an spo r tD e c i s ion617[… ] ”(Mod i f i c a c ion sob r e l aD e c i s ion 617sob r eT r an s i to Adu an eroComun i t a r io[… ] inSp an i sh )d a t edJu l y19 ,2006 ;D e c i s ion670 en t i t l ed“Adop t ion o fS in g l eCu s tom sDo cum en t ”( “Adop c iónd eDo cum en toÚn i co Adu an e ro ” inSp an i sh )d a t edJu l y13 , 2007anda sam end e db y t r yin tofo r c eo fD e c i s ion s670and671 ”( “Mod i f i c a c iónd e lp l a zop a r al aen t r ad a D e c i s ion716“Mod i f i c a t iono ft im e l in efo ren env i g en c i ad el a sD e c i s ion e s670y671 )d a t edS ep t emb e r7 -8 ,2009 . i si sth eIn t e rn a t ion a lCon v ent iononth eS imp l i f i c a t ionandH a rmon i z a t iono fCu s tom sp ro cedu r e s , wh i chen t e r edin to 26Th fo r c e in1974an dw a ssub s equ en t l yr e v i s ed an dupd a t ed .Th eR e v i s edK yo to Con ven t ion ,adop t edb yth e WCOCoun c i l in1999 , en t e r ed in tofo r c e inF eb ru a r y2006 . 34 in s t i tu t ion a lr e gu l a to r yf r am ewo r kgo v e rn in gt r an s i tf a c i l i t a t ion . Mo r eo v e r ,i th a ssupp l em en t edth e s e comm i tm en t sth rou ghv a r iou s R e so lu t ion sth a tgo v e rnth et r an sp o r to fd an g e rou sgood s . A T I Ts i gn a to r ycoun t r i e sth a tp a r t i c ip a tedinth eG lob a lSu r v e yin c lud eB r a z i l , Ch i l e ,P a r a gu a y , P e ruandU rugu a y .W i th in th i sg roupo fSou thAm e ri c ancoun t r i e s ,P a r a gu a y ,P e ru ,andU ru gu a ye xh ib it p a r t i a lo rfu l limp l em en t a t iono fa l lt r an s i tf a c i l i t a t ion m e a su r e s( th eon l ye x c ep t ion sa r es e enin P a r a gu a y wh e r e intwo m e a su r e sa r einth ep i lo ts t a g e ) .B r a z i landCh i l ebo thh a v eth r e eo ffou r a r t i a l l yo rfu l l y imp l em en t ed . m e a su r e se i th e rp 35 4 .No tab l ea ch i evem en t sa ndcommoncha l l enge sinth eimp l em e nta t ion oun t r yre sp ond en t sw e rea s k edtoid e n t i f yt r ad ef a c i l i t a t iona ndp ap e r l e s st r ad em e a sure sin C wh i chth e i rcoun t r i e s had m ad eth e mo s tp ro g re s s inth el a s t12mon th s. .There su l t sa resumm a r i z edin F i gu re19. Th em e a su re s mo s tf req uen t l ymen t ionedre l a t et oth e e s t ab l is hmen to f au t ho r i z ede conom i c ope r a to rs ch em e s ,th ee s t ab l i sh men to re xp an s iono fe l ec t ron i cs in g l ew indow s ,a ndth ee l e c t ron i c subm i s s i v an tdo cumen onand /o ri s s uan c eo fr e l e t s .Th eP lur in a t io n a lS t a teo fBo l i v i a ,B r a z i l ,Co s taR i c a , th eDom in i c anR epub li am a ,Pe ruandU ru gua yrepo r teddi f fe ren tde gr ee so fp ro g re c ,E cu ado r ,Pan s sin e conom icope r a to ra r r an g em en t s .Fo rth e i rpa r t ,B r a z i l ,Ch i le ,Co s t aR i c a ,th eDom in i c anR epub l i c , E cu ado r ,M ex i co ,P ar a gu a yandPe rur epo r t e dp ro g re s sone l e c t ron ics in g lew indow s .P ro g re s sin t r ie s fo cu s eds t r on g l y on th ee l e c t ron i c subm i s s ionand /o ri s s uan ce o f re l C a r ibb e ancoun e v an t ron i csubm i ion s , do cum ent s :B a rb adosandSu r in a mem en t ione e dth ee l e c t s s iono fcu s t om sde c l a r at i c a t e s wh i l eT r i nid adand To ba gom en t ion nedthee le c t r on i csubm i s s iono f ad v a nc ec a r g om ani f e s t s , c e r t i f o fo r i g ina nd o th e r im po r t /e xpo r tdo cum en t s. a t in F i gu re1 9:T r adeF a c i l i t a t ionandP a su re sonwh i ch mos tp ro g re s swa s made inL ape r le s sT r ade Me Ame r ic aandtheC a r ibbean int he l a s t12 mon th s(Numbero f men t io ns ) Sou r ce :EC LAConth e ba s i so fd a t a ob t a in ed th rou g h th eG lob a l Su r v e yon T r a de F a c i l i t a t ionand P ape r le s sT r ad e a t ion2015 . Imp l emen t 36 oun t r yre sp ond en t swe rea l soa s kedtoiden he mo s tse r io u sch a l l en g e sf a cedb yth e i r C t i f yt a c i l i t a t ionme ere su l t sa r dinF i gu re20 .A coun t r i e sinimp l em e n t in gt r ad ef a su re s .Th esumm a r i ze an no t ab l er h a tth emo st tf r eq u en t l ym en t ion edc r el im i t edhum e su lto fth i se x e rc i s ei st h a l l en ge swe r e sou r c ec tweengo v ap a c i t yan dl a c ko fc oord in a t ionbe e rnmen ta ge n c i e s ,w e l la he ad o ff in a n c i a l con s t r a in v a i l a b l et e t sandl im i t a t ion sinth ea c hno lo g ie s .T he s er e su l t ssu g g e s tth a tt r ad ef a c i l i t a t ion r e l a t edt e chn i c a la s s i s t an c eandc a p a c it ybu i ld inga ren e ed edinth ona tle a s ta sm u ch a sf in a n c i a l ere g i su l t sa l soi a s s i s t an c etoimp l em e n tce r t a inme a su re s .There nd i c a t eth a tth ec ro s s cu t t in g ,mu l t i ag g en c y n s t i tut ion a lc n a tu r eoft r ad ef a c i l i t a t ionr a i se simpo h a l l en g e sf orgo v e rnm e n tsinth er e g ion . r t an ti the r A l thou ght r ad ef a c i l i t a t ioni so f tenseena sre l e v an ton l yt ocu s tom sa g e n c i es ,i tco nc e rn sm an yo r ad e a g en c i e st h a tpe r fo rmin spe c t ion sa tth ebo rd erand /o ri s su edo cum en tsth a ta r en ec e s s a r yfo rat i r t r an s a c t i on stob eco l lth o s ea g e n c i e ss e ee xp ed i t in gt r a dea soneo fthe mp let ed .How e ver ,no ta ob j e c t i v es .A llth i sme e an sth a tco ord in a t ionne ed sa recon s id e r ab l e ,a swe l la s po te n t i a lcon f l i c t s( f o r ib l efo rth eimp r ad e e x amp l e ,inappo in t i ngal e ada g en c yu l t im at e l yre spon s l em en t a t iono fthet 27 na gend a ) .P rep a ra t ion sfo yin tofo r c eofth eW TOT t ionA g r eeme n t,in f a c i l i t a t io rth een t r r ad eF a c i l i t a ion Comm i t te p a r t i cu l artherequ i re men ttoc re a t eN at ion a lT r ad eF a c i l i t a t e s ,p ro v idea noppo r tuni t yfo r coun t r i e sinth e r e g io ntoe xp lo r e t hemo s tad e qu a t ein s t i tu t ion a l f r ame wo r k s . F i gu re20 :Common Ch a l len ge s f a cedb yL a t i n Ame r i c an a ndC a r ibbean Coun t r ie s i nImp lemen t in g T r adeF a c i l i t a t iona ndP ape r le ssT r ade Me a s u re s(Numbero f men t io ns ) Sou r ce :EC LAConth e ba s i so fd a t a ob t a in ed th rou g h th eG lob a l Su r v e yon T r a de F a c i l i t a t ionand P ape r le s sT r ad e a t ion2015 . Imp l emen t 27 F i v eo fth e14r e sp onden t s whomen t ion edth el a c ko fcoo r d in a t ionb e twe engo v e rn men ta gen c i e sa san ch a l l en g e a l s om en tion ed t hel a c ko fa c l e a r l yd e s i gn a t edl e ada g en c y a ss e r iou s ,r e l a t e dch a l l en g e impo r t an t . 37 5 .Con c lu s ion sand WayFo rwa rd Fo rL a t in Am e r i c aandth eC a r ibb e an, m a k in gp ro g r e s sinth et r ad ef a c i l i t a t iona g e nd ai s impo r t an t fo ra numbero fr e a son s .B ye a s in gt r ad eamo n gcoun t r ie so fth er e g i on , i tc anhe lptor a i s e i t s r edu c edl e v e l so fin t r a r e g ion a lt r ad e( abou t19%o fto t a le xpo r t s ) .S in c er e dt a p ea tth ebo rde ra f f e c t s ed ium – s i zed f i rm sd i sp ropo r t ion at e l y ,t r ad ef a c i l i t a t ion a l so en cou r a g e s th e sm a l l - and m in t e rn a t ion a l i z a t iono fsu chf i rm s ,th eo v e rwh e lm in gm a jo r i t yo f wh i chdo no te xpo r tinth eL a t in 28 Am e r i c anc a se . Th i sm a yintu rnp romo t ee xpo r td i v e r s i f i c a tion ,thu she lp ingtor edu c eth ev e r yh i gh con c en t r a t io nincommod i t i e sth a tch a r a c t e r i z e sth ee xpo r tb a s k e t so fm an y coun t r i e sf romth ere g ion (p a r t i cu l a r l yinSou thAm e ri c a ) .Th ee xp ed i t iou smo v em en to fgood sa c ro s sbo rd e r si sc r i t i c a lfo r th e su c c e s so fin t e rn a t ion a lp rodu c t ionn e two r k s .H en c ep ro g r e s sint r ad ef a c i l i t a t io nm a yh e lptoin c r e a s e th ep r e s en c eo fL a t inAm e ri c aandth eC a r ibb e an inr e g ion a landg lob a lv a lu ech a in s ,wh i ch –w i thsom e e x c ep t ion s -i scu r r en t l yve r yl im i t ed .A ta mo r eg en e r a ll e v e l ,s e v e r a lo fth econ c ep t sembod i edinth e a c i l i t a t iona g end a( fo re x amp l e ,in c r e a s in gth et r an sp a r en c y ,e f f i c i en c yanda c coun t ab i l i t yo f t r ad ef r e l e v an tpub li c a g en c i e s )a r eimpo r t an ttor e fo rmth eS t a t e andtof i gh t co r rup t io n . Th er e su l t so fth eG lob a lSu r v e yind i c a t eth a tL a t inAm e r i c aandth eC a r ibb e ana sawho l eh a s m ad econ s id e r ab l ep ro g res sinimp l em en t i n gt r ad ef a c i l i t a t ion m e a su r e s ,a ch i e v in ga67% o v e r a l l imp l em en t a t i onr a t e .Ind e ed ,th i r t e eno fth e19p a r ti c ip a t in gcoun t r i e se x c eed edth er e g ion a la v e r a g e , in c lud in gcoun t r i e sa tv e r yd i f f e r en t in com e l e v e l s .How e v e r ,p ro g r e s s i sun e v ena c ro s sth er e g ion :wh i l e bo thC en tr a lAm e r i c aan dM ex i coan dSou thAm e r i caa ch i e v edabo v ea v e r a g es co r e s(74%and70% , r e sp e c t i v e l y ) ,th eC a r ibb e an’ sp e r fo rm an c ew a ss i gn i f i c an t l yb e lowth a to ft h er e g iona sa who l e , w i tha 51%imp l em en t a t iona v e r a g e .Th e s er e su l t sind i c a t eth a tv a r i ab l e so th e rth anin com el e ve l sc ana l so p l a yanimpo r t an tro l e ine xp l a in in gacoun t r y ’ sp e r fo rm an c e( fo re x amp l e ,in s t i tu t ion a lc ap a c i t i e s ,b e in g ani s l ando ral and lo c k e dcoun t r y ,andb e in gp a r to ff r e et r ad ea g r e em en t so rin t e g r a t ionm e ch an i sm s th a tin c lud e comp r eh en s i v et r ad ef a c i l i t a t ioncomm i tm en t s ) . Th eg roupo f19p a r t i c ip a t in gcoun t r i e sp r e s ent sa v e r a g eimp l em en t a t ionr a t e sabo v e80%in s e v e r a lt r ad ef a c i l i t a t ion m e a su r e s .Th e s ein c l ud eth ee s t ab l i shm ento f ind ep end en tapp e a lm e ch an i sm s fo rcu s tom sd e c i s ion s ,th epub l i c a t ion o fr e gu l a t ion sonth ein t e rn e t ,th eu s eo fad v an c eru l in g s ,p r e a r r i v a lp ro c e s s in g ,r i s km an a g em en ta ndpo s t c l e a r anc eaud i t s ,th ee l e c t ron i csubm i s s iono fcu s tom s d e c l a r a t ion s ,andth een a c tm en to fl a w sand r e gu l a t ion sfo re l e c t ron i ct r an s a c t ion s ,amon go th e r s . Mo r eo v e r ,a l lcoun t r i e sinth es amp leh a v ee l e c t r on i c / au tom a t edcu s tom ss y s t em sinp l a c e .W i th a v e r a g eimp lem en t a t ionr a t e sinth e60%to65% r an g e , mo r e wo r kr em a in stob edon e– e sp e c i a l l yin th eC a r ibb e an-ini s su e ssu ch a sth efu l limp l em en t a t ion o fe l e c t ron i cs in g l ew indow s andth e e v e r , th e s ea r etwoo fth ei s su e s wh e r ecoun t r y e s t ab l i shm en to fau tho r i z edop e r a to rs ch em e s .How r e spond en t sr epo r t ed th e mo s t p ro g r e s sinth e l a s t ye a r . 28 LowSM E in t e rn a t ion a l i z a t ion inth er e g i oni sacon s equ en c eo f mu l t ip l e f a c t o r s , in c lud in g in fo rm a l i t yand l im i t ed a c c e s stoc r ed i t ,t e chno lo g yandth eb es tm an a g em en tp ra c t i c e s ,amon go th e r s.Th e r e fo r e ,wh i l et r ad ef a c i l i t a t ion m a y en cou r a g ein t e rn a t ion a l i z a t ionb yr edu c in gadm in i s t r a t i v eb a r r i e r stot r ad e ,anumb e ro fo th e rpub l i cpo l i c i e s a r ea l sor equ i r e d . 38 B e low a v e r a g er a t e so fimp l em en t a t iona r efo undinsom em e a su r e sr e l a t edtoc ro s s -bo rd e r p ap e r l e s st r ad e ,su cha sth ee l e c t ron i ce x ch an g eo fc e r t i f i c a t e so fo r i g inands a n i t a r yandph y to s an i t a r y c e r t i f i c a t e s .Th i si sno tsu rp r i s in g ,s in c eth e s em e a su re sr equ i r ebo thth esupp o r to fasoph i s t i c a t e dI T in f r a s t ru c tu reandc lo s ecoop e r a t ion b e tw e en th er e l e v an ta g en c i e so fth e coun t r i e se x ch an g in g in fo rm a t ion .In t e r e s t in g l y ,som eo fth em e a su r e sinwh i chth e r ei sl e a s tp ro g r e s sa c ro s sth er e g iondo igf in an c i a lin ve s tm en t s ,su cha sth ec r e a t iono fN a t ion a lT r ad eF a c i l i t a t ionComm i t t e e s ,the no tr equ i r eb pub l i ca t ion o fa v e r a g er e l e a s et ime sfo rimpo r tsh ipm e n t s and th e ad v a n c e pub l i c a tion o fn ew r e gu l a t ion s .Inth e s e c a s e s ,l im i t in gf a c to r scou ldb e m a inl yo fapo l i t i c a lo r in s t i tu t ion a ln a tu r e( i . e . t r ad e f a c i l i t a t ioni sno ts e ena sapo l i t i c a lp r io r i t y ,in su f f i c i en tin t e r a g en c ycoo rd i n a t ion ,o rr e s i s t an c eb y Cu s tom so ro th e ra g en c i e sto in c r e a s eda c coun t a b i l i t yandt r an sp a r en c yin th e i rd a i l ywo r k ) . Imp l em en t a t i ono ft r ad ef a c i l i t a t ion m a yb es e ena sas t ep -b ys t epp ro c e s s ,b a s edonth ef i v e g roup so fmea su r e sin c l ud ed inth i ssu r v e y .T r ad ef a c i l i t a t ionb e g in sw i th th es e t t in gup o f th e in s t i tu t iona la r rang em en t sn e ed edtop r io r i t i z eandcoo rd in a t eimp l em en t a t iono ft r ad ef a c i l i t a t ion m e a su r e s .Th en ex ts t epi stom a k e th et r ad ep ro c e s s e s mo r et ran spa r en tb ysh a r in gin fo rm a t ionon e x i s t in gl aw s ,r e gu l a t ion sandp ro c edu re sa sw id e l ya spo s s ib l eandcon su l t in gw i ths t a keh o ld e r swh en d e v e lop in gnewon e s .D e s i gn in ga ndimp l emen t in gs imp l e rand mo r ee f f i c i entt r ad efo rma l i t i e scome s n e x t . Th e re en g in e e r edands t r e am l in ed p ro c e ss e sm a yf i r s tb eimp l em en t ed b a s ed on p ap e r do cum en t s ,bu tc anth enb efu r th e rimp ro v edth ro u ghIC Tandth ed e v e lopm ento fpap e r l e s st rad e s y s t em s .Th eu l t im a t es t epi stoen ab l eth ee l e c t ron i ct r ad ed a t aanddo cumen t se x ch an geb yt r ad e r s , go v e rnm en tands e r v i c ep ro v id e r sw i th inn a t ion a l( s i n g l ew indowando th e r )s y s t em stob eu sedandr e u s edtop ro v id es t a k eho l d e r sinp a r tn e rcoun t r i e sw i thth ein fo rm a t ionth e yn e edtosp e edupth e 29 mo v em en to fgood sandr edu c eth eo ve r a l lco s t so ft r ad e . A sshowninf i gu r e21 , wh i chd ep i c t sth e cumu l a t i v eimp l em en t a t i onl e v e l so ff i v eg roup so ft r ad ef a c i l i t a t ion m ea su r e sfo r LA C andi t s l la r e a s ,s t a r t in gw i thin s t i tu t ion a la r r an g em en t s sub r e g ion s ,th e r ei ss t i l lamp l eroomfo rp ro g r e s sina andcoop e r a t ion . Inf a c t ,th econ s id e r ab l ep ro g r e s sm ad eb ymo s tp a r t i c ip a t in gcoun t r i e sinimp l emen t in gt r ade e v e l wou ldha v eag r e a t e rimp a c tont r ad ef low sandp rodu c t ion f a c i l i t a t ion m e a su r e sa tth en a t ion a ll in t e g r a t ioni fsu chad v an c e sw e r ec oo rd in a t eda tl e a s ta tth esub r e g ion a ll e ve l( i . e . ,w ithn e i ghbo r in g coun t r i e s ) .Cen t r a lAm e r i cai sagoode x amp l e ,a sshownb yi t spo s i t i v ee xpe r i en c eu s in g CAUCA ,T IM mmont r ad ef a c i l i t a t ion in s t rum en t s . ando th e rco 29 Th i s s t ep -b y s t epp ro c e s s i sin sp i r edf romand g en e r a l l ycon s i s t en tw i thth e UN /C E FAC Ts t ep -b y s t epapp ro a ch tot r ad ef a c i l i t a t iontow a rd sas in g l ew indowen v i ronm en t . 39 F i gu re21 : Mo v in gupthet r adefa c i l i t a t ionl adde rtow a rd sse am le s s in te rn a t ion a lsupp l y ch a in C r o s s bo r d e r p ap e r l e s st r ad e 100 P e r fo rm an c e A re a Sou r c e : UNRC s T F Su r v e y 2015 . No t e : th e f i gu r e show s P ap e r l e s st r ad e 80 60 F o rm a l i t i e s 40 T r an sp a r en cy In s t i tu t ion a l a r r a ng em e n t and coop e r a t ion F ron t i e r ( Fu l l Imp l em en t a t ion ) L a t inAme r i c a andth e C a r ibb ean So u thAm e r i c a C en t r a lAm e r i c a 20 C a r ibb e an 0 cumu l a t i v et r ad ef a c i l i t a t ionimp l em en t a t i ons co r e so fLACandi t sth r e esub r e g ion sfo rf i v eg roup so ft r ad ef a c i l i t a t ion m e a su r e s in c lud ed inth esu r v e y .Fu l l im p l em en t a t iono fa l lm e a su r e s=100 . Coun t r yr e spond en t s id en t i f i edl im i t e d hum an r e sou r c ec ap a c i t yandl a c ko f coo rd in a t ion b e tw e engo ve rnm en ta g en c i e sa sth etwo mo s tim po r t an t ch a l l en g e sf a c e db yth e i rcoun t r i e sin imp l em en t in gt r ad ef a c i l i t a t ion m e a su r e s ,w e l lah e ado ff in an c i a lcon s t r a in t s .Th e s er e su l t ssu g g e s tth a t t e ch n i c a la s s i s t an c eandc a p a c i t ybu i ld ing( fo re xamp l eth rou ghth eW TO ’ sT r ad eF a c i l i t a t ionA g r e em en t F a c i l i t y )a r en e ed ed inth er e g iona t l e a s ta smu ch a sf in an c i a la s s i s t an c etoimp l em en tc e r t a i nm e a su r e s. Th e s er e su l t sa l soh i gh l i gh tth ein s t i t u t ion a lch a l l e n g e sa s so c i a t edtoth et r ad ef a c i l i t a t iona g end a . A l thou ght r ad ef a c i l i t a t ioni so f t ens e ena sr e l e v an ton l ytocu s tom sa g en c i e s ,i tcon c e rn sm an yo th e r d /o ri s su edo cum en t sth a ta r en e c e s s a r yfo rat r ad e a g en c i e sth a tp e r fo rmin sp e c t ion sa tth ebo rd e ran t r an s a c t ion stob ecomp le t ed .How e ver ,no ta l ltho s ea g en c i e ss e ee xp ed i t in gt r ad ea son eo fth e i r ob j e c t i v e s .Al lth i sm e an sth a tcoo rd in a t ionn e edsa r econ s id e r ab l e ,a sw el la spo t en t i a lcon f l i c t s . Th e r e fo r e ,c a r e fu ld e s i gno fN a t ion a lT r ad eF a c i l i t a t ionComm i t t e esw i l lb ec ru c i a ltos e cu r epo l i t i c a l w i l l a tth eh i gh e s tl e v e l andtoa ch i e v ee f f e c t i v e pub l i c -p r iv a t ecoo rd in a t ion . 40 B ib l iog raphy And e anCommun i t y(2007 ) ,“Do cum en toÚn i coAdu an e ro ” ,G en e r alS e c r e t a r i a to fth e And e an Commun i t y ,L im a , Ju l y[on l in e ]h t tp : / /www . comun id ad and in a .o r g /pub l i c / l ib ro _ a t r c _du a .pd f J a imu r z in a ,A zh a r(2014 ) ,“ T h efu tu r eo ft r ad eandt r an spo r tf a c i l i t a t ion :Imp l i c a t ion so fth eW TOT r ad e F a c i l i t a t ionA gr e em en t ” ,Bol e t inFA L No.5 /2014 , EC LA C ,S an t i a god eCh i l e ,No v emb e r[on l in e ] h t tp : / / r epo s i to r io . c ep a l .o r g /b i t s tr e am /h and l e /11362 /37470 / S14 20600 _ en .pd f L a rd é ,J e ann e t t e and R i c a rdoJ .S án ch e z(2014 ) ,“ L ab r e ch ad ein f r a e s t ru c tu r ae conóm i c ayl a s in v e r s ion e senAm é r i c a L a t in a ” ,Bo l e t ínFA LNo .4 /2014 ,EC LAC ,S an t i a god e Ch i l e ,O c tob e r . LA IA( L a t inAm e r i c an In t e g r a t ionA s soc i a t ion )(2013 ) ,“Qu ee se lA T I T ? ” , Bol e t ín In fo rm a t i voNo .10 , Mon t e v id eo , Au gu s t[on l in e ]h t tp : / /www . al ad i .o r g /bo l e t in / e sp ano l /2013 / Ju l ioA go s to /P ro c e so1 _08 .h tm P e r ro t t i ,D an i e l andR i c a rdoJ .S án ch e z(2011 ) ,“ L ab r e ch ad ein f r a e s t ru c tu r aenAm é r i c aL a t in aye l C a r ib e ” ,s e r i eR e cu r so sN a tu r a l e seIn f r a e s t ru c tu r a No .153 ,EC LAC ,S an t i a god eCh i l e ,Ju l y [on l in e ]h t tp : / /www . c ep a l .o rg / T r an spo r t e /no t i c i a s /bo l f a l l /2 /53972 / FA L -332 -W EB .pd f Sun g ,H eunH a and Won L i mS an g(2014 ) ,“ Th eP ro g r es so fP ap e r l e s sT r ad e inA s i aandth eP a c i f i c : En ab l in gIn t e rn a t ion a lSupp l yCh a inIn t e g r a t ion ” ,A s i an D e v e lopmentB an k , Wo r k in g P aper S e r i e s ,M an i la ,O c tob e r[o n l in e ]h t tp : / /www .adb .o r g /pub l i c a t ion s /p ro g r e s s -p ap e r l e s s t r ad e a s i a and -p a c i f i c en ab l in g in t e rn a t ion a l supp l y ch a in UN /C E FAC T(Un i t ed N a t ion sC en tr efo rT r ad eF a c i l i t a t iona nd E l e c t ron i c Bu s in e s s )(2012 ) ,T rad e Fa c i l i ta t ion Imp l em en ta t ionGu id e ,G en e v a[on l in e ] h t tp : / / tf i g .une c e .o r g /d e t a i l s .h tm l UN ECE(U n i t ed N a t ion sE conom i cComm i s s ionfo rEu rop e )(2008 ) ,“P ap e r l e s sT r ad einIn t e rn a t ion a l Supp l y Ch a in s : Enh an c i n gE f f i c i en c y and S e cu r i t y ” ,G en ev a and N ew Yo r k [on l in e ] h t tp : / /www .un e c e .o r g / f i l e adm in /DAM / c e f a c t /pub l i c a / e c e _ t r ad e _351 -P ap e r l e s s T r ad e .pd f UN E SCAP(Un i t edN a t ion sE conom i cComm i s s ionfo rA s i aandth eP a c i f i c )(2015 ) ,“ T r ad eF a c i l i t a t ionand P ap e r l e s sT r ad e Imp l em en t a t ionSu r v e y2015 :A s i aa ndth eP ac i f i cR epo r t ” ,Jun e ,B an g ko k[on l in e ] h t tp : / /www .un e s c ap .o r g / r e sou r c e s /un r c s t r ad e f a ci l i t a t ion and -p ap e r l e s s t r ad e imp l em en t a t ion su r v e y -2015 a s i a and -p a c i f i c U SA ID(Un i t edS t a t e sA g en c yfo rIn t e rn a t ion a lD ev e lopm en t )(2011 ) ,“CA F TA -DRP ro g r am sA s s e s sm en t : U SA ID R e g iona lA s s i s t an c eP ro g r am sfo rth eImp l em en t a t ion o fth e CA F TA -DR A g r eem en t ” , S ep t emb e r [on l in e ] h t tp : / /www . c a f t ad r .n e t /9 W a sh in g ton D .C . , 22 _R e g ion a l _CA F TA _B ro chu r e .pd f 41 U S TR(O f f i c eo fth e Un i t ed S t a t e sR ep r e s en t a t i v e )(2007 ) ,“ T r ad eC ap a c i t yBu i ld in gSu c c e s sS to r i e s , Dom in i c anR epub l i c–C en tr a lAm e r i ca–Un i t edS t a t e sF r e eT r adeA g r e emen t ” , CA F TA Po l i c yB r i e f , W a sh in g ton D .C . , Au gu s t [on l in e ] h t tp s : / /u s t r . go v / a r ch i v e / a s s e t s / T r ad e _A g r e emen t s /R e g ion a l /CA F TA /B r i e f in g _Boo k / a s s e t _up lo ad _ f i l e256 _13237 .pd f f f i c i en c y ” ,Tw e l f thEd i t ion ,W a shin g tonD .C . Wo r ldB an k(2015 ) ,“Do in gBu s in e s s2015 :Go in g BeyondE [on l in e ]www .do in gbu s in e s s .o r g / r epo r t s / g lob a l r epo r t s /do in g -bu s in e s s -2015 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (2014 ) ,“Do in gBu s in e s s inC en t r a lAm e ri c a andth eDom in i c anR epub l i c2015 ” ,W a sh in g ton D .C . , No v em e r [on l in e ] h t tp : / /www .do in gbu s in e s s .o r g /R epor t s / Subn a t ion a l -R epo r t s / c en t r a l am e r i c a and th e -dom in i c an r epub l i c _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (2014 a ) ,“Do i n gBu s in e s sen C en t ro am é r i c ayR epúb l i c aDOm in ic an a2015 ” ,W a sh in g ton D .C . , No v emb e r [on l in e ] h t tp : / / e sp ano l .do in gbu s ine s s .o r g / ~ /m ed i a /G IAWB /Do in g%20Bu s in e s s /Do cum en t s / Subn a t ion a l R epo r t s /DB15 -C en t r a l -Ame r i c a and th e -Dom in i c an -R epub l i c Sp an i sh .pd f WCO(Wo r ldCu s tom sO r g an i z a t ion )(2012 ) , “M e so am e r i c aimp ro v e sin t e rn a t ion a lt r an s i tcon t ro l son good s ” ,G en e v a ,O c tob e r[on l in e ] h t tp : / /www .w coomd .o r g / en / top i c s /w co imp l em en t in g th e w to a t f / sp an i sh a t f / ~ /m ed i a /WCO /W eb Too l / E S /A r t%2011 /M e so am e r i c a%20 imp ro v e s%20 in t e rn a t ion a l%20 t r an s i t %20 con t ro l s%20on%20 good s%20 -%20WCO%20N ew s%20O c tob e r%202012 . a sh x W TO(Wo r ldT r ad eO r g an i z a t ion )(2013 ) ,“ T r ad eF a c i l i t a t ion–Cu t t in g‘ r edt ap e ’a tth ebo rde r ” ,N in th W TO M in i s t e r i a l Con f e r en c e , B r i e f in g No t e , B a l i , D e c emb e r [on l in e ] h t tp s : / /www .w to .o r g / en g l i sh / th ew to _ e /min i s t _ e /m c9 _ e /b r i e f _ t r ad f a _ e .h tm 42 Anne x1 :Summ a r yo fcoun t r ys co re sb y me a su re 1 N a t ion a lT r ad eF a c i l i t a t ionCommi t t e e U ru gu a y T r in id adand Tob a go Su r in ame Dom in i c an Repub l i c Pe ru P a r a gu a y P an am a N i c a r a gu a Me xi co Hondu r a s Gu a tem al a E lS a l v a do r E cu ado r Co s t aRi c a Co lomb i a Ch i le B r a zi l Bol i v i a( P . S .) Me a su re B a rb ado s No . 3 0 2 3 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 0 3 1 1 0 2 Pub l i c a tiono f e x i s t in gimpo r t e xpo r tr e gu l a t ion sonth ein t e rn e t 2 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 3 2 2 2 3 3 S t a k eho ld e rcon su l t a t iononn ewd r a f tr e gu l a t ion s(p r io rto th e i rf in a l i z a t ion ) 2 0 2 3 3 2 3 3 2 0 3 2 3 2 4 Ad v an c epub l i c a t ion /no t i f i c a t iono fn ewr e gu l a t ionb e fo r eth e i r imp l em en t a t i on 5 Ad v an c eru l in g(ont a r i f fc l a s s i f i c a t ion ) 2 0 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 0 3 3 6 R i s km an a g em en t 2 2 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 2 1 2 3 7 P r e a r r i v a lp ro c e s s in g 3 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 3 3 2 3 2 0 3 3 8 Po s t c l e a r an c eaud i t 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 0 0 3 9 Ind ep e nd en tap p e a lm e ch an i sm 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 0 3 10 S ep a r a t iono fr e l e a s ef romf in a ld e t erm in a t iono fcu s tom s du t i e s ,t a x e s ,f e e sandch a r g e s 2 3 3 0 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 0 2 0 11 E s t ab l i shm en ta ndpub l i c a t iono fa v e r a g er e l e a s et im e s 0 0 2 0 0 2 3 3 0 0 2 0 3 0 2 0 0 3 2 12 T r ad ef a c i l i t a t io nm e a su r e s fo r au tho r i z edop e ra to r s 0 3 3 1 2 2 1 2 3 2 3 1 2 1 3 3 0 0 3 13 E xp ed i t edsh ipm e n t s 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 2 3 3 0 3 3 43 14 A c c ep t an c eo fp ap e ro re l e c t ron i ccop i e so fsupp o r t in g do cum en t sr equ i r edfo r impo r t , e x po r to rt r an s i tfo rm a l i t i e s 2 0 2 2 2 2 3 0 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 3 2 3 3 15 E l e c t ron i c / au tom a t edCu s tom s S y s t em 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 16 In t e rn e tconn e c t iona v a i l ab l etoCu s tom sando th e rt r ad e con t ro la g en c i e sa tbo rd e r c ro s s in g s 2 0 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 3 3 17 E l e c t ron i c S in g l eW indowS y s t em 0 2 2 2 3 2 3 2 2 2 3 1 2 2 3 1 0 2 2 18 E l e c t ron i csubm i s s ion o fCu s tom sd e c l a r a t ion s 2 0 3 3 2 3 3 2 3 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 18 E l e c t ron i c App l i c at ionandI s su an c eo fT r ad eL i c en s e s 0 2 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 2 1 2 3 1 3 2 2 20 E l e c t ron i cSubm i s s iono fS e a C ar goM an i f e s t s 3 0 3 2 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 0 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 21 E l e c t ron i c Subm i s s iono fA i rC a r goM an i f e s t s 2 0 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 0 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 22 E l e c t ron i cApp l i c a t ionandI s su an c eo f P r e f e r en t i a lC e r t i f i ca t eo f O r i g in 0 0 3 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 3 0 23 E -P a ym en to fCu s tom sDu t i e sandF e e s 0 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 3 3 3 0 3 3 24 E l e c t ron i c App l i c a t ionfo rCu s tom sR e fund s 0 0 2 2 3 0 3 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 25 L aw sandr e gu l a t ion sfo re l e c t ron i ct r an s a c t ion s 3 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 26 R e co gn i z edc e r t i f i c a t ion au tho r i t y 0 0 3 3 3 3 3 0 2 0 3 0 2 3 0 3 0 0 3 27 En g a g em en t int r ad e r e l a t edc r o s s -bo rd e re le c t ron i cd a t a e x ch an ge 2 0 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 3 3 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 28 E l e c t ron i c e x ch an geo f C e r t i f i c a te o f O r i gin 0 0 0 2 2 1 2 2 0 0 2 2 0 0 29 E l e c t ron i c e x ch ang eo fS an i t a r y& Ph y to S an i t a r yC e r t i f i c a t e 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 B an k sandin su r e r sr e t r i e v in gl e t t e r so fc r ed i t e l e c t ron i c a l l y w i thou t lod g in gp ap e r -b a s eddo cum en t s 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 44 31 Coop e r a t ionb e tw e ena g en c i e sonth eg rounda tth en a t ion a l l e v e l 2 0 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 3 3 2 0 3 1 3 32 Go v ernm en ta gen c i e sd e l e g at in gcon t ro l stoCu s tom s au tho r i t i e s 0 0 0 0 3 2 0 3 0 2 3 0 3 0 3 2 0 0 0 33 A l i gnm en to fwo r k in gd a y sandhou r sw i thn e i ghbo r in g coun t r i e sa tbo rd e rc ro s s in g s N .A . 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 N .A . 2 34 A l i gnm ento ffo rm a l i t i e sandp ro c edu r e sw i thn e i ghbo r in g coun t r i e sa tbo rd e rc ro s s in g s N .A . 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 1 2 3 0 2 2 1 0 0 N .A . 2 35 T r an s i tf a c i l i t a t iona g r e em en t ( s )w i thn e i ghbo r in gcoun t r y ( i e s ) N .A . 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 0 3 2 3 3 3 0 N .A . 3 36 Cu s tom sAu tho r i t i e s l im i tth eph y s i c al in sp e c t ion so ft r an s i t good sandu s er i s ka s s e s sm en t N .A . 0 3 3 3 0 3 3 3 2 0 3 3 1 3 0 0 N .A . 3 37 Suppo r t in gp r e -a r r i v a lp ro c e s s in gfo rt r an s i tf a c i l i t a t ion N .A . 0 0 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 0 3 3 3 2 2 0 N .A . 2 38 Coop e r a t ionb e tw e ena gen c i e so fc oun t r ie s i n vo l ved i nt r an s i t N .A . 0 2 0 3 3 3 3 3 2 0 3 2 1 2 2 0 N .A . 2 a Fu l l yimp l em en t e d=3 ;P a r t i a l l yimp l em en t e d=2 ;P i lotS t a ge=1 ;No t imp l em en t e d=0 ;N .A .=No tapp l i c ab l e . 45 United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean International Trade and Integration Division Av. Dag Hammarskjold 3477, Vitacura Santiago, CHILE Telephone: (56-2) 2471 2000 – 2210 2000 http://www.cepal.org/en