CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS OF TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF HOUSEHOLD WATER SECURITY: Malaysian Cost Experience

CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS OF
TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF
HOUSEHOLD WATER SECURITY:
Malaysian Cost Experience
Saturday , 18 May 2013
© 2013 Indah Water Konsortium Sdn Bhd
INTRODUCTION: HOUSEHOLD WATER SECURITY (HWS)
Components of HWS
1. Access to water supply
2. Access to sanitation
2
THE WATER CYCLE INTERACTIONS
Water
Storage
Reservoir
Water
Service
Reservoir
Dam
Intake
Structure
Spillway
Water
Distribution
System
Lake,
River
Or Ocean
RIVER
Water
Treatment
Works
Water supplied by 17
Water Operators
nationwide
Wastewater
Treatment
Works
Sewerage System
Sewerage system being operated
and maintained by
Indah Water Konsortium Sdn. Bhd.
And Local Authorities
3
EVOLUTION OF SEWERAGE SYSTEMS IN MALAYSIA
Prior to 1950s
Technology
Early Days
Pour Flush
Septic Tank
Imhoff Tank
1950s
1960s
1970s
Oxidation
Pond/
Aerated
Lagoon
1980s
Activated Sludge/ Fully Mechanised
Biological Filters
Plant
1990s
2000s
2012
Year
Primitive / Primary Treatment
Partial / Full Secondary
Treatment
Centralised
Sewerage &
Sludge System
Future Tertiary
Treatment
Address Public
Health
Address River
Pollution
Address
Environment
Address Efficiency
& Economic
4
IWK’s COVERAGE AT APRIL 2013
MALAYSIA
5,933 Public
Sewage Treatment
Plants
907 Network Pump
Stations
16,010 km
Pipelines
5
TYPES OF PUBLIC SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS BEING
OPERATED AND MAINTAINED BY IWK
AS AT APRIL 2013
Imhoff Tank (IT)
720 (12%)
Others
491 (38%)
Activated Sludge
(AS)
163 (3%)
Extended
Aeration (EA)
3,339 (56%)
Aerated Lagoon
(AL)
163 (3%)
Oxidation Ditch
(OD)
173 (3%)
Hi Kleen (HK)
258 (4%)
Oxidation Pond
(OP)
414 (7%)
Sequential Batch
Reactor (SBR)
212 (4%)
Total STPs : 5,933
6
ASSET DIMENSION AS AT APRIL 2013
EA Plants
5,500
No. of STPs
5,000
4,500
34
93
215
Total 5,933
5,685K
387
2,728K
12,000
3,500
2,956K
3,000
2,500
2,000
2,697K
4,237
10,000
8,000
6,000
1,500
2,972K
3,000
4,000
3,105K
0
2,000
1,047K
4,000
3,000
1,500
2,595
2,000
500
22
924K
2,000
150
600K
1,500
100
1,000
54
510K
400
350
300
368K
40
0
No. of STPs
2
6
Total 414
Total 1,652,053
296K
1,400
180K
127
216K
200
1,800
1,600
15
48
250
323K
150
100
50
2,000
450
2,500
Population Equivalent
OP Plants
3,000
37
1,000
0
No. of STPs
Total 2,628,905
6
53
1,915K
0
No. of STPs
Total 212
1,471K
1,000
Population Equivalent
SBR Plants
6,000
2,000
Population Equivalent ('000)
250
813K
5,000
0
No. of STPs
7,000
666K
923K
500
500
No. of STPs
152
67
Total 6,835,777
2,500
1,000
200
Total 3,339
489
14,000
4,000
27
18,000
16,000
967
9
1,200
1,000
800
600
216
391K
Population Equivalent ('000)
6,000
20,000
No. of STPs
6,500
3,500
Population Equivalent ('000)
Total 20,142,247
Population Equivalent ('000)
All Plants
400
500
50
200
247K
175K
52K
0
0
Population Equivalent
0
No. of STPs
Population Equivalent
Less than 2,000 PE
2,000 - 5,000 PE
5,001 - 10,000 PE
10,001 - 20,000 PE
20,001 - 50,000 PE
More than 50,000 PE
7
OPERATING COST BY PLANT FOR 2012
All Plants
900
900
700
Operating Cost (USD '000)
Operating Cost (USD '000)
800
600
500
400
300
200
100
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
0
20
40
100 120 140
60
80
Population Equivalent ('000)
160
180
0
200
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Population Equivalent ('000)
SBR Plants
1,000
OP Plants
80
Operating Cost (USD '000)
900
Operating Cost (USD '000)
EA Plants
1,000
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
100
0
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
Population Equivalent ('000)
120
140
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
Population Equivalent ('000)
Note: 1 USD = MYR 3.06
8
FINAL EFFLUENT COMPLIANCE IN 2012
EA Plants
All Plants
80%
70%
2,100
30%
966 957897
800
390 387373
400
212 207 197
0
<=2K
>2K To 5K
SBR Plants
92%
88%
53
50
45
38 37
36
89 88 85
32 31 30
100%
100%
92%
51
49
45
39 38
35
35
2,548
2,524
2,340
30%
489 484 449
152 152 149
10
5
>5K To 10K >10K To 20K >20K To 50K
PE BAND
Above50K
220
200
70%
180
20%
10%
0%
0
Total STPs
240
80%
30%
6 6 6
>2K To 5K
61 60 58
27 26 25
8 7 7
10%
0%
>5K To 10K >10K To 20K >20K To 50K Above50K
PE BAND
OP Plants
100%
40%
15
20%
0
<=2K
% STPs Complied
40%
900
0%
25
>2K To 5K
1,200
300
50%
<=2K
50%
10%
60%
18 18 18
70%
1,500
600
30
20
100%
60%
20%
90%
53 53
93%
1,800
>5K To 10K >10K To 20K >20K To 50K Above50K
PE BAND
97%
55
Total STPs
2,400
93%
100%
100%
100%
98%
100%
100%
217 217 216
100%
90%
80%
70%
160
140
60%
127 126 126
120
50%
100
40%
80
30%
51 49 48
60
20%
40
15 14 14
20
6 6 6
0
<=2K
>2K To 5K
% STPs Complied
1,200
40
80%
40%
1,600
60
90%
50%
2,000
100%
2,700
60%
2,400
96%
90%
Total STPs
2,800
97%
100%
Total STPs
Total STPs
3,200
95%
98%
3,000
% STPs Complied
3,600
94%
97%
% STPs Complied
4,000
94%
97%
4,190
4,149
3,909
4,400
96%
>5K To 10K >10K To 20K >20K To 50K
2 2 2
10%
0%
Above50K
PE BAND
Total STPs Sampled
Total STPs Complied
9
OPERATING COST BY PE BAND
2010 - 2012
25.37m
22.99m
15,000
14
14.15
13.41
20,000
16
15.34
12
9.17
13.44m
8.53
8.21
7.33
11.22m
6.08
10,000
11.95m
5.25
4.36
7.09m
4.39m
5,000
7.07
7.06m
4.08m
6.46
5.28m
5.73
8
7.29
5.82
8.00m
4.09
4.57m
10
7.62
6.01m
4.66m
1.94m
1.67m
5.02
4
3.04m
5,000
13.68
13.03
8.70
3.38m
9.41
2.35m
6.78
2,000
6.40
1.05m
2.61m
7.66
7.07
1.53m
1.16m
> 50,000 PE
20,00150,000 PE
10,00120,000 PE
5,00110,000 PE
4.72m
3.93m
11.21
2.95m
9.02
18
13.63
3.41m
3,000
2,0015,000 PE
5.93m
SBR Plants
4,000
< 2,000 PE
2012
SBR Plant
0.61m
> 50,000 PE
20,00150,000 PE
2011
6,000
2.96m
2.17m
6.57
1.93m
7.14
8.07
8
5.13
2
2010
Security & Facility Maintenance
2011
Operations & Maintenance
> 50,000 PE
20,00150,000 PE
10,00120,000 PE
5,00110,000 PE
2,0015,000 PE
< 2,000 PE
> 50,000 PE
20,00150,000 PE
10,00120,000 PE
5,00110,000 PE
2,0015,000 PE
0
< 2,000 PE
> 50,000 PE
20,00150,000 PE
10,00120,000 PE
5,00110,000 PE
2,0015,000 PE
0
6
4
0.70m
0.65m
14
10
2.75m
5.47
5.02
16
12
1.41
< 2,000 PE
Operating Cost per year (USD '000)
10,00120,000 PE
5,00110,000 PE
2,0015,000 PE
< 2,000 PE
> 50,000 PE
20,00150,000 PE
10,00120,000 PE
5,00110,000 PE
2,0015,000 PE
2010
Electricity
2
0
< 2,000 PE
0
1,000
6
Operating Cost per PE (USD)
25,000
18
28.71m
EA Plant
EA
Plants
Operating Cost per PE (USD )
Operating Cost per year (USD '000)
30,000
2012
Sludge Disposal & Desilting
Others
Operating Cost / PE
10
OPERATING COST BY PE BAND
2010 - 2012
1,400
1,200
1.57m
6.22
1.33m
3.34
600
1.04m
200
0.37m
1.76
1.56
6
5.58
0.96m
3.49
0.42m
7
1.26m
5.09
2.96
400
1.38m
1.28m
6.05
1,000
800
8
1.39m
1.06m
4
3.22
0.63m
1.85
5
0.32m
1.41
1.85
0.28m
0.63m
2.26
0.40m
0.33m 0.30m
1.45
1.32
1.97
1.53
Security & Facility Maintenance
2011
Operations & Maintenance
> 50,000 PE
20,00150,000 PE
10,00120,000 PE
5,00110,000 PE
2,0015,000 PE
< 2,000 PE
> 50,000 PE
20,00150,000 PE
10,00120,000 PE
5,00110,000 PE
2,0015,000 PE
< 2,000 PE
> 50,000 PE
20,00150,000 PE
10,00120,000 PE
5,00110,000 PE
2010
Electricity
2
0
2,0015,000 PE
-200
3
1
0
< 2,000 PE
Operating Cost per year (USD '000)
1,600
9
Plant
OPOPPlants
Operating Cost per PE (USD)
1,800
-1
2012
Sludge Disposal & Desilting
Others
Operating Cost / PE
11
OPERATING COST COMPONENTS IN PERCENTAGES
2010 - 2012
80%
70%
60%
25%
0%
1%
25%
17%
1%
8%
7%
23%
1%
29%
28%
50%
40%
19%
9%
23%
24%
0%
24%
18%
1%
26%
19%
18%
19%
0%
0%
1%
26%
27%
0%
28%
25%
28%
10%
8%
8%
8%
9%
8%
23%
13%
1%
1%
21%
9%
31%
25%
19%
17%
0%
1%
28%
29%
8%
8%
44%
45%
5,00110,000 PE
90%
2,0015,000 PE
EA Plants
100%
0%
28%
6%
7%
9%
22%
23%
1%
2%
26%
21%
11%
10%
20,00150,000 PE
> 50,000 PE
39%
46%
46%
47%
47%
47%
> 50,000 PE
46%
20,00150,000 PE
43%
10,00120,000 PE
43%
5,00110,000 PE
44%
2,0015,000 PE
46%
10,00120,000 PE
40%
5,00110,000 PE
20%
2,0015,000 PE
30%
38%
40%
44%
14%
4%
23%
9%
50%
10%
2010
Electricity
Security & Facility Maintenance
2011
Operations & Maintenance
> 50,000 PE
20,00150,000 PE
10,00120,000 PE
< 2,000 PE
< 2,000 PE
< 2,000 PE
0%
2012
Sludge Disposal & Desilting
Others
12
OPERATING COST COMPONENTS IN PERCENTAGES
2010 - 2012
SBR Plants
17%
14%
0%
1%
1%
1%
7%
22%
23%
11%
9%
80%
70%
24%
60%
50%
10%
40%
30%
11%
30%
20%
45%
40%
25%
7%
16%
14%
15%
16%
0%
1%
1%
1%
22%
26%
26%
25%
27%
7%
9%
11%
9%
7%
19%
19%
1%
1%
21%
6%
7%
1%
31%
49%
49%
48%
53%
51%
49%
48%
50%
48%
0%
0%
25%
22%
11%
2%
49%
18%
42%
16%
0%
25%
12%
18%
1%
25%
10%
12%
2%
8%
2%
27%
35%
10%
3%
13%
34%
45%
48%
45%
49%
52%
> 50,000 PE
18%
20,00150,000 PE
18%
10,00120,000 PE
21%
5,00110,000 PE
90%
2,0015,000 PE
100%
10%
2010
Electricity
Security & Facility Maintenance
2011
Operations & Maintenance
< 2,000 PE
> 50,000 PE
20,00150,000 PE
10,00120,000 PE
5,00110,000 PE
2,0015,000 PE
< 2,000 PE
> 50,000 PE
20,00150,000 PE
10,00120,000 PE
5,00110,000 PE
2,0015,000 PE
< 2,000 PE
0%
2012
Sludge Disposal & Desilting
Others
13
OPERATING COST COMPONENTS IN PERCENTAGES
2010 - 2012
13%
18%
25%
18%
36%
26%
7%
23%
4%
17%
16%
14%
0%
40%
15%
12%
38%
6%
7%
30%
0%
23%
0%
11%
12%
8%
20%
29%
9%
3%
60%
21%
33%
6%
12%
19%
12%
30%
18%
32%
36%
37%
18%
10%
14%
31%
9%
25%
37%
60%
9%
14%
12%
12%
19%
18%
21%
20%
26%
5%
13%
15%
4%
5,00110,000 PE
13%
33%
21%
0%
15%
15%
2,0015,000 PE
38%
38%
28%
19%
< 2,000 PE
25%
15%
44%
32%
31%
2010
Electricity
Security & Facility Maintenance
2011
Operations & Maintenance
> 50,000 PE
> 50,000 PE
20,00150,000 PE
10,00120,000 PE
5,00110,000 PE
2,0015,000 PE
< 2,000 PE
> 50,000 PE
10,00120,000 PE
5,00110,000 PE
2,0015,000 PE
-2%
< 2,000 PE
-20%
13%
30%
18%
43%
6%
20%
65%
20,00150,000 PE
40%
11%
0%
16%
80%
60%
OP Plants
20,00150,000 PE
22%
20%
2%
10,00120,000 PE
100%
2012
Sludge Disposal & Desilting
Others
14
COST REDUCTION PROGRAMME IN IWK
Electricity Management
•Focus on lowering electricity consumption and energy
requirement of the facilities without compromising the quality
of the effluent
Plant Optimisation
•Use new and innovative approaches to operations and
maintenance through process monitoring
•Rationalisation of small STPs
•Use of geotube for sludge disposal
• Benchmarking among IWK unit offices and with other
organisations
Standardisation
• Standardisation of equipment and tools
• Push for Standard STP design
15
COST REDUCTION PROGRAMME IN IWK
(Continued)
Elimination of Theft
•Substitution of materials that do have no or minimal resale
value, such as stainless steel parts being replaced by galvanised
iron and iron parts being replaced fibre reinforced plastic
•Electronic surveillance
•Customers‘ Eye Programme
Reuse and Recycle
• Turn the bio-solids into fertiliser for non-food crop
• Use of bio-effluent for industrial use and horticulture
• Bio-gas as a renewable energy source
16
BASIS OF DATA
1. The cost excludes cost recharged from Unit Office
(Operational Planning), Regional Office and Head Office
cost, doubtful debts and loan interests
2. Network cost is included
3. Depreciation of Sewage Treatment Plants and sewer
network is included
4. Population Equivalent of Network Pump Stations is
excluded but cost is included
5. Septage Management costs are excluded.
17
CONCLUSION
Operating Cost By PE For All Plants
900
800
Operating Cost (USD '000)
700
600
500
400
• Recurrent cost of sewage treatment plants varies
by size and plant type
300
200
100
0
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000 100,000 120,000 140,000 160,000 180,000 200,000
Population Equivalent (PE)
• Economy of scale is proven
• Cost components differ depending on size and
plant type
• Electricity is a major cost component for
mechanised plants
• Affordability: Need to find a balance among
primary criteria—the capital cost of a STP, the
recurrent costs, technology and the expected
effluent quality—in selecting a plant to build.
• Other factors to consider: manpower and skill set
to operate and maintain STPs, space
requirement, etc.
18
THANK YOU
ขอขอบคุณคุณ
terima kasih
谢谢
Merci
Grazie
ありがとう
cảm ơn bạn
Danke
Khawp-khum
May Lim
Indah Water Konsortium Sdn. Bhd.
Email: [email protected]
Website: www.iwk.com.my
No parts of these slides are to be reproduced and/or copied whether for sale or for non-commercial distribution
without expressed written permission from Indah Water Konsortium Sdn. Bhd.
19