Past, Present & Future By Edlyn Surya Abu Bakar

Regional Policy Workshop on Wastewater
Management and Sanitation in South-East Asia
Past, Present & Future
By
Edlyn Surya Abu Bakar
Indah Water Konsortium Sdn Bhd
2-3 April
.
2015
BACKGROUND OF SEWERAGE
MANAGEMENT IN MALAYSIA
Indah water
provides
sewerage
services in 87
Sewerage
out of the 150
Services
Local
Sewerage
A new
Department
Authorities in
Services
sewerage
(SSD) was
Malaysia
Indah Water
were
Act 1993
formed as
(however not
took over
managed by (Act 518)
regulator
on holistic
Urban by
sewerage
the 144
was passed Agency for
Municipals,
management manner) Rest
Individual
by the
Sewerage
Rural by
in most states of the areas is
Local
parliament under the
Mostly
Ministry of
in Peninsular still managed
Authorities
Managed
new
Act
on Ad-Hoc
Health
Malaysia
by local
basic
Sanitary
Board
AFTER BEFORE 1957
PRE-1994
INDEPENDENCE
INDEPENDENCE
June 1993
Dec 1993
April 1994
ONWARDS
Up to 2008
Indah Water to
be Service
Licensee
under WSIA
regime.
CURRENTLY
2-3 April
.
2015
GOVERNANCE STRUCTURE OF
SEWERAGE SERVICES IN MALAYSIA
Ministry of Energy,
Green Technology &
Water
Ministry of Finance
Ministry of Natural
Resources &
Environment
• 100% Equity
• Govt. Support
Loan & Subsidy
Regulator of
Effluent
Standards
Regulator of
Sewerage Services
Policy & Control of
National Sewerage
Agenda
1. Sewerage Services
2. Operator in 87 Local
Authority Areas.
3. Sewerage Services Billing
& Collection.
4. Undertakes
Refurbishment/ Upgrading
Projects Funded by Govt.
2-3 April
.
2015
IWK – MALAYSIA’S NATIONAL
SEWERAGE COMPANY

IWK covers most parts of Malaysia for operation and maintenance whilst providing
technical expertise to the remaining un-serviced area.
IWK Coverage
21 Unit Offices
87 Local Authority from 149 Local Authority in Malaysia
2-3 April
.
2015
EVOLUTION OF SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
Technology
Pour Flush
1950-s
Septic Tank
1960-s
Primitive / Primary Treatment
Address Public Health
Imhoff Tank
OP/AL
1970-s
1980-s
Activated Sludge/
Biological Filters
Partial / Full Secondary Treatment
Address River Pollution
1990-s
Fully Mechanised
Regionalised Plant
2000
Year
Tertiary Treatment
Address Environment
2-3 April
.
2015
DISTRIBUTION OF THE SEWERAGE
SYSTEMS IN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA
As of Jan 2015
ASSET
NOS
PE
Regional STPs
(Public)
86
6,700,000
Multipoint STPs
(Public)
6,135
15,000,000
993
4,710,000
Private STPs
2,710*
2,400,000*
Communal Septic
Tanks (CST)
3,628
410,000
Individual Septic
Tanks (IST)
1,300,000
6,400,000
830,000
4,100,000
61
-
17,442
-
Pump Stations (PS)
Pour flush (PF)
Sludge Treatment
Facilities (STF)
Sewer Networks (km)
*based on identified Private Plants
2-3 April
.
2015
PROFILE OF PUBLIC SEWAGE
TREATMENT PLANTS
Number of Plants
Average Annual Growth
200 STPs/Year
Population Equivalent served
5,997
25
21
6,000
20
No of plants
5,000
15
4,000
3,000
10
2,000
5
1,000
0
Population Equivalent (jmillion)
7,000
0
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Year
•
Lack of investment in construction of large centralized treatment systems have resulted in the
proliferation of small plants for new development by developers.
•
On average about 200 STPs are built by developers and handed over to the public operators to
operate and maintain each year. 83% of which are STP less than 5,000 PE.
•
At present completed public STPs are required to be taken over irrespective of resource and
financial constraints.
2-3 April
.
2015
COST IMPLICATION OF MANAGING
CENTRALIZED & DECENTRALIZED SYSTEM
Cost Per PE
All Plants
Connected
PE
Direct O&M
Cost
(RM)
Total Sewerage
Management Cost
(RM)
PE range > 50k
6,100,000
X
Y
PE range 20k – 50k
2,900,000
1.9X
1.8Y
PE range 10k -20k
3,100,000
2.2X
1.9Y
PE range 5k-10k
2,800,000
2.5X
3.3Y
PE range 2k-5k
3,100,000
3.0X
2.7Y
PE range <2k
3,100,000
5.5X
5.3Y
21,100,000
2.5X
2.4Y
Total
•
•
Direct O&M Cost – Overhead Cost
Total Sewerage Management Cost- Includes Recharge Cost
2-3 April
.
2015
NATIONAL SEWERAGE OBJECTIVES
Increasing
regionalized
sewerage systems
Increasing
connected sewerage facilities
Gradual eradication of
ineffective sewerage facilities
Provision of basic sewerage
facilities for all areas
(rural & urban area targets)
2-3 April
.
2015
SEWERAGE CATCHMENT STRATEGIES
Identifies evolvement of the sewerage
infrastructure from the current system to
MULTIPOINT
the long term solution.
STP
SECTION 10
PROPOSED
NEW DEVELOPMENT
PROPOSED
NEW DEVELOPMENT
SECTION 9
SECTION 5
SECTION 4
•
Considerations:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
SECTION 2
Topography
Land use (current & future)
Population & PE projections
Existing sewerage systems in study area (STP public/private, IST, PF or no system at all)
Sewerage Issues
Future prospects
Land availability.
Options & evaluation:
•
•
SECTION 8
SECTION 3
PHASE 7
PHASE 6
PHASE 1
PHASE 2
PHASE 1
PHASE 2
PHASE 3
Lowest whole life cost
Non-cost considerations
MODULAR CONSTRUCTION
OF TREATMENT PLANT
CENTRALIZED
SYSTEM
NOTE :
SUFFICIENT LAND MUST BE
PUT ASIDE TO CATER FOR ALL
THE STAGES
2-3 April
.
2015
TYPES OF SEWERAGE SYSTEMS NEEDED
AROUND THE WORLD
Places where even basic sanitation is an issue
Places where growth is taking place and development
of communes
Developing or Developed places
2-3 April
.
2015
EXPLORATION OF GREEN TECHNOLOGY
Sewage Treatment Plant
Effluent
Biosolids
Biogas
Discharge
Dispose
Flare
Calorific Value: < 3,500 kcal/kg
N < 3%; P < 1%; K < 0.1%
Organic Matter < 50%
Methane : 65 - 70%
COD : < 25%
N2: < 5%
BOD < 50 mg/l
COD < 100 mg/l
SS < 100 mg/l
1. Pilot project using MF/RO
for industrial application
at Shah Alam
2. R&D on landscaping use
3. Proposed pilot project for
recycling of sewage at
Bayan Baru STP, Penang
Water Reuse Value
1. Proposed biosolids
gasification to generate
electricity
2. Biosolids composting to
produce fertilizer
3. Biosolids enhancement to
produce soil conditioner
4. Biosolids application for
rubber plantation
Fertilizer/Energy Value
Use of biogas for electricity
generation at:
•
Jelutong STP, Penang
•
Pantai STP, KL
•
Bunus STP, KL
Energy Value
2-3 April
12
2015
.
Way Forward
• To eliminate primitive systems
• To reduce IST in priority areas by
property connection in priority
areas
• To upgrade and standardization of
STPs in priority areas
• To rationalise multipoint STPs by
Regionalisation
2-3 April
.
2015
SUMMARY
• Clear policy direction by the government
• Strategies need to crafted to steer the policy
direction
• Planning infrastructure to follow
• Willing to pay
• Full cost recovery not possible to achieve
• Subsidy needed
• Benefits are increase in productivity, economic
growth, tourism, community benefits
• In future energy recovery, resources recovery
may achieve full cost recovery
2-3 April
.
2015
Thank You
Edlyn Surya Abu Bakar
([email protected])
2-3 April
.
2015
DEFINITIONS
ON SITE:
• Located within the house
compound
• Frequently visible
• Potential odour, overflow, pest,
aesthetic issues
• Needs periodic desludging
• Tanker movement
• Installation easy, low cost –
preferred by developer
2-3 April
.
2015
DEFINITIONS
OFF SITE: Decentralised
(Multipoint)
• Located away from house, serves a
collection of houses
• Frequently developer driven
• Serves development area
• Ad-hoc based on development
• Very visible - plants located in close
proximity to communities.
• Potential problem to the publicodour,
noise,
overflow,
pest,
aesthetic, etc
• Proliferation, variety of designs &
sizes – logistics problem
• High
cost
of
visitation
and
operations
2-3 April
.
2015
DEFINITIONS
OFF SITE: Centralised
• Serves a large area
• Catchment strategy driven
• Planned based on catchment
development & growth
•High reliability
• Opportunity to rationalize small
inefficient STPs and on-site systems
• High construction cost
• Requires big land area
• O&M cost is focused on core
activities rather than logistics and
travelling
2-3 April
.
2015
STPs: NUMBERS vs CAPACITY
2-3 April
.
2015
SUSTAINABLE SEWERAGE SYSTEM
• Sustainable design balances human needs (rather than human
wants) with the carrying capacity of natural and cultural
environments.
• In that context, sizing of STPs (in terms of centralized and
decentralized system) in Malaysia depends on the area, the needs
and the existing development and facilities.
• The main drivers for proper sizing of STPS are:
a) Sewerage Catchment area/strategies
b) Economic Transformation Plans
c) Population & PE Projection
d) Buffer
e) Land Use/Land Availability
f) Logistics
2-3 April
.
2015
APPROPRIATE TYPE OF SEWERAGE SYSTEMS BASED ON 4
SCENARIOS- Under Malaysia Context
Scenario 1: New Sewerage Systems for Greenfield
Developments
• Sewerage systems constructed at areas which have no
development initially.
• Planning for sewerage infrastructure can be done
concurrently with development.
• Centralised sewerage system are easily implemented,
the cost is lower and disruption will be minimal.The
cost will be absorbed as part of development costs.
• Eg: Cyberjaya, Putrajaya, Proton City
• Sizing of STPs can be determined upfront from 100,000
PE – 600,000 PE which is focused on centralized
system.
Scenario 3: Sewerage Infrastructure for Slow
Paced Development Area and Rural Communities
• No proper drive to build a regional sewerage system
as the development is very slow paced
• Minimal impact to the enviroment.
• Not in water catchment areas
• Sizing is determined to meet development needs
which can vary from septic tanks to small scale plants
2000- 5,000 PE.
Scenario 2: Existing Sewerage Infrastructure
in Developed Areas
• Existing systems which was serving one area has now
expanded in serving another area as well as increased
density.
• Driven by Economic Transformation Plans and
enviromental concerns.
• Correcting poor sewerage planning strategies exercised
in the past.
• High stakeholders expectations on the enviroment.
Needs phased program consisting of upgrading
systems, renewal, refurbishment as well as new
facilities – more expensive and disruptive
• Eg: Pantai Catchment , Bunus and Jinjang
Kepong(kuala Lumpur)
• Sizing of STPs may vary with priority of land availability
and technology from 200,000 PE – 1.8 million PE.
Scenario 4: Sewerage Infrastructure to Unlock
Brown Field Redevelopments
•
•
•
•
•
•
A need for high rate mechanised centralised regional
sewerage system to fit in lower STP footprint.
Encouraged
by
Private
Public
participation
collarbration.
Modern MBR/SBR Biological Nutrient Removal
system is used.
Oportunities are in highly commercial and residential
areas.
Returns to goverment is GBI building, land
conversion premiums.
Ex. Sri Hartamas area. 6.3 acres released for
developement from 8.6 acres STP site.
2-3 April
.
2015
SEWERAGE SYSTEM SELECTION MATRIX
Sample that leads to Scenario 2( Move Towards Centralised System)
CRITERIA
SUBCRITERIA
POPULATION DENSITY
HIGH
ECONOMIC GROWTH AREA
LOW
GOVERNMENT LAND
PRIVATE LAND
HIGH
POPULATION GROWTH PE
LOW
HIGH
LAND STATUS/AVAILABILITY
LOW
POLLUTION LOAD
HIGH
LOCATED UPSTREAM OF WIP
LOW
YES
LOCATED UPSTREAM OF SENSITIVE WATER
RECEIVING AREAS
SENSITIVITY LOCATION
COMPLAINTS
O&M COST
NPV (CENTRALISATION)
TOTAL COUNT
UPGRADE DECENTRALISED
/
MOVE TOWARDS
CENTRALISED
STATUS QUO
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
NO
YES
/
NO
YES (LOCATED WITHIN 30M FROM
THE STP)
NO (NOT LOCATED WITHIN 30 M
FROM THE STP)
HIGH (≥5 times in a year)
MODERATE (4-2 times in a year)
LOW (<2 times in a year)
HIGH
MODERATE
LOW
HIGH
LOW
/
/
/
/
/
2-3 April
/
3
9
3
.
2015
OTHER REASONS TO RETHINK
Water
Cycle
Nutrient
Cycle
Energy
Food
2-3 April
.
2015
OTHER REASONS TO RETHINK
Electricity costs for treatment
Depletion of Phosphate
Electricity cost as % direct costs
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Electricity costs / PE
14.00
12.00
10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
-
2010 World Reserves, Millions of Metric Tonnes
Source : US Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries, Jan 2011)
Water Shortage
2-3 April
.
2015
SCENARIO 1- Putrajaya
BEFORE
LEGEND
WP Putrajaya
Boundary
2-3 April
.
2015
SCENARIO 1- Putrajaya
AFTER
LEGEND
Plant(s)
Sewerline
WP Putrajaya
Boundary
2-3 April
.
2015
SCENARIO 2- Jinjang Kepong (GKL Project)
BEFORE
2-3 April
.
2015
SCENARIO 2- Jinjang Kepong (GKL Project)
AFTER
2-3 April
.
2015
SCENARIO 3- Kuala Terengganu
No development seen in the near future, currently have several multipoints and
onsite system. Too costly for Centralization due to scattered population & logistics.
Sewerage
Treatment Plant
•99 STP’s
•102,006 PE
Individual Septic
Tank
•87,411 IST’s
•437,055 PE
Population & PE Projection for Terengganu State
Year
Pop (mil)
Terengganu
State
PE(mil)
Growth Rate
2010
1.05
1.2
1.21
2013
1.3
1.5
1.21
2015
1.5
1.7
1.18
2020
1.8
2.1
1.21
2025
2.2
2.6
1.23
2030
2.7
3.1
1.23
2035
3.4
3.9
1.23
* State Sewerage Catchment Strategy for Terengganu 2013
2-3 April
.
2015
SCENARIO 4- Sri Hartamas
( Brownfield Redevelopment Project)
BEFORE
KLR277
2-3 April
.
2015
SCENARIO 4- Sri Hartamas
( Brownfield Redevelopment Project)
AFTER
2-3 April
.
2015