Population G.6. International financing

Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific 2013 • G. Economy
G.6. International financing
Both FDI inflows to and outflows from the Asian
and Pacific region dipped considerably in 2009
following the global financial crisis. In 2010 and
2011 inflows rebounded, but, in 2012, the trend
took a turn as inflows dropped by over 8 per cent
from $553 billion to $506 billion. The region has
proven, however, to be resilient compared with
other world regions. Asia and the Pacific
increased its share of global FDI inflows from
33.4 per cent in 2011 to 37.5 per cent in 2012,
clearly leaving behind Europe (21.4 per cent),
Latin America and the Caribbean (18.1 per cent),
North America (15.8 per cent) and Africa (3.7
per cent).
In 2012, outflows from the region fell by less
than 1 per cent to $468 billion. The region
accounts for 33.7 per cent of global outflows.
Most FDI outflows originate from high-income
or upper-middle-income economies, and
Figure G.6-1
Foreign direct investment inflows by region,
1990-2012
The Asian and Pacific subregions contribute quite
unevenly to FDI flows to and from the region.
East and North-East Asia continues to be the
most attractive for FDI; the bulk of the FDI
inflows (42.1 per cent) went to this subregion,
which also accounts for most of the FDI outflows
(close to 70 per cent). Japan plays a very limited
role in attracting FDI inflows; however, it is
a major source of FDI outflows. Without Japan,
the share of FDI outflows from the subregion is
reduced to 43.0 per cent.
South-East Asia attracts 22.0 per cent of total
inflows to Asia and the Pacific, which is the
second most in the region. In 2012, South-East
Asia was the only subregion to witness growth in
FDI inflows (2.1 per cent). The growth in
inflows has been mainly driven by Cambodia
(72.7 per cent), the Philippines (54.0 per cent),
Viet Nam (12.6 per cent) and Thailand (10.7
per cent). FDI outflows from the subregion
witnessed robust yearly growth of over 20 per
cent in 2009-2011, following a drop of 45.9 per
cent during the global financial crisis. In 2012,
growth in outflows fell to 2.8 per cent.
Nevertheless, outflows from the Philippines,
Thailand and Viet Nam increased in 2012.
255
International financing
FDI inflows to the Asian and Pacific
region fell in 2012 after two years of
robust growth. However, the region
increased its share of global inflows from
33.4 per cent in 2011 to 37.5 per cent
in 2012. FDI outflows from the region
accounted for 33.7 per cent of global
outflows in 2012. South-East Asia was
the only subregion to experience growth
in FDI inflows in 2012.
outflows from low-income economies are
virtually non-existent. Outflows from developed
economies in the Asian and Pacific region
continued to grow in 2012, which was contrary
to the trend in North America and in Europe,
where outflows fell by 14.2 per cent and 36.6 per
cent, respectively.
Economy
National economies are increasingly
interconnected through the operations of
multinational companies, cross-border
financing and migration flows. In the
Yearbook, three topics on national and
regional macroeconomic trends focus on
economic growth, fiscal balance and monetary
measures, while the present topic sheds light
on some economic interactions among
countries in the Asian and Pacific region, and
between these countries and the rest of the
world. These economic interactions are
described in the form of foreign direct
investment (FDI), official development
assistance (ODA), remittances and debt
repayments.
Population
G. Economy • Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific 2013
Population
North and Central Asia, and South and SouthWest Asia account for 14.6 per cent and 9.1 per
cent of FDI inflows, respectively. The former is
also an important source of FDI outflows, as the
Russian Federation accounted for 10.9 per cent
of total outflows from the region in 2012. Inflows
to the Pacific subregion amounted to 12.2 per
cent of total inflows to the region; however, this
is mainly due to the influence of Australia and
New Zealand. Excluding the developed
economies, the Pacific’s share remained under
0.5 per cent.
Economy
International financing
In 2012, FDI inflows as a share of GDP
remained at 2.0 per cent for the region, although
there were large variations between countries.
Small dynamic economics such as Mongolia
(46.3 per cent), Hong Kong, China (30.2 per
cent), Singapore (21.5 per cent) and Marshall
Islands (19.9 per cent), tend to have higher
shares. FDI inflows as a percentage of GDP in
developing economies fell slightly from 2.9 per
cent in 2011 to 2.5 per cent in 2012, mainly due
to the large influence of India, where the share
dropped from 1.9 per cent in 2011 to 1.3 per
cent in 2012. FDI outflows as a share of GDP
for the region has remained fairly stagnant,
dropping by only 0.1 percentage points to 1.9 per
cent in 2012.
Figure G.6-2
Foreign direct investment inflows to and
outflows from the Asian and Pacific region,
1990-2012
Five economies — China, Hong Kong,
China, India, the Russian Federation
and Singapore — continue to dominate
as destinations for FDI inflows. They
also play an important role as sources of
FDI. ASEAN countries are showing
signs of becoming increasingly
important as both destinations and
sources of FDI.
Close to 65 per cent of all FDI inflows to the
region go to China, Hong Kong, China, India,
the Russian Federation and Singapore. In 2012,
the largest recipient was China, with a share of
23.9 per cent, followed by Hong Kong, China,
with 14.7 per cent, Singapore with 11.2 per cent,
the Russian Federation with 10.2 per cent and
India with 5.0 per cent.
In 2012, China and Hong Kong, China
experienced a drop in the growth of inflows. In
Singapore, FDI inflows continued to grow, but
at a low 1.3 per cent rate. After two years of
negative growth, India was able to shift into
positive territory in 2011; however, in 2012, FDI
inflows dropped again by almost 30 per cent. In
the Russian Federation, the decrease in FDI
inflows was more moderate (6.7 per cent).
These five economies are also important sources
of outflows from their respective subregions.
Excluding Japan, in East and North-East Asia,
China and Hong Kong, China, together account
for 83.5 per cent of remaining outflows. In
South-East Asia, a large share of FDI outflows
originates from Singapore, with 38.1 per cent of
total outflows from the subregion. In South and
South-West Asia, India still dominates as a source
of outflows, with a share of over 64.6 per cent,
although this share decreased from 81.4 per cent
the previous year. This is due to the fact that
other countries in the subregion, such as Turkey,
have increased their FDI outflows. In North and
Central Asia, the Russian Federation continues
to account for over 90 per cent of total FDI
outflows from the subregion.
Apart from these so-called “FDI giants”, there are
a number of countries, especially ASEAN
countries, that are showing signs of becoming
256
Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific 2013 • G. Economy
Population
High-income and upper-middle-income
economies in Asia and the Pacific attract
by far the largest amounts of FDI
inflows. Developed economies account
for a large share of FDI outflows from
the region.
Together, high-income and upper-middle-income
economies accounted for 85.8 per cent of total
The majority of FDI outflows originate
from high-income and upper-middle-income
economies, which together provide 96.1 per cent
of total outflows from the region. Of the total
share of FDI outflows from the region in 2012,
the shares of Australia, Japan and New Zealand
together accounted for 29.5 per cent.
Least developed countries accounted for
1.1 per cent and landlocked developing
countries for 5.2 per cent of total FDI
inflows to the Asian and Pacific region.
FDI inflows to least developed countries
continued to grow in 2012, although
those to landlocked developing countries
dropped slightly.
FDI inflows to least developed countries in the
region grew by close to 10 per cent in 2012,
reaching a new peak of almost $5.5 billion. This
increase in inflows was driven mostly by increased
FDI in the largest recipient countries among least
developed countries, namely Cambodia and
Myanmar. FDI inflows to landlocked developing
countries in the region remained at a high level
of $26.4 billion, although they fell somewhat
from the previous year. For countries that are not
endowed with resources or are situated in remote
areas, it becomes even more crucial to ensure that
the investment climate is attractive to investors.
Currently, most least developed countries rank
low in the World Bank’s Doing Business report,
with Samoa having the best rank at 57 1
Unsurprisingly, many of the countries ranked
lowest fall into both categories: least developed
countries and landlocked developing countries.
1
The World Bank’s publication Doing Business 2013 ranks 185 countries on the basis of ease of doing business. A higher number indicates a lower
rank and lower performance. Some of the lowest ranked countries are Afghanistan (168), the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (163) and Bhutan
(148), which are all both landlocked developing countries and least developed countries. See World Bank, Doing Business 2013: Smarter Regulations for
Small and Medium-Size Enterprises (Washington, DC, 2013). Available from www.doingbusiness.org/.
257
International financing
more attractive to FDI. As mentioned above,
South-East Asia was the only subregion to attract
increased flows in FDI in 2012. Low-income
economies, such as Cambodia, the Philippines
and Viet Nam, in particular, attracted higher
levels of FDI. This development was mainly
driven by increased labour-intensive FDI and
value chain activities. In addition, Thailand
rebounded in 2012 as FDI inflows grew by
10.7 per cent after a decline in 2011 due to
widespread flooding. ASEAN countries are also
becoming increasingly important as suppliers of
FDI. They now account for 12.9 per cent of total
outflows from the region. Outflows from the
Philippines, Thailand and Viet Nam grew
significantly in 2012. Despite this growth, most
outflows still originate from Singapore and
Malaysia, which account for 38.1 per cent and
28.2 per cent, respectively, of outflows from the
subregion.
FDI inflows to the region in 2012. However,
low-income economies have shown resilience in
recent years. After the global financial crisis, FDI
inflows to low-income economies rebounded
quickly and grew by 48.8 per cent in 2010 and
by 37.4 per cent in 2011. Whereas inflows to
lower-middle-income, upper-middle-income and
high-income economies declined in 2012, those
to low-income economies grew by 10.4 per cent.
Economy
Figure G.6-3
Foreign direct investment outflows from Asia
and the Pacific, 2012
G. Economy • Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific 2013
Population
Box G.6-1
Impact of round-tripping on foreign direct investment statistics
Round-tripping refers to the phenomenon whereby
investment capital is moved abroad and then invested
back into the home country in order to avoid regulatory
restrictions, to benefit from incentives awarded to foreign
investors or to take advantage of tax benefits. Examples
of round-tripping can be found, for example, between
China and Hong Kong, China, between the Russian
Federation and Cyprus, and between India and
Mauritius. In some cases, round-tripping can account
for a significant share of FDI flows. According to
estimates, 25 to 50 per cent of FDI inflows to China
can be attributed to round-tripping. In the Russian
Federation, over 50 per cent of FDI inflows originate
in financial hubs such as Cyprus, Luxembourg and the
British Virgin Islands, as well as the Netherlands and
Ireland. Indian firms looking to invest abroad often set
up holding companies in financial centres such as
Mauritius, through which funds are then invested in
a third country. Based on the significant role Mauritius
plays as a source of FDI inflows to India, it is likely that
capital funds invested in Mauritius by Indian companies
are mostly channelled back to India. Round-tripping
poses a problem for the interpretation of FDI statistics
as it inflates FDI flows and can present a distorted view
of the sources of FDI. It is extremely difficult, however,
to estimate the extent of round-tripping as investors
rarely report the activity to the authorities. Nevertheless,
being aware of the prevalence and reasons behind roundtripping may help to interpret FDI statistics more
accurately.
Sources: India, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, “Fact sheet on foreign direct investment (FDI)” (March 2013). Available from http://
dipp.nic.in/English/Publications/FDI_Statistics/2013/india_FDI_March2013.pdf; Harun R. Khan, Deputy Governor of the Reserve Bank of India,
“Outward Indian FDI: recent trends and emerging issues”, address delivered at the Bombay Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Mumbai, 2
March 2012. Available from www.rbi.org.in/scripts/BS_speechesView.aspx?Id=674; United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, World
Investment Report 2013: Global Value Chains – Investment and Trade for Development (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.13.II.D.5); United
Nations Conference on Trade and Development, World Investment Report 2003: FDI Policies for Development – National and International Perspective
(United Nations publication, Sales No. E.03.II.D.8); and Geng Xiao, “Round-tripping foreign direct investment and the People’s Republic of
China”, ADB Institute Discussion Paper, No. 7 (Tokyo, 2004).
Economy
International financing
Both least developed countries and landlocked
developing countries continue to account for less
than 1 per cent of total outflows from the region.
cent in 2011. Over 40 per cent of the countries
in the region experienced a decrease in ODA
between 2010 and 2011.
ODA declined overall in the Asian and
Pacific region in 2011, but there are
considerable differences in ODA flows at
the subregional level with least
developed countries recording a modest
increase in ODA in 2011.
At the subregional level, ODA flows vary
significantly. For example, in 2011, South and
South-West Asia received about $17.6 billion,
while South-East Asia received $5.5 billion and
Central Asia received $2.6 billion. In 2011, ODA
received by developing economies declined
sharply in East and North-East Asia and in
South-East Asia, while it increased modestly in
South and South-West Asia and in Central Asia.
ODA is the component of development
financing most affected by the global recession
of 2008/09. A total of 16 out of 23 member
countries of the Development Assistance
Committee reduced their aid contributions in
2011, primarily due to the effects of the global
recession. The challenging global outlook has had
particularly important effects on least developed
countries. Total ODA flows to developing
economies in the region dropped by 4.2 per cent
between 2010 and 2011, which meant a decrease
from $28.2 billion to $27.0 billion. This
translated into ODA as a percentage of GDP
dropping from 0.25 per cent in 2010 to 0.21 per
258
Figure G.6-4
Official development assistance received by
region, Asia and the Pacific, 2010-2011
Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific 2013 • G. Economy
Population
Least developed countries in the region received
remittances of about $14.5 billion in 2011
compared with $13.6 billion in 2010. At the
country level, India and China received
remittances of about $73 billion in total,
accounting for more than half of all remittance
flows to the region. For many countries in Asia
and the Pacific, the level of dependence on
remittances, measured as a proportion of GDP,
continues to be significant. For example,
remittances to South and South-West Asia
equalled about 3 per cent of the subregion’s GDP,
followed by the Pacific at 0.8 per cent, North and
Central Asia at 0.4 per cent, and East and NorthEast Asia at 0.2 per cent in 2010. The share of
remittances of GDP was significantly higher in
least developed countries at 10.3 per cent.
Figure G.6-6
Remittances as a percentage of GDP, Asia and
the Pacific, 2010
Remittances offer a complementary
source of resilience for the Asian and
Pacific region and are an important
share of the total GDP of least
developed countries. China and India
received over half of the total remittances
in the region in 2011.
The region’s ongoing recovery from the global
economic crisis is also reflected in the rebound
of migrant outflows and remittances. Contrary
to trends in ODA, workers’ remittances to
developing economies in the region increased
from $125 billion in 2009 to $140 billion in
2010, or by 12.3 per cent.
At the subregional level, remittance flows vary
markedly. For example, in 2011, developing
259
International financing
Figure G.6-5
Ten largest recipients in official development
assistance, Asia and the Pacific, 2010-2011
economies in South and South-West Asia
received about $82 billion, followed by East and
North-East Asia with $26.5 billion, North and
Central Asia with $6.3 billion, and the Pacific
with $0.24 billion. In 2011, remittances received
by developing economies increased in all
subregions except the Pacific.
Economy
Least developed countries in the region received
about $11.7 billion in 2011, recording an
increase of 4.5 per cent from 2010. A detailed
analysis of the statistical information at the
country level reveals that Afghanistan received
over $6.7 billion, which was about 25 per cent
of the total ODA inflows to developing
economies in the region in 2011. Other countries
such as India, Pakistan and Viet Nam also
received over $3 billion each, while Bangladesh
received about $1.5 billion. China, the
Philippines and Thailand registered a net decline
in ODA, while Indonesia experienced an overall
fall in ODA value from 2010. Malaysia and
Tuvalu recorded a net annual increase in ODA.
G. Economy • Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific 2013
Population
In 2010, Tajikistan was the country whose
remittances constituted the highest proportion of
GDP (39.8 per cent), followed by Kyrgyzstan
(26.4 per cent), Nepal and Samoa (each at 20.4
per cent), Bangladesh (10.9 per cent), Sri Lanka
(at 8.3 per cent), the Philippines (8.1 per cent)
and Pakistan (5.6 per cent).
By looking at the available statistical information
at the country level since 2000, 32 out of 35
countries registered increases in remittances.
Also, simple calculations of the variability
(coefficient of variation) of remittances show
a decline for the period 2000 to 2010. Therefore,
for the past decade, remittances have been
a relatively stable source of foreign exchange for
many countries in the region.
Economy
International financing
In Asia and the Pacific, the balance of
payments position has come under
pressure due to substantial external debt
repayments since 2008. However, least
developed countries have still had a
relatively higher debt service ratio.
There was a significant overall increase in the
total amount of net external debt in the region
during the period 2000-2010. For example, the
amount of total net external debt rose in North
and Central Asia from $175 billion in 2000 to
$712 billion in 2010, and in South-East Asia
from $348 billion in 2000 to $540 billion in
2010. In least developed countries, net external
debt increased from $30 billion in 2000 to
$54 billion in 2010. In total, for developing
economies in the region, there was an increase
from $959 billion in 2010 to $2.73 trillion in
2010.
By the same token, between 2000 and 2008, the
net external debt to GDP ratio declined steadily
in all Asian and Pacific subregions. This was
overturned, however, by the onset of the
economic crisis, when the debt to GDP ratio
increased in the region as a whole. In the
aftermath of the crisis, this ratio subsequently
declined in all subregions with the exception of
the Pacific (excluding high-income economies).
Substantial external debt repayments coupled
with declining financial inflows have brought the
260
Figure G.6-7
Index of external debt as a proportion of GDP,
developing economies in selected subregions,
2000-2011
balance of payments position under pressure,
especially in Pacific island developing economies.
General trends in external debt services paid by
countries in the region show a decline in debt
servicing over the last two decades. Between 2000
and 2010, the ratio of debt services to exports
of goods, services and regional income received
Figure G.6-8
Debt service ratio, Asia and the Pacific, 20002010
Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific 2013 • G. Economy
Population
from abroad had declined in 17 countries out of
the 29 countries for which data were available.
For example, between 2000 and 2010, the ratio
declined by 14.1 percentage points in India and
by 10.5 percentage points in Turkey, while it
increased by 3.8 percentage points in the
Philippines. However, external debt service
payments were still high in 2010 in least
developed countries in the region; for example,
the ratio was 10 per cent in Nepal, 5.9 per cent
in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic and
5.4 per cent in Bangladesh.
Further reading
Association of Southeast Asian Nations. ASEAN Investment Report 2011. Available from
www.asean.org/resources/item/asean-investment-report-2011.
ESCAP. Asia-Pacific Trade and Investment Report 2012: Recent Trends and Developments United
Nations, 2012. Available from www.unescap.org/tid/ti_report2012/home.asp.
International Fund for Agricultural Development. Global Forum on Remittances 2013. Session
Documents, Bangkok, 20-23 May. Available from www.ifad.org/remittances/events/2013/globalforum.
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Maximizing the Development Impact of
Remittances. New York and Geneva: United Nations, 2013. Available from http://unctad.org/en/
Docs/ditctncd2011d8_en.pdf.
World Bank. Investing Across Borders 2010: Indicators of Foreign Direct Investment Regulation in 87
Economies. Washington, DC, 2010. Available from http://iab.worldbank.org/.
Technical notes
Foreign direct investment (FDI) defined
FDI includes the three components of equity
capital, reinvested earnings and intracompany
loans. Equity capital is the foreign direct
investor’s purchase of shares of an enterprise in
a country other than that of its residence.
Reinvested earnings comprise the direct investor’s
share (in proportion to direct equity
participation) of earnings not distributed as
dividends by affiliates or earnings not remitted
to the direct investor. Such retained profits by
affiliates are reinvested. Intracompany loans or
intracompany debt transactions refer to short- or
long-term borrowing and lending of funds
between direct investors (parent enterprises) and
affiliate enterprises. Ownership or control of less
than 10 per cent of a business is not considered
to be FDI.
FDI inward and outward stock (million
United States dollars, percentage of GDP)
Represents the value of the share of capital and
reserves (including retained profits) attributable
to the parent enterprise, plus the net indebtedness
of affiliates to the parent enterprise. Inward
stock: The value of the capital and reserves in the
economy attributable to a parent enterprise
resident in a different economy. Outward stock:
The value of capital and reserves in another
economy attributable to a parent enterprise
resident in the economy. Indicator calculations:
Percentage of GDP figures are based on GDP
in current United States dollars. Aggregate
calculations: Sum of individual country values
(million United States dollars); weighted averages
using GDP in United States dollars as weight
(percentage of GDP). Missing data are not
imputed.
261
International financing
United Nations. Strengthening the global partnership for development in a time of crisis: where
are the gaps?, Fact sheet. September 2009. Available from www.un.org/millenniumgoals/pdf/
fact_%20sheet_where_are_the_gaps.pdf.
Economy
–––––––. World Investment Report 2013. United Nations publication, Sales No. E.13.II.D.5. Available
from http://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/wir2013_en.pdf.
G. Economy • Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific 2013
Population
FDI inflows and outflows (million United
States dollars, percentage of GDP)
Capital provided (directly or through other
related enterprises) by a foreign direct investor to
an enterprise, or capital received by a foreign
direct investor from an enterprise. FDI inflows:
Capital provided (directly or through other
related enterprises) by a foreign direct investor to
an enterprise in the reporting economy. FDI
outflows: Capital received by a foreign direct
investor from entities resident in the reporting
economy. Indicator calculations: Percentage of
GDP figures are based on GDP in current
United States dollars. Aggregate calculations:
Sum of individual country values (million United
States dollars); weighted averages using GDP in
United States dollars as weight (percentage of
GDP). Missing data are not imputed.
Economy
International financing
ODA received (million United States dollars,
percentage of GDP, percentage change per
annum)
ODA received in grants and loans during the
reporting period, expressed in million United
States dollars, as a percentage of GDP, and in
percentage change. Indicator calculations:
Percentage of GDP figures are based on GDP
in current United States dollars. Aggregate
calculations: Sum of individual country values
(million United States dollars); average annual
rate of change of the regional sums (percentage
change per annum). Missing data are not
imputed.
Workers’ remittances received (million United
States dollars, percentage of GDP)
Current transfers from abroad are money
transferred by migrants who are employed (or
intend to remain employed) for more than one
year in an economy (in which they are considered
residents) to persons (typically family) in the
home country of the migrant. Indicator
calculations: Percentage of GDP figures are
based on GDP in current United States dollars.
Aggregate calculations: Sum of individual
country values. Missing data are not imputed.
262
Debt service (percentage of exports of goods,
services and income from abroad)
Debt service refers to the sum of interest payment
and repayment of principal on international debt,
divided by exports of goods and services and
income from abroad.
Net external debt (million United States
dollars, percentage of GDP)
The outstanding net amount of those current,
and not contingent, liabilities owed to nonresidents by residents of an economy that require
payments either of principal and/or interest by
the debtor at some point in the future. Residents
comprise the general government, individuals,
private non-profit bodies and enterprises.
Indicator calculations: Percentage of GDP
figures are based on GDP in current United
States dollars. Aggregate calculations: Sum of
individual country values (million United States
dollars); weighted averages using GDP in United
States dollars as weight (percentage of GDP).
Missing data are not imputed.
Sources
Source of FDI data: United Nations Conference
on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), FDI
Statistics (online database, available from http://
unctadstat.unctad.org/ReportFolders/report
Folders.aspx). UNCTAD collects data through
national compilers (such as central banks, various
ministries and statistical offices). Data sources of
FDI are complemented by corporate reports and
information from the press. In the absence of
primary sources, UNCTAD uses data from
regional and international organizations and
research institutions. Data are continually
updated, depending on availability and resources.
Data obtained: 31 July 2013.
Source of ODA data: Organisation for
Economic Co-operation and Development,
Development Database on Aid from
Development Assistance Committee Members.
The Development Assistance Committee
publishes statistics and reports on aid and other
Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific 2013 • G. Economy
Population
Source of debt service data: Millennium
Indicators Database, sourced from the World
Bank. The World Bank bases its estimates of
country-level data on data produced and
provided by countries. Adjustments are made to
some data for international comparability and
compliance with internationally agreed standards,
definitions and classifications. Data obtained:
13 July 2012.
Source of net external debt data: WDI. The
World Bank compiles country-level debt data.
Data obtained: 21 February 2013.
263
International financing
Source of workers’ remittances data:
International Monetary Fund (IMF), Balance of
Payments Statistics (CD-ROM, May 2012). IMF
balance of payments data are presented in
accordance with the standard components of the
Balance of Payments Manual, 5th ed. (BPM5;
available from www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/
bopman/bopman.pdf ). IMF data conversion
work has made possible the presentation in the
BPM5 format of both historical data and more
recent statistics reported by member countries.
All balance of payments data are expressed in
United States dollars. The database includes IMF
country reports with data in national currencies
or standard daily rates in addition to the dollar
equivalents. IMF provides estimates in place of
missing data. The estimation procedure relies
largely on the World Economic Outlook
Database. Data obtained: 24 August 2012.
Economy
resource flows to developing economies, based
principally on reporting by Development
Assistance Committee members, multilateral
organizations and other donors. Data obtained:
10 January 2013.
G. Economy • Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific 2013
G.6.1 Foreign direct investment
FDI inward stock
Million
US dollars
% of
GDP
FDI inflows
Million US dollars
FDI outward stock
% of GDP
Million
US dollars
% of
GDP
FDI outflows
Million US dollars
% of GDP
2011
2011
2011
2012
2011
2012
2011
2011
2011
2012
2011
2012
East and North-East Asia
China
DPR Korea
Hong Kong, China
Japan
Macao, China
Mongolia
Republic of Korea
2 236 617
711 802
1 530
1 138 365
225 787
17 991
9 435
131 708
15.4
9.9
12.4
467.9
3.8
49.4
110.1
11.8
234 019.1
123 985.0
56.0
96 125.4
-1 755.5
647.2
4 714.6
10 246.5
213 329.7
121 080.0
79.0
74 584.2
1 730.8
1 500.0
4 451.8
9 904.0
1.6
1.7
0.5
39.5
0.0
1.8
55.0
0.9
1.4
1.6
2 536 649
365 981
18.7
5.8
307 354
74 654
323 928
84 220
2.1
1.0
2.1
1.1
30.2
0.0
443.1
17.8
2.3
25.8
15.2
95 885
107 601
120
94
28 999
83 985
122 551
150
44
32 978
39.4
1.8
0.3
1.1
2.6
34.0
2.0
46.3
0.9
1 045 920
962 790
744
1 875
159 339
South-East Asia
Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Timor-Leste
Viet Nam
1 077 445
12 452
6 850
173 064
2 521
114 555
9 123
27 581
518 625
139 735
161
72 778
48.7
76.1
53.4
20.4
30.8
39.8
16.5
12.3
199.6
37.8
2.9
58.9
109 044.0
1 208.3
901.7
19 241.3
300.8
12 197.6
2 200.0
1 816.0
55 922.7
7 778.7
47.1
7 430.0
111 336.3
850.0
1 557.1
19 852.6
294.4
10 073.9
2 243.0
2 797.0
56 650.9
8 607.5
42.0
8 368.0
4.9
7.4
7.0
2.3
3.7
4.2
4.0
0.8
21.5
2.1
0.8
6.0
4.8
5.1
11.4
2.2
3.3
3.3
3.8
1.2
21.5
2.2
0.7
6.4
495 704
691
377
9 502
6
106 217
27.7
3.1
1.3
0.1
42.5
58 957
10
29
7 713
0
15 249
60 592
8
31
5 423
-21
17 115
2.7
0.1
0.2
0.9
0.0
5.3
2.7
0.0
0.2
0.6
-0.2
5.6
6 590
339 095
33 226
3.2
145.2
10.4
539
26 249
8 217
1 845
23 080
11 911
0.2
10.1
2.2
0.8
8.8
3.0
950
1 200
0.8
0.9
South and South-West Asia
Afghanistan
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Iran (Islamic Rep. of)
Maldives
Nepal
Pakistan
Sri Lanka
Turkey
411 195
1 475
6 166
177
201 724
32 443
1 372
348
21 876
5 308
140 305
11.4
7.8
5.8
10.3
10.6
6.2
66.9
1.9
10.5
9.0
18.1
60 277.6
83.4
1 136.4
10.4
36 190.4
4 150.0
256.5
95.5
1 327.0
981.1
16 047.0
45 929.7
93.8
990.0
15.9
25 542.8
4 869.9
284.0
92.0
846.7
775.5
12 419.0
1.7
0.4
1.1
0.6
1.9
0.8
12.5
0.5
0.6
1.7
2.1
1.2
0.4
0.9
0.8
1.3
1.0
13.4
0.5
0.4
1.2
1.6
140 175
4.6
15 301
13 292
0.4
0.4
107
0.1
13
53
0.0
0.0
111 257
2 915
6.0
12 456
360
8 583
430
0.7
0.1
0.4
0.1
1 432
430
24 034
0.8
0.8
3.0
62
60
2 349
73
80
4 073
0.0
0.1
0.3
0.0
0.1
0.5
North and Central Asia
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Russian Federation
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
600 216
5 046
9 113
9 305
93 624
1 274
457 474
993
16 627
6 761
27.1
49.8
14.4
64.8
50.2
21.5
24.6
15.2
64.6
14.8
77 598.0
525.5
1 466.6
1 048.2
13 903.0
693.5
55 084.0
11.1
3 399.0
1 467.0
73 713.0
489.1
2 004.6
866.1
14 022.1
372.2
51 416.0
289.9
3 159.0
1 094.0
3.5
5.2
2.3
7.3
7.5
11.7
3.0
0.2
13.2
3.2
3.2
4.5
3.1
5.7
7.2
6.3
2.7
4.1
11.1
2.2
389 254
163
6 323
742
19 924
2
362 101
21.9
1.7
12.1
5.9
12.6
0.0
23.5
72 260
78
554
147
4 630
0
66 851
54 113
16
1 194
263
1 582
0
51 058
3.4
0.8
0.9
1.0
2.5
0.0
3.6
2.4
0.1
1.8
1.7
0.8
0.0
2.7
Pacific
American Samoa
Australia
Cook Islands
Fiji
French Polynesia
Guam
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia (F.S.)
Nauru
New Caledonia
New Zealand
Niue
Northern Mariana Islands
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
590 220
34.4
71 649.4
62 023.7
4.2
3.4
405 041
29.4
17 735
16 234
1.0
0.9
499 663
42
2 456
450
33.0
15.4
64.4
6.3
65 297.0
56 958.9
4.3
3.6
385 470
29.8
267.9
87.4
10.9
1.7
6.9
38
238
1.2
16 141
454
2
42
0.9
294.2
0.0
0.4
1.0
417.2
123.1
14 285
809
1
28
23
12.8
-1.8
-141.6
0.8
-1.7
38.4
0.8
-1.0
-74.9
0.3
-0.9
19.9
0.2
4
2.8
41
13
21.8
6.9
1 702.2
4 320.4
1 587.8
2 911.1
17.3
2.7
1.7
19 007
58
-489
0.4
1.6
-0.3
-1.1
6.2
-309.2
12.3
146.4
19.2
4.6
4.6
28.8
21.5
69.3
6.6
40
2 525
-1
0
2.7
-2.5
1.8
17.5
4.2
0.0
0.1
0.4
0.1
1.3
0.3
0.2
Asia and the Pacific
Developed countries
Developing countries
LLDC
LDC
ASEAN
ECO
SAARC
Central Asia
Pacific island dev. econ.
Low income econ.
Lower middle income econ.
Upper middle income econ.
High income econ.
Africa
Europe
Latin America and Carib.
North America
World
264
7 315
73 917
7
0
131
4 567
60
869
98
37
584
74.2
45.4
57.2
36.3
9.0
103.7
21.6
101.3
75.1
4 915 693
799 367
4 116 326
147 393
28 395
1 077 284
324 490
238 447
142 742
16 640
27 759
544 394
1 717 217
2 626 273
569 559
8 238 470
2 048 101
4 108 346
20 438 199
20.3
10.6
24.7
36.9
12.4
48.8
17.5
10.3
39.9
45.1
11.7
15.7
15.2
28.4
30.1
43.1
36.0
24.6
29.3
0.2
3.2
7.8
1.4
226
2
33
2.1
0.3
4.7
1
1
4
1
0.5
2.9
0.0
0
9
3
1
58.2
37.7
7.5
4.7
23
3.2
1
1
0.1
0.1
552 588.1
67 861.9
484 726.2
26 670.3
4 990.3
108 996.9
42 547.7
40 080.6
22 514.0
2 032.0
5 177.6
75 300.8
238 273.6
233 836.1
47 598.1
491 544.5
249 431.8
268 213.8
1 651 510.9
506 332.4
61 600.8
444 731.6
26 378.7
5 455.1
111 294.3
39 171.2
28 640.8
22 297.0
2 153.7
5 717.0
65 905.2
227 940.5
206 769.6
50 041.1
289 249.1
243 861.0
213 123.1
1 350 925.7
2.3
0.9
2.9
6.7
2.2
4.9
2.3
1.7
6.3
5.5
2.2
2.2
2.1
2.5
2.6
2.6
4.4
1.6
2.4
2.0
0.8
2.5
6.2
2.2
4.8
2.1
1.2
5.9
2.2
2.4
1.8
1.9
2.2
2.6
1.5
3.0
1.2
1.8
3 966 823
1 367 266
2 599 557
28 293
18.7
20.2
17.9
11.9
27.7
4.5
5.1
11.5
132 324
920 721
2 913 292
126 387
10 461 730
1 005 859
5 173 239
21 168 489
4.2
10.0
34.5
7.5
59.4
10.2
31.8
32.3
468 158
138 203
329 956
2 815
74
60 592
7 352
8 789
3 055
582
83
17 533
171 583
278 505
14 296
386 351
103 045
383 030
1 390 956
2.0
1.6
2.1
1.9
495 704
54 630
113 226
27 153
565
471 607
124 411
347 196
5 357
48
58 957
7 956
12 591
5 409
925
42
22 148
172 865
275 743
5 376
609 821
105 154
446 168
1 678 035
1.9
1.8
1.9
1.0
0.0
2.7
0.4
0.4
1.0
2.7
0.0
0.5
1.4
3.0
0.8
2.0
0.9
2.2
1.9
2.7
0.5
0.6
1.9
2.5
0.6
1.5
3.0
0.3
3.2
1.9
2.7
2.4
Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific 2013 • G. Economy
G.6.2 Official development assistance and workers’ remittances
ODA received
Million US dollars
East and North-East Asia
China
DPR Korea
Hong Kong, China
Japan
Macao, China
Mongolia
Republic of Korea
Workers remittances received
% change per annum
2009
2010
2011
1 565.7
1 129
65
1 026.9
646
79
-337.4
-796
118
2010
-42.8
20.9
2011
50.3
% of GDP
2009
0.0
0.5
2010
0.0
0.6
Million US dollars
2011
0.0
1.0
371
302
340
-18.6
12.5
8.1
4.9
4.0
6 865
6 649
5 463
-3.2
-17.8
0.5
0.4
0.3
721
1 047
419
143
356
309
734
1 393
414
2
355
531
792
415
397
31
376
-192
1.7
33.1
-1.2
-98.6
-0.2
71.8
8.0
-70.2
-4.1
1 387.4
5.9
6.9
0.2
7.5
0.1
1.1
0.2
6.5
0.2
6.1
0.0
0.8
0.3
6.2
0.0
4.8
0.0
0.7
-0.1
-78
216
3 732
-11
292
2 940
-153
284
3 514
34.7
-21.2
-2.7
19.5
0.0
6.6
3.8
0.0
7.1
2.8
South and South-West Asia
Afghanistan
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Iran (Islamic Rep. of)
Maldives
Nepal
Pakistan
Sri Lanka
Turkey
15 900
6 235
1 226
125
2 500
92
33
854
2 769
703
1 362
16 469
6 426
1 415
131
2 806
121
111
818
3 013
580
1 047
17 571
6 711
1 498
144
3 220
102
46
892
3 509
611
839
3.6
3.1
15.4
4.5
12.2
31.5
233.6
-4.2
8.8
-17.5
-23.1
6.7
4.4
5.9
9.8
14.7
-15.9
-58.5
9.0
16.4
5.3
-19.8
0.6
49.6
1.4
9.9
0.2
0.0
1.7
6.7
1.8
1.7
0.2
North and Central Asia
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Russian Federation
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
2 913.5
526
232
907
298
313
2 443.6
343
159
625
224
380
2 563.2
374
293
550
214
523
-34.8
-31.4
-31.1
-24.7
21.4
9.2
84.2
-12.1
-4.4
37.5
408
40
190
437
45
231
355
38
216
7.0
12.1
21.7
Pacific
American Samoa
Australia
Cook Islands
Fiji
French Polynesia
Guam
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia (F.S.)
Nauru
New Caledonia
New Zealand
Niue
Northern Mariana Islands
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
1 208.3
1 589.3
1 742.3
7
71
13
76
25
75
27
59
121
24
23
91
125
28
64
82
134
38
Asia and the Pacific
Developed countries
Developing countries
LLDC
LDC
ASEAN
ECO
SAARC
Central Asia
Pacific island dev. econ.
Low income econ.
Lower middle income econ.
Upper middle income econ.
High income econ.
Africa
Europe
Latin America and Carib.
North America
World
South-East Asia
Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Timor-Leste
Viet Nam
% of GDP
2009
2010
2009
2010
20 635
13 693
26 521
19 804
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.3
1
65
192
6 684
2
69
248
6 400
0.0
0.3
4.2
0.8
0.0
0.2
4.0
0.6
25 444
2.0
140
6 618
10
151
6 735
7
1.4
1.2
0.2
1.3
1.0
0.1
15 141
16 242
9.0
8.1
0.0
5.1
2.8
1 939
6
2 302
7
0.7
0.2
0.7
0.2
0.5
40.0
1.4
8.3
0.2
0.0
5.3
5.0
1.7
1.2
0.1
0.5
35.4
1.4
8.3
0.2
0.0
2.2
4.8
1.7
1.0
0.1
74 986
81 951
3.3
3.0
10 508
3
48 596
10 836
4
53 044
11.8
0.2
3.6
10.9
0.3
3.2
2 858
8 701
3 330
990
3 336
9 667
4 116
948
22.4
5.6
7.9
0.2
20.4
5.6
8.3
0.1
6.1
0.5
8.4
0.3
6.7
3.7
0.3
5.4
0.2
7.9
3.7
0.5
3.8
0.1
8.8
-18.8
-13.9
-6.5
8.2
0.2
0.6
7.7
0.2
0.6
5.4
0.1
0.5
5 278
86
1 182
317
193
983
775
1 742
6 321
72
1 338
417
221
1 266
763
2 245
0.4
1.0
2.7
2.9
0.2
21.0
0.1
35.0
0.4
0.8
2.5
3.6
0.1
26.4
0.1
39.8
82.1
7.6
88.6
-1.5
3.6
2.5
5.6
2.4
9.2
2.0
105
16
95
13
3.6
0.2
3.0
0.2
-15.9
54.4
3.5
15.7
180.3
-9.2
6.9
35.1
21.9
35.6
43.2
44.3
15.6
51.1
42.1
43.8
35.1
43.5
42.0
52.4
6
5
0.1
0.1
2
119
0
67
1
122
0
0.0
22.8
0.0
20.6
0.0
20.4
0.1
125 067
1
125 066
7 248
13 644
140 473
2
140 472
8 737
14 463
0.8
0.0
1.2
3.6
11.1
0.8
0.0
1.1
3.5
10.3
13 791
73 996
4 503
315
16 231
83 293
18 772
6 771
15 685
81 003
5 558
236
1.4
4.0
2.4
0.8
90 776
25 376
6 488
1.5
4.5
2.4
1.1
13.3
3.6
0.3
0.1
52 938
53 294
1.4
1.1
9
15
21
69.3
37.3
35
412
77
206
39
17
103
26
511
147
340
70
13
108
28
612
101
334
94
43
92
-25.6
24.2
90.8
65.4
79.5
-23.7
5.0
4.9
19.7
-31.4
-2.0
33.0
220.0
-15.0
30 677
30 291
29 243
28 452
10 011
10 584
6 649
11 938
14 446
2 913
1 208
10 179
14 929
3 303
28 177
9 910
11 217
6 357
12 083
15 301
2 444
1 589
10 644
15 093
2 383
27 003
10 497
11 727
5 179
12 800
16 630
2 563
1 742
11 266
14 968
685
-1.0
-1.0
6.0
-4.4
1.2
5.9
-16.1
-4.2
5.9
4.5
-18.5
5.9
8.7
4.9
0.3
3.8
6.2
0.5
0.9
0.9
1.2
0.3
3.0
5.6
0.4
0.7
0.8
0.8
0.2
2.6
5.1
0.3
0.7
0.7
0.7
4.6
1.1
-27.9
5.8
-0.8
-71.3
5.7
0.6
0.0
5.1
0.5
0.0
4.8
0.4
0.0
47 808
47 976
51 261
0.4
6.8
2.9
2.5
2.4
9 022
10 718
11 582
18.8
8.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
126 977
131 108
136 437
17.4
5.1
14.8
34.4
12.0
65.5
17.5
12.4
5.3
24.7
50.4
18.9
41.6
15.9
12.1
4.9
15.2
39.8
20.7
116.7
11.8
3.2
0.3
0.1
265
G. Economy • Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific 2013
G.6.3 Debt
Debt service
Net external debt
% of exports of goods, services
and income from abroad
East and North-East Asia
China
DPR Korea
Hong Kong, China
Japan
Macao, China
Mongolia
Republic of Korea
South-East Asia
Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Timor-Leste
Viet Nam
South and South-West Asia
Afghanistan
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Iran (Islamic Rep. of)
Maldives
Nepal
Pakistan
Sri Lanka
Turkey
North and Central Asia
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Russian Federation
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
Pacific
American Samoa
Australia
Cook Islands
Fiji
French Polynesia
Guam
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia (F.S.)
Nauru
New Caledonia
New Zealand
Niue
Northern Mariana Islands
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Asia and the Pacific
Developed countries
Developing countries
LLDC
LDC
ASEAN
ECO
SAARC
Central Asia
Pacific island dev. econ.
Low income econ.
Lower middle income econ.
Upper middle income econ.
High income econ.
Africa
Europe
Latin America and Carib.
North America
World
266
Net external debt
Million US dollars
% of GDP
2000
2009
2010
2000
2009
2010
2011
2000
2009
2010
2011
4.9
0.6
0.6
145 648
443 155
558 344
685 418
12.2
8.7
9.4
9.5
6.0
4.2
4.3
960
2 215
2 506
2 564
84.4
48.3
40.4
29.9
347 746
424 849
501 190
540 192
67.7
31.8
30.2
28.0
3 523
179 394
5 737
69 784
7 702
64 414
3 833
195 172
5 655
85 126
7 789
73 720
4 336
213 541
6 158
94 468
7 765
76 043
72.2
87.1
151.3
43.0
80.2
72.1
33.9
33.2
102.7
34.5
23.4
38.3
34.1
27.6
83.9
34.5
18.5
36.9
33.8
25.2
75.1
32.8
14.0
33.8
61 209
80 551
80 039
63.3
21.9
23.6
21.6
1.4
11.1
7.8
2.8
1.1
10.2
0.8
7.3
5.9
3.1
12.3
14.0
2 648
143 655
2 520
41 946
5 832
58 456
5.8
0.8
0.7
79 830
7.2
1.8
1.6
5.0
1.1
10.2
0.7
5.4
0.4
4.5
15.8
2.4
1.7
4.0
7.3
20.7
10.8
18.6
7.6
10.0
11.9
13.2
8.3
6.7
10.4
11.6
11.3
8.1
7.9
5.2
13.4
8.6
9.0
7.4
3.5
1.1
6.8
0.4
3.3
5.6
6.0
3.1
1.0
6.4
0.5
3.3
5.2
3.8
2.4
1.7
8.0
1.8
4.7
3.3
2.8
1.3
5.2
3.0
12 859
33 085
49 343
57 841
41.3
34.0
46.4
46.8
286 961
723 779
2 423
25 752
907
290 351
20 041
1 007
3 797
58 488
21 153
299 859
780 259
2 623
27 043
1 035
334 331
19 113
983
3 956
60 182
23 984
307 007
29.3
15 596
212
101 130
8 024
206
2 878
32 954
9 173
116 787
659 267
2 470
24 619
761
256 229
18 265
981
3 778
56 329
17 857
277 978
34.3
48.2
21.6
7.7
25.7
50.2
46.2
54.9
43.8
25.0
19.6
27.6
60.2
19.2
5.0
50.5
29.6
36.2
42.4
45.2
22.6
15.1
25.8
57.2
17.3
4.7
48.5
23.3
33.7
42.7
41.0
21.6
13.8
25.5
60.0
17.6
3.7
47.9
21.4
28.8
40.5
39.6
174 520
1 010
1 585
1 826
12 890
1 938
146 547
1 141
2 609
4 975
623 797
5 023
4 771
8 556
112 027
4 119
479 036
2 666
661
6 937
667 781
6 241
7 209
9 519
119 190
4 114
510 152
3 082
529
7 745
711 984
7 383
8 427
11 124
124 437
5 486
542 977
3 323
445
8 382
56.5
52.8
30.1
59.7
70.5
141.4
56.5
132.6
52.9
36.2
42.6
58.1
10.8
79.5
97.2
87.8
39.2
53.5
3.5
21.0
37.5
67.4
13.6
81.8
80.5
85.8
34.3
54.6
2.6
19.8
32.1
72.8
13.3
77.4
66.7
92.7
29.2
50.9
1.7
18.4
182
536
555
861
10.5
18.6
17.5
22.6
2 305
139
156
74
1 787
253
172
115
5 965
325
231
154
12 582
368
256
191
65.9
60.2
46.2
39.0
22.0
48.4
28.8
35.2
61.5
54.6
34.2
41.2
100.0
55.2
30.5
42.1
96
155
173
202
35.2
26.3
25.4
25.9
958 786
32 717
30 076
347 746
182 903
162 149
27 973
2 156 302
151 166
49 171
424 849
486 222
363 024
144 761
2 461 003
163 399
50 885
501 190
522 681
403 879
157 630
2 734 876
174 222
53 744
540 192
539 427
454 138
169 008
31.9
59.1
46.2
67.7
37.6
26.7
56.6
20.5
56.8
29.6
31.8
35.4
22.0
60.2
19.5
50.0
26.0
30.2
32.3
19.8
54.1
18.2
43.6
24.0
28.0
29.0
19.6
47.2
30 033
372 680
556 073
48 878
639 556
1 467 867
50 791
728 203
1 682 009
54 533
817 028
1 863 315
46.7
43.3
26.8
29.2
26.5
18.5
25.9
24.2
17.9
24.3
23.6
16.5
300 533
338 622
363 950
388 822
52.5
24.3
22.4
21.2
760 570
947 123
1 087 026
1 233 484
36.6
23.7
21.9
22.2