Alternatives to becoming a lawyer Not sure about Law School,

Not sure about Law School,
yet interested in law?
Alternatives to becoming a lawyer
Prepared by: Mitra Malekan, 2008
Table of Contents
Introduction
How can this package help me explore my options?
p.3
Career options and Skills
Careers with the same transferable skills as that of a lawyer’s
p.4
Gaining Experience
How can I gain some experience and improve my skills while I am still in school?
p.7
Educational Options
What if I want to continue my studies?
p.12
Profiles: Careers
p.14
Profiles: UT Mississauga Alumni
p.24
UT Mississauga Career Centre: Services, Resources & Events
p.27
2
Introduction
Becoming a lawyer requires a great deal of commitment; time, money and effort. Sometimes,
students who are interested in law question whether becoming a lawyer is the right choice for
them. For some, it is the duties of a lawyer such as presenting a case in court, or conducting
exhaustive research that don’t seem to fit their skills and interests. For others, the high standards
of entrance requirements are daunting. Some students may want to explore other options or not
apply right away. Whatever your reason, this package will help you examine what aspects of law
interest you most and link these aspects to alternative careers. This package is the beginning of
this process, meant to help you understand what some of the other alternatives may be. The final
section with UTM Career Centre resources and services outlines how you can continue to plan
your career and reach your goal.
3
Career Options and Related Skills
We make our career choices based on many different factors. These factors range from our
personal factors such as interests, values, personality and skills to external factors such as labour
market trends. Skills are a very important factor, as the types of skills that we use on a daily basis
can greatly influence our decision of choosing our “ideal” job. These skills are often already
related to our interests. The chart below outlines the major tasks of a lawyer, along with some of
the transferable skills associated with these tasks.
Task
Advising clients of legal rights,
responsibilities and potential problems
Presenting cases in court
Researching rules and regulations and
previous cases
Preparing legal documents and wills
-
Skills
critical listening skills
oral communication skills
understanding components of
complex problem
mediating/negotiating conflicts
social perceptiveness
public speaking skills
presenting and defending a position
influencing and persuading people
leadership skills
utilizing proper research method
analytical skills
investigating skills
interpreting data
technical skills
written communication skills
organizational skills
comprehensive writing skills
Take a moment to see which part of the chart above interests you the most. Wondering what
other jobs would require you to use the same or similar skills? Below is a list of some career
alternatives. Keep in mind that this is not an exhaustive list.
Lawyer’s Task
Advising clients
for legal rights,
responsibilities
and potential
problems
Jobs requiring relevant skills
-
Airport Security Officer (Communication, monitoring observation)
Bailiff (Persuading, in control, communication)
Communications Specialist (communication, training, listening)
Correctional Officer (monitoring, communication, listening)
Customs Broker (technical, organization, communication)
Event Planner/Coordinator (listening, solution appraisal, service orientation)
Human Resources Co-ordinator (communication, analytical, leadership)
Humanitarian Aid Worker (communication, technical, listening)
Interpreter (communication, technical, analytical)
Management Consultant (leadership, communication, interpreting data)
Mediator (mediating, listening, communication)
Paralegal (written comprehension, research, communication)
Police Officer (monitoring, communication, listening)
Political Aide (writing, research, communication)
4
Advising clients
for legal rights,
responsibilities
and potential
problems (cont.)
-
Probation Officer (monitoring, investigating, social perceptiveness)
Public Health Administrator (instructing, social perceptiveness, supervision)
Public Relations Specialist (communication, persuading, social perceptiveness)
Sign Language Interpreter (technical, communication)
Social Worker (communication, social perceptiveness, mediation)
Victim Services Specialist (communication, listening, social perceptiveness)
Youth Care Worker (communication, social perceptiveness, listening)
Presenting
clients in court
-
Activist (Public speaking, communication, influencing)
Advertising Account Executive (Creative, persuading, communication)
Bank Manager (leadership, communication, organization)
Community Relations Officer (communication, organization, presentation)
Economic Development Officer (technical, leadership, communication)
Equity Officer (persuasive, monitoring, social perceptiveness)
Fundraiser (ascertaining, motivating, explaining)
Lobbyist (communication, motivating, social perceptiveness)
Marketing Co-ordinator (persuasive, organization, creative)
Politician (public speaking, persuading, presentation)
Recruiting Officer (communication, social perceptiveness, persuading)
Sales Representative (persuading, communication, social perceptiveness)
Teacher/Professor (organization, communication, public speaking)
Volunteer Manager (monitoring, leadership, organization)
Researching
rules and
regulations
and previous
cases
-
Campaign Worker (organization, research, writing)
Coast Guard (investigating, leadership, technical)
Conservation Officer (monitoring, investigation, supervising)
Coroner (investigation, technical, analytical)
Crime Scene Investigator (investigation, communication, decision making)
Criminal Investigator (investigation, social perceptiveness, communication)
Criminologist (research, analytical, organization)
Demographer (analysis, information gathering, communication)
Detective (investigating, analysis, social perceptiveness)
Developer (analytical, monitoring, organization)
Economist (research, analytical, writing)
Evidence Technician (analytical, investigating, communication)
Foreign Service Officer (supervising, monitoring, research)
Forensic Investigator (investigating, technical, research)
Immigration Officer (estimating, investigating, computing)
Insurance Claims Adjuster (interviewing, investing, computing)
Insurance Investigator (investigating, understanding, research)
Policy Analyst (mediating, research, communication)
Research Analyst (Writing, research, analytical)
Sociologist (analytical, research, social perceptiveness)
Statistical Research Analyst (research, analytical, organization)
Preparing legal
documents and
wills
-
Constable (communication, organization, writing)
Consumer Advocate (mediation, communication, analytical)
Court Clerk (organization, pubic speaking, writing)
Court Reporter (comprehensive writing, communication, accuracy)
Criminalist (analytical, investigating, writing)
Editor (organization, writing, communication)
5
Preparing legal
documents and
wills (cont.)
-
Environmental Health Officer (investigating, writing, communication)
Explosives Specialist (technical, analytical, organization)
Food Inspector (investigating, technical, writing)
Intelligence Service Officer (analytical, monitoring, organization)
Journalist (writing, research, communication)
Legal Secretary (communication, writing, analytical)
Loss Prevention Officer (monitoring, technical)
Market Research Analyst (analytical, information gathering, writing)
Newspaper Editor (organization, writing, communication)
Reporter (Writing, analytical, research)
Stenographer (writing, taking notes skills)
Technical Writer (research, information gathering, motivational)
Urban Policy Planner (analytical, organization, technical)
Do you see a career that interests you? Come by the Career Centre, the Career Assistants will be
happy to help you research further. If none of the careers above interest you, our Career
Counsellors can help you explore your options.
Before you move on to the Gaining Experience section, take some time to identify your skills set.
These are the transferable skills developed through summer or part time jobs, volunteering,
university, and extra circular activities that can be crucial in the work environment.
Communication skills, leadership, organization, motivation, time management, and multitasking
are some examples of the skills you might have already developed. In order to identify your
skills, first list your previous paid and unpaid experiences including projects and assignments
completed in the university, next outline the tasks involved with those experiences, and lastly for
each specific task think of the skills you used the most. If you find it difficult to come up with
the relevant skills come to the Career Centre and book an appointment with a Career Counsellor.
After identifying the skills you have, go back to the careers of your interest to help you identify
the skills you would like to develop or improve.
6
Gaining Experience
Now that you are more familiar with the type of skills you need to pursue a career of your
interest, we can help you get started on finding places to gain experience and improve those
skills.
Starting at UT Mississauga
One of the greatest ways to develop various skills is to get involved in student organizations and
clubs. In these environments you will be able to put skills such as public speaking,
organizational, communication, and persuading people to the test and improve them even further.
Student Organizations
Student Organizations offer elected and volunteer positions. Here is a list of student
organizations at UT Mississauga.
University of Toronto Mississauga Student Union (UTMSU) 1
The University of Toronto Mississauga Athletic Council (UTMAC)2
University of Toronto Mississauga Association of Graduate Students (UTMAGS) 3
University of Toronto Students' Union (UTSU) 4
UTM Residence Council 5
UTM Clubs
1
For further details, visit: www.utmsu.ca/
For further details, visit: www.utmac.ca/
3
For further details, visit: www.utm.utoronto.ca/~w3agsae/>
4
For further details, visit: www.utsu.ca/>
5
For further details, visit: www.utmrezcouncil.ca/>
2
7
There are many different clubs at UTM that you can join and gain experience. Student Affairs’
website has a list of clubs for all three campuses 6 . You can find UTM specific clubs by typing
UTM in the search engine.
To learn more about UTM based clubs check out “Clubs Week” held at UTM during September
in Student Centre.
Research Opportunity Program (ROP)
ROP is another great way for students to gain experience and earn credit at the same time.
Through this program, students work on the research project of a professor. They get involved in
original research, learn research methods and acquire new knowledge. 7 Examples of past
relevant ROP positions are 8 :
Level
200
Department
Management
Lecturer and Course Code
F. Chen
MGT299Y L0101
300
Sociology
400
Classics
K. Hannah-Moffat
SOC399Y L0301
C. Rubincam
HIS499Y L0101
Research Project Title
Managers' Incentives and
Earning Quality of Public
Firms
Risk, Sentencing and
Parole Decision Making
Numbers in Historical
Narrative
Work Study Positions
Are you eligible for OSAP? If so, check out the Work Study positions online or at the Career
Centre. You can view these postings starting from September until the end of October. Work
Study is a government funded program which allows students to work part-time on campus
during the fall and winter term. Examples of past relevant positions are:
Job Order Number: 2008.WC.0796
Position Title: Adoption of children from China
Organization: UTM – Department of Sociology
Job Order Number: 2008.WC.0798
Position Title: Clerical Assistant
Organization: UTM – Dept of Philosophy
Job Order Number: 2008.WC.0713
Position Title: Student Ambassador
Organization: UTM – Office of the Registrar
6
For further details, visit: http://www.sa.utoronto.ca/groups.php?waid=2&glid=16>
For further details, visit: http://www.utm.utoronto.ca/428.0.html
8
For further details, visit: http://www.utm.utoronto.ca/8428.0.html
7
8
Other On-Campus Positions
Whether you are eligible for OSAP or not, Career Centre’s online job postings are another way
of looking for part-time, summer and volunteer jobs. To look for jobs specifically on campus,
use the advanced search and choose “UT Mississauga” in the “U. of T. Position by Campus”
box. In addition the “On-Campus Jobs” section on our website is a good place to find out about
different places at UTM that hire students. Examples of past relevant postings are:
Part Time
Job Order Number: 2008.PT.3273
Position Title: Vice President, Campus Life
Organization: UTM – Students’ Union
Summer
Job Order Number: 2007.SE.1008
Position Title: Program Coordinator: Outreach 2007
Organization: UTM – Student Affairs
Volunteer
Job Order Number: 2007.VL.0830
Position Title: Conference Volunteer
Organization: UTM –Student Housing & Residence Life
Off-Campus Opportunities
Bellow is a list of organizations that can be a great starting point for gaining relevant experience.
Keep in mind that these are sample ideas, much depends on what you want to do.
Operation Springboard
Operation Springboard was founded in 1969. This is a charity with an objective of helping
people participate in their communities and fulfill their potential. They help individuals with
developmental disabilities, those needing employment and the homeless. Operation Springboard
seeks volunteers in many areas such as special events, literacy and tutoring, support counseling,
front-line supervision, and community and maintenance. 9
John Howard Society of Ontario
John Howard Society is dedicated to help people who are struggling to turn their lives around.
Many of these people are at risk of becoming involved in criminal activity or have been in
trouble with law before. John Howard Society aims to change individual attitude toward public
9
For further details, visit: http://www.operationspringboard.on.ca/justice/
9
and government policies fundamentally and on a long term basis. Check out their website to
learn more about their work and volunteer opportunities. 10
Elizabeth Fry Society of Toronto
The Elizabeth Fry Society of Toronto is women-centered agency that works with women who
are in conflict with law or are at risk of becoming in conflict with law. This non-for-profit
organization strives to create a safe place for women to give them the opportunity to develop
skills and capacity to make informed decisions. Check out their website to find out how you can
get involved. 11
Correctional Services Canada (CSC)
CSC is responsible for administering sentences that are two years or longer. Their mission is to
encourage and assist offenders to become “law-abiding” citizens. Based on the criminal justice
system, CSC supervises and exercises reasonable, safe, secure and humane control. Getting
involved in CSC is another great way to gain relevant experience. 12
Career Centre Job Postings
Online job postings can be also used for finding off-campus jobs. In addition to part-time,
summer and volunteer opportunities, there are also GSES and RGES positions. The “Graduating
Students Employment Service (GSES)” is open to students who are in their graduating year and
the “Recent Graduates Employment Service (RGES) is open to students who have already
graduated. These services provide access to full time positions. Samples of previous relevant
postings:
Part Time
Job Order Number: 2008.PT.1485
Position Title: Legal/ Administrative Assistant
Organization: Benjamin Rubin, Barrister & Solicitor
GSES
Job Order Number: 2000.GS.0198
Position Title: Legal Assistant
Organization: Alloway and Associates Professional Corporation
RGES
Job Order Number: 2008.RG.4158
Position Title: Legal Document Specialist
Organization: Appleton & Associates International Lawyers
10
For further details, visit: http://www.johnhoward.on.ca/
For further details, visit: http://www.efrytoronto.org/
12
For further details, visit: http://www.csc-scc.gc.ca/
11
10
Volunteering
In addition to the online postings, “Volunteer” binders available at the Career Centre Resource
library are great help in finding Volunteer opportunities.
Working/Studying Abroad
Thinking of going abroad? Why not gain some experience while you are there by working or
studying. Come to Career Centre and take advantage of the extensive resources such as “Going
Abroad” tip sheet and “Working Abroad” and “Study Abroad” binders.
After Graduation
In addition to RGES and GSES job postings, here is a sample of public organizations that you
can start your job search at after graduation:
Canadian Security Intelligence Service 13
Centre of Forensic Sciences 14
Department of Justice 15
Human Resources Development Canada 16
Office of the Correctional Investigator 17
Ontario Ministry of Community and Social Services 18
Get Experience Fair
This Career Centre event is a great opportunity for you to explore a wide range of valuable
experiences that will help you as you work towards your career goals. Employers are interested
in students who have demonstrated their skills through academic, work, volunteer and extracurricular experiences while at university. You will be able to explore a career area and better
understand what skills are necessary for success in a particular field. You will develop valuable
contacts and expand your personal network. Gaining Experience Fair is usually held during
September. 19
13
For further details, visit: http://www.csis-scrs.gc.ca/en/index.asp
For further details, visit: http://www.mcscs.jus.gov.on.ca/english/pub_safety/centre_forensic/about/intro.html
15
For further details, visit: http://www.justice.gc.ca/en/
16
For further details, visit: http://www1.servicecanada.gc.ca/en/gateways/where_you_live/regions/on.shtml
17
For further details, visit: http://sgc.gc.ca/index_e.asp
18
For further details, visit: http://www.mcss.gov.on.ca/mcss/english/
19
For further details, visit: http://www.utm.utoronto.ca/careers/getexperience_fair.html
14
11
Educational Options
There are many options open to you with regards to continuing your education once you have
completed your undergraduate degree. Below are sample of programs that might interest you
along with examples of colleges or universities that offer those programs. Keep in mind that
these are just examples and by no means represent all possible options.
Post Graduate Programs
Sample Programs
Paralegal/ Law Clerk
Legal Studies
Criminal & Restorative Justice
Justice System Administration
Justice Studies
Advanced Investigation and Enforcement
Security Fraud and Analysis
Human Services
Child and Youth Studies
Samples Colleges/ Universities
Algonquin College
Seneca College
Simon Fraser University
University of Regina
York University
University of Regina
Seneca College
British Columbia Institute of Technology
University of British Columbia
University College of the Fraser Valley
Algonquin College
To find out more about these programs and universities which offer these programs, check out
the “Further Education” section at the top of Career Centre’s website 20 . Choose “College postgrad programs”, or visit the website of the colleges of your interest.
Master’s Degree
Sample Programs
Policy and Practice
Social Work
Criminology and Criminal Justice Policy
Child & Youth studies
20
Sample Universities
Ryerson University
McMaster University
McMaster University
Brock University
University of Guelph
Simon Fraser University
Mount Saint Vincent University
Brock University
For further details, visit: www.utm.utoronto/careers
12
Political Science
Sociology
University of Alberta
University of Calgary
University of Toronto
University of Waterloo
To find out more about these programs and universities which offer these programs, check out
the “Further Education” section at the top of Career Centre’s website 21 . Choose “Graduate
Schools”.
Ph.D. Degree
Depending on your undergraduate and master’s degree you might be interested in studying for
your Ph.D. For example, for disciplines such as Political Science and Sociology you may use a
Ph.D. program to enter a career in policy analysis and research. Refer to the “Further Education”
section at the top of Career Centre’s website for further information on doctoral programs 22 .
Profiles: Careers
23
ACTIVIST
Job Description: When deciding on a career, some people follow the money. In other words,
they look for the most financially rewarding careers. Others follow a cause or a strongly held
belief and look for a career that will help them advance that cause or belief. Activists definitely
belong in the second group.
There is no typical activist. The sign-toting student rallying against tuition hikes is an activist,
but so is the politician who uses her power to fight for the powerless. People who chain
themselves to trees to prevent logging are activists, but so are those who sit at desks making
21
For further details, visit: www.utm.utoronto/careers
For further details, visit: www.utm.utoronto/careers
23
“Activist.” Online. Internet. 13 Feb. 2008. Available: www.careercruising.com.
22
13
phone calls to raise money for women’s shelters. Another activist is the father who lost his child
to a drunk driver, and goes out speaking to auditoriums full of young people. Still another is the
retired nurse who volunteers to take blood. If someone is fighting for change, that person is an
activist.
Effective activists have to understand and use the media. A protest is pointless if no one hears
about it. Activist organizations develop relationships with local, national, and sometimes
international media, as well as with governments. Leaders do a lot of interviews with the press to
raise awareness for the cause. A big part of an activist’s job involves publicizing the cause by
writing speeches, policy briefs, letters, and press releases.
Activist organizations rely on large numbers of people, from fundraisers to researchers and
strategists. Some positions pay a salary, but many don’t. Whatever their place in an organization,
it is crucial that activists be passionate and optimistic about the cause they’re working for.
Sometimes that’s the only reward. It’s tough work canvassing door-to-door, or lobbying
government groups, or calling people for donations all day long.
Activists don’t win every battle. But they do win some, and successful activism does change the
world, bit by bit. Many things we now take for granted—recycling programs, laws against
cruelty to animals, even the right of women to vote—are the result of the long, hard fights of
activist organizations.
Education & Training: No specific or formal educational qualifications are required. However,
to start out you need a good understanding of the issues you are concerned about, as well as
passion and perseverance.
Activists come from a variety of educational backgrounds. Some have only a high school
diploma. Others have a diploma or bachelor’s degree. Some come to activism through other
careers. For example, a lawyer who represents low income tenants at a community legal clinic,
or a journalist who focuses on raising public awareness of harm being done to the environment.
The amount and kind of education you need to acquire is up to you. However, though anyone
can become an activist regardless of their education level, you are more likely to get paid work if
you have some post-secondary education in a field related to your area of interest. Also, postsecondary education will help you to develop the analytic and communication skills that are
important in most aspects of an activist’s work.
There are many areas of study that are useful in this field. For example, political science and
sociology can help you understand some of the factors affecting the issue you are concerned
with. If you have decided on a particular area of interest such as the environment, or women’s
issues, you may want to focus your studies in that area.
BAILIFF 24 (N.O.C. 6461)
Job Description: In a perfect world, everyone would be willing and able to pay what they owed.
But things aren’t so simple. Bailiffs are sometimes known as “recovery agents” or, more
24
“Bailiff.” Online. Internet. 13 Feb. 2008. Available: www.careercruising.com.
14
popularly, as “repo men.” They have the power to seize property for legal reasons, and their
work is an important part of maintaining law and order.
Every province regulates the powers of bailiffs slightly differently. However, in all provinces,
bailiffs are appointed by a provincial authority. Once appointed, most work for private bailiff
companies. Bailiff companies get contracts from different types of creditors, such as landlords,
banks, car dealerships, and municipal governments.
For instance, a dealership may hire a bailiff company to repossess cars from people who have
stopped making payments. Or bailiffs may be contracted to seize and sell property from a
company or a person who has failed to pay taxes or bank loans. In addition to vehicles, they may
seize computers, office equipment, or machinery. Bailiffs may also evict tenants from their
businesses or (in some provinces) from their homes if they have fallen too far behind on the rent
or mortgage.
In some provinces, bailiff companies are also contracted by courts either to seize property as
directed by a judge, or to serve civil and criminal documents. Serving documents involves
delivering letters to people to inform them of their part in an upcoming lawsuit or trial—for
example, if they are being sued in court or must appear as a witness in a criminal trial.
Education & Training: To become a bailiff you need at least a high school diploma, but a
college diploma or a university degree is recommended. Programs related to law, justice, and
criminology provide a good background for the profession.
Practical training requirements for bailiffs vary from province to province. In some provinces,
you have to work as an apprentice or a bailiff’s assistant for up to 2 years before you can apply to
become a bailiff yourself. In other provinces, bailiffs complete an intensive formal training
program and an examination at a central justice college or institute. Programs vary in length from
about 4 days to a week.
In all provinces, bailiffs have to undergo a criminal background check. You will also need a
driver’s license and a perfect driving record.
COURT CLERK 25 (N.O.C.1443)
Job Description: If you are drawn to the drama and excitement of the courtroom, but you don’t
like the idea of 7 years of post-secondary education or the demands of being a lawyer or judge,
then you might consider being a court clerk.
Court clerks have a variety of duties related to court proceedings. In the morning, they prepare
dockets (lists of parties and matters before the court), collect the documents and evidence needed
by the court for the day’s proceedings, and make sure that the recording equipment is working
properly.
Once everyone has arrived, clerks call the court to order, swear in jury members and witnesses,
and often record what goes on in the courtroom. They are also in charge of the evidence. For
25
“Court Clerk.” Online. Internet. 13 Feb. 2008. Available: www.careercruising.com.
15
example, criminal court clerks make sure that exhibits such as weapons and drugs are handled
securely and safely.
When court is adjourned, court clerks prepare documents, store evidence, and keep records of
what occurred that day. When they are outside the courtroom, clerks have other administrative
duties, including filing court documents, contacting lawyers, defendants, and witnesses,
communicating with the public, and keeping the court’s accounts.
Education & Training: The minimum requirement to work as a court clerk is a high school
diploma. Beyond this, educational requirements vary depending on the court.
To work in some courts, you need to have related experience. For instance, applicants may be
required to have at least 6 months of experience performing clerical work in an office setting. In
some cases, a portion of this work must involve court or legal procedures.
However, post-secondary coursework in a relevant field can often be applied towards the
experience requirement. Useful programs include legal assisting and court reporting. General
clerical courses are helpful as well, but it is important to have some knowledge of the legal
system.
Other courts do not set experience requirements for entry-level court clerks. Instead, new hires
are trained on the job, under the supervision of senior clerks. However, related experience or
education can be an asset when applying for these jobs.
Applicants for court clerk positions usually have to pass a typing test. In addition, they may be
tested on their knowledge of legal terminology and court procedures.
CRIMINOLOGIST 26 (N.O.C. 4169)
Job Description: Do you like trying to figure out why criminals commit crimes? That’s one of
the things that criminologists do. They study criminal behaviour on a large scale: why people do
it, how it affects society, and how it can be controlled.
Criminologists do this by gathering and examining statistics on crime. These statistics may
include information on what social groups are most likely to commit crimes, in which areas of
the country crime is most common, how criminals are dealt with by the police and judicial
system, and how criminals are punished or rehabilitated in the prison system.
To gather this information, criminologists read reports, essays, and studies written by other
criminologists, government employees, police officers, lawyers, judges, and correctional
officers. Some criminologists also conduct interviews to gather information.
In addition, criminologists may interview detectives, victims of crimes, or even criminals.
Depending on their particular area of expertise, some may also go to crime scenes with
investigators to gather facts about certain cases, or attend the autopsies of murder victims.
26
“Criminologist.” Online. Internet. 13 Feb. 2008. Available: www.careercruising.com.
16
Essentially, criminologists look for trends and deviations from trends to gain insights into society
and crime. When they have gathered all the necessary information, they write reports on their
findings for government agencies or for academic journals. They may also give presentations of
their findings to other criminologists or to other people involved.
Education & Training: The first step to becoming a criminologist is to complete a high school
diploma. Next, you will need to earn a bachelor’s degree in criminology, psychology, or
sociology. A bachelor’s degree takes 4 years to complete.
However, because it is difficult to break into the field with just a bachelor’s degree, it is highly
recommended that you complete a master’s degree, and preferably a PhD. It takes 1 to 2 years to
complete a master’s degree, and 4 to 5 years to earn a PhD. If you want to work as a criminology
professor at a university, you must have a PhD.
Students enrolled in criminology programs study a wide range of subjects, including policing,
the court system, young offenders, psychology, and crime theory and policy. They also take
courses in research methods and statistics.
For some jobs, employers may do a background check to make sure the potential employee does
not have a criminal record.
DETECTIVE 27 (N.O.C. 6261)
Job Description: Imagine a robbery has taken place in your neighbourhood. It happened during
the middle of the night, and there were no witnesses. How will the local police force identify and
catch the perpetrator? In all likelihood, they will turn to the detectives on the force to piece
together the crime and identify the person behind the robbery.
Detectives are specialized police officers who investigate and solve crimes of all types, from
homicide to fraud. They are specially trained to gather evidence and facts, allowing them to
crack even the most complicated of cases. Depending on the police agency they work for, they
may also be known as investigators.
Detectives often specialize in a particular area. For instance, they may focus on homicide,
robbery, financial crimes, gang suppression, sex crimes, computer crime, or vehicular homicide.
Large police forces usually include departments, or “units,” that concentrate on solving a
particular type of crime. For instance, a detective may be part of the child abuse unit or the drug
squad. In smaller police forces, however, detectives are often called on to investigate all types of
crime.
Their specific duties can vary greatly, depending on their area of focus and the needs of their
police force. However, most detectives perform some of the same basic tasks. When a crime is
committed, such as a robbery, detectives gather as much information as they can about the crime.
They usually start by collecting evidence at the crime scene. This may include taking pictures,
27
“Detective.” Online. Internet. 13 Feb. 2008. Available: www.careercruising.com.
17
gathering physical evidence, such as glass shards, and interviewing witnesses. This evidence is
used to determine a list of one or more potential suspects.
In some cases, detectives may continue to collect evidence after identifying potential suspects.
For instance, they may monitor the suspects’ movements, conduct interviews with them, search
their computer files, or analyze their credit card records. During this process detectives must be
sure to keep careful records of their findings. Once they have gathered enough evidence in a
case, they can make arrests. If the case goes to court, the detective is often required to testify.
Besides solving individual crimes, detectives may also be involved in much broader
investigations. For example, they may help investigate a local drug trafficking ring, or an
international smuggling operation. Wide-ranging investigations often require detectives from a
number of different police forces to work together. In some cases detectives may have to go
undercover to obtain evidence. For example, a detective may infiltrate a local gang to gather
information about drug trafficking activities.
Solving a crime can be painstaking work. Some cases are much easier to crack than others, and
investigations can take days, weeks, or even years. In some cases detectives make arrests years
after the actual crime took place, while other cases are never solved. However, the satisfaction of
successfully piecing together a crime generally overrides any frustrations involved with this job.
Education & Training: Before you can become a detective, you will first need to qualify and
work as a regular police officer. Although the exact requirements for new recruits vary by police
force, most require applicants to be Canadian citizens and at least 18 years old.
Applicants also need a high school diploma. However, some police departments require at least 1
to 2 year of college or university, and officers who go on to become detectives generally have a
degree or diploma. Relevant post-secondary programs include police studies and criminology.
Applicants to police forces must also meet physical fitness requirements, and have a valid
driver’s license.
Once you have been accepted to a police force as a new recruit, you will generally need to
complete a period of basic training before getting your first assignment. The length of this
training often ranges between 3 and 6 months. Recruits typically receive a mixture of classroom
instruction and on-the-job training.
After completing the training period, you will need to spend time working as a regular officer
before you will be eligible to be promoted to detective. The amount of time you must work
varies by force, but is usually at least 5 years.
Police forces typically consider on-the-job performance when considering candidates for
promotion. In addition, applicants may be required to take specialized courses and pass a written
exam before they can become detectives.
PARALEGAL 28 (N.O.C. 4211)
28
“Paralegal.” Online. Internet. 13 Feb. 2008. Available: www.careercruising.com.
18
Job Description: There is a lot of overlap between a paralegal’s duties and a lawyer’s. Indeed, in
some cases they may even compete for the same clients and come up against each other in court.
Like lawyers, paralegals do legal research, prepare legal documents, help mediate disputes, and
maintain records. Many paralegals also represent clients before courts, boards, and tribunals.
However, there are important differences. The types of legal problems paralegals can deal with
are generally narrower in scope, and vary depending on the province or territory they live in.
Unlike lawyers, paralegals may only provide legal information; they are not permitted to give
legal advice.
Even so, the problems taken on by paralegals may cover a lot of ground: traffic violations,
immigration applications, landlord/tenant disputes, debt collection, small claims actions, and
provincial offences. Some paralegals also deal with incorporations, uncontested divorces, and the
preparation of simple wills and contracts.
Often, a paralegal specializes in one area of the law. For example, paralegals who are former
police officers may advise and represent clients charged with traffic violations, and paralegals
familiar with immigration issues may help clients deal with complex applications for citizenship.
Education & Training: There are currently no specific education requirements for paralegals.
However, it is recommended that you obtain some type of formal paralegal training. In some
provinces, it is likely that such academic qualifications may soon become mandatory for anyone
who wishes to practice as a paralegal.
Many community colleges offer diploma programs designed for paralegals. These programs
generally take 2 to 3 years to complete, and often include internships to help students get on-thejob experience. Most programs require a high school diploma. Undergraduate degrees in
paralegal studies are also offered by a few colleges in Canada and the United States, but such
programs are rare.
Some colleges and private institutions also offer certificate programs for paralegals. These
programs are generally 1 to 2 years in length, and can often be taken part-time or through
distance education. Prior legal experience is often required for admittance to these programs.
Some paralegals enter the field with an undergraduate degree in a non-legal area. A bachelor’s
degree in politics, history, psychology, English, or philosophy would help you get the reading,
writing, and reasoning skills necessary to practice as a paralegal. A diploma in communications
or journalism might also be useful.
PUBLIC POLICY ANALYST 29 (N.O.C. 4164, 4162, 4165, 4166, 4167, 4161)
Job Description: Public policy analysts study government policies, programs, and laws. Policy
analysts work for the federal and provincial governments, as well as for lobbying and consulting
firms. They deal with issues ranging from the local environment to military policy, economic
development to international trade, and health care to social assistance.
29
“Public Policy Analyst.” Online. Internet. 13 Feb. 2008. Available: www.careercruising.com.
19
Public policy analysts inform politicians and senior-level civil servants of current policy issues.
They do this through research, meetings and negotiations, and by making presentations that
explain policy problems and possible solutions. Much of the work that analysts do is geared
toward shaping future policy.
Public policy analysts spend a lot of time with other civil servants. They often work together in
teams, and the new policies they develop must be approved by, and coordinated with,
representatives from other departments. This can be a time-consuming process, especially if they
are proposing new legislation or changes to existing laws or policies.
Finally, public policy analysts use their expertise and communications skills to disseminate
information to the media and the public. Many write letters or press releases on behalf of their
employers, whether in government or the private sector, and help public figures prepare for
speeches or interviews.
Education & Training: A bachelor’s degree is the minimum requirement for becoming a public
policy analyst.
However, it is very difficult to get a position as policy analyst without at least a master’s degree.
Some background in political science, economics, public administration, and law is useful.
Beyond that, since governmental and legislative activities affect many areas including the
environment, health, and education, graduate study in any of these areas is also useful.
Many universities offer graduate study in public policy. Some of these programs are
interdisciplinary in nature, allowing you to learn how public policy is formulated while
benefiting from the expertise of professors in a variety of other departments. .
Bachelor’s degree programs are 4 years in length, and it normally takes another 1 to 2 years to
complete a master’s degree.
LEGAL SECRETARY 30 (N.O.C. 1242)
Job Description: Lawyers need legal secretaries in much the same way that doctors need nurses.
Legal secretaries—sometimes called legal administrative assistants—prepare and process a lot of
the paperwork needed for a legal transaction or court case.
But dealing with mounds of paperwork is not the only thing that they do. They also spend a lot of
time interacting with people, either on the telephone or in person. Serving as the link between
busy lawyers and their clients, they keep clients informed about the progress of their cases and
other legal matters. They may also spend a lot of their time dealing with secretaries and
assistants in other offices.
Those who work in large or medium sized law firms usually specialize in a particular area of
law. For example, a legal secretary in the family law department of a large firm may spend a lot
of time preparing all the documents that are needed for a separation, divorce or adoption. This
30
“Legal Secretary.” Online. Internet. 13 Feb. 2008. Available: www.careercruising.com.
20
may involve working with a client to prepare documents for a court case and making sure that
they are filed at the court within a certain period of time.
If a lawyer has a client who is buying a house, the secretary prepares many of the necessary
documents. As well, he or she usually communicates with people in various offices to ensure that
the purchase takes place smoothly and on time. For example, if the client needs a mortgage or
loan, the secretary contacts the mortgage officer at the client’s bank to make sure that the money
will be ready in time to close the sale. The secretary may also call the city’s tax department to
make sure that the seller has paid all the taxes on the house.
In addition to all this, legal secretaries keep the lawyers they work for organized. They make sure
that the lawyer is aware of any urgent issues, and see to it that these issues are dealt with quickly.
Legal secretaries must be very detail oriented since all telephone calls and messages must be
written down and kept in clients’ files. And, they must be able to work well under pressure
because there are always deadlines to meet.
Education & Training: Several colleges and other vocational institutions across Canada offer
one or two-year programs in this field. The names of the program vary depending on the college.
These programs are generally referred to either as “Legal Secretary” or “Legal Office
Administration”.
Entrance to these programs usually requires a high school diploma, as well as a good command
of English or French or both, depending on where you are living. So, it’s a good idea to take
advanced courses in English and French at high school. Also, courses dealing with law and
government will help to give you some background on the legal system while you are still in
high school.
In the legal administrative assistant or legal secretary program you will learn how to draft and
prepare legal documents such as wills, powers of attorney, and agreements of purchase and sale.
Many of these courses also teach you about various areas of law, such as family law, trusts and
estates law and criminal law. In addition, some programs offer courses in law office accounting
and records management.
MEDIATOR 31 (N.O.C. 1121)
Job Description: Have you ever been in a dispute where you were convinced you were right,
and the other person was convinced he or she was right, so you both just ended up frustrated and
angry? In the work world and in peoples’ personal lives, arguments can cost time and money, as
well as damage professional and personal relationships. This is where mediators come in.
Mediators help people find solutions to many kinds of disputes. The conflicts may be about
business or employment contracts, discrimination in the workplace, or family matters such as
inheritances or child custody. Mediation (sometimes called alternative dispute resolution) is
usually used in situations where legal responsibility and fairness are not clear-cut. It is not used
in criminal cases like murder.
31
“Mediator.” Online. Internet. 13 Feb. 2008. Available: www.careercruising.com.
21
Settling a dispute through mediation is less expensive and faster than battling it out in court. It’s
usually less stressful as well. The public and the media have access to what goes on in
courtrooms. Mediation is confidential, and this is often important in business-related arguments
as well as personal ones. In mediation, the two sides can explore a range of possible solutions
and they arrive at an agreement themselves. Lawsuits often destroy business and personal
relationships. Sometimes, the mediation process helps preserve them.
Mediators don’t have legal authority like judges do. They can’t dictate or impose a solution to a
dispute. The parties involved have to reach an agreement themselves. But mediators can clarify
issues, propose options, and keep the resolution process on track. For example, by working with
a divorcing couple, a family mediator can help prevent the real issue (what’s best for the
children) from being swept aside in a bitter court battle. Mediators say that, following mediation,
the level of anger between the mother and father has often decreased.
When the parties have come to an agreement, the mediator will put all the details in writing and
have them sign it. Like any other contract, a signed settlement agreement can be enforced by
law.
If the two sides are not able to resolve their differences through mediation, they can turn to other
dispute resolution processes such as arbitration (which uses legal procedures without going to
court), or they may take the problem to court.
Education & Training: To become a mediator, you need post-secondary education (at least a
bachelor’s degree) and work experience in a related field.
Any field that involves negotiation and complex problem-solving will provide a good
background for mediation. Many mediators are professional lawyers, psychologists, or human
resources or labour relations specialists. People with years of experience in a particular business
sector, such as insurance or healthcare, can become mediators for disputes in their area of
expertise.
At this time, the practice of mediation is not formally regulated in Canada. By law, you don’t
have to have any special training to call yourself a mediator. However, in order to establish a
practice, you will need professional credentials in another field, and training in mediation is
highly recommended.
Formal training is available through a number of agencies. Some universities offer post-graduate
certificate programs and master’s programs in mediation or conflict resolution (including
programs specifically in family mediation). In some areas, non-profit associations and consulting
companies also offer courses, seminars, and workshops in mediation.
22
Profiles: UTM Alumni
Jennifer Butler
Degree: BA
Specialist: Joint History-Political Science
Year Of Graduation: 2001
Jennifer Butler is a law clerk with Loreto Little Morello, Barristers and Solicitors, assisting
personal injury clients in recovering compensation.
Jennifer, who took Humber College’s Court and Tribunal Agent program after graduating from
UTM, obtained her current job through co-op experience. She says in her line of work it is
important to be organized in order to keep track of hundreds of files and important dates. She
found courses such as international law, comparative law, and Canadian justice very applicable
to her job.
If she could do anything differently, she may have gone to law school after graduating from
UTM rather than trying to save money by going to college. She says the key to success is to
never give up.
“Keep trying. You probably won’t get the first 20 jobs you apply for and your first few
interviews might be tough, but keep trying and you'll get where you need to be,” she says.
23
Elaine Watson
Degree: BA
Major: Sociology, Crime and Deviance
Minor: Anthropology
Year Of Graduation: 1995
Elaine Watson is a probation officer with the Ministry of Children and Youth Services.
“I work with young people in conflict with the law. The most enjoyable part of this position is
working directly with young people. Challenges include changing legislation (YCJA) and
working with a sometimes resistant client group,” says Elaine.
“A probation officer, in my opinion, requires strong interpersonal skills, an ability to make case
management decisions, assessment and interview skills, an ability to interpret legislation, and
computer skills. Probation officers prepare reports for the courts in regards to sentencing and as
such strong report writing skills are essential. A probation officer must have a university degree.”
Upon graduation, Elaine was hired by TD Bank for a full-time sales position. She was employed
in various branches in the GTA before eventually switching to work for Canada Trust in 1997.
“In total, I was employed in the financial field for 12 years before making the switch to my
current career. Throughout my banking career, I volunteered with the Ministry of Correctional
Services as a probation officer. I was hired as permanent staff in April 2001,” says Elaine. “I
have monitored both adult and phase two (ages 16 to 18) caseloads. In September 2004 I elected
to move to the newly created Children's Ministry as a probation officer. I currently work from
the Brampton office which is the largest youth probation office in the province.” While
completing her degree, Elaine was a volunteer probation officer with the Mississauga adult
probation office.
“This experience was valuable in multiple ways. I learned about diverse issues within my
community and these experiences directly related to my field of study. I was also a volunteer
note-taker with the AccessAbility Resource Centre, assisting students with disabilities,” she says.
“I was offered a temporary contract with Ministry of Correctional Services as a probation officer
soon after I graduated. I turned this down for the ‘sure thing’ of employment with the TD Bank. I
was concerned about being employed so I could pay back my student loans. If I could do
anything differently, I would have taken the contract as a probation officer.”
Elaine says banking may have seemed like an odd choice for the type of degree she earned at
UTM, but she maintains that her degree was and continues to be relevant.
“The news continually mentions debit card fraud or people laundering money through banks. My
degree in Crime and Deviance was and still is appropriate,” says Elaine, who is currently an
executive member of the Central Branch of the Probation Officer's Association of Ontario.
24
“Take any training an employer provides for you even if it does not seem related to what your
current role is. Offer to take on extra tasks, have a positive attitude and be reliable. The
competition is fierce to become a probation officer but do not be discouraged. The work in
rewarding and the financial compensation is not that bad either.”
Rupi Badwal
Degree: BA
Specialist: Sociology
Major: Crime & Deviance
Minor: Philosophy
Year Of Graduation: 1990
Rupi Badwal is the Director of Business and Legal Affairs for two companies, Esprida
Corporation and Signifi Solutions Inc.
“Esprida manufactures software for the remote device management market. Signifi specializes in
creating software for photo/music/ring tones in a self-service kiosk,” says Rupi. “Having worked
in-house as legal counsel for other companies, the role I play at Esprida allows me to flex my
legal muscle whilst developing my skills on the business and financial side. As a small company,
there are new challenges every day, both in terms of complex legal issues and the interplay with
clients.”
Rupi says the most important characteristic required for his positions is a strong work ethic.
“Don't be afraid to make mistakes. Be patient and don’t forget to have a sense of humour,” he
says. “I found that personal networking and word of mouth were the most effective tools for
finding the right job. I learned very quickly the importance of the ‘fit’ within a company and,
through experience, became skilled at identifying the right opportunities.
Rupi has been the owner/partner for Trac Grafix Inc., an information centre analyst for Serca
Food Service, and legal counsel for Financial Models Company Inc.
“I didn’t have a formal mentorship, but it was the relationship with my professors, particularly in
third and fourth year, that proved to be the most memorable experience,” says Rupi.
“Ultimately, it was my ability to connect with people on different levels that got me in the door. I
always showed respect. My zeal and love for what I do allowed me to exceed expectations. The
single most important factor is to enjoy what you do — it shows in your work product and
attitude and permeates every aspect of your career.”
25
UT Mississauga Career Centre: Services, Resources & Events
The Career Centre offers wide range of services and wealth of resources to make the process of
career planning and job search easier and smoother for you. As well, the dedicated staff at the
Career Centre are always willing and ready to help make this process even easier for you.
Individual Career Counselling
If you are unsure about your career direction or how your academic major relates to work after
graduation, you may find it helpful to make an individual appointment with one of our
professional career counsellors. Ask one of our Career Assistants to assist you with making an
appointment.
Workshops
Small group workshops help you begin your career planning and sharpen your work search
skills. We offer a variety of workshops covering different phases in the career planning process.
Check the Workshops and Events portion of each section of UTM Career Centre website for
more information.
Resume Critiques
Individual 30 minute appointments are available in the Career Centre. Online same-day sign-up
is available on critique days starting at 9:00 a.m. For a list of critique days see our calendar.
Get Experience Fair
Refer to the page 11 of this package for more information on the Get Experience Fair.
Professional Schools Fair
This fair provides an opportunity to speak with representatives from programs such as law,
dentistry, medicine, physiotherapy, education, business, social work, graduate studies and
college post-graduate studies.
Career Expo
Take the opportunity to network with professionals in a wide range of organizations about
typical career paths available in their fields. Learn what skills, experience and education are
desired and get a head start on finding your ideal career.
Summer Job Fair
Speak with representatives from dozens of organizations and learn about a wide range of summer
opportunities!
Extern Job Shadowing Program
A unique career exploration program, offering current U of T students the opportunity to
investigate their career interests in the actual workplace over a 1 to 5 day voluntary placement in
February and/or May.
26
Career Resource Library:
NOC binders
The Career Centre Resource Library holds a large amount of helpful print resources, including
the NOC Binders. These binders are organized by National Occupational Codes also known as
career field. Visit the Career Centre and ask the Career Assistants to show you the NOC binders
including the NOC 400 section. Careers in this section include Criminologist, Sociologist, Social
Worker, Private Investigator, Probation Officer, Canadian Intelligence Officer, Forensic
Scientist, Law, Counsellor (general, addictions/rehab), Government, and more!
Related books
There are numerous great books which offer information regarding resumes and cover letters, job
search strategies, personality matching, as well as careers by major. Examples are relevant books
are:
™ Great Job for Political Science Majors
™ Great Job for Sociology Majors
™ What can I do with a Law Degree?
Additional Selected Web Links:
Careers by Major
Check out Careers by Major section under Explore Careers on our website to explore careers
based on wide selection of careers.
Career Cruising
Career Cruising is a Canadian website which includes information on over 400 careers, including
profiles of professionals in the field. Through this database, you can search by school subject or
cluster, or use the career selector to find the information you are looking for. Also, a great tool is
the Career Matchmaker – it allows you to see what careers might suit you best.
*You can access this resource in the Career Centre or at home through you Career Centre
Account.
Related Panel Packages & Information Packages
You can find related panel & information packages in the resources & links section under
Explore Careers in the Career Centre website. Sample of related packages include:
™ Sociology & Criminology Career Panel
™ Careers in Policy
™ Careers in Human Resources Panel
™ Forensic Science: Finding Opportunities in Ontario, Canada and the U.S.
™ Careers in Crime, Law & Deviance
™ Careers in Government
™ Careers in Activism
™ Careers in Counselling
™ Careers in Writing and Communications
™ Forensic Related Careers in Science, Business and Technology
™ Work Abroad Panel
™ Careers with a Conscience
™ Careers in law
27