Introduction to Integrated Resource Recovery Center (IRRC) Approach

Introduction to Integrated Resource
Recovery Center (IRRC) Approach
Iftekhar Enayetullah,
Co-Founder & Director
Waste Concern
National Workshop on Pro-Poor and Sustainable
Solid Waste Management in Secondary Cities:
Prospects for Application of Anaerobic Digestion
To Treat MSW in Indonesia
13-14, November, 2014
Jakarta, Indonesia
web: www.wasteconcern.org
Presentation Outline
1.
Overview of Waste Sector
2.
Current Practice of Waste Management in the Region
3.
What is IRRC Approach
4.
Examples of IRRCs from Bangladesh
5.
Benefits of IRRC Approach and Its Link with Sustainable
Development
www.wasteconcern.org
Waste Generation Worldwide and in Developing Countries
It is estimated that 5.2 million tons of solid waste are generated daily worldwide,
of which 3.8 million tons are from developing countries.
5.2 million tons/ day
3.8 million tons/ day
Worldwide
Developing countries.
60-70% organic
Waste Generation
www.wasteconcern.org
Global Perspective on Urban Solid Waste Characteristics
Composition of Raw Waste
(by wet weight)
Low
Income
Country
Middle
Income
Country
High Income
Country
Vegetable/Putrescible %
40 to 85
20 to 65
7 to 55
Paper and Carton %
1 to 10
15 to 40
15 to 50
Plastic %
1 to 11
2 to 13
2 to 20
Metal %
1 to 5
1 to 5
3 to 13
Glass%
1 to 10
1 to 10
4 to 10
Rubber, Misc.%
1 to 3
1 to 5
2 to 12
Fines % (sand, ash, broken, glass)
15 to 50
15 to 40
5 to 20
Moisture %
40 to 80
40 to 60
20 to 35
Density in Trucks, Kg/C.M
250 to 500
170 to 330
120 to 200
Lower Heating Value, K Cal/Kg
800 to 1100
1000 to 1500
1500 to 2700
Other Characteristics
Source: World Bank ( 2012) “ What a waste: A Global Review of Solid Waste Management”
www.wasteconcern.org
Global Perspective: Solid Waste Management Costs Versus Income
LOW INCOME
COUNTRY
MIDDLE INCOME
COUNTRY
HIGH INCOME
COUNTRY
Average WASTE GENERATION
0.2 t/capita/y
0.3 t/capita/y
0.6 t/capita/y
Average INCOME FROM GNP
370 $/capita/y
2,400 $/ capita/y
22,000 $/ capita/y
Collection Cost
10-30 $/t.
30-70 $/m.
70-120 $/t.
Transfer Cost
3-8 $/t.
5-15 $/t.
15-20 $/t.
Sanitary Landfill Cost
3-10 $/t.
8-15 $/t.
15-50 $/t.
TOTAL COST WITHOUT
TRANSFER
13-40 $/m.t.
38-85 $/t.
90-170 $/t.
TOTAL COST WITH TRANSFER
16-48 $/t.
43-100 $/t.
105-190 $/t.
Total Cost per Capita
3-10 $/capita/y
12-30 $/capita/y
60-114 $/capita/y
COST AS % OF INCOME
0.7-2.6%
0.5-1.3%
0.2-0.5%
Source: World Bank ( 2012) “ What a waste: A Global Review of Solid Waste Management”
www.wasteconcern.org
Disposal Costs by Alternative Technologies for Large Cities
LOW INCOME
COUNTRY
MIDDLE INCOME
COUNTRY
HIGH INCOME
COUNTRY
Average GNP
370 $/capita/y
2,400 $/capita/y
22,000 $/capita/y
OPEN DUMPING
0.5-2 $/
1-3 $/t
5-10 $/t
SANITARY LANDFILL
3-10 $/t
8-15 $/t
15-50 $/t
TIDAL LAND RECLAMATION
3-20 $/t
10-40 $/t
30-100 $/t
COMPOSTING
5-20 $/t
10-40 $/t
20-60 $/t
INCINERATION
40-60 $/t
30-80 $/t
70-130 $/t
Country Income Group
2010 Cost
2025 Cost
Low Income Countries
$1.5 billion
$7.7 billion
Lower Middle Income Countries
$20.1 billion
$84.1 billion
Upper Middle Income Countries
$24.5 billion
$63.5 billion
High Income Countries
$159.3 billion
Total Global Cost (US$)
$205.4 billion
$220.2 billion
$375 billion
Source: World Bank 2013, What a Waste
www.wasteconcern.org
Present Situation in Developing Countries
Source of Waste
Mixed Waste
Waste Bins Demountable
Containers
Transfer Stations
Landfill
PROBLEMS
Water Pollution
Spread of Disease Vectors
Green House Gas Emission
Odor Pollution
More Land Required for Landfill
www.wasteconcern.org
PROBLEMS FROM PRESENT PRACTICE
VERMINS
Spreading more than
40 Diseases
METHANE GAS
Bad Odor &
Green House
gas
LEACHATE
Polluting Ground
& Surface Water
Current approach: waste management not resource recovery…
www.wasteconcern.org
Samut Prakan, Thailand Dumpsite on Fire on Monday March 17, 2014
Residents told to leave areas around burning Samut Prakan dump after toxic fumes detected
PROVINCIAL OFFICIALS ordered the evacuation of residents from about 1,500 homes in
Samut Prakan after a fire at a local garbage dump yesterday was declared a
disaster area, and toxic fumes spread to many parts of the province and nearby areas in
Bangkok.
Samut Prakan, Thailand Dumpsite on Fire on Monday March 17, 2014
Strategy for Improvement (3R)
Avoid
Minimise
Composting/ Recycling
Treat and Process
Dispose (controlled)
Dump
The Waste Management Hierarchy
Dump
Dispose (controlled)
Treat and Process
Composting/ Recycling
Minimise
Avoid
The Waste Management Hierarchy (Present Situation)
www.wasteconcern.org
What is Integrated Resource Recovery Centers (IRRCs) ?
 Since 2007, the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), in
partnership with Waste Concern, has been promoting decentralized and Integrated Resource
Recovery Centers (IRRCs) in secondary cities and small towns in Asia-Pacific with the objective to
recover value from waste and provide livelihood opportunities to the urban poor.
 IRRC is a facility where significant portion (80-90%) of waste can be composted/recycled and
processed in a cost effective way near the source of generation in a decentralized manner. IRRC is
based on 3 R Principle.
100% Collected with user fee
80% Compost
Agriculture
House-to-house
waste collection method
Biogas
Bio diesel &
Glecerine RDF
Energy
86% RECYCLED
Waste
IRRC
6-10%
Recyclables
10-14%
Non-compostable
GHG Reduced
Local market
Landfilled
CER
Conventional Approach
Approach of IRRC
Source Separated Waste
Mixed Waste
House-to-House
Collection
Waste Bins Demountable
Containers
House-to-House
Collection
Vegetable
Markets
Transfer Stations
Integrated Resource Recovery
Centre (IRRC)
Landfill
Only10-14%
going to
landfill site
PROBLEMS
Water Pollution
Spread of Disease Vectors
Green House Gas Emission
Odor Pollution
More Land Required for Landfill
Landfill
OPORTUNITIES
Producing Compost , Energy and Improving Recycling
Reducing Green House Gas
Reducing Cost of SWM
Creating Jobs for the Poor
Improving Health and Environment
Improving Soil Condition
Integrated Resource Recovery Centres (IRRCs)








Based on 3R principles
Recovers 80 percent of waste as resources
Promote separation at source (organic/inorganic)
Profit making
Decentralized, close to generated waste
Capacity can range from 2-20 tons/day (manual)
Uses appropriate technologies
Employs waste pickers and other urban poor
Source of Waste
Organic Waste
Organic Waste
Fish & Meat Waste
Sorting
Grinding
Composting
Mixing
Maturing
Compost
Screening
Biogas
Digester
Recyclables
Used Cooking Oil
Sorted
Recyclables
Shredded,
compacted
and baled
Processing
Unit
Waste with high
Calorific Value
Faecal Sludge
Sorting
Drying
Shredded
Cocomposting
with
municipal
organic
waste
Extruded
Biogas
Slurry
Bagging
Compost
Electricity
Plastic
Compost
Paper
Biofuel
Glycerine
Refused
Derived
Fuel
(RDF)
Compost
Glass
Metal
www.wasteconcern.org
Baseline Situation vs. IRRC model
Organic Waste
Landfill
Methane (CH4) Emission
Baseline situation (organic waste dumped in landfill sites becomes anaerobic and generates methane)
Input
Organic Waste
Technology
Composting
(Aerobic Process)
Produce No Methane Emission
Compost
(Diverted organic waste from
landfill and replacing use of
chemical fertilizer )
Organic Waste
Biogas Plant
Biogas to Electricity
(Anaerobic Digestion)
(replacing fossil fuel based
electricity)
Organic Waste
Refused Derived Fuel
(noncompostables)
Human Excreta
Organic Waste
Used Cooking Oil
(RDF)
Co-composting
(Aerobic Process)
Bio diesel Plant
Fuel in Pellet form
(replacing diesel or coal used
in boilers or brick kilns)
Climate Change
Benefits
Generates Carbon Credits
by avoiding methane from
Landfill and reduce CO2 to
produce chemical fertilizer
Avoids methane from
landfill and reduces
CO2 emission by
replacing grid power
Avoids methane from
landfill and reduces
CO2 emission by
replacing grid power
Compost
(Diverted organic waste
from landfill and replacing
use of chemical fertilizer)
Bio diesel
(replacing diesel
as fossil fuel)
Generates Carbon Credits by
avoiding methane from
Landfill and reduce CO2 to
produce chemical fertilizer
Replace use of
fossil fuel
IRRC model converts waste into resource and reducing green house gas methane (CH4)
Different Economic Outputs from IRRC
Composting
1 ton
Produce1/4 ton
(0.25 tons of Compost)
Organic Waste
Composting
1 ton
Reduce 1/2 ton
Green House Gas
Organic Waste
1 ton
Biogas Digester
Organic Waste
Produce 40-80 M3
Biogas
Bio diesel Plant
1 liter
95% of the input as Bio
diesel & Glycerine
Used Cooking Oil
Refuse Derived Fuel
1 ton
Inorganic Waste
95% of the input Refused
Derived Fuel (RDF)
(high calorific value)
www.wasteconcern.org
Example of Recycling Training Center in Katchpur, Greater Dhaka Using IRRC Approach
Technology used: Mainly Composting+ Anaerobic Digestion+ Bio Diesel Unit
Collection
Sorting
Sawdust
Bokashi with EM
Water
Piling
Screening residue
Water
Composting
Maturing and
Compost
Screening
Bagging
Selling
Marketing
www.wasteconcern.org
Layout of IRRC in Dhaka
Example of Recycling Training Center in Katchpur, Greater Dhaka Using IRRC Approach
Collection
Sorting
Sawdust
Bokashi with EM
Water
Piling
Screening residue
Water
Composting
Maturing and
Compost
Screening
Bagging
Selling
Marketing
www.wasteconcern.org
Box Method Composting Used in IRRC/RTC in Dhaka
At Recycling Training Center, Katchpur, Greater Dhaka
www.wasteconcern.org
Different Steps in Biogas Production from Organic Waste
At Recycling Training Center, Katchpur, Greater Dhaka
Different Out puts from Biogas Digester
At Recycling Training Center, Katchpur, Greater Dhaka
Item
Fiber Glass digester (4cum)
Digester installation
Generator(1.2 Kw)
Qty.
3 nos
3 nos
1 no
Rate
45000
2500
55000
Gas flow meter
Crusher/ Grinder
Gas Filter(For generator)
1 no.
1 no
1
12000
250000
17000
Gas Filter
Generator
raw material for test:
Types of raw materials used:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Kitchen waste ( Food waste)
Market waste
Vegetable waste
Slaughterhouse waste
Fish market waste
Industrial waste
1.Kitchen waste ( Food waste) 100%
2.Vegetable waste 100%
3.Market waste 100%
4.Kitchen waste 50% and Vegetable waste 50%
5.Kitchen waste 50% and Market waste 50%
6.Vegetable waste 50% Market waste 50%
7. Market waste 70%, slaughter house waste15% and fish waste 15%
8.Kitchen waste 70%, slaughter house waste15% and fish waste 15%
9.Kitchen waste 30%, Market waste 20%, Vegetable waste 20%,
10. Slaughter house waste10%, fish waste 10%, Industrial waste 10%
Electricity
Biogas for Cooking
Fertilizer
Bio- Diesel Plant at IRRC/RTC in Bangladesh
Example from Recycling Training Center in Katchpur, Greater Dhaka
IRRC in Kushtia Bangladesh ( Recycling Municipal Solid Waste & Faecal Sludge
from Septic Tank and Pit Latrines)
•
In order to demonstrate a faecal sludge collection and treatment model with
emphasis on resource recovery and recycling as stipulated in the National
Sanitation Strategy of the government, in November 2012, a pilot project was
initiated in Kushtia a secondary town in Bangladesh to treat the faecal sludge and
solid waste together.
www.wasteconcern.org
Co-Composting of Municipal Waste and Faecal Sludge in IRRC : Example of
Kushtia Municipality
•
•
•
•
Total amount of municipal solid waste brought to the plant amounts to 3 to 3.5 tons/ day.
Under this project, faecal sludge is directly collected from the septic tanks or pit latrines of
households using mechanical vacuum-tugs.
Total amount of faecal sludge collected per day is between 2-6 cubic meter/day.
The collected sludge is directly sent to the treatment facility.
www.wasteconcern.org
Co-Composting of Municipal Waste and Faecal Sludge in IRRC : Example of Kushtia
Municipality
1
1
2
4
3
3
4
2
4
Site Plan of the Co-composting Facility, Kushtia
www.wasteconcern.org
Co-composting of Faecal Sludge with Organic Waste, Kushtia City
Faecal Sludge Collected by Vaccu-Tug and Discharged in the Drying Bed and later Co-composted with organic waste to
Produce Compost
Inputs required to build and operate IRRCs
To treat one ton of waste in an IRRC:
 150 – 200 sqm. of land for composting;
 USD 15,000– 20,000 of capital investment(without land) for
composting
 USD 18,000-22,000 of capital investment ( without land) for
Anaerobic Digestion
 10 % – 25 % of capital cost as operational costs
 Trained workforce
For biodiesel plant USD 37,000 of capital investment is required for
treating 1000 liter of waste cooking oil
Environmental, Economic & Social Benefits from IRRCs
By recycling one ton of waste:
 Create 2 new jobs for the waste pickers;
 Produce 0.25 tons of good quality compost;
 Produce 40-80 cubic meter of biogas ( clean energy which can
be used for cooking purpose or electricity generation)
 Save 1.1 cubic meter of landfill area;
 Reduce 0.5 tons of green house gas emissions
 Provide door-to-door service to 2,000-3,000 households
www.wasteconcern.org
Environmental, Economic & Social Benefits from IRRCs
By recycling 1 (one) ton of waste:
 Avoid between 0.2-0.3 cubic meter of toxic waste water;
 Reduce the risk of 40 diseases linked with unmanaged
municipal solid waste;
 Increase crop production between 25-30% and reduce use of
chemical fertilizer by 35-40% increasing food security;
 Contribute to both climate change mitigation and adaptation.
 Reduces risk of fire at landfills
www.wasteconcern.org
Potential Co-benefits by Reducing 1 (One) Ton of CO2e
Public Sector
Private Sector
Citizen
NGOs/CBOs/INGOs
Informal Sector
Financial Sector
Beneficiaries
Partially added co-benefits in US$ from reduction of 1 (one) ton of CO2e
Sectors of Benefits
Social Benefits
Economic Benefits
Environmental
Benefits
Total
Co-benefits
Equivalent to US $
Creation of New Jobs
8.50
Reduce the risk of diseases
Not yet calculated
Citizens benefit from improved waste collection
Not yet calculated
Good quality compost
Avoided use of chemical
fertilizer
Avoided use of chemical fertilizer
17
Avoidance of landfill cost
10
Value of avoided irrigation
Not yet calculated
Avoided polluted waste water
Not yet calculated
Increased crop yield
64
99.50
Source: Waste Concern 2014 ( Based on the Data Collected from IRRC in Dhaka, Bangladesh) UNFCCC presentation, Bonn 2014
City Generating
Organic Waste
producing
compost
HOW?
URBAN-RURAL
SYMBIOSIS
 Through Decentralized IRRCs
Urban Area
 Public-Private-Community Partnership
Using Appropriate Technology
Using Climate Financing/NAMA
Rural Area
Rural Area
Producing Food
and Agricultural
Products
www.wasteconcern.org
Mitigation-Adaptation Loop
Mitigation
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Thank You
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