Population F.2. Energy supply and use

Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific 2013 • F. Environment
F.2. Energy supply and use
Despite crises and disruptions, the Asian
and Pacific region continued to be a
major contributor to growth in global
energy supply and use. Relatively low
levels of per capita energy consumption
in many parts of the region indicate a
likelihood for further increases in energy
supply and use in the future.
Energy consumption in Asia and the Pacific
has been rising continuously during the last
decade. One of the contributing factors is the
shift of energy intensive manufacturing from
industrialized countries to Asia. The region’s share
of global primary energy supply1 rose from 38 per
cent to 47 per cent during 2000-2010. Almost
55 per cent of the region’s energy supply in 2010
was attributed to East and North-East Asia alone.
This subregion witnessed consistent growth in
high-energy demand at an average of 5.8 per cent
per annum between 2000 and 2010 (see figures
F.2-1 and F.2-2).
Accounting for roughly half of the world’s
production of primary energy, the Asian and
Pacific region is endowed with large stocks of
energy resources to help meet the growing
Figure F.2-2
Total primary energy supply, Asian and Pacific
subregions, 2000-2010
demand. However, these energy resources are
spread unevenly. For example, East and NorthEast Asia accounted for the highest share in
production with 2,430 million tons of oil
equivalent (MTOE) in 2010, whereas the Pacific
had a very small share and only 327 MTOE. In
2011, the Russian Federation was the region’s
largest gas and oil producer, accounting for
20.0 per cent and 12.7 per cent of the global
totals, respectively. China was the source of
almost half of the world’s production of coal in
2011, followed by the United States of America
at 12.9 per cent and India at 7.5 per cent.2
While global electricity production increased by
an average of 3.6 per cent annually between 2001
and 2010, the figure for Asia and the Pacific was
6.3 per cent. Led by China, Japan, the Russian
Federation and India, the region accounted for
45 per cent of the global electricity production
in 2010. East and North-East Asia generated
1
Primary energy includes hard coal; lignite; peat; crude oil; natural gas liquids; natural gas; combustible renewables; nuclear, hydro, geothermal and
solar power; and heat pumps.
2
International Energy Agency, Key World Energy Statistics 2012 (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development/International Energy
Agency, Paris, 2012).
173
Energy supply and use
In terms of global energy supply, 2011 and 2012
were eventful years. The developments in
Northern Africa and in the Middle East spurred
concerns about political stability and market
speculation, increasing the volatility of energy
markets. The earthquake and tsunami in Japan
also had immediate implications, both in Japan
and around the world, for nuclear power and
other sources of energy.
Figure F.2-1
Total primary energy supply, Asia and the
Pacific and other world regions, 2000 and
2010
Environment
Energy products and services are essential for
mining, agriculture, manufacturing, transport
and all other forms of economic activity
including by households and small businesses.
Disruptions in the availability or price of
energy can have serious consequences for
development. A lack of access to affordable
sources of energy can be a critical barrier to
inclusive and sustainable development.
Population
F. Environment • Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific 2013
Population
more than 60 per cent (5,857 terawatt-hours, or
TWh) of the electricity produced in the region,
followed by South and South-West Asia (1,555
TWh) and North and Central Asia (1,252
TWh).
Environment
Energy supply and use
In 2010, renewable energy (including large
hydro) accounted for about 12 per cent of the
total primary energy supply (TPES) in the
region; this was much less than in Africa, where
the proportion was 40 per cent, and less than in
Latin America and the Caribbean, with 26 per
cent. Within the region, South-East Asia and
South and South-West Asia led this indicator
with 27 per cent and 22 per cent of their
respective energy supply stemming from
renewable sources. For electricity from renewable
energy sources, the Asian and Pacific region led
the world generating 1,522 TWh of its electricity
from renewable energy sources in 2010. But this
amounted to only 15.8 per cent of the region’s
total electricity, which is below the world average
of 19.4 per cent.
Factors such as population size and patterns of
economic production and consumption must
also be taken into consideration when reviewing
energy supply and use patterns.
With about 60 per cent of the world’s total
population, or 4 billion people, Asia and the
Pacific has the third lowest per capita TPES
(1,438 kg of oil equivalent, or koe) in the world
after Africa (737 koe) and Latin America and the
Caribbean (1,331 koe). There are also disparities
within the region in per capita energy supplies.
The Pacific subregion, which includes Australia
and New Zealand,3 accounts for less than 1 per
cent of the region’s population and has the
highest per capita energy supply at 5,339 koe,
second only to North America. At the other end
of the spectrum, South and South-West Asia,
which is home to nearly half the region’s
population, has the lowest per capita energy
supply at 662 koe. A rising trend in per capita
energy supply can be found in East and NorthEast Asia over the past two decades (see figure
F.2-3), particularly in China.
3
Figure F.2-3
Total primary energy supply per capita, world,
Asia and the Pacific, and its subregions, 2000
and 2010
The need for regional trade in energy
products is determined by growing
energy demand, especially in rapidly
developing countries in the Asian
and Pacific region, and the uneven
geographical distribution of energy
resources.
The balance between energy imports and exports
in the region is fairly stable over time. However,
there are wide variations between two subregions
in particular: North and Central Asia is the
largest energy exporter, and East and North-East
Asia is the largest energy importer (see figure
F.2-4), which demonstrates the uneven
distribution of energy and thus a dependency on
international trade.
Figure F.2-4
Net energy imports, Asian and Pacific
subregions, 2000-2010
For the Pacific subregion, figures are available for only Australia and New Zealand.
174
Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific 2013 • F. Environment
Population
The energy intensity of an economy is used as
an indicator of economic competitiveness and
can be calculated by dividing primary energy
supply by GDP. It is important to note, however,
that energy intensity is influenced by various
factors, including population, climate, the
structure and connectedness of the economy, and
the infrastructure for energy production and
consumption.
As shown in figure F.2-5, the energy intensity of
the region is quite high, 66 per cent greater than
Europe, which has the lowest energy intensity
among all regions. This could be due to the
relatively high share (36 per cent) of end-use
energy consumption in the industrial sector in
Asia and the Pacific compared with that in other
regions of the world. High industrial end-use
could signify a higher level of activities such as
mining, manufacturing or the production of
goods, or relatively poor industrial energy
efficiency, or a combination of both.
Within Asia and the Pacific, North and Central
Asia continues to be the most energy-intensive
subregion, at 353 koe per unit of GDP in 2010.
While ageing equipment and outdated
technology contribute to significant inefficiencies
in the energy sector, the subregion has made
considerable progress over the past two decades
by implementing measures to improve energy
efficiency (see figure F.2-6), although energy
intensity for the subregion has begun to increase
again (by 3.5 per cent) in 2009 and 2010.
Figure F.2-6
Energy intensity, Asian and Pacific subregions,
2000-2010
175
Energy supply and use
The Asian and Pacific region still has
much to gain from improving energy
efficiency.
Figure F.2-5
Energy intensity, Asia and the Pacific and
other world regions, 2000-2010
Environment
Options for trade in oil, gas and electricity,
though currently limited by infrastructure and
other constraints, are increasingly being
investigated. At the subregional level in particular,
electricity is viewed as a promising export item
with potential benefits in the forms of revenue
generation and socio-economic development.
South-East Asia is leading large-scale efforts to
promote energy trade with the establishment of
the Trans-ASEAN Gas Pipeline project and the
implementation of the ASEAN Power Grid.
F. Environment • Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific 2013
Population
Box F.2-1
Access to modern energy services and human development
Environment
Energy supply and use
Despite the considerable progress made in recent years,
the Asian and Pacific region continues to have a large
number of people living without access to modern
energy services. With less than 400 kilowatt-hours
(kWh) per capita, annual household electricity
consumption in Asia and the Pacific is the second lowest
among the world’s regions, after Africa (200 kWh per
capita).
Electrification rates, Asia and the Pacific, rural and
urban areas, 2010
Globally, nearly 1.3 billion people remain without access
to electricity. Two thirds of those people live in just 10
countries, 4 of which are in the Asian and Pacific region:
Bangladesh, India, Indonesia and Pakistan.a
Rural areas have lower electrification rates as many such
areas are remote and hence inaccessible for grid extension
(see following figure). It is estimated that over 60 per
cent of all future capacity-addition efforts will be focused
on mini-grids and off-grid connections. In this context,
the role of renewable energy, by nature apt for such
solutions, is vital.b
The World Health Organization estimates that more
than 1.45 million people die prematurely each year from
indoor air pollution caused by burning solid fuels
(biomass) with insufficient ventilation.a This makes the
number of premature deaths from indoor air pollution
greater than the number of premature deaths from
malaria or tuberculosis.
Globally, 2.6 billion people, and 1.8 billion people in
the region, use solid fuels (biomass) for cooking, which
is a proxy indicator used by WHO for indoor air
pollution. Three Asian countries, Bangladesh, China and
India, account for more than half of this number. The
two succeeding chartsc show a significant difference
between the types of energy used for cooking in urban
areas and rural areas, which show that while urban
households have access to relatively safe cooking
technologies, their rural counterparts in the region are
more likely to be exposed to higher health hazards.
Source: International Energy Agency, World Energy Outlook 2012
(Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development/
International Energy Agency, Paris, 2012). Available from www.
worldenergyoutlook.org/resources/energydevelopment/globalstatus
ofmodernenergyaccess/#d.en.8609.
a International Energy Agency, World Energy Outlook 2012 (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development/International Energy
Agency, Paris, 2012). Available from www.worldenergyoutlook.org/resources/energydevelopment/globalstatusofmodernenergyaccess/#d.en.8609.
b DB Climate Change Advisors, Deutsche Bank Group, “GET FiT Plus: de-risking clean energy business models in a developing country context”
(April 2011). Available from http://europa.eu/epc/pdf/workshop/background_get_fit_plus_final_040711_en.pdf.
c World Health Organization, WHO Household Energy Database. Available from www.who.int/indoorair/health_impacts/he_databasecont/en/
index.html.
176
Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific 2013 • F. Environment
Population
Environment
China
Malaysia
Sri Lanka
Nepal
Kazakhstan
Pakistan
India
Vanuatu
Indonesia
Viet Nam
Afghanistan
Philippines
Georgia
Bhutan
Tonga
Bangladesh
Myanmar
Tajikistan
Uzbekistan
Thailand
Lao PDR
Azerbaijan
Mongolia
Armenia
Russian Fed.
Kyrgyzstan
Marshall Islands
Solomon Islands
Turkmenistan
0%
20%
Wood
LPG
40%
Coal
Natural gas
Charcoal
Biogas
60%
Dung
Kerosene
80%
Cropwaste
Other
100%
Electricity
Source: World Health Organization, WHO Household Energy Database. Available from www.who.int/indoorair/health_impacts/he_databasecont/
en/index.html.
Cooking fuels used by urban populations in Asia and the Pacific, 2010
Tajikistan
Bhutan
Mongolia
Kyrgyzstan
Marshall Islands
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
China
Russian Fed.
Afghanistan
Myanmar
Thailand
Lao PDR
Tonga
Vanuatu
Uzbekistan
Solomon Islands
Philippines
Malaysia
Turkmenistan
Sri Lanka
Indonesia
Nepal
Viet Nam
Pakistan
Bangladesh
India
0%
20%
Electricity
Charcoal
LPG
Wood
40%
60%
Natural gas
Dung
Biogas
Cropwaste
80%
Kerosene
Other
100%
Coal
Source: World Health Organization, WHO Household Energy Database. Available from www.who.int/indoorair/health_impacts/he_databasecont/
en/index.html.
177
Energy supply and use
Cooking fuels used by rural populations in Asia and the Pacific, 2010
F. Environment • Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific 2013
Population
Box F.2-2
Sustainable energy for all
The year 2012 was significant in terms of global action
in the area of energy.
Environment
Energy supply and use
At the United Nations Conference on Sustainable
Development (Rio+20), Member States recognized the
critical role that energy plays in the development process,
emphasizing that access to sustainable modern energy
services contributes to poverty eradication, saves lives,
improves health and helps provide for basic human
needs.a
In 2012, the United Nations General Assembly declared
2014-2024 the Decade of Sustainable Energy for All,b
recognizing that “…access to modern affordable energy
services in developing countries is essential for the
achievement of the internationally agreed development
goals, including the Millennium Development Goals,
and sustainable development, which would help to
reduce poverty and to improve the conditions and
standard of living for the majority of the world’s
population.” The Secretary-General launched the
initiative “Sustainable Energy for All” to mobilize action
from all sectors of society in support of three interlinked
objectives to be achieved by 2030:
– To provide universal access to modern energy
services
– To double the global rate of improvement in
energy efficiency
– To double the share of renewable energy in the
global energy mix.
a See General Assembly resolution 66/288, annex, para. 125.
b See General Assembly resolution 67/215.
Further reading
BP. BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2013. 2013. Available from www.bp.com/content/dam/
bp/pdf/statistical-review/statistical_review_of_world_energy_2013.pdf.
ESCAP. Growing Together: Economic Integration for an Inclusive and Sustainable Asia-Pacific Century.
Bangkok, 2012. Available from www.unescap.org/pdd/publications/themestudy2012/
themestudy2012-full.pdf.
International Energy Agency. World Energy Outlook 2012. Paris: Organisation for Economic
Co-operation and Development/International Energy Agency, 2012. Available from www.world
energyoutlook.org/publications/weo-2012/.
Technical notes
Glossary
Total primary energy supply (TPES): Composed
of production + imports – exports – international
marine bunkers – international aviation bunkers
r stock changes. TPES includes fuels such as coal
and gas that are subsequently transformed into
other energy forms, such as electricity. For the
world total, international marine bunkers and
international aviation bunkers are not subtracted
from TPES.
178
Renewable energy sources: Renewable energy is
derived from natural processes (such as sunlight
and wind) that are replenished at a faster rate
than they are consumed. Renewables include the
primary energy equivalent of hydro (excluding
pumped storage), geothermal, solar, wind, tide
and wave. They also include energy derived from
solid biomass, biogasoline, biodiesel, other liquid
biofuels, biogas, industrial waste and municipal
waste.
Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific 2013 • F. Environment
TPES (MTOE, koe per capita, percentage
change per capita per annum, koe per 1,000
dollars GDP in 2005 PPP, percentage change
per 1,000 GDP per annum)
TPES per GDP is often referred to as the overall
“energy intensity” of an economy. Indicator
calculations: Per capita figures are based on
population figures (WPP2012). Per GDP figures
are based on GDP in 2005 PPP (WDI).
Aggregate calculations: Sum of individual
country values (MTOE); weighted averages using
total population (WPP2012) or GDP in 2005
PPP dollars as weight (koe per capita, koe per
1,000 dollars GDP in 2005 PPP); average annual
growth of aggregate values (percentage change per
capita per annum, percentage change per 1,000
GDP per annum). Note that, for the world total,
international marine bunkers and international
aviation bunkers are not subtracted from TPES.
Missing data are not imputed.
Total final energy consumption (MTOE)
The sum of consumption by the different enduse sectors. Backflows from the petrochemical
industry are not included in final consumption.
Aggregate calculations: Sum of individual
country values. Missing data are not imputed.
Final energy consumption by sector: industry,
transport and residential use (percentage of
total final energy consumption)
Industry: Specified under the following
subsectors according to International Standard
Industrial Classification, or ISIC (except energy
used for transport by industry, which is reported
under transport): iron and steel industry (ISIC
Group 241 and Class 2431); chemical and
petrochemical industry (ISIC Divisions 20 and
21), excluding petrochemical feedstocks; nonferrous metals basic industries (ISIC Group 242
and Class 2432); non-metallic minerals such as
glass, ceramic and cement (ISIC Division 23);
transport equipment (ISIC Divisions 29 and 30);
machinery, comprising fabricated metal products,
machinery and equipment other than transport
equipment (ISIC Divisions 25 to 28); mining
(excluding fuels) and quarrying (ISIC Divisions
07 and 08 and Group 099); food and tobacco
(ISIC Divisions 10 to 12); paper, pulp and
printing (ISIC Divisions 17 and 18); wood and
wood products, other than pulp and paper (ISIC
Division 16); construction (ISIC Divisions 41 to
43); textile and leather (ISIC Divisions 13 to 15);
non-specified – any manufacturing industry not
included above (ISIC Divisions 22, 31 and 32).
Transport: Encompasses all fuels used for
transport (ISIC Divisions 49 to 51), including
transport in industry and covering domestic
aviation, road, rail, pipeline transport, domestic
navigation and non-specified transport. Fuel used
in ocean, coastal and inland fishing (included
under fishing) and military consumption
(included in other non-specified) are excluded
from transport. International marine and
international aviation bunkers are also included
here for world total. Residential: Includes
consumption by households and excludes fuels
used for transport. Includes households with
employed persons (ISIC Rev. 4 Divisions 97 and
98), a small part of total residential consumption.
Aggregate calculations: Sum of individual
country values of the sector divided by the sum
of individual country values of total final
consumption. Missing data are not imputed.
TPES balance: total, production, imports and
exports (MTOE)
Total: TPES, as defined above. Production plus
imports minus exports are the main elements of
the TPES balance. Production: Production of
primary energy, that is: hard coal; lignite; peat;
crude oil; natural gas liquids; natural gas;
combustible renewables and waste; nuclear,
hydro, geothermal, solar power; and the heat
from heat pumps that is extracted from the
ambient environment. Production is calculated
after removal of impurities (for example, sulphur
from natural gas). Imports and exports:
Comprises amounts of energy, including fuels
and electricity, that have crossed the national
territorial boundaries of a country coming in or
going out, whether or not customs clearance has
taken place. Aggregate calculations: Sum of
individual country values. Missing data are not
imputed.
179
Energy supply and use
Indicators
Environment
Population
F. Environment • Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific 2013
Population
Environment
Energy supply and use
Gross electricity production (million kWh,
percentage change per annum) [TWh=million
kWh/1,000]
Measured at the terminals of all alternator sets
in a station; it therefore includes the energy taken
by station auxiliaries and losses in transformers
that are considered integral parts of the station.
Production at hydro stations includes production
from pumped storage plants, without deduction
of electric energy absorbed by pumping.
Aggregate calculations: Sum of individual
country values (TWh); average annual growth of
aggregate values (percentage change per annum).
Missing data are not imputed.
Household electricity consumption (kWh per
capita, percentage change per annum)
Annual electricity consumption by households.
Indicator calculations: Per capita figures are
based on population figures (WPP2012).
Aggregate calculations: Weighted averages using
total population (WPP2012) as weight (kWh per
capita); average annual growth of aggregate values
(percentage change per annum). Missing data are
not imputed.
Access to electricity (percentage of population)
Percentage of the population with access to
electricity. Electrification data are collected from
industry, national surveys and international
sources. Aggregate calculations: Weighted
averages using population (WPP2012) as weight.
Missing data are not imputed.
Population without electricity (millions)
Number of the population without electricity.
Aggregate calculations: Sum of individual
country values. Missing data are not imputed.
Renewable energy production, total (MTOE,
percentage of TPES)
Renewable energy includes the primary energy
equivalent of hydro (excluding pumped storage),
geothermal, solar, wind, tide and wave. It also
includes solid biomass, biogasoline, biodiesel,
other liquid biofuels, biogas and municipal waste.
Indicator calculations: The proportion of
renewable energy production to TPES expressed
as a percentage. Aggregate calculations: Sum
of individual country values (MTOE); sum of
180
individual country values of total renewable
energy divided by the sum of individual country
values of TPES (percentage of TPES). Missing
values are not imputed.
Electricity generated from renewable energy
sources (terawatt-hours or TWh, percentage of
total energy sources)
The total number of TWh generated from all
renewable energy sources. Indicator calculations:
The proportion of electricity generated (TWh)
from all renewable energy sources to the
electricity generated (TWh) from all energy
sources expressed as a percentage. Aggregate
calculations: Sum of individual country values
(TWh); sum of individual country values of
electricity generated from renewables divided by
the sum of individual country values of electricity
generated from the total energy sources
(percentage of total energy sources). Missing
values are not imputed.
Sources
Source of energy supply data use except access
to electricity and population without electricity:
International Energy Agency (IEA). Countries
report to IEA through the Organisation for
Economic Co-operation and Development
(OECD) member site and the non-OECD
government site. The IEA secretariat does not
adjust the data. For final consumption, energy
balance, primary energy supply and electricity
data, IEA notes that energy statistics at the
national level are often collected using criteria
and definitions that differ, sometimes considerably,
from those of international organizations. The
IEA secretariat has identified such differences
and, where possible, adjusted the data to meet
international definitions. Data obtained:
25 January 2013.
Source of access to electricity and population
without electricity data: IEA, World Energy
Outlook 2012. Data obtained: 9 June 2013.
Source of renewable energy data: IEA, “World:
renewable and waste energy supply (Ktoe)”, IEA
Renewables Information Statistics Database
(2012). Data obtained: 23 April 2013.
Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific 2013 • F. Environment
F.2.1 Energy supply and intensity
Total primary energy supply (TPES)
Million tons of oil
equivalent
Kg of oil equivalent
per capita
% change per capita
per annum
Kg of oil equivalent per 1,000 dollars
GDP in 2005 PPP
% change per 1,000
GDP per annum
2000
2010
2000
2010
90-00
00-10
1990
2000
2005
2010
90-00
00-10
1 838
1 095
20
13
519
3 238
2 456
19
14
497
1 238
855
863
1 959
4 128
2 063
1 806
756
1 956
3 901
0.8
0.7
-3.2
1.4
0.7
5.2
7.8
-1.3
0.0
-0.6
273
691
224
325
230
316
219
269
-2.0
-7.3
-0.2
-1.9
64
134
67
142
52
134
47
126
0.5
0.5
-3.6
-1.2
2
188
3
250
1 000
4 092
1 208
5 160
-2.2
3.2
1.9
2.3
640
191
450
214
360
192
328
189
-3.5
1.1
-3.1
-1.2
South-East Asia
Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Timor-Leste
Viet Nam
381
2
3
155
553
3
5
208
734
7 395
279
742
937
8 274
350
864
1.5
0.4
217
139
266
221
155
265
277
213
131
171
256
197
183
181
223
0.2
1.1
1.5
2.5
1.1
2.3
1.5
0.4
-1.1
1.7
-3.8
-2.1
47
13
40
19
72
73
14
40
33
117
2 011
265
513
4 777
1 159
2 569
270
433
6 453
1 768
2.7
0.2
0.5
1.1
2.3
2.5
0.2
-1.7
3.1
4.3
179
197
211
194
1.0
-0.2
182
150
187
191
122
208
148
116
223
122
124
221
0.5
-2.0
1.1
-4.4
0.1
0.6
29
59
355
665
1.6
6.5
299
232
233
237
-2.5
0.2
South and South-West Asia
Afghanistan
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Iran (Islamic Rep. of)
Maldives
Nepal
Pakistan
Sri Lanka
Turkey
755
1 142
507
662
1.1
2.7
236
222
201
173
-0.6
-2.5
19
31
141
205
0.9
3.9
162
148
146
140
-0.9
-0.5
457
123
693
208
439
1 866
575
2 798
0.9
2.1
2.7
4.1
300
204
252
251
214
267
186
-1.7
2.1
-3.0
8
63
8
76
10
85
10
105
350
441
442
1 209
381
489
475
1 457
0.5
0.7
1.7
1.1
0.9
1.0
0.7
1.9
428
235
160
120
368
238
145
122
351
222
129
108
316
202
104
115
-1.5
0.1
-1.0
0.1
-1.5
-1.6
-3.3
-0.6
North and Central Asia
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Russian Federation
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
741
2
11
3
36
2
619
2
14
51
864
2
12
3
75
3
702
2
21
44
3 402
651
1 408
605
2 448
485
4 219
347
3 163
2 044
3 897
825
1 302
711
4 711
547
4 885
303
4 226
1 577
-1.9
-5.8
-4.6
-6.4
-3.0
-6.1
-1.7
-5.2
-2.1
-0.5
1.4
2.4
-0.8
1.6
6.8
1.2
1.5
-1.4
2.9
-2.6
505
739
768
421
634
676
470
338
1 277
1 129
518
284
570
260
443
326
491
359
1 362
1 261
398
199
367
180
386
299
384
242
805
897
353
161
147
154
421
267
348
173
569
557
0.3
-9.1
-2.9
-4.7
-3.5
-7.0
0.5
0.6
0.6
1.1
-3.8
-5.5
-12.7
-5.1
-0.5
-2.0
-3.4
-7.0
-8.4
-7.9
Pacific
American Samoa
Australia
Cook Islands
Fiji
French Polynesia
Guam
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia (F.S.)
Nauru
New Caledonia
New Zealand
Niue
Northern Mariana Islands
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
125
143
5 414
5 339
0.6
-0.1
210
191
170
163
-0.9
-1.6
108
125
5 613
5 567
0.5
-0.1
212
190
171
163
-1.1
-1.6
17
18
4 422
4 166
0.8
-0.6
199
198
161
168
-0.1
-1.6
3 839
644
3 195
129
43
381
379
556
122
5 940
640
5 300
173
60
553
555
828
163
1 028
4 328
891
1 407
199
734
1 129
408
1 712
1 438
4 151
1 332
1 676
247
937
1 422
525
2 083
0.0
0.7
-0.1
-2.6
0.7
1.5
-0.4
0.9
-2.7
3.4
-0.4
4.1
1.8
2.2
2.5
2.3
2.5
2.0
303
144
386
758
201
217
294
281
741
250
149
289
674
188
221
250
243
692
236
140
265
483
173
213
230
211
481
218
133
237
379
164
197
200
185
374
-1.9
0.4
-2.9
-1.2
-0.7
0.2
-1.6
-1.4
-0.7
-1.4
-1.2
-2.0
-5.6
-1.3
-1.1
-2.2
-2.7
-6.0
67
811
2 094
867
496
1 932
592
2 525
10 009
84
1 147
3 769
940
682
1 978
783
2 468
12 765
269
504
1 255
4 210
674
3 315
1 141
8 008
1 631
298
617
2 124
4 368
737
3 308
1 331
7 126
1 852
-1.7
0.8
-0.3
1.1
-0.1
-0.3
0.4
0.3
-0.1
1.1
2.0
5.4
0.4
0.9
0.0
1.6
-1.2
1.3
298
465
146
281
189
147
244
237
199
262
326
156
275
151
139
208
202
181
226
302
145
266
143
141
189
194
195
269
140
239
131
134
174
182
-1.3
-3.5
0.6
-0.2
-2.2
-0.5
-1.6
-1.6
-2.9
-1.9
-1.1
-1.4
-1.4
-0.4
-1.8
-1.0
East and North-East Asia
China
DPR Korea
Hong Kong, China
Japan
Macao, China
Mongolia
Republic of Korea
Asia and the Pacific
Developed countries
Developing countries
LLDC
LDC
ASEAN
ECO
SAARC
Central Asia
Pacific island dev. econ.
Low income econ.
Lower middle income econ.
Upper middle income econ.
High income econ.
Africa
Europe
Latin America and Carib.
North America
World
181
F. Environment • Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific 2013
F.2.2 Final energy consumption by sector and energy balances
Final energy consumption
Industry
Transport
Total
Million tons of
oil equivalent
2000
East and North-East Asia
China
DPR Korea
Hong Kong, China
Japan
Macao, China
Mongolia
Republic of Korea
Residential use
TPES balance
Production
Imports
Total
% of total final energy consumption
Exports
Million tons of oil equivalent
2010
2000
2010
2000
2010
2000
2010
2000
2010
2000
2010
2000
2010
2000
2010
1 269 2 022
769 1 514
17
16
9
8
345
325
35
38
67
20
29
43
47
68
22
28
16
11
3
41
25
14
12
2
22
24
27
37
0
13
14
21
23
0
16
15
1 838
1 095
20
13
519
3 238
2 456
19
14
497
1 225
1 064
19
0
106
2 430
2 252
21
0
97
762
97
1
22
435
1 114
386
1
33
427
118
69
0
2
6
133
53
3
1
18
2
127
2
157
31
30
34
28
21
21
21
19
28
12
30
13
2
188
3
250
2
34
15
45
0
207
1
267
0
41
12
46
South-East Asia
Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Timor-Leste
Viet Nam
274
1
3
120
399
2
4
156
28
12
21
25
30
59
21
29
23
48
15
18
23
23
15
23
34
12
64
43
27
8
63
37
381
2
3
155
553
3
5
208
452
20
3
237
672
19
4
381
196
0
1
26
318
0
1
42
237
17
384
15
107
215
30
11
24
9
50
43
13
24
24
85
39
10
22
34
33
30
10
27
32
31
35
10
34
21
29
33
6
34
12
23
10
78
34
6
15
10
81
26
3
13
47
13
40
19
72
73
14
40
33
117
74
15
20
0
44
86
23
23
0
71
16
1
23
83
37
39
0
22
135
64
42
4
2
42
5
51
9
4
57
13
25
49
31
36
14
21
48
33
29
59
40
66
9
14
19
21
South and South-West Asia
Afghanistan
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Iran (Islamic Rep. of)
Maldives
Nepal
Pakistan
Sri Lanka
Turkey
551
804
26
29
15
16
43
37
755
1 142
720
1 005
185
376
147
225
15
23
12
18
7
13
61
53
19
31
15
26
4
6
0
0
319
93
457
157
27
20
33
24
10
27
12
26
45
32
38
30
457
123
693
208
366
254
519
349
100
6
244
18
9
136
63
153
8
51
7
58
10
70
9
78
5
22
23
34
4
25
25
29
3
16
23
20
6
16
26
19
90
52
45
30
87
48
42
29
8
63
8
76
10
85
10
105
7
47
5
26
9
64
6
32
1
18
4
52
1
22
4
81
0
1
0
1
0
2
499
1
7
2
22
2
419
2
8
37
549
2
7
3
44
3
446
2
12
31
30
36
30
16
44
26
31
26
11
21
30
18
10
17
46
31
29
27
12
22
17
19
11
16
15
16
18
1
23
10
20
28
26
29
11
34
22
5
14
10
32
26
36
53
9
11
33
16
1
40
25
30
44
40
14
5
25
13
1
40
741
2
11
3
36
2
619
2
14
51
864
2
12
3
75
3
702
2
21
44
1 181
1
19
1
79
1
978
1
46
55
1 622
1
65
1
157
1
1 293
2
46
55
50
2
0
2
8
1
33
1
0
3
43
2
0
2
12
2
23
1
0
2
481
0
8
0
51
0
382
0
32
7
784
0
53
0
91
0
602
0
25
13
82
88
34
30
36
38
13
13
125
143
248
327
32
50
156
233
70
75
34
30
37
38
13
13
108
125
234
311
26
43
154
229
13
13
33
30
31
36
10
12
17
18
14
17
6
7
3
4
2 676 3 862
428
413
2 248 3 450
88
113
38
50
274
399
279
403
400
569
81
103
31
30
32
26
11
28
25
26
27
36
28
37
28
13
30
27
31
30
17
28
15
12
8
23
20
11
13
17
27
16
12
10
23
20
13
13
32
14
35
32
73
34
34
48
27
25
15
27
29
68
27
31
41
23
3 839
644
3 195
129
43
381
379
556
122
5 940
640
5 300
173
60
553
555
828
163
3 826
354
3 472
211
40
452
528
440
203
6 056
424
5 632
351
61
672
772
623
329
1 225 1 902
468
477
757 1 425
17
21
7
9
196
318
90
137
127
277
17
20
1 140 1 756
162
251
977 1 508
98
194
4
9
237
384
236
344
10
65
98
182
58
589
1 455
574
374
1 322
447
1 736
7 040
28
26
34
30
18
27
33
22
27
27
31
41
28
17
24
32
20
28
6
14
15
26
14
25
31
37
28
9
16
15
24
15
26
35
38
27
48
45
33
13
59
25
18
17
26
49
38
24
14
58
26
17
18
24
62
84
773 1 132
2 583 4 352
408
488
883 1 174
1 290 1 163
843 1 003
2 040 2 122
9 980 12 840
10
13
186
355
250
623
778
912
81
117
1 397 1 583
160
212
774
804
3 789 4 869
5
12
144
329
726 1 048
264
370
452
591
668
703
401
411
295
420
3 821 4 880
North and Central Asia
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Russian Federation
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
Pacific
American Samoa
Australia
Cook Islands
Fiji
French Polynesia
Guam
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia (F.S.)
Nauru
New Caledonia
New Zealand
Niue
Northern Mariana Islands
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Asia and the Pacific
Developed countries
Developing countries
LLDC
LDC
ASEAN
ECO
SAARC
Central Asia
Pacific island dev. econ.
Low income econ.
Lower middle income econ.
Upper middle income econ.
High income econ.
Africa
Europe
Latin America and Carib.
North America
World
182
71
803
2 385
604
503
1 360
563
1 696
8 682
67
84
811 1 147
2 094 3 769
867
940
496
682
1 932 1 978
592
783
2 525 2 468
10 009 12 765
7
Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific 2013 • F. Environment
F.2.3 Electricity production and household consumption
Gross electricity production
Household electricity consumption
% change per
annum
TWh
% change per
annum
kWh per capita
Access to
electricity
% of
population
Population without
electricity
Millions
2000
2005
2010
90-00
00-10
2000
2005
2010
90-00
00-10
2010
2010
2 759
1 356
19
31
1 059
4 054
2 500
23
38
1 100
5 857
4 174
22
38
1 119
5.4
8.1
-3.5
0.8
2.3
7.8
11.9
1.1
2.0
0.6
323
131
418
214
577
377
6.3
13.3
6.6
11.9
98
100
26
22
4
18
1 310
2 051
1 442
2 229
1 550
2 397
5.4
3.4
2.0
1.7
3
290
4
389
4
500
-1.4
10.7
4.1
5.6
216
807
281
1 082
361
1 265
0.9
7.7
6.6
5.1
86
0
South-East Asia
Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Timor-Leste
Viet Nam
370
3
0
93
501
3
1
127
675
4
1
170
9.2
8.1
180
1 576
16
146
230
1 071
33
185
302
2 948
72
250
11.1
4.6
11.1
6.2
4.3
8.3
6.2
12.9
6.7
8.5
17.8
7.0
69
5
45
32
96
83
6
57
38
132
125
8
68
45
160
11.6
7.5
5.6
7.3
8.1
6.1
4.0
4.1
3.7
5.2
484
27
166
1 461
312
628
29
187
1 501
391
797
51
202
1 386
502
10.9
7.5
8.7
9.1
9.2
7.1
7.4
3.9
2.1
5.5
27
54
95
11.8
13.6
138
229
354
17.1
11.0
78
100
31
73
63
99
49
83
100
88
38
98
128
0
10
63
2
0
26
16
0
8
1
2
South and South-West Asia
Afghanistan
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Iran (Islamic Rep. of)
Maldives
Nepal
Pakistan
Sri Lanka
Turkey
900
1 170
1 555
7.0
5.6
108
135
179
8.7
6.7
16
27
42
7.4
10.4
42
60
84
16.2
8.7
72
30
47
472
22
88
561
121
698
178
960
233
6.8
7.5
5.5
6.7
73
475
89
629
127
818
9.0
6.1
7.3
6.9
75
98
293
1
2
68
7
125
3
94
9
162
3
94
11
211
6.6
6.1
8.3
8.1
6.8
3.3
4.4
5.4
23
158
90
378
33
194
120
457
45
207
178
574
7.2
9.3
10.0
10.2
8.5
4.7
8.1
5.7
76
67
77
7
56
5
1 048
6
19
7
51
16
878
14
10
47
1 151
6
21
7
68
16
953
17
13
49
1 252
6
19
10
83
11
1 038
16
17
52
-2.3
-5.4
-2.1
-6.0
-5.2
0.2
-2.1
-2.4
-3.9
-1.8
1.8
0.9
0.0
3.2
4.9
-3.4
1.7
1.4
5.4
1.0
804
506
1 390
561
327
474
959
526
272
291
680
571
1 314
662
534
585
757
465
329
283
740
590
633
863
558
285
903
396
383
278
4.0
-2.7
9.1
2.8
9.6
1.9
7.4
-0.6
1.2
-6.5
3.6
6.4
-4.3
-0.8
-0.7
4.7
0.7
249
272
286
2.9
1.4
2 597
2 717
2 745
2.1
2.0
210
229
242
3.1
1.4
2 532
2 673
2 685
2.4
2.1
39
43
45
2.0
1.3
2 919
2 938
3 055
1.0
1.7
5 327
1 308
4 018
168
23
370
471
654
170
7 148
1 371
5 777
197
36
501
618
830
198
9 625
1 406
8 220
212
54
675
736
1 111
214
3.6
2.4
4.0
-3.1
7.6
9.2
2.5
6.8
-3.3
6.1
0.7
7.4
2.4
8.9
6.2
4.6
5.4
2.3
259
2 136
181
356
35
180
322
78
483
304
2 309
223
387
49
230
387
97
529
393
2 458
313
317
72
302
428
131
440
6.2
3.2
8.2
5.3
1.8
6.8
0.0
8.9
6.7
4.5
6.9
0.0
83
622
83
622
48
78
156
127
71
471
73
865
2 725
1 664
444
3 511
1 002
4 658
15 488
92
1 105
4 110
1 841
564
3 812
1 179
4 921
18 333
104
1 470
6 059
1 993
669
3 868
1 363
4 986
21 477
0.0
6.0
3.1
3.5
3.4
0.9
4.9
2.3
2.7
3.6
5.5
8.3
1.8
4.2
1.0
3.1
0.7
3.3
58
104
246
1 798
144
1 431
400
4 220
609
71
128
308
1 987
182
1 565
422
4 571
672
86
171
460
2 135
200
1 638
499
4 599
745
46
76
99
171
438
14
46
493
94
28
78
1 161
East and North-East Asia
China
DPR Korea
Hong Kong, China
Japan
Macao, China
Mongolia
Republic of Korea
North and Central Asia
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Russian Federation
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
Pacific
American Samoa
Australia
Cook Islands
Fiji
French Polynesia
Guam
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia (F.S.)
Nauru
New Caledonia
New Zealand
Niue
Northern Mariana Islands
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Asia and the Pacific
Developed countries
Developing countries
LLDC
LDC
ASEAN
ECO
SAARC
Central Asia
Pacific island dev. econ.
Low income econ.
Lower middle income econ.
Upper middle income econ.
High income econ.
Africa
Europe
Latin America and Carib.
North America
World
-0.9
13.5
11.1
9.8
9.3
11.6
9.4
7.8
3.7
4.6
1.9
5.0
2.4
3.5
5.4
6.7
7.1
2.2
5.7
1.6
3.5
1.8
3.3
183
F. Environment • Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific 2013
F.2.4 Renewable energy
Total renewable energy production
Million tons of oil equivalent
Electricity generated from renewable energy sources
% of TPES
TWh
% of total energy sources
1990
2000
2005
2010
1990
2000
2005
2010
1990
2000
2005
2010
1990
2000
2005
2010
East and North-East Asia
China
DPR Korea
Hong Kong, China
Japan
Macao, China
Mongolia
Republic of Korea
230
211
2
0
15
245
225
2
0
17
262
242
2
0
17
301
280
2
0
17
16.0
24.5
6.9
0.5
3.5
13.3
20.6
9.5
0.4
3.2
10.6
14.3
10.2
0.4
3.2
9.3
11.4
12.0
0.4
3.3
249
127
16
344
225
10
520
402
13
15.4
20.4
56.3
12.5
16.6
52.6
12.9
16.0
57.3
101
104
101
902
770
13
0
112
12.0
9.9
9.3
15.3
18.3
61.9
0.0
10.1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
2
2.5
1.1
5.5
0.4
6.4
0.5
4.5
0.7
6
4
4
6
6.0
1.4
1.0
1.2
South-East Asia
Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Timor-Leste
Viet Nam
102
0
123
130
147
44.0
0.1
32.4
27.8
26.6
34
65
69
95
22.3
17.4
13.7
14.1
46
3
58
2
63
4
72
46.6
79.7
37.7
72.6
34.8
72.1
34.6
7
0
15
0
17
0
27
20.9
0.2
16.0
6.1
13.6
4.9
16.0
3
9
16
0
15
3
9
19
0
15
4
10
16
0
18
4
11
16
0
23
12.6
85.4
57.1
0.3
36.0
7.4
72.8
47.1
0.5
20.9
5.8
70.4
42.3
0.7
17.8
5.6
78.4
39.5
0.6
19.6
4
1
12
0
5
7
2
19
0
7
5
3
18
0
7
8
5
18
1
9
17.3
48.1
45.4
0.5
11.3
10.1
37.0
42.9
0.8
6.8
6.3
49.8
32.4
1.2
5.5
6.2
67.7
26.3
1.3
5.6
13
15
16
17
72.4
53.7
39.2
28.8
5
15
17
28
61.8
54.8
31.7
29.1
South and South-West Asia
Afghanistan
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Iran (Islamic Rep. of)
Maldives
Nepal
Pakistan
Sri Lanka
Turkey
187
211
231
250
37.0
28.0
25.3
21.9
123
135
204
244
27.0
15.0
17.5
15.7
7
8
8
9
54.5
41.3
35.1
28.6
1
1
1
2
11.4
6.0
4.9
3.9
140
1
155
0
168
2
182
1
44.1
1.1
34.0
0.4
31.2
1.0
26.3
0.5
72
6
78
4
110
16
136
10
24.8
10.3
13.8
3.0
15.8
9.1
14.2
4.2
6
20
4
10
7
25
5
10
8
29
5
10
9
32
6
12
95.0
47.4
76.0
18.3
87.9
40.1
57.0
13.2
89.2
38.4
54.7
12.0
87.8
37.3
56.1
11.1
1
17
3
23
2
17
3
31
3
31
3
40
3
32
6
56
99.9
44.9
99.8
40.4
98.4
25.2
45.8
24.9
99.4
32.9
37.2
24.5
99.9
33.7
52.5
26.4
31
0
0
1
1
1
26
1
0
1
23
0
0
1
1
1
18
1
0
1
24
0
0
1
1
1
19
1
0
1
23
0
0
1
1
1
18
1
0
1
2.9
1.8
0.2
9.0
1.0
11.5
3.0
26.7
0.3
1.2
3.1
5.5
1.2
40.3
2.0
49.1
2.9
56.1
0.0
1.0
3.0
6.1
1.9
31.5
1.4
46.3
2.9
62.3
0.0
1.6
2.7
9.1
2.5
38.8
1.0
30.6
2.5
59.0
0.0
2.1
217
2
1
8
7
10
166
17
1
7
214
1
2
6
8
14
164
14
0
6
232
2
3
6
8
14
173
17
0
9
227
3
3
9
8
10
167
16
0
11
16.4
15.0
3.0
55.2
8.4
63.5
15.3
90.9
4.8
11.8
20.4
21.2
8.2
78.9
14.7
85.6
18.7
98.4
0.1
12.5
20.2
28.1
14.2
85.8
11.6
86.9
18.2
99.3
0.0
17.5
18.2
39.5
18.4
92.5
9.7
91.0
16.1
96.6
0.0
21.0
9
12
12
14
9.4
9.2
9.0
9.8
41
46
48
54
21.8
18.3
17.6
19.0
5
6
6
7
5.9
5.9
5.6
5.5
15
18
20
21
9.7
8.4
8.8
8.9
4
5
5
7
32.8
30.3
31.7
39.0
26
28
28
33
80.0
71.5
64.2
73.3
560
25
535
9
22
102
34
176
5
614
28
586
11
27
123
40
201
5
659
28
630
13
29
130
45
219
5
735
31
704
14
32
147
49
237
6
16.7
4.6
19.0
4.9
73.8
44.0
10.1
46.0
2.5
16.0
4.4
18.3
8.6
62.6
32.4
10.5
36.1
4.1
13.8
4.3
15.3
8.6
57.5
27.8
9.7
33.3
3.9
12.4
4.8
13.3
7.8
53.8
26.6
8.7
28.6
3.5
664
141
523
44
3
34
88
94
51
803
149
654
46
4
65
95
100
50
1 073
149
924
55
7
69
138
148
59
1 522
166
1 356
54
10
95
146
179
60
17.8
13.8
19.2
19.3
26.6
22.3
23.8
27.6
21.3
15.1
11.5
16.3
27.2
19.4
17.4
20.1
15.4
29.2
15.0
11.0
16.0
27.9
19.1
13.7
22.2
17.9
29.6
15.8
11.9
16.4
25.6
18.5
14.1
19.8
16.1
28.2
26
241
267
26
160
92
130
130
1 073
31
280
273
29
208
123
146
144
1 238
34
300
295
30
238
143
171
149
1 362
37
327
339
33
275
197
203
169
1 582
34.8
41.6
13.1
3.9
41.2
4.5
28.2
6.1
12.2
46.3
34.6
13.1
3.4
42.0
6.4
24.6
5.7
12.4
44.2
31.9
10.4
3.3
39.9
7.0
25.1
5.7
11.9
43.9
28.5
9.0
3.5
40.3
10.0
25.9
6.8
12.4
45
132
340
148
53
492
398
670
2 290
42
160
447
154
71
642
604
697
2 827
51
214
654
154
86
674
681
740
3 272
50
269
1 031
173
104
893
789
811
4 134
62.0
27.3
16.9
12.6
17.3
15.5
66.3
18.2
19.4
58.4
18.5
16.4
9.3
16.5
18.4
62.3
15.1
18.4
55.4
19.4
15.9
8.4
15.8
17.9
59.7
15.1
18.0
47.9
18.3
16.9
8.7
16.0
23.3
57.9
16.3
19.4
North and Central Asia
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Russian Federation
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
Pacific
American Samoa
Australia
Cook Islands
Fiji
French Polynesia
Guam
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia (F.S.)
Nauru
New Caledonia
New Zealand
Niue
Northern Mariana Islands
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Asia and the Pacific
Developed countries
Developing countries
LLDC
LDC
ASEAN
ECO
SAARC
Central Asia
Pacific island dev. econ.
Low income econ.
Lower middle income econ.
Upper middle income econ.
High income econ.
Africa
Europe
Latin America and Carib.
North America
World
184